M.C.A.

(TWO YEARS PATTERN)

SEMESTER - II (CBCS)

ADVANCED WEB
TECHNOLOGIES LAB

SUBJECT CODE : MCAL24

 © UNIVERSITY OF MUMBAI
Prof. Suhas Pednekar
Vice Chancellor
University of Mumbai, Mumbai.
Prof. Ravindra D. Kulkarni Prof. Prakash Mahanwar
Pro Vice-Chancellor, Director
University of Mumbai. IDOL, University of Mumbai.

Programme Co-ordinator : Prof. Mandar Bhanushe

Head, Faculty of Science & Technology,
IDOL, University of Mumbai - 400 098.
Course Co-ordinator : Mr. Shyam Mohan T
Dep. of MCA IDOL,
University of Mumbai, Mumbai.
Course Writers : Dr. Ghayathri J
Associate Professor,
Kongu Arts And Science College (Autonomous).
: Mr. Sandeep Kamble
Assistant Professor,
Cosmopolitan’s Valia College.
: Mrs. Asha Hulsure
Lecturer,
V.V.P Polytechnic, Solapur.
: Ms. Priti U. Bharanuke
Assistant Professor, M.Sc.(I.T.),
Institute of Distance and Open Learning,
The University of Mumbai .
: Mrs. Kavita Chouk
Assistant Professor,
Satish Pradhan Dnyanasadhana College.

May 2022, Print I

Published by
Director
Institute of Distance and Open learning ,
University of Mumbai,Vidyanagari, Mumbai - 400 098.

DTP COMPOSED AND PRINTED BY

Mumbai University Press
Vidyanagari, Santacruz (E), Mumbai - 400098.
 CONTENT
Chapter No. Title Page No.

Module I
1. Windows Forms Application, Classes And Objects, Ui 1
Module II
2. Introduction To Asp.Net 24
3. Variables, Data Types, Operators And Objects In Asp.Net 36
4. Basic Server-Side Control 46
Module III
5. Database Programming In Asp.Net 58
6. Databound Controls In Asp.Net 103
Module IV
7. Session Management 119
8. Ajax 129
Module V
9. Web Services And Wcf 137
Module VI
10. Designing Mvc Application 151
11. View 195

*****
 Syllabus

Course Code Course Name

MCAL24 Advanced Web Technologies

Module Detail Content HRS

1 Module: Basics of C# Windows Forms 4
Application, Classes and Objects, UI Controls,
Inheritance, Interfaces, Abstract Classes
Self-Learning Topics: Indexers and Strings
Manipulations
2 Module: Introduction to ASP.NET Design 12
Simple web pages(Data types, variables,
operators,ASP.net Objects), Basic Server side
controls,Working with CrossPage, Postback And
Autopostback ,Advanced Web server controls
(validation, Calendar, AdRotator, Navigation,
File upload),Build an Applications using
Angular JS,JQuery and NodeJS, Websites using
Master Pages (creating master and content
pages)
Self-Learning Topics: Themes and skins
3 Module: Database Programming in ASP.NET 10
Connected and disconnected Architecture of
ADO.NET , Commands, Datasets, Data Readers,
Data Adapters, Working with Stored
Procedures,Data bound controls (DataList,
DetailsView, FormView, GridView, ListView,
Repeater), LINQ with ASP.NET,LINQ
Introduction, Mapping data model to an Object
model, Introducing query syntax, Entity
Framework
Self-Learning Topics: Charts and Data Pagers
4 Module: Session Management and AJAX 8
Client Side State Management - View State,
Query String, Cookie, Hidden Fields ,Server
Side State Management Various State
Management Techniques- Profiles, Session
State, Application State, cache ,ASP.NET
Applications with AJAX , AJAX Controls,
Testing an ASP.NET Ajax application,
Global.asax and Web Config,Caching
Self-Learning Topics: Web Parts
5 Module: Web Services and WCFCreating and 6
Consuming a XML Web Service-Simple and
Database ,Creating and Consuming a WCF
service – Simple and DatabaseSelf-Learning
Topics: Caching Web service responses
6 Module: ASP.NET MVC Designing MVC 12
application, Creating a Simple Data-Entry
Application with validations, Using
Automatically Implemented Properties, Using
Object and Collection Initializers, Using
Extension Methods, Using Lambda Expressions,
Programs based on MVC Pattern, FORMS AND
HTML HELPERS, Define and access the model
type ,Reduce duplication in views, Specify a
default layout, Pass data values to the view from
the controller , Generate different content based
on data values, Add a namespace to a view
Self-Learning Topics: Xamarin application

*****
 MODULE I

1
WINDOWS FORMS APPLICATION,
CLASSES AND OBJECTS, UI
Unit Structure
1.0 Objectives
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Overview
1.3 Windows Forms Application
1.4 Classes and Objects
1.5 UI Controls
1.6 Inheritance
1.7 Interfaces
1.8 Abstract Classes
1.9 Summary
1.10 Unit End Exercises
1.11 List of References

1.0 OBJECTIVES
This chapter would make the learners to understand:
 The basics of data types, decision making statements and keywords of
C# language.
 The practical implementation of web form application.
 The concepts of defining methods and objects.
 The usage of various User Interface controls in web forms.
 The Inheritance and interfacing concepts to be applied in C#
programs.

1.1 INTRODUCTION
C# is Microsoft‟s premier language for .NET development. It leverages
time-tested features with cutting-edge innovations and provides a highly
usable, efficient way to write programs for the modern enterprise
computing environment. It is, by any measure, one of the most important
languages of the twenty-first century.

Features of C#:

It is simple: The symbols like -> and :: in C++ are removed in this.

1
Object oriented: It is truly object oriented and supports Encapsulation, Windows Forms Application,
Classes And Objects, Ui
Inheritance

and polymorphism concepts of OOPs.

The entire C# class model is built on top of the Virtual Object System of
the

.NET Framework In C#, everything is an object. There are no more global

functions, variables and constants.

Type safe: Type-safety promotes robust programs. C# incorporates a

number of type-safe measures:

 All dynamically allocated objects and arrays are initialized to zero.

 Use of any uninitialized variables produces an error message by the
compiler.
 Access to arrays is range-checked and warned if it goes out-of-
bounds.
 C# does not permit unsafe casts.
 C# enforces overflow checking in arithmetic operations.
 Reference parameters that are passed are type-safe.
 C# supports automatic garbage collection.

It is versonable: Making new versions of software modules work with the

existing applications is known as versioning. C# provides support for
versioning with the help of new and override keywords.

It is compatible: C# enforces the NET common language specifications

and therefore allows inter-operation with other .NET languages.

It is Interoperable and Flexible: Although C# does not support pointers,

we may declare certain classes and methods as „unsafe‟ and then use
pointers to manipulate them. However, these codes will not be type-safe.

Name space: It is having namespaces; a namespace to define a declarative

region

Applications of C#:

It can be used for a variety of applications that are supported by the .NET
platform:
 Console applications
 Windows applications
 Developing Windows controls
2
Advanced Web Technologies  Developing ASP.NET projects:
 Creating Web controls
 Providing Web services
 Developing NET component library

1.1.3 C# and .NET:

The .NET framework is responsible for executing the C# program in the
system. Framework is the combination of common language runtime and a
set of class libraries. The implementation of Common Language
Infrastructure (CLI) is done through Common Language Runtime (CLR).

Microsoft .NET framework consists of the following main components:

 Common Language Runtime

 Base class library
 User Program interfaces
It also supports Common Type System (CTS) which sstandardizes the data
types of all programming languages using .NET under the umbrella of
.NET to a common data type for easy and smooth communication among
these .NET languages

1.2 AN OVERVIEW ABOUT C#

The elements of Visual Studio .NET applications are mentioned below:

1) The Start Page
2) Solution Explorer window
3) Output Window
4) Class View Window
5) Code Editor Window
6) Error List Window
7) Standard ToolBar

3
1.2.1 A Simple program: Windows Forms Application,
Classes And Objects, Ui

Fig 1.2 Simple C# Program

1.2.2 C# Program Structure:

1. Reference of.NET framework namespaces: Every .NET application

takes the reference of the necessary .NET framework namespaces that
it is planning to use with the using (Keyword) , Ex., using System;
2. namespace: (Keyword) Declares the namespace for the current class
Ex. Structure
3. class: (Keyword) Declares a class: Ex. DemoPrg2
4. Method: Main() is a method of DemoPrg2 class which is the entry
point of the console application.
5. String: It is a data type.
4
Advanced Web Technologies 6. variable: msgs is a variable that holds the value of the specified (here
it is string) data type.
7. value: “Structure of C# Program” is the value of the message variable
„msgs‟.
8. static method: The Console.WriteLine() is used to display a text on
the console.
9. Ouput screen shows the output of the program.
10. Every line or statement in C# must end with a semicolon (;).
Compile and Run C# Program:

To see the output of the above C# program, we have to compile it and run
it by pressing Ctrl + F5 or clicking the Run button or by clicking the
"Debug" menu and clicking "Start Without Debugging".

Data Types:

Variable: It is used to store the data value in a storage location and takes
different values during the execution time based on the input to be given.

These variables are represented through the defined data types. C# has two
main categories of data types such as i) value types and ii) reference types.
The other types are coming under these categories as given in Table 1.1.

Examples
S.No. Data Types datatype <variable_name>
= value;
1. Integers int a = 99;
Predefined
Types 2. Real Numbers float b=99.9f;
(Simple 3. Booleans bool c = true;
Types)
4. Characters char d = 'E';
Value
1 enum fruits{ apple, orange,
Types 1. Enumerations
grapes}
User- struct Coordinate
defined {
Types 2. Structure public int x;
public int y;
}
1. Objects public class Car{
public model { get; set; }
public int year { get; set;
Reference Predefined }
2
Types Types public string color{ get;
set; }
}
2. Strings string msg=”Happy”;

5
 1. Classes public class MyClass { } Windows Forms Application,
Classes And Objects, Ui
2. Arrays var num = new int[]{
1,2,3,4,5};
3. Delegates public delegate void
User- MyDelegate(string msg);
defined 4. Interfaces interface IFile
Types {
void ReadFile();
void WriteFile(string
text);
}
int x = 4000;
3 Pointers (type *var-name; )
int* y = &x;

Key words:
C# language is defined by its keywords which determine the features built
into the language.
In general there are two types of keywords: reserved and contextual.
The reserved keywords shown in Table 1.2 cannot be used as names for
variables, classes, or methods.
abstract as base bool break
byte case catch char checked
class const continue decimal default
delegate do double else enum
event explicit extern false finally
fixed float for foreach goto
if implicit in int interface
internal is lock long namespace
new null object operator out
override params private protected public
readonly ref return sbyte sealed
short sizeof stackalloc static string
struct switch this throw true
try typeof uint ulong unchecked
unsafe ushort using virtual volatile
void while
Table 1.2 Reserved Keywords
add dynamic from get global
group into join let orderby
partial remove select set value
var where yield
Table 1.3 Contextual keywords

C# has some contextual keywords, shown in Table 1.3. They act as

keywords in a special meaning in certain contexts. But they are not
technically reserved. Apart from those contexts, they can be used as names
for other program elements, such as variable names. It is a best practice to
avoid using contextual keywords for other purposes.

6
Advanced Web Technologies Decision Making Statements:
if Statement:
If (condition) statement; if (10<i)
else statement; {
Console.WriteLine("You are
Correct");
}

 Single statement targets

 else clause is optional

if(condition) if (10<i)
{ {
statement sequence Console.WriteLine("You are Correct");
} }
else else
{ {
statement Console.WriteLine("Check the value of
sequence i");
} }

if-else-if Ladder:

If (condition) if (10<i)
statement; {
else if (condition) Console.WriteLine("You are Correct");
statement; elseif (10<j)
else if (condition) Console.WriteLine("You are almost
statement; Correct");
... else
else Console.WriteLine("Check the value of I
statement; and j")
}

The for Loop:

The general form of the for loop for repeating a single statement is
for (initialization; condition; iteration) for(int n = 10; i < 25; i++)
{
{
statement sequence
} Console.WriteLine("Value of n is:”, n);
}

The while Loop

Another of C#‟s loops is the while. The general form of the while loop is

7
 while(condition) statement while (n<=10){ Windows Forms Application,
Classes And Objects, Ui
Console.WriteLine("Value of n is :", n);
n=n+2;
}
do { do{
statements; sum= sum+n;
} while (condition); Console.WriteLine);
n=n+2;
} while (n <= 20);

1.3 WEB FORMS APPLICATION

Design UI based applications using basic Windows forms Controls:

8
Advanced Web Technologies PROGRAM TO ADD TWO NUMBERS:
using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.ComponentModel;
using System.Data;
using System.Drawing;
using System.Linq;
using System.Text;
using System.Windows.Forms;

namespace WindowsFormsApplication1
{
public partial class Form1 : Form
{
public Form1()
{
InitializeComponent();
}

private void button1_Click(object sender, EventArgs e)

{
int a, b, c;
a = Convert.ToInt32(textBox1.Text);
b = Convert.ToInt32(textBox2.Text);
c = a + b;

textBox3.Text = c.ToString();
}
private void label2_Click(object sender, EventArgs e)
{
}
}
}

9
Output: Windows Forms Application,
Classes And Objects, Ui

1.4 CLASSES AND OBJECTS

General structure of Class:
To define a class, declare the data that it contains and the code that
operates on it. Simple classes contain only code or only data, most real-
world classes contain both.
Data is contained in data members defined by the class, and code is
contained in function members.
C# defines different kind of data and function members. For example, data
members (also called fields) include instance variables and static variables
and function members.
Function members include methods, constructors, destructors, indexers,
events, operators, and properties.
A class is created by use of the keyword class.

General form of a simple class definition:

class classname
{

10
Advanced Web Technologies // declare instance variables
access type var1;
access type var2;
// declare methods
access ret-type method1(parameters)
{
// body of method
}
}

Defining a class:
Buildings have the information about houses, stores, offices, and so on.
This class is named as Building, and it will store three items of
information about a building: the number of floors, the total area, and the
number of occupants.
Demo program 2: Design Applications using Classes and Object
using System;
namespace MCAClassObjectsDemo
{
class Program
{
static void Main(string[] args)
{
//Creating object
Calculator calObject = new Calculator();
Console.Write("Enter number1 : ");

int n1 = Convert.ToInt32(Console.ReadLine());
Console.Write("Enter number2 : ");
int n2 = Convert.ToInt32(Console.ReadLine());

//Accessing Calculator class member using Calculator class object

int result1 = calObject.CalculateSum(n1, n2);
int result2 = calObject.CalculateMinus(n1, n2);
int result3 = calObject.CalculateMul(n1, n2);

11
Console.WriteLine("The Sum of Two numbers is : " + result1); Windows Forms Application,
Classes And Objects, Ui
Console.WriteLine("The Subtraction of Two numbers is : " + result2);
Console.WriteLine("The Multiplication of Two numbers is : " + result3);

Console.ReadKey();
}
}

1.5 UI CONTROLS
Design a Web Application for an Organization with Registration
forms and advanced controls:

12
Advanced Web Technologies

Coding:
using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.ComponentModel;
using System.Data;
using System.Drawing;
using System.Linq;
using System.Text;
using System.Windows.Forms;

namespace Registration
{
public partial class Form1 : Form
{
public Form1()
{
13
 InitializeComponent(); Windows Forms Application,
Classes And Objects, Ui
}
private void Form1_Load(object sender, EventArgs e)
{
private void Registration_Load(object sender, EventArgs e)
{
cn = new SqlConnection(@"Data
Source=(LocalDB)\MSSQLLocalDB;AttachDbFilename=H:\Website\Reg
istrationAndLogin\Database.mdf;Integrated Security=True");
cn.Open();
}
private void button1_Click(object sender, EventArgs e)
{
if (txtconfirmpassword.Text != string.Empty || txtpassword.Text !=
string.Empty || txtusername.Text != string.Empty)
{
if (txtpassword.Text == txtconfirmpassword.Text)
{
cmd = new SqlCommand("select * from LoginTable where username='" +
txtusername.Text + "'", cn);
dr = cmd.ExecuteReader();
if (dr.Read())
{
dr.Close();

MessageBox.Show("Username Already exist please try another ", "Error",

MessageBoxButtons.OK, MessageBoxIcon.Error);
}
else
{
dr.Close();
cmd = new SqlCommand("insert into LoginTable
values(@username,@password)", cn);

cmd.Parameters.AddWithValue("username", txtusername.Text);
cmd.Parameters.AddWithValue("password", txtpassword.Text);

14
Advanced Web Technologies cmd.ExecuteNonQuery();

MessageBox.Show("Your Account is created . Please login now.",

"Done", MessageBoxButtons.OK, MessageBoxIcon.Information);
}
}
else
{

MessageBox.Show("Please enter both password same ", "Error",

MessageBoxButtons.OK, MessageBoxIcon.Error);
}
}
else
{

MessageBox.Show("Please enter value in all field.", "Error",

MessageBoxButtons.OK, MessageBoxIcon.Error);
}
}
}
}
}

1.6 INHERITANCE
1.6.1 Inheritance Concepts and working principles:
C# supports inheritance by allowing one class to incorporate another class
into its declaration. This is done by specifying a base class when a derived
class is declared.

15
The following class called TwoDShape stores the width and height of a Windows Forms Application,
Classes And Objects, Ui
twodimensional object, such as a square, rectangle, triangle, and so on.
TwoDShape can be used as a base class (that is, as a starting point) for
classes that describe specific types of two-dimensional objects. For
example, the following program uses TwoDShape to derive a class called
Triangle. Pay close attention to the way that Triangle is declared.

