Problems Illustrating IB Math Concepts

TOPIC 2 Functions and Equations

2.1 Function Concepts 2.1.1 Functions
1) Evaluate f(x - 3) when f(x) = 2 x 2 3 x + 1 . 2) State the domain and range of f(x) = x + 2 . Answers: 1) 2 x 2 15 x + 28 2) Domain: x 2 Range: y 0

2.1.2 Function Composition

If f(x) = 2x 5 and g(x) = x 2 + 1 , find: 1) ( f Answers: 1) 2 x 3
2

g )( x )

2) ( g f )( x )

2) 4 x 20 x + 26

2.1.3 Inverse Functions

Verify that f(x) and g(x) are inverses. x5 1) f(x) = 3x + 5 , g(x) = 3 Answers: f(g(x)) = x and g(f(x)) = x

2) f(x) =

x + 2 , g(x) = x 3 2

2.1.4 Inverse and Identity Functions

What is the identity function? Answer: y = x

2.1.5 Finding Inverse Functions

Find the inverse function of: 1) f ( x ) = 7 x 3 + 5 Answers: 1) f 1 ( x ) = 3
x5 7

2) f ( x ) =

x+5 2

2) f 1 ( x) = 2 x 5

2.2

Function Graphs 2.2.1 Polynomial Graphs, GDC (Topic covered via video instruction.) 2.2.2 Graphs of Radical Functions, GDC (Topic covered via video instruction.)

2.2.3 Finding Vertical and Horizontal Asymptotes

Find the vertical and horizontal asymptotes for each rational function. 2 x 1) y = 2) y = x 4 x2 + 3 Answers: 1) VA: x = 0; HA: y = 0 2) VA: none ; HA: y = 0

2.2.4 More on Asymptotes (intuitive treatment, no limits)

Find the vertical and horizontal asymptotes for each rational function. 2x x3 1) f(x) = 2) f(x) = 2 3x + 4 x 9

Answers: 1) VA: x =

4 2 ; HA: y = 3 3

2) VA: x = 3 ; HA: none

2.2.5 Graphing Rational Functions

Graph each rational function. Include horizontal and vertical asymptotes. Check for cross points. Then check each graph with GDC. 2 x 1) y = 2 2) y = 2 x 9 x 4 Answers: 1) VA: x = 3 ; HA: y = 0; CP: none 2) VA: x = 2 ; HA: y =0; CP: x=0, so point (0,0)

2.2.6 More on Graphing Rational Functions

Graph y = with GDC. Answer: VA: x = 1; HA: y = 2; CP: none 2x . Include horizontal and vertical asymptotes. Check for cross points. Then check the graph x 1

2.2.7 Application in Maximizing Quadratic Functions

The publisher of a magazine that has a circulation of 80,000 and sells for $3.00 a copy decides to raise the price of the magazine because of increased production/distribution costs. The publisher finds that the magazine will lose 5,000 readers for each $.50 increase in price. What price per copy maximizes the income? Answer: $5.50 per copy

2.2.8 Even/Odd functions

Classify each function as even, odd, or neither. 1) f ( x) = x 4 + 2 x 2 4 2) f ( x) = x x 2

Answers: 1) even

2) neither

2.2.9 Solving Linear and Quadratic Equations in the GDC (Topic covered via video instruction.)

2.2.10 Application in Quadratic Functions

A ball is projected vertically upward from a tower. The height, h(t), is given by h(t ) = 16t 2 + 64t + 50 , where h is in feet and t is in seconds. Will the ball reach a height of 140 ft, and if so, when? Answer: No, maximum height is 114 ft at t= 2 sec

2.2.11 Solving Exponential and Logarithmic Equations in the GDC (Topic covered via video instruction.)

2.3

Transformations of Graphs 2.3.1 Transformations of graphs; translations, stretches, reflections in the axes
1) (a) For each function, write the equation represented by each transformation given. Then write a single equation to represent all the given transformations.

y = x , reflected in the y-axis, stretched vertically by a factor of 2, horizontally by a factor of

1 , 3

and translated 3 units left and 2 units up. (b)

y = 3 x , reflected in the x-axis, stretched vertically by a factor of

1 , horizontally by a factor of 3, 4

translated 5 units right and 1 unit down.