Design Applications using Inheritance and Abstract Classes:

// A simple class hierarchy.
using System;
// A class for two-dimensional objects.
class TwoDShape
{
public double Width;
public double Height;
public void ShowDim()
{
Console.WriteLine("Width and height are " + Width + " and " + Height);
}
}
// Triangle is derived from TwoDShape.
class Triangle : TwoDShape
{
public string Style; // style of triangle
// Return area of triangle.
public double Area()
{
return Width * Height / 2;
}
// Display a triangle's style.
public void ShowStyle()
{
Console.WriteLine("Triangle is " + Style);
16
Advanced Web Technologies }
}
class Shapes
{
static void Main()
{
Triangle t1 = new Triangle();
Triangle t2 = new Triangle();
t1.Width = 4.0;
t1.Height = 4.0;
t1.Style = "isosceles";
t2.Width = 8.0;
t2.Height = 12.0;
t2.Style = "right";
Console.WriteLine("Info for t1: ");
t1.ShowStyle();
t1.ShowDim();
Console.WriteLine("Area is " + t1.Area());
Console.WriteLine();
Console.WriteLine("Info for t2: ");
t2.ShowStyle();
t2.ShowDim();
Console.WriteLine("Area is " + t2.Area());
}
}

The output from this program is shown here:

Info for t1:
Triangle is isosceles
Width and height are 4 and 4

17
Area is 8 Windows Forms Application,
Classes And Objects, Ui

Info for t2:

Triangle is right
Width and height are 8 and 12
Area is 48

1.7 INTERFACES
In object-oriented programming it is sometimes helpful to define what a
class must do, but not how it will do it. You have already seen an example
of this: the abstract method. An abstract method declares the return type
and signature for a method, but provides no implementation. A derived
class must provide its own implementation of each abstract method
defined by its base class. Thus, an abstract method specifies the interface
to the method, but not the implementation. Although abstract classes and
methods are useful, it is possible to take this concept a step further. In C#,
you can fully separate a class‟ interface from its implementation by using
the keyword interface. Interfaces are syntactically similar to abstract
classes. However, in an interface, no method can include a body. That is,
an interface provides no implementation whatsoever. It specifies what
must be done, but not how. Once an interface is defined, any number of
classes can implement it. Also, one class can implement any number of
interfaces.
To implement an interface, a class must provide bodies for the methods
described by the interface. Each class is free to determine the details of its
own implementation. Thus, two classes might implement the same
interface in different ways, but each class still supports the same set of
methods. Therefore, code that has knowledge of the interface can use
objects of either class since the interface to those objects is the same. By
providing the interface, C# allows you to fully utilize the “one interface,
multiple methods” aspect of polymorphism. An interface offers an
alternative to an abstract class for creating contracts among classes and
their clients. These contracts are made manifest using the interface
keyword, which declares a reference type that encapsulates the contract.
An interface is like a class that has only abstract methods.
Interfaces are declared by using the interface keyword. Here is a
simplified form of an interface declaration:
interface interface-name
{
return-type method-name(list of parameters);
}

18
Advanced Web Technologies The interface-name of the interface is specified by name. Methods are
declared using only their return type and signature. They are, essentially,
abstract methods.
// Interface
interface IAnimal
{
void animalSound(); // interface method (does not have a body)
}

// Cat "implements" the IAnimal interface

class Cat : IAnimal
{
public void animalSound()
{
// The body of animalSound() is provided here
Console.WriteLine("The cat says: Miaw Miaw");
}
}
class Program
{
static void Main(string[] args)
{
Cat myCat = new Cat(); // Create a Cat object
myCat.animalSound();
}
}

19
 Windows Forms Application,
1.8 ABSTRACT CLASSES Classes And Objects, Ui

In the hierarchical inheritance applications, an application can have a

single base class and number of different derived classes. The base class
acts as base for all the other but only the required information is visible to
the derived class. The information to be hidden from the users of the
derived classes can be implemented using Abstract classes. These classes
contain abstract methods that are inherited by other classes that provide
more functionality. The features of Abstract Classes are:
 The keyword abstract is used to create abstract class.
 Some of the methods of the abstract class can also contain the
keyword abstract.
 No object can be created of the abstract class i.e.it cannot be
instantiated.
 The abstract methods in the abstract class are implemented actually
only in the derived classes.

Design Applications using Inheritance and Abstract Classes:

using System;
namespace AbstractionDemo
{
abstract class Shape
{
public abstract double area();
}

class Circle: Shape

{
private double radius;
public Circle( double r)
{
radius = r;
}

public override double area ()

{
return (3.14*radius*radius);
}
}

20
Advanced Web Technologies class Square: Shape
{
private double side;
public Square( double s)
{
side = s;
}

public override double area ()

{
return (side*side);
}
}

class Triangle: Shape

{
private double tbase;
private double theight;
public Triangle( double b, double h)
{
tbase = b;
theight = h;
}

public override double area ()

{
return (0.5*tbase*theight);
}
}

class Test
{
static void Main(string[] args)
{
Circle c = new Circle(5.0);
Console.WriteLine("Area of Circle = {0}", c.area());
Square s = new Square(2.5);
Console.WriteLine("Area of Square = {0}", s.area());
21
 Triangle t = new Triangle(2.0, 5.0); Windows Forms Application,
Classes And Objects, Ui
Console.WriteLine("Area of Triangle = {0}", t.area());
}
}
}
The output of the above program is as follows:
Area of Circle = 78.5
Area of Square = 6.25
Area of Triangle = 5
 The abstract class is shape and it contains the abstract method area().
 The class Circle is inherited from Shape. It has a private data member
radius. The parameterized constructor assigns a value to radius. The
function area() calculates the area of the circle and returns that value
 The class Square inherits from Shape. It has a private data member
side. The parameterized constructor assigns a value to side. The
function area() calculates the area of the square and returns that value.
 The class Square inherits from Shape. It has a private data member
side. The parameterized constructor assigns a value to side. The
function area() calculates the area of the square and returns that value.
 The class Triangle inherits from Shape. It has private data members
tbase and theight. The parameterized constructor assigns a value to
tbase and theight. The function area() calculates the area of the
triangle and returns that value.
 The function main() contains the objects c, s and t for classes Circle,
Square and Triangle respectively. Then the areas of the circle, square
and triangle are printed using the function area().

1.9 SUMMARY
This chapter describes about the C# language which is one of the language
in the .NET framework family. This language supports CLS and CTS. It is
very simple object oriented language which supports interoperability.
C# consists of reserved keywords to use while writing the codes. To do
the decision making if, if.. else, if.. else…if ladder , for loop, while loop,
do—while loop are used with following the defined syntax.
Classes can be complex representations and abstractions of things in the
real world.The structure is of class contains data and function members
The individual instances of class are known as objects. A class has both
properties and behaviors.

22
Advanced Web Technologies The different types of UI controls like textbox, buttons are useful to create
the GUI based environment.
Inheritance concept is used in C# to derive the properties of the base class
to the another class called derived class.
An interface is a contract that guarantees to a client how a class or struct
will behave. When a class implements an interface, it supports the
methods, properties, events, and indexers of the named interface.
An abstract method has no implementation. It creates a method name and
signature that must be implemented in all derived classes.

1.10 UNIT END EXERCISES

1. State the features and applications of C#.
2. Write a program in C sharp to find odd and even numbers
3. Design a web form for arithmetic operations
4. Write an application to design employee details web form.

1.11 LIST OF REFERENCES

1. Spaanjaars, Imar. Beginning ASP. NET 4.5. 1: in C# and VB. John
Wiley & Sons, 2014. ISBN: 1861009038
2. Schildt, Herbert. C# 4.0: the complete reference. Tata McGraw-Hill
Education, 2010
3. Balagurusamy E, Programming in C#, Tata McGraw-Hill Education
4. https://www.wideskills.com/csharp/overview-csharp
5. https://www.onlinegdb.com/online_csharp_compiler

*****

23
 MODULE II

2
INTRODUCTION TO ASP.NET
Unit Structure
2.0 Objectives
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Summary
2.3 Unit End Exercises
2.4 List of References

2.0 OBJECTIVES
.NET Framework is a technology that supports building and running
Windows apps and web services. .NET Framework is designed to fulfill
the following objectives:
 Provide a consistent, object-oriented programming environment
whether object code is stored and executed locally, executed locally
but web-distributed, or executed remotely.
 Provide a code-execution environment that:
o Minimizes software deployment and versioning conflicts.
o Promotes safe execution of code, including code created by an
unknown or semi-trusted third party.
o Eliminates the performance problems of scripted or interpreted
environments.
 Make the developer experience consistent across widely varying types
of apps, such as Windows-based apps and Web-based apps.
 Build all communication on industry standards to ensure that code
based on .NET Framework integrates with any other code.

2.1 INTRODUCTION

.NET Framework consists of the common language runtime (CLR) and

the .NET Framework class library. The common language runtime is the
foundation of .NET Framework. Think of the runtime as an agent that
manages code at execution time, providing core services such as memory
management, thread management, and remoting, while also enforcing
strict type safety and other forms of code accuracy that promote security
and robustness. In fact, the concept of code management is a fundamental
principle of the runtime. Code that targets the runtime is known as
managed code, while code that doesn't target the runtime is known as
unmanaged code. The class library is a comprehensive, object-oriented
24
Advanced Web Technologies collection of reusable types that you use to develop apps ranging from
traditional command-line or graphical user interface (GUI) apps to apps
based on the latest innovations provided by ASP.NET, such as Web Forms
and XML web services.

.NET Framework can be hosted by unmanaged components that load the

common language runtime into their processes and initiate the execution
of managed code, thereby creating a software environment that exploits
both managed and unmanaged features. .NET Framework not only
provides several runtime hosts but also supports the development of third-
party runtime hosts.

Creating a Web application project and a Page:

In this part of the walkthrough, you will create a Web application project
and add a new page to it. You will also add HTML text and run the page
in your browser.

To create a Web application project:

1. Open Microsoft Visual Studio.
2. On the File menu, select New Project.

The New Project dialog box appears.

3. Select the Templates -> Visual C# -> Web templates group on the
left.
4. Choose the ASP.NET Web Application template in the center
column.
5. Name your project BasicWebApp and click the OK button.

25
6. Next, select the Web Forms template and click the OK button to Introduction to Asp.Net
create the project.

Visual Studio creates a new project that includes prebuilt functionality

based on the Web Forms template. It not only provides you with a
Home.aspx page, an About.aspx page, a Contact.aspx page, but also
includes membership functionality that registers users and saves their
credentials so that they can log in to your website. When a new page is
created, by default Visual Studio displays the page in Source view, where
you can see the page's HTML elements. The following illustration shows
what you would see in Source view if you created a new Web page named
BasicWebApp.aspx.

A Tour of the Visual Studio Web Development Environment:

Before you proceed by modifying the page, it is useful to familiarize
yourself with the Visual Studio development environment. The following
illustration shows you the windows and tools that are available in Visual
Studio and Visual Studio Express for Web.

26
Advanced Web Technologies The Visual Studio environment:

Familiarize yourself with the Web designer:

Examine the above illustration and match the text to the following list,
which describes the most commonly used windows and tools. (Not all
windows and tools that you see are listed here, only those marked in the
preceding illustration.)
 Toolbars. Provide commands for formatting text, finding text, and so
on. Some toolbars are available only when you are working in Design
view.
 Solution Explorer window. Displays the files and folders in your
Web application.
 Document window. Displays the documents you are working on in
tabbed windows. You can switch between documents by clicking
tabs.
 Properties window. Allows you to change settings for the page,
HTML elements, controls, and other objects.
 View tabs. Present you with different views of the same document.
Design view is a near-WYSIWYG editing surface. Source view is the
HTML editor for the page. Split view displays both the Design view
and the Source view for the document. You will work with the
Design and Source views later in this walkthrough. If you prefer to
open Web pages in Design view, on the Tools menu, click Options,
select the HTML Designer node, and change the Start Pages In
option.
 ToolBox. Provides controls and HTML elements that you can drag
onto your page. Toolbox elements are grouped by common function.
 Server Explorer. Displays database connections. If Server Explorer
is not visible, on the View menu, click Server Explorer.

27
 Introduction to Asp.Net
2.2 SUMMARY
Creating a new ASP.NET Web Forms Page:
When you create a new Web Forms application using the ASP.NET Web
Application project template, Visual Studio adds an ASP.NET page (Web
Forms page) named Default.aspx, as well as several other files and folders.
You can use the Default.aspx page as the home page for your Web
application. However, for this walkthrough, you will create and work with
a new page.

To add a page to the Web application:

1. Close the Default.aspx page. To do this, click the tab that displays the
file name and then click the close option.
2. In Solution Explorer, right-click the Web application name (in this
tutorial the application name is BasicWebSite), and then click Add ->
New Item.
The Add New Item dialog box is displayed.
3. Select the Visual C# -> Web templates group on the left. Then, select
Web Form from the middle list and name it FirstWebPage.aspx.

4. Click Add to add the web page to your project.

Visual Studio creates the new page and opens it.

Adding HTML to the Page:

In this part of the walkthrough, you will add some static text to the page.

To add text to the page:

1. At the bottom of the document window, click the Design tab to switch
to Design view.
Design view displays the current page in a WYSIWYG-like way. At
this point, you do not have any text or controls on the page, so the

28
Advanced Web Technologies page is blank except for a dashed line that outlines a rectangle. This
rectangle represents a div element on the page.
2. Click inside the rectangle that is outlined by a dashed line.
3. Type Welcome to Visual Web Developer and press ENTER twice.
The following illustration shows the text you typed in Design view.

4. Switch to Source view.

You can see the HTML in Source view that you created when you
typed in Design view.

Running the Page:

Before you proceed by adding controls to the page, you can first run it.

29
To run the page: Introduction to Asp.Net

1. In Solution Explorer, right-click FirstWebPage.aspx and select Set

as Start Page.
2. Press CTRL+F5 to run the page.
The page is displayed in the browser. Although the page you created
has a file-name extension of .aspx, it currently runs like any HTML
page.
To display a page in the browser you can also right-click the page in
Solution Explorer and select View in Browser.
3. Close the browser to stop the Web application.

Adding and Programming Controls:

You will now add server controls to the page. Server controls, such as
buttons, labels, text boxes, and other familiar controls, provide typical
form-processing capabilities for your Web Forms pages. However, you
can program the controls with code that runs on the server, rather than the
client.
You will add a Button control, a TextBox control, and a Label control to
the page and write code to handle the Click event for the Button control.

To add controls to the page:

1. Click the Design tab to switch to Design view.
2. Put the insertion point at the end of the Welcome to Visual Web
Developer text and press ENTER five or more times to make some
room in the div element box.
3. In the Toolbox, expand the Standard group if it is not already
expanded.
Note that you may need to expand the Toolbox window on the left to
view it.
4. Drag a TextBox control onto the page and drop it in the middle of the
div element box that has Welcome to Visual Web Developer in the
first line.
5. Drag a Button control onto the page and drop it to the right of the
TextBox control.
6. Drag a Label control onto the page and drop it on a separate line
below the Button control.
7. Put the insertion point above the TextBox control, and then type
Enter your name:

30
Advanced Web Technologies This static HTML text is the caption for the TextBox control. You can
mix static HTML and server controls on the same page. The following
illustration shows how the three controls appear in Design view.

Setting Control Properties:

Visual Studio offers you various ways to set the properties of controls on
the page. In this part of the walkthrough, you will set properties in both
Design view and Source view.

To set control properties:

1. First, display the Properties windows by selecting from the View
menu -> Other Windows -> Properties Window. You could
alternatively select F4 to display the Properties window.
2. Select the Button control, and then in the Properties window, set the
value of Text to Display Name. The text you entered appears on the
button in the designer, as shown in the following illustration.

3. Switch to Source view.

Source view displays the HTML for the page, including the elements
that Visual Studio has created for the server controls. Controls are
declared using HTML-like syntax, except that the tags use the prefix
asp: and include the attribute runat="server".
Control properties are declared as attributes. For example, when you
set the Text property for the Button control, in step 1, you were
actually setting the Text attribute in the control's markup.
Note: All the controls are inside a form element, which also has the
attribute runat="server". The runat="server" attribute and the asp:
prefix for control tags mark the controls so that they are processed by
31
 ASP.NET on the server when the page runs. Code outside of <form Introduction to Asp.Net
runat="server"> and <script runat="server"> elements is sent
unchanged to the browser, which is why the ASP.NET code must be
inside an element whose opening tag contains the runat="server"
attribute.
4. Next, you will add an additional property to the Label control. Put the
insertion point directly after asp:Label in the <asp:Label> tag, and
then press SPACEBAR.
A drop-down list appears that displays the list of available properties
you can set for a Label control. This feature, referred to as
IntelliSense, helps you in Source view with the syntax of server
controls, HTML elements, and other items on the page. The following
illustration shows the IntelliSense drop-down list for the Label
control.

5. Select ForeColor and then type an equal sign.

IntelliSense displays a list of colors.

Note:
You can display an IntelliSense drop-down list at any time by
pressing CTRL+J when viewing code.
6. Select a color for the Label control's text. Make sure you select a
color that is dark enough to read against a white background.
The ForeColor attribute is completed with the color that you have
selected, including the closing quotation mark.

32
Advanced Web Technologies Programming the Button Control:
For this walkthrough, you will write code that reads the name that the user
enters into the text box and then displays the name in the Label control.

Add a default button event handler:

1. Switch to Design view.
2. Double-click the Button control.
By default, Visual Studio switches to a code-behind file and creates a
skeleton event handler for the Button control's default event, the Click
event. The code-behind file separates your UI markup (such as
HTML) from your server code (such as C#).
The cursor is positioned to added code for this event handler.
3. Inside the Button1_Click event handler, type Label1 followed by a
period (.).
When you type the period after the ID of the label (Label1), Visual
Studio displays a list of available members for the Label control, as
shown in the following illustration. A member commonly a property,
method, or event.

4. Finish the Click event handler for the button so that it reads as shown
in the following code example.
C#Copy
protected void Button1_Click(object sender, System.EventArgs e)
{
33
 Label1.Text = TextBox1.Text + ", welcome to Visual Studio!"; Introduction to Asp.Net

}
VBCopy
Protected Sub Button1_Click(ByVal sender As Object, ByVal e As
System.EventArgs)
Label1.Text = Textbox1.Text & ", welcome to Visual Studio!"
End Sub
5. Switch back to viewing the Source view of your HTML markup by
right-clicking FirstWebPage.aspx in the Solution Explorer and
selecting View Markup.
6. Scroll to the <asp:Button> element. Note that the <asp:Button>
element now has the attribute onclick="Button1_Click".
This attribute binds the button's Click event to the handler method you
coded in the previous step.
Event handler methods can have any name; the name you see is the
default name created by Visual Studio. The important point is that the
name used for the OnClick attribute in the HTML must match the
name of a method defined in the code-behind.

Running the Page:

You can now test the server controls on the page.

To run the page:

1. Press CTRL+F5 to run the page in the browser. If an error occurs,
recheck the steps above.
2. Enter a name into the text box and click the Display Name button.
The name you entered is displayed in the Label control. Note that
when you click the button, the page is posted to the Web server.
ASP.NET then recreates the page, runs your code (in this case, the
Button control's Click event handler runs), and then sends the new
page to the browser. If you watch the status bar in the browser, you
can see that the page is making a round trip to the Web server each
time you click the button.
3. In the browser, view the source of the page you are running by right-
clicking on the page and selecting View source.
In the page source code, you see HTML without any server code.
Specifically, you do not see the <asp:> elements that you were
working with in Source view. When the page runs, ASP.NET
processes the server controls and renders HTML elements to the page
that perform the functions that represent the control. For example, the

34
Advanced Web Technologies <asp:Button> control is rendered as the HTML <input
type="submit"> element.
4. Close the browser.

2.3 UNIT END EXERCISE

 Write a program to add a Calendar control which displays dates and
month at a time.

2.4 LIST OF REFERENCES

1] Practical ASP.NET Web API
2] ASP.NET Core in Action by Andrew Lock
3] Building RESTful Web Services with .NET Core by Gaurav Aroraa, Tadit
Dash

*****

35
 3
VARIABLES, DATA TYPES, OPERATORS
AND OBJECTS IN ASP.NET
Unit Structure
3.0 Objectives
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Summary
3.3 Unit End Exercises
3.4 List of References

3.0 OBJECTIVES
A web page whose main purpose is to display regular text and images to
the browser is suited for HTML tags only. To make the page more
interesting, you and your users can exchange information, as illustrated in
the previous lesson. For example, you may want your users to submit
values to the server, let the server either store those values or analyze them
and send some results to the user. This interact usually means that, in the
beginning, you would not know the type of value(s) that one visitor would
submit as opposed to another user. Based of this, you must prepare storage
areas on the server's computer memory to temporarily hold the values used
during a visitor's interaction with your web page. This type of storage area
is called a variable.
As there are different types of values used in an application, there are also
different requirements to store those values. Fortunately, to store a value
in a memory, you must provide only two pieces of information: the name
of the variable and the type of information that would be stored in the
memory reserved for that variable.