Answers:

(a) Reflection in the y-axis: Vertical stretch by a factor of 2: Horizontal stretch by a factor of Translation 3 units left: Translation 2 units up:

y= x y = x 2
1 : 3

y = 3x y = x+3 y2= x

All 5 transformations together

y2 = 3( x + 3) 2 y = 2 3x 9 + 2

(b) Reflection in the x-axis: Vertical stretch by a factor of

y = 3x
1 4
:

4 y = 3x

Horizontal stretch by a factor of 3 Translation 5 units right Translation 1 unit down

y=3 y = 3 x 5 y + 1 = 3x
4( y + 1) = 3
x 5 3

x 3

All 5 transformations together

y=
2) Given

1 x 5 (3) 3 1 4

y = 3 log( x 3) + 1, write down the transformations that have occurred on the parent

function, y = log x . Then sketch the graph at each stage, beginning with the parent graph.

Answer:

y 1 = log( ( x + 3)) shows a reflection in the y-axis, a vertical stretch by a factor of 3, and 3
translations 3 units left and 1 unit up. When graphing, because of order of operations, we must graph in the order of reflection, stretch and translation (RST). See Instructor for graph

2.3.2 Reflections in the x-axis

Graph y = x3 . Describe its relationship with the graph of y = x3 . Answer: Check your graph with the GDC. It is the flip of y = x3 .

2.3.3 Mixed Transformations

Graph. 1) y = 2( x 3)2 + 4 2) y = 3 x + 4 1 2) vertex shifts left 4, down 1

Answer: Check each graph with the GDC. 1) vertex shifts right 3, up 4

2.3.4 Inverse as Reflection in y = x

1) Given the graph of a function, explain how to graph its inverse. 2) Graph the inverse of y = 2x 4. Answers: 1) The graph of an inverse function is the reflection of the graph of the original function. The line of reflection is y = x. 2) Graph a line with a y-intercept of -4 and slope of 2. Sketch the reflection line of y = x. To graph its inverse, sketch the mirror image of the original line.

2.3.5 Inverse as Reflection in y = x in the GDC (Topic covered via video instruction.)

2.4

The Reciprocal Function 2.4.1 More on Inverse Functions Reflection in y = x , Self-Inverse of y =

1) If f ( x ) =

3 x

5x 1 , find f 1 ( x) . 2x + 3 2) If f ( x ) = x 3 3 x + 5 has an inverse, find f 1 ( x) . If it does not have an inverse, explain why. Answers: 1) f 1 ( x ) = function is not 1-1. 1 3 x 2) f ( x) does not have an inverse. Use the GDC to verify that the 2x 5

2.5

The Quadratic Function 2.5.1 Quadratic Functions (introduction and terminology)

A quadratic function has the form of y = __________________, where a 0 . Its graph is called a ____________. The x-intercepts of the graph represent the ________ of the function. If the graph opens downward the graph has a ________________. Answers: ax 2 + bx + c , parabola, zeros, maximum

2.5.2 Graphing Quadratics, 2 Investigation into translations; y = a ( x h ) + k form

1 Describe the graph of each parabola. 1) y = ( x 3)2 + 2 4 Answers: 1) vertex (3,2), opens upward, wider than y = x 2 2) vertex (-2,0), opens downward, narrower than y = x 2 2) y = 3( x + 2)2

2.5.3 2 More Graphing Quadratics, y = a ( x h ) + k form

Graph the quadratic function. Label its vertex. Answers: Check your graphs using a GDC 1) y = 2( x 4) 2 3 1 2) y = ( x + 5)2 + 3 2

2.5.4 Graphing Quadratics via Completing the Square, GDC (Topic covered via video instruction.)

2.5.5 Application using Completing the Square

A farmer has 1000 feet of fence. He wants to enclose a pasture bordering a long straight river where no fence is needed. Find the area of the largest rectangular enclosure. Answer: 125,000 sq ft

2.5.6 Application using the GDC (Topic covered via video instruction.) 2.5.7 Application in Quadratic Functions
A rooming house manager has 100 rooms, all full at $80/week. Each $5 increase in rent results in two roomers vacating. What weekly rent will maximize the income and what is the maximum weekly income? Answer: Charge $165/week to realize a weekly income of $10,890

2.6 The Solution of ax 2 + bx + c = 0 and the Discriminant 2.6.1 Solving Quadratics algebraically, with application
A gull drops a clam from a height of 144 feet. When does the clam hit the ground? Answer: in 3 seconds

2.6.2 Solving Quadratics in the GDC, with application (Topic covered via video instruction.)

2.6.3 Solving Quadratics by Factoring (Zero Product Property)

Solve. 1) x 2 + 3 x 18 = 0 Answers: 1) -6 or 3 2) 5 2) 2 x 2 20 x + 40 = 10

2.6.4 More Solving Quadratics by Factoring and in the GDC (Topic covered via video instruction.)

2.6.5 Completing the Square, Vertex of Parabola, Min in GDC (Topic covered via video instruction.)

2.6.6 More on Completing the Square

1) Find the vertex of y = x 2 4 x + 7 by completing the square and then sketch the graph. 2) Solve 3 x 2 6 x + 1 = 0 . Use completing the square. Answer: 1) vertex (2,3), opens upward (use the GDC to check your graph) 2 2) 1 36 or1 3