3.1 INTRODUCTION
The Name of a Variable:
To specify the name of a variable, there are rules you must follow:
The name of a variable must start with either a letter or an underscore. A
name can have only one letter but if you start it with an underscore, then
the underscore must be followed by a letter
After the first character as an underscore or a letter, the name can contain
letters, digits, or underscores in any combination
The name must not contain space but it can be made of various words as
long as these words are concatenated (added together to produce one
word)
36
Advanced Web Technologies The name must not contain any symbol other than letters, digits, or
underscores
After respecting these rules, you can adopt a naming convention that suits
you.

Names in C#:
To name the variables of your program, you must follow strict rules. In
fact, everything else in your application must have a name. C# uses a
series of words, called keywords, for its internal use. This means that you
must avoid naming your objects using one of these keywords. They are:
abstract const extern int out short typeof
As continue false interface override sizeof Uint
base decimal finally internal params stackalloc ulong
bool default fixed is private static unchecked
break delegate float lock protected string unsafe
byte do for long public struct ushort
case double foreach namespace readonly switch using
catch else goto new ref this virtual
char enum if null return throw Void
checked event implicit object sbyte true volatile
class explicit in operator sealed try while

Once you avoid these words, there are rules you must follow when naming
your objects. On this site, here are the rules we will follow:
The name must start with a letter or an underscore
After the first letter or underscore, the name can have letters, digits, and/or
underscores
The name must not have any special characters other than the underscore
The name cannot have a space
Besides these rules, you can also create your own but that abide by the
above. C# is case-sensitive. This means that the names Case, case, and
CASE are completely different.

3.2 SUMMARY
Data Types:
Â
Characters
Escape Sequence Name Description
Makes a sound from
\a Bell (alert)
the computer
\b Backspace Takes the cursor back
Takes the cursor to the
\t Horizontal Tab
next tab stop

37
 Takes the cursor to the Variables, Data Types,
Operators And Objects In
\n New line beginning of the next Asp.Net
line
\v Vertical Tab Performs a vertical tab
\f Form feed Â
\r Carriage return Causes a carriage return
Displays a quotation
\" Double Quote
mark (")
Displays an apostrophe
\' Apostrophe
(')
Displays a question
\? Question mark
mark
\\ Backslash Displays a backslash (\)
Displays a null
\0 Null
character

In the English alphabet, a character is one of the following symbols: a, b,

c, d, e, f, g, h, i, j, k, l, m, n, o, p, q, r, s, t, u, v, w, x, y, z, A, B, C, D, E, F,
G, H, I, J, K, L, M, N, O, P, Q, R, S, T, U, V, W, X, Y, and Z. Besides
these readable characters, the following symbols are called digits and they
are used to represent numbers: 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9. In addition, some
symbols on the (US QWERTY) keyboard are also called characters or
symbols. They are ` ~ ! @ # $ % ^ & * ( ) - _ = + [ { ] } \ | ; : ' < ? . / , > "
Besides the English language, other languages use other or additional
characters that represent verbal or written expressions.
C# recognizes that everything that can be displayed as a symbol is called a
character. To declare a variable whose value would be a character, use the
char keyword. Here is an example:
char Gender = 'M';

Escape Sequences:
An escape sequence is a special character that displays non-visibly. For
example, you can use this type of character to indicate the end of line, that
is, to ask the program to continue on the next line. An escape sequence is
represented by a backslash character, \, followed by another character or
symbol. For example, the escape sequence that moves to the next line is
\n.
An escape can be included in single-quotes as in '\n'. It can also be
provided in double-quotes as "\n".
The C# language recognizes other escape sequences.
 To use an escape sequence, you can also first declare a char variable
and initialize it with the desired escape sequence in single-quotes.

38
Advanced Web Technologies The Byte Data Type:
A byte is a number whose value can range from 0 to 255 and therefore can
be stored in one byte. You can use it when you know a variable would
hold a relatively small value such as people's age, the number of children
of one mother, etc. To declare a variable that would hold a small natural
number, use the byte keyword. Here is an example:
byte Age;
You can initialize a byte variable when declaring it or afterwards. Here is
an example that uses the byte data type:
Byte Age = 14;
Make sure you do not use a value that is higher than 255 for a byte
variable, you would receive an error. When in doubt, or when you think
that there is a possibility a variable would hold a bigger value, don't use
the byte data type as it doesn't like exceeding the 255 value limit.

Signed Byte:
A byte number is referred to as signed if it can hold a negative of a
positive value that ranges from -128 to 127, which can therefore fit in a
byte. To declare a variable for that kind of value, use the sbyte keyword.
Here is an example:
sbyte RoomTemperature = -88;

Short Integers:
A natural number is also called an integer. To use a variable that would
hold such a number, you can declare it using the short keyword followed
by a name. A variable declared as short can hold a value that ranges from
–32768 to 32767. Here are two examples:
short NumberOfPages;
short Temperature;

NumberOfPages = 842;
Temperature  = -1544;

Because a short integer handles numbers that are larger than the signed
byte, any variable you can declare for a signed byte can also be declared
for a short variable.

Unsigned Short Integers:

If a variable must hold positive and relatively small numbers, it is referred
as an unsigned short integer. Such a variable can be declared using the
ushort keyword. An unsigned short integer can hold numbers that range
from 0 to 65535 and therefore can fit in 16 bits. Here is an example:
// These variables must hold only positive integers
39
ushort NumberOfTracks; Variables, Data Types,
Operators And Objects In
ushort MusicCategory; Asp.Net

NumberOfTracks = 16;
MusicCategory = 2;

To use a variable that would hold quite large numbers, declare it using the
int keyword. A variable declared as int can store values between
–2,147,483,648 and 2,147,484,647 negative or positive. Here is an
example:
int CoordX;
int CoordY;
ÂÂ Â
CoordX = 12;
CoordY = -8;

Unsigned Integers:
If the variable must hold only positive natural numbers, you can declared
it using the uint keyword. The uint keyword is used for a variable that can
hold positive numbers whose value would range from 0 to 2,147,484,647.
Here are examples:
uint DayOfBirth;
uint MonthOfBirth;
uint YearOfBirth;
ÂÂ Â
DayOfBirth  = 8;
MonthOfBirth = 11;
YearOfBirth = 1996;

Long Integers:
To use a variable that can hold very large numbers, declare it using the
long keyword.
Here is an example that uses the long data type:
long CountryArea;
ÂÂ ÂÂÂÂ
CountryArea = 5638648;

Although the long data type is used for large number, it mainly indicates
the amount of space available but you don't have to use the whole space.
For example, you can use the long keyword to declare a variable that
would hold the same range of numbers as the short, the int, or the uint data
40
Advanced Web Technologies types. If you declare a variable as long but use it for small numbers, the
compiler would allocate the appropriate amount of space to accommodate
the values of the variable. Consequently, the amount of space made
available may not be as large as required. If you insist and want the
compiler to reserve the whole space required for a long variable, when
assigning a value to the variable, add an L suffix to it. Here is an example:

long CountryArea;

ÂÂ ÂÂÂÂ

CountryArea = 5638648L;

Keep in mind that an int, a uint, a short, or a ushort can fit in a long
variable.

Unsigned Long Integers:

In some cases, you will need a variable to hold only positive, though large,
numbers. To declare such a variable, you can use the ulong data type. A
variable declared as ulong can handle very large positive numbers that
range from 0 to 18,446,744,073,709,551,615.

Introduction to Real Numbers:

A real number is a number that displays a decimal part. This means that
the number can be made of two sections separated by a symbol that is
referred to as the Decimal Separator or Decimal Symbol. This symbol is
different by language, country, group of languages, or group of countries.
In US English, this symbol is the period as can be verified from the
Regional (and Language) Settings of the Control Panel. On both sides of
the Decimal Symbol, digits are used to specify the value of the number.
The number of digits on the right side of the symbol determines how much
precision the number offers.

Floating-Point Numbers With Single Precision:

The integers we have used so far have the main limitation of not allowing
decimal values. C# provides floating values that would solve this problem.
The most fundamental floating variable is declared with the float keyword.
A variable declared a float can store real numbers that range from ±1.5
× 10−45 to ±3.4 × 1038 with a precision of 7 digits in 32 bits.
Here is an example:

float Distance;

Floating-Point Numbers With Double Precision:

When a variable is larger than the float can handle and requires more
precision, you should declare it using the double keyword. A variable
declared as double can store very large numbers ranging from ±5.0 ×
10−324 to ±1.7 × 10308 with a precision of 15 or 16 digits.
41
 Variables, Data Types,
Operators And Objects In
Asp.Net
Here is an example:

double StudentAge;

ÂÂ ÂÂÂÂ

StudentAge = 14.50;

Because the double data type provides a better result with a better
precision than the float, whenever you declare a variable as float and
assign it a value as we did earlier, the compiler reserves very large
memory space that can store the values of the variable. If you insist on the
variable being treated as float, when assigning it a value, add an F suffix to
the value. Here is an example:

float Distance;

ÂÂ ÂÂÂÂ

Distance = 248.38F;

Decimal:

The decimal data type can be used to declare a variable that would hold
significantly large values. You declare such a variable using the decimal
keyword. The values stored in a decimal variable can range from ±1.0
× 10−28 to ±7.9 × 1028 with a precision of 28 to 29 digits.
Because of this high level of precision, the decimal data type is suitable
for currency values.

After declaring a decimal variable, you can initialize it with a natural

number. To indicate that the variable holds a decimal value, when
initializing it, add an M suffix to its value. Here is an example:

decimal HourlySalary;

ÂÂ ÂÂÂÂ

HourlySalary = 24;

Accessory Data Types

Strings:

A string is an empty space, a character, a word, or a group of words that

you want the compiler to consider "as is", that is, not to pay too much
attention to what the string is made of, unless you explicitly ask it to. This
means that, in the strict sense, you can put in a string anything you want.

42
Advanced Web Technologies Primarily, the value of a string starts with a double quote and ends with a
double-quote. An example of a string is "Welcome to ASP.NET
development".

Sometimes, you will need to use a string whose value is not known in
advance. Therefore, you can first declare a string variable. To do this, use
the string keyword followed by a name for the variable. The name will
follow the rules we defined above. An example of a string declaration is:

string Msg;

After declaring a string, you can give it a primary value by assigning it an

empty space, a character, a symbol, a word, or a group of words. The
value given to a string must be included in double-quotes. Here are
examples of string variables declared and initialized:

string Empty = "";

string Gender = "F";

string FName = "Nelson Mandela";

string Msg   = "Welcome to the World of C# Programming! ";

Dates and Times:

A date is a unit that measures the number of years, months, or days

elapsed in a specific period. A time is a unit that counts the number of
seconds that have elapsed since midnight of the day considered. Although
dates and times are large subjects that would require a detailed study, at
this time, we will consider them in simple terms.

To declare a variable that would hold date or time values, use the
DateTime data type. Here is an example:

DateTime DateHired;

The .NET Framework sets its starting periodic date to January 1, 0001 at
midnight (12:00:00 or 0:00 AM). If not assigned a specific value, the
variable is initialized to 1/1/0001 at midnight.

OBJECTS:

The object data type is used to declare a variable whose type is not
primarily defined and can be any of the other data types we have
introduced. Here is an example:

object Whatever;

After creating an object variable, you can use its value as you see fit.

Constants

43
Â Variables, Data Types,
Operators And Objects In
Asp.Net
Custom Constants:

Suppose you intend to use a number such as 39.37 over and over again. If
you use this 39.37 many times in your program, at one time, you may
make a mistake and type it as 3937 or 3.937 or else. Because of mistakes
in the way to represent the number, the same calculation produces
different results. To make sure that this is unlikely, you can instead use a
variable that holds the value. Then, when you need that value, you can
access the variable instead of the value itself. A number such as 39.37 is
called a constant.

A constant is a value that never changes such as 244, "ASEC Mimosa",

39.37, or True. These are constant values you can use in your program any
time. You can also declare a variable and make it a constant; that is, use it
so that its value is always the same.

To create a constant, type the const keyword to its left. When declaring a
constant, you must initialize it with an appropriate value. Here is an
example:

const double ConversionFactor = 39.37;

Once a constant has been created and it has been appropriately initialized,
you can use its name where the desired constant would be used. To
initialize a constant variable, the value on the right side of the assignment
operator "=" must be a constant or a value that the compiler can determine
as constant. Instead of using a known constant, you can also assign it
another variable that has already been declared as constant.

Built-in Constants:

There are two main categories of constants you will use in your programs.
You can create your own constant as we saw above. The C# language also
provides various constants. Some constants are part of the C# language.
Some other constants are part of the .NET Framework. Before using a
constant, of course, you must first know that it exists. Second, you must
know how to access it. A constant that is part of the C# language can be
accessed anywhere in your code. Those constant are normally defined in
the System namespace. Other constant are defined in various appropriate
namespaces.

null: The null keyword is a constant used to indicate that a variable

doesn't hold a known value

PI: PI is a constant used as the ratio of the circumference of a circle to its

diameter. PI is defined in Math. To use it, you would type Math.PI.

44
Advanced Web Technologies
3.3 UNIT END EXERCISE

 Write a code to show how to declare a variable, assign a value to it

using an Assign<T> activity, and then display its value to the console
using a WriteLine activity.

3.4 LIST OF REFERENCE

1] Practical ASP.NET Web API

2] ASP.NET Core in Action by Andrew Lock

3] Building RESTful Web Services with .NET Core by Gaurav

Aroraa, Tadit Dash

*****

45
 4
BASIC SERVER-SIDE CONTROL
Unit Structure
4.0 Objectives
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Summary
4.3 Unit End Exercises
4.4 List of References

4.0 OBJECTIVES
Controls are small building blocks of the graphical user interface, which
include text boxes, buttons, check boxes, list boxes, labels, and numerous
other tools. Using these tools, the users can enter data, make selections
and indicate their preferences.
Controls are also used for structural jobs, like validation, data access,
security, creating master pages, and data manipulation.

ASP.NET uses five types of web controls, which are:

 HTML controls
 HTML Server controls
 ASP.NET Server controls
 ASP.NET Ajax Server controls
 User controls and custom controls
ASP.NET server controls are the primary controls used in ASP.NET.
These controls can be grouped into the following categories:
 Validation controls: These are used to validate user input and they
work by running client-side script.
 Data source controls: These controls provides data binding to
different data sources.
 Data view controls: These are various lists and tables, which can
bind to data from data sources for displaying.
 Personalization controls: These are used for personalization of a
page according to the user preferences, based on user information.
 Login and security controls: These controls provide user
authentication.

47
 Master pages: These controls provide consistent layout and interface Basic Server-Side Control
throughout the application.
 Navigation controls: These controls help in navigation. For example,
menus, tree view etc.
 Rich controls: These controls implement special features. For
example, AdRotator, FileUpload, and Calendar control.
The syntax for using server controls is:

<asp:controlType ID ="ControlID" runat="server"

Property1=value1 [Property2=va

The Microsoft.NET Framework provides a rich set of server-side controls

for developing Web applications. You can add these controls to
WebForms pages just as you add Windows controls to a form. Server-side
controls are often called server controls or Web Forms controls. There are
four types of Server controls: HTML server controls. Web server controls,
validation control, and user controls.

4.1 INTRODUCTION
HTML Server controls:
HTML developers must be familiar with old HTML controls, which they
use to write GUI applications in HTML. These controls are the same
HTML controls; you can run these controls on the server by defining the
runat ="server" attribute. These control names start with Html. Below
table defines some of these controls.

Table: HTML server Controls

CONTROL DESCRIPTION
HtmlForm Create an HTML form control, used as a
place holder of other controls
HtmlInputText Creates an input text box control used to
get input from user
HtmltextArea Creates multiline text box control
HtmlAnchor Creates a Web navigation
HtmlButton Creates a button control
HtmlImage Creates an image control, which is used
to display an image
HtmlInputCheckBox Creates a check box control
HtmlInputRadioButton Creates a radio button control
HtmlTable Creates a table control
HtmlTableRow Creates a row within a table
HtmlTableCell Creates a cell with in a row

48
Advanced Web Technologies Web Server Controls:
Web server controls are more powerful than HTML controls because they
provide more functionality and are easier to use. Besides some of the basic
controls such as button, text box, label, and checkbox, ASP.NET provides
some more powerful controls such as DataGrid, DataList, and Calendar.
I'll use these controls throughout this article. Below table describes some
of these controls.

Table: Web Server controls:

CONTROL DESCRIPTION
Label Represents a label control
ListBox Represents a list box control
CheckBox Represents a Check box control
Calendar Represents a calendar control
ImageButton Represents an image button control
TableCell Represents a table cell
Panel Represents a panel control
DataList Represents a data list control
TextBox Represents a text box control
Image Represents an image control
CheckBoxList Represents a list box with check boxes
Button Represents a button control
HyperLink Represents a hyperlink control
TableRow Represents a row of a table
RadioButtonList Represents a list box with radio button
controls
DataGrid Represents a data grid control
DropDownList Represents a drop-down list control
AdRotator Represents an ad rotator control
RadioButton Represents a radio button control
LinkButton Represents a link button control
Table Represents a table control
Repeater Represents a repeater control

Validation Controls:
Validating user input is one of the important needs for Web applications.
These controls provide features to validate user input. Using these
controls, you can check as required field, a value, a range, a pattern of
characters, and so on below table describes validation controls.

Table: Validation Controls

CONTROL DESCRIPTION
RequiredFieldValidator Makes sure that the user doesn't skip
an entry
CompareValidator Compares user input with a value
using a comparison operator such as
less than, greater than, and so on
49
 RangeValidator Checks if the user's input falls with Basic Server-Side Control

in a certain range
RegularExpressionValidator Checks if the user's input matches a
defined pattern
CustomValidator Create your own customer logic

User Controls:
Besides HTML serve controls, web server controls, and validation
controls, you can also create your own controls by embedding Web Forms
controls. These controls are called custom controls. You create custom
controls when the available controls can't provide the functionality you
need. For example, if you want to create a data grid control with check
boxes, combo boxes, calendars, and date controls, you can create a custom
control derived from the available controls and the then write the
additional functionality.

Server Controls and the .NET Framework Library:

The .NET Framework library provides the System.Web and its 15
supporting namespaces to define Web classes. These namespace reside in
the System.web.dll assembly. Before you use any Web namespaces,
though, you need to add a reference to the System.web.dll assembly and
include the required namespace in the application. Some major namespace
of the Web series are System.Web, System.Web.UI,
System.Web.UI.HtmlControls, System.Web.UI.WebControl, and
System.Web.Services.

The System.Web Namespace:

The System.Web namespace contains browser-and server-related classes
and interfaces. For example, the HTTPRequest and HTTPResponse
classes provide functionality to make requests for HTTP to retrieve and
post data on the server through a browser. The HttpApplication class
defines the functionality of an ASP.NET application. This namespace also
contains the HttpCookie and HttpCookieCollection classes for
manipulating cookies. The HttpFileCollection class provides access to and
organizes file uploaded by client. You can use the HttpWriter class to
write to the server through HttpResponse.

The System.Web.UI Namespace:

The System.Web.UI namespace contains classes and interfaces that enable
you to develop Web-based GUI applications similar to Windows GUI
applications. This namespace provide classes to create Web Forms pages
and controls. The control is the mother of all Web control classes and
provides methods and properties for HTML, web or user controls. The
page class represents Web page requested by the server in an ASP.NET
application. It also has classes for data binding with the data-bound
controls such as DataGrid and DataList. You'll see these classes in the

50
Advanced Web Technologies examples in this article. In addition to these classes, it also includes state
management, templates, and validation-related classes.

The System.Web.UI.HtmlControls Namespace:

This namespace contains HTML control classes, which I've discussed in
the "HTML Server Controls" section of this article. Some of these
namespace classes are HtmlButton, HtmlControl, HtmlForm, HtmlImage,
HtmlInputText, HtmlTable, and so on.

The System.Web.UI.WebControls Namespace:

This namespace contains classes related to server controls and their
supporting classes, as discussed in the "Web Server Controls" section of
this article. Some of the classes are AddRotator, Button, Calendar,
CheckBox, DataGrid, DataList, DropDownList, Hyperlink, Image, Label,
ListBox, ListControl, Panel, Table, TableRow, and TextBox. Besides
control classes, it also contains control helper classes. For example, the
DataGridItem, DataGridColumn, and TableRow, TableCell,
TableCellCollection, TableHeaderCell, and TableItemsStyle are helper
classes of the table control.

The System.Web.Services Namespace:

A web Service is an application that sits and runs on the Web server.
System.Web.Service and its three helper namespaces
System.Web.Service.Description, System.Web.Services.Discovery, and
System.Web.Service.Protocol – provides classes to build Web services.

Why are Web Forms Controls called server-side controls?:

Microsoft .NET Framework consists powerful Web controls. By using
these Web controls you write powerful Web GUI applications similar to
desktop applications. You can either write code for these controls
manually or by using VS.NET, which supports the drag-and-drop design-
time feature. In other worlds, you can drag and drop Web Forms controls
onto a Web form, set properties by right-clicking on a control, and even
write handlers by double-clicking on the control as you'd do in windows
GUI applications such as Visual Basic.
When a client (Web browser) makes a call for Web control such as a
Button or a DataGrid, The runat ="Server" (Discussed later in more detail)
tells the Web server that the controls will be executes on the server and
they'll send HTML data to the client at run-time after execution. Because
the execution of these control events, methods, and attributes happens on
the server, these controls are server-side Web controls. The main
functionality of these controls includes rendering data from the server to
the client and event handling. (The controls fire events and handle those
events.)

51
Adding server side controls to a Web Form: Basic Server-Side Control

You have two ways to add server controls to a Web Form (also referred as
a web page). You can either use the VS .NET IDE to add server Controls
or you can add controls manually by typing code using the <asp:> syntax.

Adding server control using VS .NET:

Adding server controls using VS.NET is pretty simple. As you have seen
in the "Developing your first ASP .NET Web Application" section of this
article, you create a new ASP.NET Application project, open the toolbox,
drag and drop controls from the toolbox, set properties, and write event
handlers for the control.

Adding Server Controls Using ASP .NET Syntax:

The other method of adding server controls to an application is that you
write the code manually. VS.NET writes the code in the background foe
you when you drop a control from the toolbox to Web form.
To add server controls manually, you create a text file and save it with an
.aspx extension .NET utilizes XML tags to write server controls. A tag
should a low XML syntax. Every ASP.NET control starts with asp: and a
control name. For example, the following line a text box control:
<asp: textbox id=TextBox1 runat = "Server" Text =" " text =" ">
</asp:textbox>
In this line, I created a text box server control. Event control has unique
ID. In this sample the ID is TextBox1. The runat ="Server" attribute
represents that the control will run on the server.
The following code shows that you can write the same code without the
closing tag:
<asp:textbox id = Textbox1 runat ="server" />
Below shows the ASP.NET version of your first ASP.NET application .
You can see the ASP.NET version using the HTML mode of the designer.
As you can see below, asp:Button, asp:TextBox, and asp:ListBox are
three ever controls added using ASP.NET. In listing 7-4, you'll see some
unfamiliar items such as <%Page, Language, and codebehind. The
<%Page language is a page directive, which defines the language you're
using in the page you can use any .NET supported language, such as C# or
VB.NET. You use the codebehind directive to separate the code from the
ASP.NET page. You can define a C# or VB.NET page as codebehind,
which will host the code foe ASP.NET controls for the page.
WebForm1.aspx.cs is a C# class, which hosts code for the WebForm1
page.

52
Advanced Web Technologies ASP.NET version of my first ASP.NET application:
<%@ Page Language="C#" AutoEventWireup="true"
CodeBehind="Default.aspx.cs" Inherits="firstaspnet._Default" %>
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0
Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-
transitional.dtd">
<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">
<head runat="server">
<title>Untitled Page</title>
</head>
<body>
<form id="form1" runat="server">
<div>
<asp:Button ID="Button1" runat="server" Text="Button"
BackColor="#3366FF" Font-Bold="True"
ForeColor="Yellow" /><br />
<br />
<asp:TextBox ID="TextBox1" runat="server"
BorderColor="#66CCFF" BorderStyle="Groove"
Height="32px" Width="198px"></asp:TextBox>
<br />
<asp:ListBox ID="ListBox1" runat="server" BackColor="#CCFF99"
Height="209px" Width="310px">
</asp:ListBox>
<font size="5"><strong>My First ASP.NET
Application</strong></font>
<p>
<font><strong>Click Add button to add contents of text box to the
list box</strong></font>
</p>
</div>
</form>
</body>
</html>

4.2 SUMMARY

The HTML server controls are HTML elements that include

a runat=server attribute. The HTML server controls have the same HTML
output and the same properties as their corresponding HTML tags. In
addition, HTML server controls provide automatic state management and
server-side events. HTML server controls offer the following advantages:
 The HTML server controls map one to one with their corresponding
HTML tags.
 When the ASP.NET application is compiled, the HTML server
controls with the runat=server attribute are compiled into the assembly.

53
 Most controls include an OnServerEvent for the most commonly used Basic Server-Side Control
event for the control. For example, the <input type=button> control has
an OnServerClick event.
 The HTML tags that are not implemented as specific HTML server
controls can still be used on the server side; however, they are added
to the assembly as HtmlGenericControl.
 When the ASP.NET page is reposted, the HTML server controls keep
their values.

The System.Web.UI.HtmlControls.HtmlControl base class contains all of the

common properties. HTML server controls derive from this class.

To use an HTML server control, use the following syntax (which uses
the HtmlInputText control as an example):
ASP.NET (C#)Copy
<input type="text" value="hello world" runat=server />

Web server controls:

Web controls are similar to the HTML server controls such as Button,
TextBox, and Hyperlink, except that Web controls have a standardized set
of property names. Web server controls offer the following advantages:
 Make it easier for manufacturers and developers to build tools or
applications that automatically generate the user interface.
 Simplify the process of creating interactive Web forms, which
requires less knowledge of how HTML controls work and make the
task of using them less prone to errors.

The System.Web.UI.WebControls.WebControl base class contains all of the

common properties. Most of the Web server controls derive from this
class.

To use a Web server control, use the following syntax (which uses the
TextBox control as an example):
ASP.NET (C#)Copy
<asp:textbox text="hello world" runat=server />

Web server controls can be divided into four categories:

 Basic Web Controls
 Validation Controls
 List Controls
 Rich Controls
54
Advanced Web Technologies Basic web controls:

Basic Web controls provide the same functionality as their HTML server
control counterparts. However, basic Web controls include additional
methods, events, and properties against which you can program.

Validation controls

Validation controls are used to validate the values that are entered into
other controls of the page. Validation controls perform client-side
validation, server-side validation, or both, depending on the capabilities of
the browser in which the page is displayed. Validation controls offer the
following advantages:
 You can associate one or more validation controls with each control
that you want to validate.
 The validation is performed when the page form is submitted.
 You can specify programmatically whether validation should occur,
which is useful if you want to provide a cancel button so that the user
can exit without having to fill valid data in all of the fields.
 The validation controls automatically detect whether validation
should be performed on the client side or the server side.

List controls

List controls are special Web server controls that support binding to
collections. You can use list controls to display rows of data in a
customized, template's format. All list controls expose DataSource and
DataMember properties, which are used to bind to collections.

List controls can bind only to collections that support the IEnumerable,
ICollection, or IListSource interfaces. For example, a Visual C# .NET
sample page appears as follows:
ASP.NET (C#)Copy
<%@ Page Language="C#" %>
<script runat="server">
Public void Page_Load()
{
String[] myStringArray = new String[] {"one","two","three"};
rptr.DataSource = myStringArray;
rptr.DataBind();
}
</script>
<html>

55
 <body> Basic Server-Side Control

<asp:repeater id=rptr runat="server">

<itemtemplate><%# Container.DataItem %><br></itemtemplate>
</asp:repeater>
</body>
</html>

A Visual Basic .NET sample page appears as follows:

ASP.NET (VB)Copy
<%@ Page Language="vb" %>
<script runat="server">
public sub Page_Load()
Dim myStringArray as String()
myStringArray = new String() {"one","two","three"}
rptr.DataSource = myStringArray
rptr.DataBind()
end sub
</script>
<html>
<body>
<asp:repeater id=rptr runat="server">
<itemtemplate><%# Container.DataItem %><br></itemtemplate>
</asp:repeater>
</body>
</html>

The output appears as follows:

 one
 two
 three

4.3 UNIT END EXERCISE

 Write a program containing the following controls:
• A ListBox
• A Button
• An Image
• A Label

56
Advanced Web Technologies  The listbox is used to list items available in a store. When the user
clicks on an item in the listbox, its image is displayed in the image
control. When the user clicks the button, the cost of the selected item
is displayed in the control.

4.4 LIST OF REFERENCE

1] Practical ASP.NET Web API
2] ASP.NET Core in Action by Andrew Lock
3] Building RESTful Web Services with .NET Core by Gaurav Aroraa, Tadit
Dash

*****

57
 MODULE III

5
DATABASE PROGRAMMING IN ASP.NET
Unit Structure
5.0 Objectives
5.1 An Overview
5.2 Introduction to ADO.NET
5.3 Architecture of ADO.NET
5.3.1 Connected Architecture
5.3.2 Disconnected Architecture
5.4 Components of ADO.NET
5.4.1 Data Providers
5.4.2 Connection
5.4.2.1 Connection Pooling
5.4.3 Command
5.4.3.1 Working with Stored Procedures with command object
5.4.4 DataSet and Datatable
5.4.5 Data Readers
5.4.6 Data Adapters
5.5 LINQ with ASP.NET
5.5.1 LINQ Introduction
5.5.2 Mapping data model to an Object model
5.5.3 Introducing query syntax
5.5.4 Entity Framework
5.6 Let us Sum Up
5.7 Unit End Exercises
5.8 List of References
Self-Learning Topics: Charts and Data Pagers

5.0 OBJECTIVES

What You Will Learn in This Chapter:

 Learn the basic classes in ADO.NET and its architecture.
 Learn the different ADO.NET Data Providers.
 Learn about the Connection and Command components.
 Learn about the Working with Stored Procedures.
 Learn about the DataAdapter, DataReader and DataSet components.

58
Advanced Web Technologies  Learn LINQ with ASP.NET.
 Discuss about the query syntax in LINQ.
 Learn the Entity Framework Architecture.

5.1 AN OVERVIEW

 ADO.NET is a set of classes that expose data access services to the

Microsoft .NET programmer. ADO.NET provides a rich set of
components for creating distributed, data-sharing applications.

 ADO.NET is an integral part of the Microsoft .NET Framework,

providing access to relational, XML, and application data.

 All ADO.NET classes are located at the System.Data namespace with

two files named System.Data.dll and System.Xml.dll. When
compiling code that uses the System.Data namespace, reference both
System.Data.dll and System.Xml.dll.

 Basically speaking, ADO.NET provides a set of classes to support

you to develop database applications and enable you to connect to a
data source to retrieve, manipulate and update data with your
database.

5.2 INTRODUCTION OF THE ADO.NET

ADO.NET is a collection of managed libraries used by .NET applications

for data source communication using a driver or provider:
Enterprise applications handle a large amount of data. This data is
primarily stored in relational databases, such as Oracle, SQL Server, and
Access and so on. These databases use Structured Query Language (SQL)
for retrieval of data.
To access enterprise data from a .NET application, an interface was
needed. This interface acts as a bridge between an RDBMS system and a
.NET application. ADO.NET is such an interface that is created to connect
.NET applications to RDBMS systems.
In the .NET framework, Microsoft introduced a new version of Active X
Data Objects (ADO) called ADO.NET. Any .NET application, either
Windows based or web based, can interact with the database using a rich
set of classes of the ADO.NET library. Data can be accessed from any
database using connected or disconnected architecture.
ADO.NET provides mainly the following two types of architectures:

 ConnectedArchitecture:
The ADO.NET Connected architecture considers mainly three types of
objects:
▪ Connection con
59
▪ Command cmd Database Programming In
Asp.Net

▪ DataReaderdr

 DisconnectedArchitecture:
The ADO.NET Disconnected architecture considers primarily the
following types of objects:
▪ DataSet ds
▪ DataAdapter da
▪ Connection con

5.3 ARCHITECTURE OF ADO.NET

Ado.net is a data access technology that allows interaction between

applications and databases.
Types of Architecture:

 Connected Architecture

 Disconnected Architecture
Ado.net is both connection-oriented as well as disconnection oriented.
Depending upon the functionality of an application, we can make it
connection-oriented or disconnection oriented. We can even use both the
modes together in a single application.

5.3.1 Connected Architecture:

 As the name suggests, connected architecture refers to the fact that the
connection is established for the full time between the database and
application. For e.g. we make a program in C# that is connected with
the database for the full time, so that will be connected architecture.

 Connected architecture is forward only and read-only. This means the

connected mode will work only in one particular direction i.e. forward
and that too for read-only purpose. Application issues query then read
back results and process them.

 For connected architecture, we mainly use the object of the

DataReader class.

 DataReader is used to retrieve the data from the database and it also
ensures that the connection is maintained for the complete interval of
time.

 In connected architecture, the application is directly linked with the

Database.

60
Advanced Web Technologies

Fig 5.1 Connected Architecture in ADO.NET

5.3.2 Disconnected Architecture:

 Disconnected architecture refers to the mode of architecture in

Ado.net where the connectivity between the database and application
is not maintained for the full time. Connectivity within this mode is
established only to read the data from the database and finally to
update the data within the database.

 This means during the processing of the application, we need data so

that data is fetched from the database and kept in temporary tables.
After that whenever data is required, it is fetched from the temporary
tables. And finally, when the operations were completed, the
connection was established to update the data within the database
from the temporary tables.

 In this mode, application issues query then retrieves and store results
for processing. For this purpose, we use objects of DataAdapter and
DataSet classes.

 In disconnected architecture, a Dataset is used for retrieving data from

the database. This way there is no need to establish a connection for
the full time because DataSet acts as temporary storage.

61
 Database Programming In
Asp.Net

Fig 5.2 Disconnected Architecture in ADO.NET

Difference between Connected and Disconnected:

Connected Disconnected
It is Connection Oriented It is Dis-Connection Oriented
Connected get high in speed and Disconnected get low in speed and
performance. performance.
Connected you need to use a read
Disconnected you cannot
only forward only data reader
Data Reader can’t persist the data Data Set can persist the data
It is Read only, we can’t update
We can update data
the data

5.4 COMPONENTS OF ADO.NET

Components are designed for data manipulation and faster data access.
Connection, Command, DataReader, DataAdapter, DataSet, and
DataView are the components of ADO.NET that are used to perform
database operations. ADO.NET has two main components that are used
for accessing and manipulating data. They are as follows:

1. Data provider and

2. DataSet

62
Advanced Web Technologies 5.4.1 Data Provider:
The Data Provider can also be called a data driver and it can be used as a
major component for your data-driven applications.The functionalities of
the Data Provider are to:

1. Connect to the Database

2. Prepare an SQL Command
3. Execute the Command
4. Retrieve the results and display them in the application
The Data Provider is physically composed of a binary library file and this
library is in the DLL file format. Sometimes this DLL file depends on
other DLL files, so in fact a Data Provider can be made up of several DLL
files. Based on the different kinds of databases, Data Provider can have
several versions and each version is matched to each kind of database.
There are following different types of data providers included in ADO.Net

Data Provider Description

It provides data access for Microsoft SQL
Data Provider for SQL
Server.
Server (SQL
The System.Data.SqlClient namespace is
Server.NET)
used
Data Provider for
It is used for data sources using OLE DB.
OLEDB
The System.Data.OleDb namespace is used
(OLEDB.NET)
Data Provider for It is used for data sources using ODBC.
ODBC (ODBC.NET) The System.Data.Odbc namespace is used
It is used Oracle data sources.
Data Provider for
The System.Data.OracleClient namespace
Oracle (Oracle.NET)
is used

The different data providers are located at the different namespaces, and
these namespaces hold the various data classes that you must import into
your code in order to use those classes in your project.
Table contains the most popular namespaces used by the different data
providers and used by the DataSet.

DataProvider Properties and Methods:

Objects Description
Connection This component is used to set up a connection with a data source.
A command is a SQL statement or a stored procedure used to
Command
retrieve, insert, delete or modify data in a data source.
Data reader is used to retrieve data from a data source in a read-only
DataReader
and forward-only mode
DataAdapter This is integral to the working of ADO.Net since data is transferred
63
 Objects Description Database Programming In
to and from a database through a data adapter. It retrieves data from a Asp.Net
database into a dataset and updates the database. When changes are
made to the dataset, the changes in the database are actually done by
the data adapter.