2.6.7 The Quadratic Formula

Solve using the quadratic formula. 1) x 2 + 3 x = 2 Answers: 1) -2 or -1 2) 2) 9 x 2 + 6 x = 1

1 2 3

2.6.8 Using the Discriminant

Using the discriminant,, determine which quadratic equation has no real solution. A) x 2 + 6 x + 9 = 0 B) x 2 8 x + 16 = 0 C) x 2 23 x + 24 = 0 D) x 2 + 2 x + 3 = 0

Answer: D

2.6.9 More on the Quadratic Formula and the Discriminant

Find the discriminant of the quadratic equation and give the number and type of solutions of the equation. 1) x 2 + 3 x 6 = 0 2) 2 x 2 5 x 4 = 0 Answers: 1) 33, 2 real 2) -7, 2 imaginary

2.6.10 Solving Rational Equations that Become Quadratic

Solve. 1) x 3 = 4 x 2) x + 9 = 2) -5 or -4 20 x

Answers: 1) -1 or 4

2.6.11 An Important Caveat

Explain the mistake in the following problem. Then solve it correctly. x2 + 4x + 3 = 8

( x + 3)( x + 1) = 8 x+3=8 x=5 or x +1 = 8 x=7 Answer: To apply zero product property, the equation must equal 0 not 8. Solution: -5 or 1

2.7

Exponential and Logarithmic Functions 2.7.1 Exponential Functions and Graphs

Graph each exponential function. Include the y-intercept.
1 1) y = 3
x

2) y = 3x 1) (0,1) and decreases 2) (0,1) and increases

Answers: Check your graphs with the GDC.

2.7.2 More Exponential Functions and Graphs

Graph each exponential function. Include the y-intercept.
1 1) y = 2
x2

2) y = 4 x

Answers: Check your graphs with the GDC. 1) (0,4) and decreases

2) (0,-1) and reflects exponential growth graph with respect to x-axis

2.7.3 Solving Exponential Equations, Same Base and GDC methods

1) Solve. 8 x = 16 2) Solve using the GDC. 4 x = 21

Answers: 1)

4 3

2) 2.196

2.7.4 Annual Compound Interest, A = p (1 + r ) t

You invest $500 in an account that pays 3% interest compounded annually. Find the balance after 2 years. Answer: $530.45

2.7.5 The Ubiquitous Number e

Given: 2e 4 e 2 Answers: 1) 2e 2 1) Simplify. 2) 14.778 2) Evaluate. (Round to three decimal places.)

2.7.6 Application, introduction to compound interest

1) You invest $100 in an account that pays 10% interest compounded annually. Find the balance after 1 year. 2) You invest $100 in an account that pays 10% interest compounded semiannually. Find the balance after 1 year. Answers: 1) $110 2) $110.25

2.7.7 Logarithmic Functions and Graphs 1) Find log8 16 2) Find log1000 x 3) Find ln e4 4) The inverse function of y = 10 x is _____________.

Answers: 1)

4 3

2) 3x

3) 4

4) y = log x

2.7.8 Logarithmic Functions and Inverse 1) Find log 25 5 2) log3 9 x

Answers: 1) 1 2 2) 2x

2.7.9 Solving Exponential and Logarithmic Equations Solve. 1) log 4 x = 3 2) 2 x = 7 3) 102 x3 + 2 = 19

Answers: 1) 64 2) 2.807 3) 2.115

2.8

Exponential and Natural Logarithmic Functions 2.8.1 Applications of exponential and log equations
The half-life of carbon-11 is 20 minutes. How long will it take to 600 g of carbon-11 to decay to 30 g? Answers: 86.4 min

2.8.2 Exponential functions and graphs

Graph. Include y-intercept and asymptote. 1) y = 3x
1 2) y = 3) y = 3x 4) y = 3x 1 3 Answers: Check graphs with a GDC. 1) (0,1); asymptote: y=0 2) (0,1); asymptote: y=0 3) (0,-1); asymptote: y=0 4) (0,0); asymptote: y= -1
x

2.8.3 Applications in exponential and log Functions 8 Examples: Growth and Decay, Continuous Compounding
1) Suppose that $1000 is invested at 7% interest compounded continuously. How much money would be in the bank after 5 years? 2) How long will it take to double an amount at 7%? 3) The half-life of a radioactive element is 6 years. How long will it take 10 mg to decompose to 4 mg? Answers: 1) $1419.07 2) about 10 years (9.902 years) 3) about 8 years (7.933 years)