Advantages of using Data Providers in ADO.NET:

1) It provides high performance of client-server access over RDBMS
2) It contains trigger providing powerful means for maintaining business
rules at database level
3) It provides referential integrity that supports primary/foreign key
definition
4) It provides data access through table or server side control
5) It is easy to convert the .NET framework to other database engines
6) It contains full server based transaction to eliminate database
corruption
7) It has database security functionality and encryption support

5.4.2 Connection:
Data Provider contains four sub-classes and the Connection component is
one of them. This class provides a connection between your applications
and the database you selected to connect to your project. To use this class
to setup a connection between your application and the desired database,
you need first to create an instance or an object based on this class.
The Connection object you want to use depends on the type of the data
source you selected. Data Provider provides four different Connection
classes and each one is matched to one different database.
These popular Connection classes used for the different data sources:
The Connection classes and databases

Connection Class Associated Database

OdbcConnection ODBC Data Source
OleDbConnection OLE DB Database
SqlConnection SQL Server Database
OracleConnection Oracle Database

The connection string is a property of the Connection class and it

provides all necessary information to connect to your data source.
Regularly this connection string contains a quite few parameters to define
a connection, but only five of them are popularly utilized for most data-
driven applications:

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Advanced Web Technologies  Provider
 Data Source
 Database
 User ID
 Password

A typical data connection instance with a general connection string can be

expressed by the following codes:
Connection = New xxxConnection(“Provider = MyProvider;” & _
“Data Source = MyServer;” & _
“Database = MyDatabase;” & _
“User ID = MyUserID;” & _
“Password = MyPassWord;”)
wherexxx should be replaced by the selected Data Provider in your real
application, such as OleDb, Sql or Oracle. You need to use the real
parameter values implemented in your applications to replace those
nominal values such as MyServer, MyDatabase, MyUserID and
MyPassWord in your application.
Some typical Connection instances are listed below:

OLE DB Data Provider for Microsoft Access Database:

Connection = New
OleDbConnection("Provider=Microsoft.Jet.OLEDB.4.0;" & _
"Data Source=C:\database\CSE_DEPT.mdb;" & _
"User ID=MyUserID;" & _
"Password=MyPassWord;")

SQL Server Data Provider for SQL Server Database:

Connection = New SqlConnection("Server=localhost;" + _
"Data Source=Susan\SQLEXPRESS;" + _
"Database=CSE_DEPT;" + _
"Integrated Security=SSPI")

Oracle Data Provider for Oracle Database:

Connection = New OracleConnection("Data Source=XE;" + _
"User ID=system;" + _
"Password=reback")

Example for SQL Server Database:

using System;
using System.Data;
using System.Data.SqlClient;
65
public partial class _Default : System.Web.UI.Page Database Programming In
Asp.Net
{
protected void Page_Load(object sender, EventArgs e)
{
}
string conString = "Data Source=(local);Initial
Catalog=Employee;Integrated Security=True";

protected void Button1_Click(object sender, EventArgs e)

{
// Creating the object of SqlConnection class
SqlConnectionconObject = new SqlConnection(conString);

try
{
conObject.Open();
if (conObject.State == ConnectionState.Open)
Response.Write("Database Connection is Open");
}
catch(SqlExceptionsqlexception)
{
Response.Write("ERROR ::" + sqlexception.Message);
}
catch(Exception ex)
{
Response.Write("ERROR ::"+ex.Message);
}
finally
{
conObject.Close();
}
}
}
In connection string, we can write or Server or Address or Network
Address in place of Data Source attribute. To specify the database we can
use Database or the Initial Catalog attribute.
You can provide yes, no, true, SSPI and false value to Integrated Security
attribute of connection string. If Integrated Security = false then User ID,
and Password must be specified in the connection string and if true then
current Windows account credentials are used for authentication. SSPI is
equivalent to value True.

Connection String
Description
Parameter Name
Identify the server.Local Machine/Machine
Data Source
Domain Name/Ip Address
Initial Catalog Database Name
Integrated Security Set to SSIP to make Connection with user’s

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Advanced Web Technologies Connection String
Description
Parameter Name
Window Login
UserId Name of user configured in SQL Server
Password Password match Sql Server UserId

Some of the properties for the connection object are as shown below:

Property Description
CanRaiseEvents It gets a value indicating the component can
raise an event
ConnectionString It gets or sets string used to open the
connection
ConnectionTimeout It gets the time to wait for establishing the
connection
Database It gets the name of the current database after
the connection is opened
DataSource It gets the name of the database server to
which the user can connect
Site It gets or sets the ISite of the component
ServerVersion It gets a string representing the version of
the server
State It gets a string that describes the state of the
connection

Some of the methods for the DbConnection object are as shown below:

Methods Description

BeginDbTransaction It starts the database transaction

ChangeDatabase It changes the current database for an open

connection

Close It closes the connection to the database

CreateCommand It creates and returns the DbCommand

object

Dispose() It releases the resources used by the

component

GetHashCode It serves as a default hash function

GetSchema() It returns the schema information for the

data source

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 Database Programming In
Open It opens the database connection with the Asp.Net
settings specified by the ConnectionString
object

ToString It returns the string containing the name of

the component

Open() and Close() are two important methods of Connection object.

Program:
using System;
using System.Data;
using System.Data.SqlClient;
namespace ConsoleApplication1
{
class Program
{
static void Main(string[] args)
{
string conString = "Data Source=(local);Initial
Catalog=Employee;Integrated Security=True";
SqlConnectionconObject = new SqlConnection(conString);
conObject.Open();
Console.WriteLine("Connection String ::
"+conObject.ConnectionString);
Console.WriteLine("DataBase :: "+conObject.Database);
Console.WriteLine("DataSource :: " + conObject.DataSource);
Console.WriteLine("ConnectionTimeout :: " +
conObject.ConnectionTimeout);
Console.WriteLine("Connection State :: " + conObject.State);
Console.WriteLine("ServerVersion :: " +
conObject.ServerVersion);
Console.ReadLine();
}
}
}

Output:
Connection String :: Data Source=(local);Initial
Catalog=Employee;Integrated Security=True
DataBase :: Employee
DataSource :: (local)
ConnectionTimeout :: 15
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Advanced Web Technologies Connection State :: Open
ServerVersion :: 10.50.1600

Storing connection string in configuration file

If you did not write connection string in config file, then it may create
problem. Suppose that, after deploying the project, you have to change the
connection string, then you have to change the connection string in every
page.
It is a good practice to store the connection string for your application in a
config file rather than in every page.
In this scenario, if you have written the connection string in config file,
then the required change will be done in single place (config file) and the
change will be reflect automatically in every page.
<configuration>
<connectionStrings>
<add name="conString" connectionString="Data
Source=(local);Initial Catalog=Employee;Integrated Security=True"/>
</connectionStrings>
</configuration>

Acceccing the connecting string from config file

using System;
using System.Data;
using System.Data.SqlClient;
using System.Configuration;
protected void Button1_Click(object sender, EventArgs e)
{
string conn =
ConfigurationManager.ConnectionStrings["conString"].ConnectionString;
// Creating the object of SqlConnection class
SqlConnection conObject = new SqlConnection(conn);
conObject.Open();
if (conObject.State == ConnectionState.Open)
Response.Write("Database Connection is Open");
}
By default, a connection string is enabled with connection pooling.
By default, the maximum number of pools is 100, minimum is 0.
Connection pooling is the ability of re-use your connection to the
Database. This means if you enable Connection pooling in the connection
object, actually you enable the re-use of the connection to more than one
user.

69
5.4.2.1 Connection Pooling: Database Programming In
Asp.Net

Fig. 5.3 Connection Pooling

Connection pooling enables you to re-use your connection to the
Database. It is an optimization technique that will increase the
performance of database programming. By default connection pooling
feature is enabled with connection string. The maximum number of pools
is 100, and minimum is zero.
Connecting to database is time consuming and resource intensive task.
Whenever user wants to connect database, connection string is parsed and
it checks whether given credentials in connection stings are correct or not.
Therefore it takes lots of time to open and close the connection.
To reduce the cost of opening and closing the same connection repeatedly
and increasing the performance ADO.NET uses connection pooling.
A Connection String in the Web.Config file with connection pooling
option:
<connectionStrings>
<clear/>
<add name="sqlConnectionString" connectionString="Data
Source=mySQLServer;Initial Catalog=myDatabase;Integrated
Security=True;Connection Timeout=15;Connection Lifetime=0;Min Pool
Size=0;Max Pool Size=100;Pooling=true;"/>
</connectionStrings>

SQL Server connection string pooling attributes:

 Connection Lifetime:

o Length of time in seconds after creation after which a connection is

destroyed. The default is 0, indicating that connection will have the
maximum timeout.

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Advanced Web Technologies  Connection Reset:

o Specifies whether the connection is reset when removed from the

pool. The default is true.

 Enlist:

o Specifies whether the connection is automatically enlisted in the

current transaction context of the creation thread if that transaction
context exists. The default is true.

 Load Balance Timeout:

o Length of time in seconds that a connection can remain idle in a

connection pool before being removed.

 Max Pool Size:

o Maximum number of connections allowed in the pool. The default is

100.

 Min Pool Size:

o Minimum number of connections maintained in the pool. The default

is 0.

 Pooling:

o When true, the connection is drawn from the appropriate pool, or if

necessary, created and added to the appropriate pool. The default is
true.

5.4.3 Command:
The Command object works with the Connection object and used to
execute SQL queries or Stored Procedures against the data source. You
can perform insert, update, delete, and select operations with this object. It
requires an instance of a Connection Object for executing the SQL
statements as example.
SqlCommandcmd = new SqlCommand("SQL query or stored
procedure", conn);
The SQL statements can be SELECT, INSERT, UPDATE, or DELETE. It
uses a connection object to perform these actions on the database.
SELECT
cmd =new SqlCommand("select * from Employee", con);
cmd =new OracleCommand("select * from Employee", con);
INSERT
71
cmd = new SqlCommand("INSERT INTO Database Programming In
Asp.Net
Employee(Emp_ID,Emp_Name)VALUES ('" + aa + "','" + bb +"')",con);
cmd = new OracleCommand("INSERT INTO Employee(Emp_ID ,
Emp_Name) VALUES('" + aa + "','" + bb + "' )",con);
UPDATE
cmd =new SqlCommand("UPDATE Employee SET Emp_ID ='" + aa + "'
, Emp_Name ='" + bb + "' WHERE Emp_ID ='" + aa + "'", con);
cmd =new OracleCommand("UPDATE Employee SET Emp_ID ='" + aa
+ "' , Emp_Name ='" + bb + "' WHERE Emp_ID ='" + aa + "'", con);
DELETE
cmd =new SqlCommand("DELETE FROM Employee where Emp_ID='"
+ aa + "'", con);
cmd =new OracleCommand("DELETE FROM Employee where
Emp_ID='" + aa + "'", con);

Steps for executing SQL query with command object:

 Create a Connection Object and initialize with connection string.

 Create the command object and initialize with SQL query and
connection object.

 Open the connection.

 Execute query with the help of any one method of command object.

 Store the result in DataReader object (In case of select SQL query)

 Close the connection.

Some of the Command properties are as listed below:

Property Description

CommandTimeout Contains the length of the timeout of a query,

in seconds

CommandText It gets or sets the text command against the

data source

CommandType CommandType is an important property of

Command class. This property is used to
determine which type of command being
executed.

CommandType.StoredProcedure: It informs
the Command object that the stored procedure

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Advanced Web Technologies
will be used in place of simple SQL
statements.

CommandType.Text: It informs the

Command object that the CommandText value
contains a SQL query.

CommandType.TableDirect: It indicates that

the CommandText property contains the name
of a table

Connection It gets or sets the DbConnection used by the

DbCommand

Parameters It gets the collection of DbParameter objects

Site It gets or sets the ISite of the component

Transaction It gets or sets the DbTransaction which the

DbCommand object executes

UpdatedRowSource It gets or sets the command results applied to

the DataRow

Some of the methods for the Command objects are as shown below:

Methods Description

It attempts to cancel the execution of the

Cancel()
DbCommand

It creates a new instance of DbParameter

CreateDbParameter
object

It releases all the resources used by the

Dispose()
component

It executes the command text against the

ExecuteDbDataReader
connection

It executes SQL statement against the

connection object
If you are using Insert, Update or Delete SQL
ExecuteNonQuery
statement then use this method. Its return
type is Integer (The number of affected
records).

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 Database Programming In
It executes the CommandText against the Asp.Net
Connection object
This method works on select SQL query. It
ExecuteReader() returns the DataReader object. Use
DataReader read () method to retrieve the
rows.

Executes the CommandText property and

returns data in a DataReader object.
This method returns single value. Its return
type is Object. When you want single value
ExecuteScalar() (First column of first row), then use
ExecuteScalar () method. Extra columns or
rows are ignored. ExecuteScalar method
gives better performance if SQL statements
have aggregate function.

It returns an object representing a service

GetService
object for the instance

● It returns an instance of XmlReader class.

ExecuteXMLReader This method is used to return the result set in
the form of an XML document.

Let’s take one example that will use command object. The table structure
is as follows.

Program:
using System;
using System.Data;
using System.Data.SqlClient;
public partial class _Default : System.Web.UI.Page
{
SqlDataReader reader;
SqlConnection con;
protected void Page_Load(object sender, EventArgs e)
{
con = new SqlConnection("Data Source=(local);Initial
Catalog=Employee;Integrated Security=True");
SqlCommandcmd = new SqlCommand();
cmd.Connection = con;
cmd.CommandText = "select * from tblemps";
cmd.CommandType = CommandType.Text;
try

74
Advanced Web Technologies {
con.Open();
reader = cmd.ExecuteReader();
GridView1.DataSource = reader;
GridView1.DataBind();
}
catch (Exception ex)
{
Label1.Text = "ERROR :: " + ex.Message;
}
finally
{
reader.Close();
con.Close();
}
}
}

5.4.3.1 Working With Stored Procedures With Command Object:

First we understand that what is stored procedure and then we will use the
stored procedure in our database program.

Stored Procedure:
A stored procedure in SQL Server is a group of one or more SQL
statements. Stored procedure are created and stored in the database.
When you execute the application, the SQL statements are parsed and
execution plan is created. This happened every time whenever you execute
the application.
It is not happened in case of stored procedure. Stored procedure compiles
only once and stores in database with its execution plan. If we use stored
procedure, then we can avoid recompilation of the query. It increases the
performance of application. Another advantage is that it can be tested
independent of the application. Stored procedures are easy to maintain. If
any changes occur, then just update the stored procedure. The change will
reflect in all pages automatically. It is a big advantage that rather than
change SQL queries in all the pages just we need to update a single stored
procedure.

Creating Stored Procedure:

Open Microsoft SQL Server, select your database, right click and select
create new stored procedure tab.
Here we have created a simple stored procedure named
"GetAllEmployees". It selects all the record from table tblEmps.

75
CREATE PROCEDURE [dbo].[GetAllEmployees] Database Programming In
Asp.Net
AS
BEGIN
-- SET NOCOUNT ON added to prevent extra result sets from
-- interfering with SELECT statements.
SET NOCOUNT ON;
-- Insert statements for procedure here
SELECT * from tblEmps
END

Display data using stored procedure:

Just change the previous code as follows and you will get the same result.
SqlConnection con = new SqlConnection("Data Source=(local);Initial
Catalog=Employee;Integrated Security=True");
SqlCommandcmd = new SqlCommand();
cmd.Connection = con;
cmd.CommandType = CommandType.StoredProcedure;
cmd.CommandText = "GetAllEmployees";

Insert Record using stored procedure:

First create a simple input screen to insert the data into database as given
below.

Create a Stored Procedure with Input Parameter in the database.

CREATE PROCEDURE InsertEmployees
@EmpID integer,
@EmpNamevarchar(100),
@Gender varchar(50),
@Salary money,
@Address varchar(200),
@DepID integer
AS
BEGIN
-- Insert statements for procedure here
insert into tblEmps values(@EmpID,@EmpName ,@Gender
,@Salary ,@Address ,@DepID )
END
GO

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Advanced Web Technologies

Write down your connection string in web.config file.

<configuration>
<connectionStrings>
<add name="conString" connectionString="Data
Source=(local);Initial Catalog=Employee;Integrated Security=True"/>
</connectionStrings>
</configuration>

using System;
using System.Configuration;
using System.Data;
using System.Data.SqlClient;
public partial class Default2 : System.Web.UI.Page
{
SqlConnectionconObject;
SqlCommandcmd;
protected void Page_Load(object sender, EventArgs e)
{
}
protected void btnAdd_Click(object sender, EventArgs e)
{
string con
=ConfigurationManager.ConnectionStrings["conString"].ConnectionStrin
g;
conObject = new SqlConnection(con);
cmd = new SqlCommand();
cmd.Connection = conObject;
cmd.CommandType = CommandType.StoredProcedure;
cmd.CommandText = "InsertEmployees";

cmd.Parameters.Add("@EmpID",SqlDbType.Int).Value=txtEmpID.Text;

cmd.Parameters.Add("@EmpName",SqlDbType.VarChar).Value=txtNam
e.Text;
cmd.Parameters.Add("@Gender",
SqlDbType.VarChar).Value=txtGender.Text;
cmd.Parameters.Add("@Salary",
SqlDbType.Money).Value=txtSalary.Text;
cmd.Parameters.Add("@Address",
SqlDbType.VarChar).Value=txtAddress.Text;

77
 cmd.Parameters.Add("@DepID", Database Programming In
Asp.Net
SqlDbType.Int).Value=txtDepID.Text;
try
{
conObject.Open();
int i=cmd.ExecuteNonQuery();
if(i>0)
{
Label1.Text = "Record Added Successfully !!";
}
}
catch(Exception ex)
{
Label1.Text="ERROR ::"+ex.Message;
}
finally
{
conObject.Close();
}
}
}

5.4.4 Dataset:
The DataSet class is used for representing a subset of the database. It is
defined in the System.Data namespace. It is used for disconnected
representation of results sets from the Data Source. It provides more
flexibility while dealing with the result sets.

DataSet object behaves like a small database. The DataSet contains rows,
columns, primary keys, constraints, and relation with Data Table objects.
It has a collection of DataTable objects and can be related to each other
with Data Relation objects.

It can contain more than one table and also create the relationship between
tables. Again DataTable is the collection of DataRow and DataColomn
objects.

One of the advantages of dataset is that it can work with different types of
databases simultaneously. Suppose that one table is available within SQL
server and another table is available in Oracle. You can easily query each
database server and create a single DataSet with both the table.

78
Advanced Web Technologies

The list of properties for DataSet are as shown below:

Property Description

Container It gets the container for the component

CaseSensitive It gets or sets value indicating whether

string comparisons with Data Table objects

DataSetName It gets or sets the name of the current

DataSet

DefaultViewManager It gets a custom view of the data contained

into the DataSet to allow filtering,
searching and navigating data using a
custom DataViewManager

DesignMode It gets a value indicating the component is

currently in design mode

Events It gets a list of event handlers that are

attached to this component

ExtendedProperties It gets a collection of customized user

information associated with Data Set

HasErrors It gets a value indicating the errors in any

DataTable objects within the DataSet

Tables It gets the collection of tables contained in

the DataSet

Relations It gets a collection of relation that links

tables and allow navigation from parent
tables to child tables

IsInitialized It gets a value that indicates whether the

DataSet is initialized

The list of methods of DataSet are as shown below:

Methods Description

AcceptChanges It commits all the changes made in the

DataSet when it was loaded or when the
last changes were accepted

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 Database Programming In
BeginInit It begins the initialization of a DataSet used Asp.Net
on a form or by other component

Clear It clears the DataSet of any data by

removing all rows in the table

Clone It copies the structure of the DataSet

including Data Table schemas, relations
and constraints

Copy It copies the structure and data from the

DataSet

CreateDataReader() It returns the DataTableReader with one

result set per Data Table

Dispose() It release all the resources used by the

MarshalByValueComponent

EndInit It ends the initialization od a DataSet that is

used on a form

Finalize It allows the object to try to free resources

and perform cleanup operations before the
garbage collection

GetChanges() It gets a copy of the DataSet containing all

changes made in the last load

GetDataSetSchema It gets a copy of XmlSchemaSet for the

DataSet

GetHashCode It serves as a default hash function

HasChanges() It gets a value indicating whether DataSet

has changes, including new, deleted or
modified rows

InferXmlSchema(String, It applies the XML Schema from the

String[]) specified Stream into DataSer

InferXmlSchema(TextReader, It applies the XML Schema from the

String[]) specified XmlReader to the DataSet

IsBinarySerialized It inspects the format of the serialized

representation of the DataSet

Load(IDataReader, It fills a DataSet with values from a data

LoadOption, String[]) source using supplied IDataReader using
array of strings

MemberwiseClone It creates a shallow copy of the current

Object

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Advanced Web Technologies
Merge(DataRow[]) It merges an array of DataRow objects into
the current DataSet

Merge(DataSet, Boolean) It merges a DataSet and its schema into

current DataSet

Merge(DataTable, Boolean, It merges a DataTable and its schema into

MissingSchemaAction) current DataSet preserving or removing
changes into the DataSet

OnRemoveRelation It occurs when a DataRelation object is

removed from the DataTable

ReadXml(Stream) It reads XML Schema and data into

DataSet using System.IO.Stream

Reset It clears all tables and removes all relations,

contraints, and tables from the DataSet

ShouldSerializeRelations It gets a value indicating the Relations

property should be persisted

ToString It returns a string containing the name of

the component

WriteXml(Stream) It writes the current data for the DataSet

using the System.IO.Stream

WriteXml(TextWriter) It writes the current data for the DataSet

using the TextWriter

WriteXml(TextWriter, It writes a current data and schema for the

XmlWriteMode) DataSet using the TextWriter and
XmlWrite mode

WriteXmlSchema(XmlWriter) It writes the DataSet structure as an XMl

schema to the XmlWriter object

The DataSet can be used along with the Data Adapter in an application.
The syntax for the creation of DataSet and using in an application is as
shown below:
DataSet ds = new DataSet();
SqlDataAdapter da = new SqlDataAdapter(sql,connection);
da.Fill(ds);

Program:
using System;
using System.Data;
using System.Data.SqlClient;
using System.Configuration;

81
public partial class Default : System.Web.UI.Page Database Programming In
Asp.Net
{
SqlConnection conn;
SqlDataAdapter adapter;
DataSet ds;
protected void Page_Load(object sender, EventArgs e)
{
string cs =
ConfigurationManager.ConnectionStrings["conString"].ConnectionString;
try
{
conn = new SqlConnection(cs);
adapter = new SqlDataAdapter("select * from tblEmps", conn);
ds = new DataSet();
adapter.Fill(ds);
GridView1.DataSource = ds;
GridView1.DataBind();
}
catch(Exception ex)
{
Label1.Text = "ERROR :: " + ex.Message;
}
finally
{
ds.Dispose();
conn.Dispose();
}
}
}

5.4.4.1 Datatableand Datarow:

The DataTable class is used when the tables of the database are to be
represented. The list of some DataTable properties is as shown below:

Property Description

CaseSensitive It indicates that the string comparisons are case

– sensitive

ChildRelations It gets the collection of child relations for this

DataTable

Columns It gets the collection of columns belonging to

the table

Constraints It gets the collection of constraints maintained

by the table

DataSet It gets the DataSet to the corresponding table

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Advanced Web Technologies
DisplayExpression It gets or sets the expression returning a value
to represent the table

Events It gets the event handlers list attached to the

component

Namespace It gets or sets the namespace for the XML

representation of the data store

PrimaryKey It gets or sets an array of columns functioning

as primary key for the table

Rows It gets the collection of rows belonging to the

table

TableName It gets or sets the name of the DataTable

The list of some of methods of the DataTable are as shown below:

Methods Description

AcceptChanges It contains all the changes when the last

AcceptChanges was called

Clear It clears the DataTable of all data

Clone It clones the structure of the DataTable

containing constraints and schemas

Copy It copies the structure and data for the

DataTable

Dispose() It releases all the resources used by the

MarshalByValueComponent

EndLoadData It turns on notifications, constraints, indes

maintenance after the data is loaded

Finalize It allows an object to free resources and

perform cleanup operations before garbage
collection

GetChanges() It gets a copy of DataTable where all the

changes are made by the user

ImportRow It copies the DataRow into DataTable

Load(IDataReader) It fills a DataTable with values from a data

source using IDataReader

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 Database Programming In
Merge(DataTable) It merges the DataTable with the current Asp.Net
DataTable

NewRow It creates a new row with the schema similar

to the DataTable

Reset It resets the DataTable to the original state

Select() It gets an array of all DataRow objects

WriteXml(String) It writes the current contents of the

DataTable as XML using the specified file

The syntax of creating DataTable in an application is as shown below:

DataTabledt = newDataTable();

DataColumn dc = newDataColumn();
dc.ColumnName = “Srno”;
dc.DataType = typeof(int);
dt.Columns.Add(dc);

DataColumn dc1 = newDataColumn();

dc.ColumnName = “Name”;
dc.DataType = typeof(string);
dt.Columns.Add(dc1);

dt.Rows.Add(newobject [ ] { “1”, “John”});

Datarow:
The DataRow is used to represent rows in the DataTable. Some of the
properties of DataRow are as shown below:

Property Description

HasErrors It gets a value indicating that row has errors

Item[DataColumn] It gets or sets the data stored in the

specified DataColumn

Item[String] It gets or sets the data stored in the column

specified by the name

ItemArray It gets or sets all the values for this row

through an array

RowError It gets or sets the custom error description

for a row

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Advanced Web Technologies
Table It gets the DataTable for DataSet

The syntax for creating DataRow is as shown below:

DataRowdr =newdt.NewRow();
dr[“Name”]=”Mark”;
dr[“Course”]=”MBA”;
dt.Rows.Add(dr);

5.4.5 Datareader:
DataReader object works in connected mode. DataReader is used in
forward only, read only retrieval of data from data sources. They cannot
be called directly in the code. It is fast compare to DataSet. DataReader
provides the easy way to access the data from database. It can increase the
performance of application because it reads records one by one. Use read()
method of DataReader to access the record.

 It is used in Connected architecture.

 Provide better performance.

 DataReader Object has Read-only access.

 DataReader Object Supports a single table based on a single SQL

query of one database.

 While DataReader Object is Bind to a single control.

 DataReader Object has Faster access to data.

 DataReader Object Must be manually coded.

 We can’t create relation in data reader.

 Data reader communicates with the command object.

 DataReadercan not modify data

For initializing the DataReader object, call the ExecuteReader method of

the Command object. It returns an instance of the DataReader.

SqlCommandcmd = new SqlCommand("Your SQL query", conn);

SqlDataReaderreaderObj = cmd.ExecuteReader();
Once your task completed with the data reader, call the Close() method to
close the DataReader.

readerObj.Close();

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 Database Programming In
Asp.Net

DataReader Properties and Methods:

Property Description

Connection It gets the Connection associated with DataReader

Depth Indicates the depth of nesting for row
FieldCount Returns number of columns in a row
It gets a value indicating the DataReader has one or
HasRows
more rows
IsClosed Indicates whether a data reader is closed
RecordsAffe
Number of row affected after a transaction
cted
Item Gets the value of a column in native format

Methods Description
Read() Reads next record in the data reader.
Advances the data reader to the next result during
NextResult()
batch transactions.
Close() Closes a DataRaeder object.

You can also get the value of particular column of the table by using the
data reader object.
while(reader.Read())
{
string ID = reader["EmpID"].ToString();
string name = reader["Name"].ToString();
string gender = reader["Gender"].ToString();
string salary = reader["Salary"].ToString();
}

Difference between DataSet and DataReader:

DataSet DataReader
Works in connected mode. It provides connection oriented
environment.
Provides slow performance Provides the fast execution.
compare to DataReader.
In memory object. You can It is a forward-only and read only
fetch the data in any order. object.
Implicitly open the connection. It needs explicit open and close the
connection.

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Advanced Web Technologies It can contain more than one At a time, it works on single table.
table.
Dataset objects have XML It does not fully support XML
Support.
It uses fill() method of DataReader object provides the
DataAdapter to populate the read() method for reading the
dataset. records.

5.4.6 Dataadapter:
DataAdapter is used as a ADO.NET data provider. It is used in
disconnected architecture. It is used as communication between DataSet
and DataSource. i.e. It works as a bridge between DataSet and your
DataSource. It holds the SQL commands and connection object for
reading and writing data. DataSet does not open or close the connection
because this task is performed by DataAdapter object. It helps to manage
the data in disconnected mode.
DataAdapter performs the following tasks when using with DataSet
object:
1. Open connection
2. Fills the DataSet
3. Close connection
It can also perform Select, Insert, Update and Delete SQL operations with
the database.
The list of DataAdapter properties is as shown below:

Property Description

DeleteCommand It is used for deleting records from the data

source

InsertCommand It is used to insert records in a data source

SelectCommand It is used to select records from a stored

procedure

UpdateCommand It is used to update records in the data

source

TableMappings It represents the collection of mappings

between actual data source table

The list of methods for the DataAdapter is as shown below:

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 Database Programming In
Methods Description Asp.Net

Fill It is used to fill data into DataSet using

DataAdapter

Update It is used to update data to the data source

FillSchema It adds a DataTable to the DataSet

5.5 LINQ WITH ASP.NET

Language integrated query or LINQ enables you to write SQL like syntax
in programming language itself. LINQ contains different types of
operators, which is used in language itself. In LINQ, the same query can
be used in, an SQL database, a DataSet, an array of objects in memory and
so many other data types.

5.5.1 LINQ Introduction:

Architecture of LINQ:
In this chapter, we are going to study the Architecture of LINQ. The
term LINQ stands for Language Integrated Query and it is pronounced
as LINK. Nowadays the use of use LINQ increasing rapidly. So, as a
developer, you should understand the Linq and its architecture.

What is LINQ?
The LINQ (Language Integrated Query) is a part of a language but not a
complete language. It was introduced by Microsoft with .NET Framework
3.5 and C# 3.0 and is available in System.Linq namespace.
LINQ provides us common query syntax which allows us to query the data
from various data sources. That means using a single query we can get or
set the data from various data sources such as SQL Server database, XML
documents, ADO.NET Datasets, and any other in-memory objects such as
Collections, Generics, etc.

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Advanced Web Technologies

Fig. 5.4 LINQ Query on Different Data Sources

Why should we learn LINQ?

Let us understand why we should learn LINQ with an example.
Suppose we are developing a .NET Application and that application
requires data from different data sources. For example
1. The application needs data from SQL Server Database. So as a
developer in order to access the data from SQL Server Database, we
need to understand ADO.NET and SQL Server-specific syntaxes. If
the database is Oracle then we need to learn SQL Syntax specific to
Oracle Database.
2. The application also needs data from an XML Document. So as a
developer in order to work with XML Document, we need to
understand XPath and XSLT queries.
3. The application also needs to manipulate the data (objects) in memory
such as List<Products>, List<Orders>, etc. So as a developer we
should also have to understand how to work with in-memory objects.

Fig. 5.5 Data from different data sources

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LINQ provides a uniform programming model (i.e. common query syntax) Database Programming In
Asp.Net
which allows us to work with different data sources but using a standard
or you can say unified coding style. As a result, we don’t require learning
different syntaxes to query different data sources.

How LINQ works?

Fig. 5.6 Working of LINQ

As shown in the above diagram, you can write the LINQ queries using any
.NET supported programming languages such as C#, VB.NET, J#, etc.
The LINQ provider is a software component that lies between the LINQ
queries and the actual data source. The Linq provider will convert the
LINQ queries into a format that can be understood by the underlying data
source. For example, LINQ to SQL provider will convert the LINQ
queries to SQL statements which can be understood by the SQL Server
database. Similarly, the LINQ to XML provider will convert the queries
into a format that can be understood by the XML document.

What are LINQ Providers?

A LINQ provider is software that implements the IQueryProvider and
IQueryable interface for a particular data source. In other words, it allows
us to write LINQ queries against that data source. If you want to create
your custom LINQ provider then it must implement IQueryProvider and
IQueryable interface. Without LINQ Provider we cannot execute our
LINQ Queries.
Let us discuss some of the LINQ Providers and how they work internally.

LINQ to Objects:
The LINQ to Objects provider allows us to query an in-memory object
such as an array, collection, and generics types. It provides many built-in
functions that we can use to perform many useful operations such as
filtering, ordering, and grouping with minimum code.

LINQ to SQL (DLINQ):

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Advanced Web Technologies The LINQ to SQL Provider is designed to work with only the SQL Server
database. You can consider this as an object-relational mapping (ORM)
framework which allows one to one mapping between the SQL Server
database and related .NET Classes. These .NET classes are going to be
created automatically by the wizard based on the database table.

LINQ to Datasets:
The LINQ to Datasets provider provides us the flexibility to query data
cached in a Dataset in an easy and faster way. It also allows us to do
further data manipulation operations such as searching, filtering, sorting,
etc. on the Dataset using the LINQ Syntax.

LINQ to Entities:
The LINQ to Entities provider looks like LINQ to SQL. It means it is also
an object-relational mapping (ORM) framework that allows one to one,
one to many, and many to many mapping between the database tables and
.NET Classes. The point that you need to remember is, it is used to query
any database such as SQL Server, Oracle, MySQL, DB2, etc. Now, it is
called ADO.NET Entity Framework.

LINQ to XML (XLINQ):

The LINQ to XML provider is basically designed to work with an XML
document. So, it allows us to perform different operations on XML data
sources such as querying or reading, manipulating, modifying, and saving
the changes to XML documents. The System.Xml.Linq namespace
contains the required classes for LINQ to XML.

Parallel LINQ (PLINQ):

The Parallel LINQ or PLINQ was introduced with .NET Framework 4.0.
This provider provides the flexibility of parallel implementation of LINQ
to Objects. The PLINQ was designed in such a way that it uses the power
of parallel programming which targets the Task Parallel Library. So if you
want to execute your LINQ query simultaneously or parallel on different
processors then you need to write the query using PLINQ.

Advantages of using LINQ?

1. We don’t need to learn new query language syntaxes for different data
sources as it provides common query syntax to query different data
sources.
2. Less code as compared to the traditional approach. That means using
LINQ we can minimize our code.
3. It provides Compile time error checking as well as intelligence
support in Visual Studio. This powerful feature helps us to avoid run-
time errors.

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4. LINQ provides a lot of inbuilt methods that we can use to perform Database Programming In
Asp.Net
different operations such as filtering, ordering, grouping, etc. which
makes our work easy.
5. Its query can be reused.
Disadvantages of using LINQ?
The disadvantages of using LINQ are as follows:
1. Using LINQ it’s very difficult to write complex queries like SQL.
2. LINQ doesn’t take the full advantage of SQL features like cached
execution plan for the stored procedure.
3. We will get the worst performance if we don’t write the queries
properly.
4. If we do some changes to our queries, then we need to recompile the
application and need to redeploy the dll to the server.

5.5.2 Mapping Data Model To An Object Model:

The LINQ to SQL Object Model
In LINQ to SQL, an object model expressed in the programming language
of the developer is mapped to the data model of a relational database.
Operations on the data are then conducted according to the object model.
In this scenario, you do not issue database commands (for example,
INSERT) to the database. Instead, you change values and execute methods
within your object model. When you want to query the database or send it
changes, LINQ to SQL translates your requests into the correct SQL
commands and sends those commands to the database.

Fig. 5.7 The LINQ to SQL Object Model

The most fundamental elements in the LINQ to SQL object model and
their relationship to elements in the relational data model are summarized
in the following table:

LINQ to SQL Object Model Relational Data Model

Entity class Table
Class member Column
Association Foreign-key relationship
Method Stored Procedure or Function

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Advanced Web Technologies 5.5.3 Introducing Query Syntax:
LinqTo SQL
Link to SQL is Object Relation Mapping (ORM) framework. It creates the
strongly typed dot net classes based on database tables. LINQ to SQL
enables you to write Select, Insert, Update, Delete query after after
strongly typed dot net classes generated. Behind the seen Link to SQL
provider converts LINQ query to normal SQL query, which is understands
by SQL server database. LINQ to SQL type only supports SQL server
database. It also supports Views, StoredProcedures, and Transactions.

First we will create the database table, name tblEmps in SQL server
as:

You can create the table according to your need and provide the table
name.
Now Right click on the project (or project folder) and select the option
Add New Item.
Select LINQ to SQL Classes Template and Give Name as Emp.dbml. You
can provide the name according to application requirement. Emp.dbml file
will be added under App_Code folder.

Click on Server Explorer and Right click on the Data Connections and
select the option Add Connection.
Add Connection Pop up window will be opened, provide the SQL Server
details and click on OK button.
Database will be added under Data Connections as shown below.

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Drag the table in the left pane. If primary key & foreign key relations are
there then it will automatically displayed. I have not created the foreign
key explicitly. Therefore the relation is not shown.

This process generates the Emp.dbml.layout and Emp.designer.cs file

under the Emp.dbml
It will also create the connection string automatically in web.config file.
<configuration>
<connectionStrings>
<add name="EmployeeConnectionString" connectionString="Data
Source=.;Initial Catalog=Employee;Integrated Security=True"
providerName="System.Data.SqlClient" />
</connectionStrings>
</configuration>
Click on Emp.designer.cs file, you will see EmpDataContext class that is
inherited from DataContext class. Remember that we have created the
Emp.dbml file and it will generate the EmpDataContext class. Whatever

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Advanced Web Technologies file name you will provide, it generates the class with class name
appended with DataContext as suffix.
using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Linq;
public partial class _Default : System.Web.UI.Page
{
protected void Page_Load(object sender, EventArgs e)
{
if(! IsPostBack)
{
LoadData();
}
}
protected void LoadData()
{
EmpDataContextdbContext = new EmpDataContext();
GridView1.DataSource= from emp in dbContext.tblEmps
select emp;
GridView1.DataBind();
}
}

Output:

LINQ have rich set of operators. It provides the operator for Filtering,
Sorting, Grouping, Aggregation, Projection, Partitioning, Concatenation
etc.
You can use any operators with the LINQ to get the result.
You can create a projection that matches the employee object structure. In
the above query it selects all the records. If you want that few column
should be display, then you can use linq query as
fromemp in dbContext.tblEmps
select new{emp.EmpID , emp.Name};

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Controlling column ordering and column name using LINQ: Database Programming In
Asp.Net

LINQ enables you to change the order of column for display. You can also
provide the custom name for column.
fromemp in dbContext.tblEmps
select new {
DepartmentID=emp.DEPID,EmployeeID=emp.EmpID,EmpName=emp.N
ame };

Query filters:
LINQ provides the where clause to filter the query.
Suppose that you want the record of those employees whose name is starts
with letter “R” and salary greater than 20000.
fromemp in dbContext.tblEmps
where emp.Name.StartsWith("D") &&emp.Salary>20000
select emp;

Insert record using LINQ:

For inserting the record into the database using LINQ, first create the
object of EmpDataContext class.
EmpDataContextdbContext = new EmpDataContext();
In our example the table name is tblEmps. LINQ automatically generates
the tblEmps as a class and the table column as properties.
Now create the object of tblEmps class, so you can access the properties of
this class.
InsertOnSubmit() method is used to insert the record. SubmitChanges()
method commits all the changes into the database.
Please refer the previous code for populate the Gridview using LINQ. In
above example we have used LoadData() method for this purpose.
protected void btnInsert_Click(object sender, EventArgs e)
{
using(EmpDataContextdbContext =new EmpDataContext())
{
tblEmpempObj = new tblEmp
{
EmpID=Convert.ToInt32( txtEmpID.Text),
Name=txtName.Text,
Gender=txtGender.Text,
Salary=Convert.ToDouble( txtSalary.Text),
Address=txtAddress.Text,
DEPID = txtDepID.Text
};

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Advanced Web Technologies dbContext.tblEmps.InsertOnSubmit(empObj);
dbContext.SubmitChanges();
}
GetData();
}

Update record using LINQ:

For updating the record, first we need a unique ID of employee whose
record we want to update. For getting single record, SingleOrDefault is
used in LINQ. After that SubmitChanges() method is used to commit the
updated record in database.
In the given below code, you can easily see that, the table is converted into
the class and the column name is converted into the properties of tblEmps
class.
protected void btnUpdate_Click(object sender, EventArgs e)
{
using (EmpDataContextdbContext = new EmpDataContext())
{
tblEmpobj=dbContext.tblEmps.SingleOrDefault(em =>em.EmpID
== Convert.ToInt32(txtEmpID.Text));
obj.Name=txtName.Text;
obj.Gender=txtGender.Text;
obj.Salary=Convert.ToDouble( txtSalary.Text);
obj.Address=txtAddress.Text;
obj.DEPID = txtDepID.Text;
dbContext.SubmitChanges();
}
GetData();
}

Delete record using LINQ:

For deleting the record, we also need a single record according to unique
ID of employee. Here for deletion DeleteOnSubmit() method is used.
protected void btnDelete_Click(object sender, EventArgs e)
{
using (EmpDataContextdbContext = new EmpDataContext())
{
tblEmpobj = dbContext.tblEmps.SingleOrDefault(em
=>em.EmpID == Convert.ToInt32(txtEmpID.Text));
dbContext.tblEmps.DeleteOnSubmit(obj);
dbContext.SubmitChanges();
}
GetData();
}
In this given example only seven records are available. Here we have
entered an eighth record, when you click on AddRecord button,

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btnInsert_Click method will be executed and record is added in the Database Programming In
Asp.Net
database.

Getting the actual sql query generated by LINQ:

As you know that SQL server can understand only standard SQL queries
and objects. Therefore LINQ to SQL convert LINQ queries into standard
SQL query format.
You can easily see the sql query, which is generated by LINQ to SQL.
There are several methods to achieve for the same.
EmpDataContextdbContext = new EmpDataContext();
varselectQuery = from emp in dbContext.tblEmps
select emp;

First Method:
You can use the log property of DataContest class. It writes the generated
sql query at provided I/O.
dbContext.Log = Response.Output;

Second Method:
You can directly use the ToString() method as:
Response.Write(selectQuery.ToString());

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Advanced Web Technologies Third Method:
GetCommand method of DataContext class provides the information
about sql command generated by LINQ to SQL.
stringsqlQuery=dbContext.GetCommand(selectQuery).CommandText;
Response.Write(sqlQuery);

5.5.4 Entity Framework:

What is Entity Framework in .NET Framework?
Entity Framework is an open-source object-relational mapper framework
for .NET applications supported by Microsoft. It increases the developer’s
productivity as it enables developers to work with data using objects of
domain-specific classes without focusing on the underlying database
tables and columns where this data is stored. It eliminates the need for
most of the data-access code which is used to interact with the database
that developers usually need to write. It provides an abstract level to the
developers to work with a relational table and columns by using the
domain-specific object. It also reduces the code size of the data specific
applications and also the readability of the code increases by using it. This
is a new technology for accessing the data for Microsoft application. The
latest version for Entity Framework is 6.0.
The following figure describes where the Entity Framework presents in
your application.

Fig. 5.8 Entity Framework

The above figure represents how an entity framework interacts with the
domain class and database. It provides a connection between the business
entity and data tables in the database. It saves data stored in the properties
of business entities and also retrieves data from the database and converts
it to business entities objects automatically. Entity Framework will

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execute the relevant query in the database and then materialize results into Database Programming In
Asp.Net
instances of your domain objects for you to work within your app.

Fig. 5.9 Conceptual Model

When defining the class and features of entity framework first and then
entity framework convert it into the conceptual model first and it creates
database and objects in the database from the conceptual model this
method is called Code First. Now your object directly works with the
database to retrieve or make changes.

Features of Entity Framework:

 It is platform independent.

 It uses LinQ queries to manipulate the data in the database instead of

SQL queries.

 It keeps the track of values that have been changed of the properties
of entities.

 It also save changes which are done insert, delete or update

operations.

 It also handles concurrency so the data override by a user and will

reflect when another use fetches it.

 It also handles transaction management automatically and also

provides the customize options for transaction management.

 It provides caching which means it stores the result of the frequently

used queries.

 It also follows certain conventions for programming so it by default

configure the EF Model.

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Advanced Web Technologies  It also allows configuring the EF Model by a fluent API to override
the default convention.

 If you made any changes in database schema then you can reflect
those changes in EF model by writing migration command in CLI
(Command Line Interface).

 It also supports stored procedure.

 It also supports parameterized queries.

5.6 LET US SUM UP

This chapter covered features of ADO.NET. These features are designed
to give you the flexibility to handle database processing in a manner never
before possible with either of the previous versions of ADO. We studied
the components of ADO.NET that is Provider, Connection, Command,
Dataset, Datareader and Dataadapter.
The LINQ with ASP.NET,In LINQ to SQL, and an object model
expressed in the programming language of the developer is mapped to the
data model of a relational database and Query syntax. Entity Framework is
an open-source object-relational mapper framework for .NET applications
supported by Microsoft.

5.7 UNIT END EXERCISES

1) What is ADO.NET?
2) Explain the advantages of ADO.NET.
3) Explain ADO.NET data architecture.
4) Explain different data provider.
5) Explain connection and command with example
6) Explain data adapter and dataset.
7) Explain data grid with example.
8) Explain data reader with example.
9) Explain the architecture of LINQ.
10) What is The LINQ to SQL Object Model?
11) Explain the working of LINQ.
12) Explain the features of Entity Framework.

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5.8 LIST OF REFERENCES Asp.Net

Reference Reference Name

No
1 https://www.tutorialspoint.com/asp.net/asp.net_data
base_access.htm
2 https://www.guru99.com/insert-update-delete-asp-
net.html
3 http://asp.net-informations.com/dbpro/asp-dbpro.htm
4 https://www.w3schools.com/asp/webpages_database
.asp
5 https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/what-is-entity-
framework-in-net-framework/
6 https://www.tutorialride.com/asp-net/linq-in-asp-
net.htm

*****

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 6
DATABOUND CONTROLS IN ASP.NET
Unit Structure
6.0 Objectives
6.1 An Overview
6.2 SqlDataSource control
6.3 Databound Controls
6.3.1 DataList
6.3.2 DetailsView
6.3.3 FormView
6.3.4 GridView
6.3.5 ListView
6.3.6 Repeater
6.4 Let us Sum Up
6.5 Unit End Exercises
6.6 List of References
Self-Learning Topics: Charts and Data Pagers

6.0 OBJECTIVES
What You Will Learn in This Chapter:
 Learn about how to bind data to data bind control
- DataList
- DetailsView
- FormView
- GridView
- ListView
- Repeater

6.1 AN OVERVIEW
Databound controls are used to display data to the end-user within the web
applications and using databound controls allows you to manipulate the
data within the web applications very easily.
Databound controls are bound to the DataSource property. Databound
controls are composite controls that combine other ASP.NET Controls like
Text boxes, Radio buttons, Buttons and so on.

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 Databound Controls In
6.2 SQLDATASOURCE CONTROL Asp.Net

The SqlDataSource control is used to access data located in the relational

database. It uses the ADO.NET classes to interact with any databases that
are supported by ADO.NET. The providers that can be used are oracle,
SQL server, ODBC and OleDb. Using the control user can access and
manipulate data in the ASP.NET page.
To use the SqlDataSource control, set the ProviderName and
ConnectionString property. The ProviderName is used for the type of
the database used and ConnectionString for the connection to the
database.
The data of the SqlDataSource control can be cached and retrieved in the
application. The caching can be enabled by setting the EnableCaching
property to true. The filter of the SqlDataSource control supports a
FilterExpression property. User can add the selection criteria for filtering
of data.
The SqlDataSource control code sample is as shown below:
<asp:SqlDataSource id=”sldatasource1” runat=”server”
DataSourceMode=”DataReader”
ConnectionString=”<%ConnectionStrings:EmployeeData%>”
SelectCommand=”Select name from Employee” >
</asp:SqlDataSource>

6.3 DATABOUND CONTROLS

Every ASP.NET web form control inherits the DataBind method from its
parent Control class, which gives it an inherent capability to bind data to at
least one of its properties. This is known as simple data binding or inline
data binding.
Simple data binding involves attaching any collection (item collection)
which implements the IEnumerable interface, or the DataSet and
DataTable classes to the DataSource property of the control.
On the other hand, some controls can bind records, lists, or columns of
data into their structure through a DataSource control. These controls
derive from the BaseDataBoundControl class. This is called declarative
data binding.
The data source controls help the data-bound controls implement
functionalities such as, sorting, paging, and editing data collections.
The controls capable of simple data binding are derived from the
ListControl abstract class and these controls are:
● BulletedList
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Advanced Web Technologies ● CheckBoxList
● DropDownList
● ListBox
● RadioButtonList
The controls capable of declarative data binding (a more complex data
binding) are derived from the abstract class CompositeDataBoundControl.
These controls are:
● DetailsView
● FormView
● GridView
● RecordList

6.3.1 Data List Control:

The DataList control is used to display a repeated list of items that are
bound to the control. There are different templates using which user can
design the layout of the control. The template property are mentioned
below:

Template Property Description

ItemTemplate It contains the HTML elements and
controls to render for each row in the
data source
AlternatingItemTemplate It contains the HTML elements and
controls to render once for every other
row in the data source
SelectedItemTemplate It contains the elements to render when
the user selects an item in the DataList
control
EditItemTemplate It specifies the layout of an item when
the edit mode is working
HeaderTemplate It contains all the text and controls to be
rendered at the beginning of the list
FooterTemplate It contains all the text and controls to be
rendered at the end of the list
SeperatorTemplate It contains all elements to render
between each item

A sample code to demonstrate the DataList control is as shown below:

<%@Page Language=”C#” %>
<! DOCTYPE html>
<script runat=”server”>
</script>
<html xmlns=”http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml”>

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<title></title>
</head>
<body>
<form id=”form1” runat=”server”>
<div>
<asp:DataList ID=”DataList1” runat=”server”
DataKeyField=”Id” DataSourceID=”SqlDataSource1”
Height=”285px” RepeatColumns=”3”
RepeatDirection=”Horizontal” Width=”134px”>
<ItemTemplate>
Id:
<asp:Label ID=”IdLabel” runat=”server” Text=’<%# Eval ( “Id”
)%>’ />
<br/>
name:
<asp:Label ID=”nameLabel” runat=”server” Text=’<%# Eval (
“name” )%>’ />
<br/>
Income:
<asp:Label ID=”IncomeLabel” runat=”server” Text=’<%# Eval (
“Income” )%>’ />
<br/>
<br/>
</ItemTemplate>
</asp:DataList>
<asp:SqlDataSource ID=”SqlDataSource1” runat=”server”
ConnectionString=’<%$ConnectionStrings:ConnectionString %>”
SelectCommand=”SELECT * FROM [footerex]”>
</asp:SqlDataSource>
</div>
</form>
</body>
</html>

Output is:

6.3.2 Details View Control:

Details view control is used as a data bound control. It is used to render
one record at a time. User can insert, update and delete the record from the
control. Some of the properties of the DetailsView control is as shown
below:

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Advanced Web Technologies Property Description
AllowPaging It is a Boolean value to indicate the
control supports navigation
DataSource It is used to populate the control with the
data source object
DataSourceID It indicates the bound data source control
with corresponding adapters
AutoGenerateEditButton It is a Boolean value to indicate the
column can be edited by the user
AutoGenerateDeleteButton It is a Boolean value to indicate the
records can be deleted
DefaultMode It is used to indicate the default display
mode of the control
AutoGenerateRows It is a Boolean value to indicate the rows
are automatically created for each field in
the data source

The sample code for the Details View control is as shown below:
<%@ Page Language=”C#” %>

<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC “-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0

Transitional //EN”
“http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd” >

<script runat=”server”>
</script>

<html xmlns=”http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml”>
<head runat=”server”>
<title>asp.net DetailsView example: how to use
DetailsView</title>
</head>
<body>
<form id=”form1” runat=”server” >
<div>
<h2 style=”color:Navy” >DetailsView Example</h2>
<asp:SqlDataSource ID=”SqlDataSource1” runat=”server”
ConnectionString=”<%$ ConnectionStrings:
NorthwindConnectionString %>”
Select Command = “SELECT ProductID, ProductName,
UnitPrice FROM Products”;
</asp:SqlDataSource>
<asp:DetailsView ID=”DetailsView” runat=”server”
DataSourceID=”SqlDataSource1” AllowPaging=”true”
ForeColor=”DarkGreen” BackColor=”Snow”

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</asp:DetailsView>
</div>
</form>
</body>
</html>

The output is:

6.3.3 Formview Control:

The FormView control is data bound control but it uses templates version
of the DetailsView control. The templates are used inside the control for
rendering it on the server. Some of the properties of the FormView control
are as shown below:

Property Description
EditItemTemplate It is used when the record is being edited by
the user
InsertItemTemplate It is used when a record is being created by
the user
ItemTemplate It is the template used to render the record to
display only in an application

Methods of FormView control

Methods Description
InsertItem It is used to insert record in the database
UpdateItem It is used to update record in the database
DeleteItem It is used to delete the record in the database
ChangeMode It is used to change the working state of the control

The sample code for the FormView control is as shown below:

<%@ Page Languag”C#” AutoEventWireup=”true”
CodeFile=”FormView.aspx.cs” Inherits=”FormView” %>

<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC “-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0

Transitional//EN”
“http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd” >
108
Advanced Web Technologies
<html xmlns=”http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml”>
<head runat=”server” >
<title>asp.net FormView: how to use</title>
</head>
<body>
<form id=”form1” runat=”server”>
<div>
<h2 style=”color:Teal”>FormView</h2>
<asp:SqlDataSource ID=”SqlDataSource1” runat=”server”
ConnectionString=”<%$ConnectionStrings:Northwind %>”
SelectCommand = “SELECT CategoryID, CategoryName,
Description FROM Categories”>
</asp:SqlDataSource>
<asp:FormView ID=”FormView1” runat=”server”
DataSourceID=”SqlDataSource1” AllowPaging=”true”>
<HeaderTemplate>
Product Catogory
</HeaderTemplate>
<ItemTemplate>
CategoryID:<%#Eval ( “CategoryID”)%><br/>
CategoryName:<%#Eval ( “CategoryName”)%><br/>
Description:<%#Eval ( “Description” )%>
</ItemTemplate>
<pagerSettings Mode=”Numeric” />
</asp:FormView>
</div>
</form>
</body>
</html>

The code behind file for the control is as shown below:

public partial class FormView: System.Web.UI.Page
{
protected void Page_Load( object sender, EventArgs e)
{
if(!this.IsPostBack)
{
FormView1.HeaderStyle.BackColor=System.Drawing.Color.SeaGreen;
FormView1.HeaderStyle.ForeColor=System.Drawing.Color.Snow;
FormView1.HeaderStyle.Font.Bold=true;
FormView1.PagerStyle.BackColor=System.Drawing.Color.ForestGreen;
FormView1.PagerStyle.ForeColor=System.Drawing.Color.AliceBlue;
FormView1.RowStyle.BackColor=System.Drawing.Color.Green;
FormView1.RowStyle.ForeColor=System.Drawing.Color.White;
}
}
}

109
Output is: Databound Controls In
Asp.Net

6.3.4 Gridveiw Control:

The GridView control is used to provide flexibility in working and display
data from the database. The data in the GridView control is displayed in
the tabular format. It has several properties assigned to the control. Some
of the properties are as mentioned below:

Property Description
AllowPaging It is a Boolean value indicating the
control supports paging
AllowSorting It is a Boolean value indicating the
control supports sorting
SortExpression It accepts the current expression
determining the order of the row
Datasource It is used to get or set the data source
object containing the data to populate
the control
AutoGenerateEditButton It is a Boolean value indicating that the
user can edit the record in the control
DataSourceID It indicates the data source control to
be used
AutoGenerateDeleteButton It is a Boolean value indicating that the
user can delete the record in the control
AutoGenerateColumns It is a Boolean value to indicate the
columns are automatically created for
each field of the data source
AutoGenerateSelectButton It is a Boolean value to indicate the
column should be added to select the
particular record
SortDirection It gets the sorting direction of the
column for the control
EmptyDataText It indicates the text to appear when
there is no record in the data source

110
Advanced Web Technologies The code sample of the GridView control is as shown below:
1) Add a new connection object to the ASP.NET web application as
shown below:

2) Next, add a new table for the connection object created above. The
snippet for adding the table is as shown below:

3) Add the fields Sno, Name, Address in the table. Add values to the
respective fields in the table
4) Add the GridView and SqlDataSource control to the design view of
the web page.

111
5) The source code for the GridView control is as shown below: Databound Controls In
Asp.Net

<%@Page Language=”C#” AutoEventWireup=”true”

CodeFile=”binding.aspx.cs” Inherits=”binding” %>

<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC “-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0

Transitional//EN”
“http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd”>
<html xmlns=”http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml”>
<head runat=”server”>
<title></title>
</head>
<body>
<form id=”form1” runat=”server” >
<asp:Button ID=”Button1” runat=”server” onclick=”Button1_Click”
Text=”GetData” Width=”123px” />
<br/>
<div>
<asp:GridView ID=”GridView1” runat=”server”>
</asp:GridView>
</div>
</form>
</body>
</html>
6) The code behind file contains the following code
protected void Button1_Click(object sender, EventArgs e)
{
SqlConnection con = new SqlConnection();
con.ConnectionString = ConfigurationManager.ConnectionStrings
[ “ConnectionString” ].ToString();
con.Open();

SqlCommand cmd = new SqlCommand();

cmd.CommandText = “Select * from deltable”;
cmd.Connection = con;
DataSet ds = new DataSet();
da.Fill( ds, “deltable”);
GridView1.DataSource= ds;
GridView1.DataBind();
}

The output is:

112
Advanced Web Technologies 6.3.5 Listview Control:
The ListView control is used to bind to data items returned to the data
source and display them. The control displays data in a format defined by
using templates and styles. The list of templates supported by the control
are as shown below:

Templates Description
ItemTemplate It identifies the data bound content to
display for single items
ItemSeperatorTemplate It identifies the content to be rendered
between the items
LayoutTemplate It identifies the root template that defines
the main layout
GroupTemplate It identifies the content of the group
layout
GroupSeperatorTemplate It identifies the content to be rendered
between the group of items
EmptyItemTemplate
It identifies the control to render for an
empty item when the GroupTemplate is
used
EmptyDataTemplate It identifies the content to render if the
data source returns no data
SelectedItemTemplate It identifies the content to render for the
selected data item to differentiate the
selected item from the other displayed
items
EditItemTemplate It identifies the content to render when the
item is lost
InsertItemTemplate It identifies the content to render when an
item is being inserted

A sample code for the list control is as shown below:

<html xmlns=”http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml”>
<head id”Head1” runat=”server”>
<title>ListViewControl – how to use ListView control in asp.net </title>
<style type=”text/css”>
.TableCSS
{
border-style:none;
background-color:DarkOrange;
width:600px;
}

113
 .TableHeader Databound Controls In
Asp.Net
{
background-color:OrangeRed;
color:snow;
font-size:large;
font-family:Verdana;
}
.TableData
{
Background-color:Orange;
color:Snow;
font-family:Courier New;
font-size: medium;
font-weight:bold;
}
</style>
</head>

<body>
<form id=”form1” runat=”server”>
<div>
<h2 style=”color:Navy; font-style:italic;”>ListView Control Example:
How to Use ListView Control</h2>
<hr width=”550” align=”left” color=”PowderBlue” />
<asp:SqlDataSource ID=”SqlDataSource1” runat=”server”
ConnectionString=”<%$ConnectionStrings:NorthwindConnectionString”
%>”
SelectCommand = “Select ProductID, ProductName From products
Order By ProductId”
>
</asp:SqlDataSource>
<br/>
<asp:ListView ID=”ListView1” runat=”server”
DataSourceID=”SqlDataSource1” >
<LayoutTemplate>
<table runat=”server” class=”TableCSS”>
<tr runat=”server” class=”TableHeader”>
<td runat=”server”>ProductID</td>
<td runat=”server”>ProductName</td>
</tr>
<tr id=”ItemPlaceHolder” runat=”server”>
<tr runat=”server”>
<td runat=”server” colspan=”2”>
<asp:DataPager ID=”DataPager1” runat=”server”>
<Fields>
<asp:NextPreviousPageField ButtonType=”Link” />
</Fields>
</asp:DataPager>
</td>
</tr>
114
Advanced Web Technologies </table>
</LayoutTemplate>
<ItemTemplate>
<tr class=”TableData” >
<td>
<asp:Label ID=”Label1” runat=”server”
Text=’<%#Eval(“ProductID”)%>’>
</asp:Label>
</td>
<td>
<asp:Label ID=”Label2” runat=”server” Text=’<%#Eval
(“ProductName”)%>’>
</asp:Label>
</td>
</tr>
</ItemTemplate>
</asp:ListView>
</div>
</form>
</body>

Output is:

6.3.6 Repeater Control:

The Repeater control is a data bound control created by using the
templates to display items. The control does not support editing, paging or
sorting of data rendered through the control. The list of templates
supported by the Repeater control are as mentioned below:
Templates Description
HeaderTemplate It contains all the text and controls to be
rendered at the beginning of the list
FooterTemplate It contains all the text and controls to be
rendered at the end of the list
AlternatingItemTemplate It contains the HTML elements and
controls to render once for every other row
in the data source
SeperatorTemplate It contains all elements to render between
each item
ItemTemplate It contains the HTML elements and
controls to render for each row in the data
source

115
The sample code for the Repeater control is as shown below: Databound Controls In
Asp.Net

<body>
<form id=”form1” runat=”server”>
<div>
<asp:Repeater ID=”RepeaterInformation” runat=”server”>
<HeaderTemplate>
<table class=”tblcolor”>
<tr>
<b>
<td>
Roll No
</td>
<td>
StudentName
</td>
<td>
Total Fees
</td>
</b>
</HeaderTemplate>
</ItemTemplate>
<tr class=”tblrowcolor”>
<td>
<%#DataBinder.Eval ( Contiane.”DataItem.RollNo”)%>
</td>
<td>
<%#DataBinder.Eval(Contianer,”DataItem.Name”)%>
</td>
<td>
<%#DataBinder.Eval(Contianer.”DataItem.Fees”)%>
</td>
</tr>
</ItemTemplate>
<SeperatorTemplate>
<tr>
<td>
<hr/>
</td>
<td>
<hr/>
</td>
<td>
<hr/>
</td>
</tr>
</SeperatorTemplate>
<FooterTemplate>
<tr>
<td>

116
Advanced Web Technologies School Records displayed
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</FooterTemplate>
</asp:Repeater>
</div>
</form>
</body>
The code behind file is as shown below:
public partial class _Default: System.Web.UI.Page
{
SqlConnection con;
SqlCommand cmd = new SqlCommand();
protected void Page_Load( object sender, EventArgs e)
{
con=new SqlConnection(
ConfigurationManager.ConnectionStrings[“constr”].ConnectionString);
cmd.Connection=con;
com.Open();
RepeatInformation.DataSource = cmd.ExecuteReader();
RepeatInformation.DataBind();
con.Close();
}
}

Output is:

6.4 LET US SUM UP

This chapter covered the concept of data-binding and its different
classifications in ASP.NET. Data Binding is a necessity while developing
any application and ASP.NET reduces the workload of programmers and
makes it necessary for them to explore more about it.

6.5 UNIT END EXERCISES

1. What is data binding and its types? Explain with example?

117
2. Define: Databound Controls In
Asp.Net

a. DataList
b. DetailsView
c. FormView
d. GridView
e. ListView
f. Repeater
3. Explain DataList in detail?
4. Explain DetailView in detail?
5. Explain FormView in detail?
6. Explain GridView with example?
7. Explain ListView with example?
8. Explain Repeater in detail?

6.6 LIST OF REFERENCES

Reference Reference Name
No
1 https://www.tutorialspoint.com/asp.net/asp.net_database
_access.htm
2 https://www.guru99.com/insert-update-delete-asp-
net.html
3 http://asp.net-informations.com/dbpro/asp-dbpro.htm
4 https://www.w3schools.com/asp/webpages_database.asp

*****

118
 MODULE IV

7
SESSION MANAGEMENT
Unit Structure
7.0 Objective
7.1 Introduction
7.2 State Management
7.2.1.Client-Side state management
7.2.1.1. View state
7.2.1.2. QueryString
7.2.1.3. Coockie
7.2.1.4. Hidden Field
7.2.2 Server-Side state management
7.2.2.1. Session state
7.2.2.2 Application State
7.2.2.3 Cache
7.2.2.4 Profiles
7.3 Summary
7.4 Unit End Exercises
7.5 List of References

7.0 OBJECTIVE
In this chapter we learned sate management and its types i.e client side
state management and server-side state management.
We learned also View state,querystring Cookie, how to be hidden field in
the Client-Side state management.

7.1 INTRODUCTION
Microsoft frameworks are strongly taken into consideration for their
security capabilities. Some of the surprising functions include
authentication-authorization control, HTTPS enforcement, error
management with Global Exception Handling support in ASP.NET Core,
CORS control, etc.
Talking about HTTP, that is this kind of protocol that doesn't have a
status. Therefore, if we want to transfer statistics from one page to some
other page or even after numerous visits to the identical page, we have to

119
use country control techniques. Today, we're going to research kingdom Session Management
control techniques the usage of ASP.NET.
State Management is the procedure in which developers can keep repute
and web page data on more than one requests for the identical or
extraordinary pages in the net application.

7.2 STATE MANAGEMENT

1. Meaning of State management method is to preserve state of
control, webpage, Item/data and consumer/user within the application.
2. In the state management, a new example of the web page class is
created on every occasion or every time the page is posted to the
server.
3. It approach that everyone information related to the web page and the
controls on the web page would be misplaced with every spherical
ride.
4. It is nothing but the current value of the page or data
5. Data want be hold in such styles of situations:
A. While navigating through internet web page
B. web page performs the round trip

Why we need state management?:

We need state management because when the user visit to his/her,
application browser does the communication with the respective server
which is depending upon their requested functionality.
Using HTTP protocol, the application browser or internet browser
communicates with the server. When the response returns to client then it
is just clean up the resources such as data/Object, Allocated Memory,
Session Ids, URL Information.

What are the types of state Management?

State management has two types.
7.2.1 Client-side state management
7.2.2 Server-side state management

7.2.1 CLient-side state management:

In the client-side Management of user or client pages, during the end to
end interaction the information is stored in the user or client system.

120
Advanced Web Technologies The main benefit of getting this form of state management is that it saves a
tremendous amount of server reminiscence. We reduce the load on the
server to preserve state information.
Due to the increased bandwidth, it reduced speed of loading and creating
security issue for confidential data such as credit card number, password.
In the web application .NET is support following types of methods in the
client-side state management:
7.2.1.1 View State
7.2.1.2 Query String
7.2.1.3 Cookie
7.2.1.4 Hidden field

7.2.1.1 View State:

View State is the method to hold the Value of the Page and Controls
among round trips.
It is a Page-Level State Management technique. View State is grown to
become on through default and typically serializes the facts in every
manipulate at the web webpage irrespective of whether in reality used
during the put up returned.
View state is property of every webpage which preserve or save value at
the post back time. For the same pages, it is built-in structure for
automatically saving the values between multiple requests. It stored the
page control value as string which is encoding some hashing technology.
To store the information or data view state use Hidden field in the hashing
and encoding format. View state is not difficult to implement. There are
no server resources are required. It is providing the security which can be
compress.

Steps for view state:

1. Open New Project
2. Click on the web on the left side
3. select the ASP.NET EMPTY WEB Application
4. Now, Click on solution explorer, right click on ADD>New Item>
Web Form>Name it> click on ADD button, after this you will see
following code:

1. <%@ page language="C#" autoeventwireup="tru

e" codebehind="WebForm6.aspx.cs" inherits="
view_state.WebForm6" %>
2.

121
 3. <!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "- Session Management

//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "htt

p://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-
transitional.dtd">
4. <html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">

5. <head runat="server">
6. <title></title>
7. </head>
8. <body>
9. <form id="form1" runat="server">
10. <div>
11. User Name:-
<asp:textbox id="TextBox1" runat="server"><
/asp:textbox>
12. <br />
13. Password :-
<asp:textbox id="TextBox2" runat="server"><
/asp:textbox>
14. <br />
15. <asp:button id="Button1" runat="s
erver" onclick="Button1_Click" text="Submit
" />
16. <asp:button id="Button3" runat="s
erver" onclick="Button3_Click" text="Restor
e" />
17. </div>
18. </form>
19. </body>
20. </html>

Now right the code like

1. //Declaration of x and y
2. public string x, y;
3. protected void Button1_Click(object sender,
EventArgs e)
4. {
5. //TextBox1 and TextBox2 Value is Assign
ing on the variable a and b
6. x = TextBox1.Text;
7. y = TextBox2.Text;
8. //after clicking on Button TextBox valu
e Will be Cleared
9. TextBox1.Text = TextBox2.Text = string.
Empty;
122
Advanced Web Technologies 10. }
11.
12. protected void Button3_Click(object sende
r, EventArgs e)
13. {
14. //value of variable a and b is assing
ning on TextBox1 and Textbox2
15. TextBox1.Text = x;
16. TextBox2.Text =y;
17. }
18.

And execute this code.

You will get, output.
To save the variable in view state:
ViewState[“Subject”]=”Advanced Web Application”;
To retrieve the information in View State:
String value=ViewState[“Subject”];

7.2.1.2. Query string:

Query string is part of the URL, which is passing data or value one to
another or next page
The size of URL is 255 character long for example user entered welcome
page it will display on next page.
Query string is a easy way to bypass some information from one page to
another. The facts cab be without problems pass to 1 web page to every
other or to same web page. With query string technique the statistics
exceeded in URL of page request.
For send data to different web page Response.Redirect() approach used
and for retrieve facts from URL use Request.QueryString() approach used.
In Query String method we can despatched price to only desired web
page, and fee will be quickly. So Query string increase the general overall
performance of internet application.
Syntax of the query string:
Response.Redirect(“nextpage.aspx?name=value”);
Retrieve information from other page
Request.QueryString[“name”].ToString();

123
7.2.1.3. Cookie: Session Management

It provides in web application to store the user particular information.

Whenever user or client visit to websites cookies to storing the
preferences.
Cookie is small piece of text information which store the information and
request and pages as they go between the web server and browser.
Cookies are associated with a web site not with specific page hence the
application browser and server will exchange cookie information.
There two types of Cookies 1. Persistent Cookie and 2. Non-Persistent
Cookie

1. Persistent cookie:
The persistent cookie permanently stored on hard drive of user.
Persistent cookie has expiry date time. This type of cookie permanently
stored user hard drive till date time we set.
For example: Response.Cookies[“Name”].Value=”IDOL”;
Response.Cookies[“IDOL”].Expires=DateTime.Now.AddM
inutes(30);
Using following syntax, we create Cookie:
HttpCookie strname= new HttpCookie(“name”);
Strname.Value=”IDOL”;
Strname.Expires=DateTime.Naow. AddMinutes(30);
Here, Response.Cookies is use to create the Cookie and 30 minutes is
expiry time after 30 Minutes cookies will expire.

2. Non persistent cookie:

This type of cookie does not store permanently on user’s hard drive. It
store whenever user accessing up information the same browser, once the
browser will closed the information will delete automatically.
To read cookie information:
If (Request.Cookie[“Name”]!=null)
{Lable1.Test=Request.Cookies[“Name”].Value;
}

7.2.1.4. Hidden Field:

It’s not anything new, as all of us understand from HTML programming.
The hidden field is used to hide your client side records. It is not directly
124
Advanced Web Technologies seen to the client on the client interface; however, we may additionally see
the value at the source page. So, it is not really helpful if you want to save
sensitive information. It is simply used to shop a small amount of
information that is often altered.
The Hidden fields are Html input control with hidden type that store in the
Html hidden data
In their value property the hidden field can store one value only. The value
is stored as string and there fore for some types you need use casting.
The following code statistics the employee variety and has a value of
1001.

7.2.2 Server-Side State Management:

In this type of cookie information is store in the memory. About the user
this type of management stores the confidential and sensitive information
and disadvantage is that it uses more storage from the server.
7.2.2.1 Session’s state
7.2.2.2 Application State
7.2.2.3 Cache
7.2.2.4 Profile

7.2.2.1 Session Sate:

Session state is a time period of time to visit an internet site or website for
a particular person. Session can save the user or client information on a
server. Session is a quality country control features to shop the patron data
on server separately for each consumer.
Session is a best state management features to store the client data on
server separately for each user.
Each and every session has their unique ID. Using cookie this ID is being
stored in the client machine.
By using session ID the server maintains the state of user information.
Without session ID when user makes a request, the ASP is creating
session ID and sends it with every request and response to same user.

Syntax of session:
Session[“session_name”]=”Session value”;

Declare session:
Session[“name”]=”IDOL”;
Response.Redirect(“nextpage.aspx”);

125
To retrive the session value: Session Management

String myvalue=session[“name”].Tostring();
Response.Write(“Name=”+myvalue);
Mechanism of session Managements are:
1. In Proc mode
2. Out Proc mode
A. Sql Server
B. State Server

7.2.2.2 Application state:

Application state information is global storage mechanism which is used
to store data on server and shared for all clients or users that means data
stored in application state is common for all. In that data can be accessible
from anywhere in the application.
It is stored in memory on server and in the database it faster to storing and
retrieving information. It is called application-level state management.
Data member can be declared and defined in global.asax
To save application data
void Session_Start(object sender,EventArgs e)
{
Application.Lock();
Application[“PageCounter”]=(int)Application[“PageCounter”]+1;
Application.UnLock();
}
To read application data
void Page_Load(object sender, EventArgs e)
{
int Visitors=(int)Application[“PageCounter”];
}

Following events are of Applications State Management:

1. Application_Start()
2. Session_Start()
3. Application_Error
4. Session_End

126
Advanced Web Technologies 5. Application_End
6. Application_Disposed()

7.2.2.3 Cache:
To enhanced website performance caching features does helps. The cache
can store any data object, pages they can store in the memory, when first
time requested. User can store or cache data object, pages on the other
software or web server in the request stream for example browser or proxy
server. By allowing commonly requested content to be temporarily stored
faster way it is improving server performance.

Types of Caching are as following:

1. Output Caching
2. Data Caching
3. Object Caching
4. Class Caching
5. Configuration Caching

7.2.2.4 Profile:
As the applications must have to manage the users’ unique details or
information such as last date of visited, require query or enquiry. The
ASP.NET features helps to find or recognised users based unique identy.
Its profile features associate’s information with an individual user and
stores the information in a persistent format.
Syntax:
<profile>
<properties>
<add name=”LastDateOfVisit”>
<add name=”enquiry”>
<add name=”LastQuery”>
</properties>
</profile>

7.3 SUMMARY
In this chapter we learned some state management mechanism using
ASP.NET MVC. It will help us to understand various method used for
enhancing it and provide an idea about state management.

7.4 UNIT END EXERCISES

1. Explain the types of state management.

127
2. What is Cache explain it with an example. Session Management

3. How does Cookie works?

4. What is client-side state management?
5. What is server-side state management?

7.5 LIST OF REFERENCES

 Freeman, Adam. &quot;Pro asp. netmvc 5 platform.&quot; Pro ASP.
NET MVC 5 Platform. Apress, Berkeley, CA, 2014. ISBN:
1430265418

 Allen, K. Scott, et al. Professional ASP. NET MVC 5. Wrox Press,

2014. ISBN: 1118794753

 MVC Framework - First Application (tutorialspoint.com)

 Application State in ASP.Net (meeraacademy.com)

*****

128
 8
AJAX
Unit structure
8.0 Objective
8.1 What is Ajax?
8.2 Application with Ajax.
8.3 AJAX Controls
8.4 Testing an ASP.NET Ajax application
8.5 Global.asax and Web Config
8.6 Summary
8.7 Unit End Exercises
8.8 List of References

8.0 OBJECTIVE
In this chapter we will learned:
1. What is AJAX? Why we need AJAX.
2. How we can create AJAX application.
3. Controls of the AJAX
4. Testing an ASP.NET Ajax application
5. Global.asax and Web Config

8.1 WHAT IS AJAX?

In a simple word ajax means asynchronous JavaScript and XML which
used to create communication between client and server without require
postback . The benefit of this faster response to user It is client-side script.
The MVC Framework contains built-in support for unobtrusive Ajax. We
can use helper methods to define features. The features are based on
JQuery features.
The desktop and web application have difference i.e. stateless behaviour
of web application.
To enable the unobtrusive AJAX support in the MVC application, open
the Web.Config file and set the UnobtrusiveJavaScriptEnabled property
inside the appSettings section using the following code. If the key is
already present in your application, you can ignore this step.
<add key= “UnobtrusiveJavaScriptEnabled” value=”true”/>
After this, just open common layout file _Layout.cshtml. we will add
JQuery.
129
<script src=”~/Scripts/Jquery-ui-1.8.24.min.js” type=”text/javascript”> Ajax

</script>
< script src=”~/Scripts/jquery.unobtrusive-ajax.min.js”
type=”text/javascript”>
</script>

8.2 APPLICATION WITH UNOBTRUSIVE AJAX

1. First create model file:
using System;
namespace MVCAjaxSupportExample.Models

{
Public class User
{
Public int UserId{ get;set;}
Public string firstName{get;set}
Public string LastName{get;set}
Public D ateTime Birthdate{ get; set}
Pubic Role Role { get, set}
}
Public enum Role {
Admin
Employee
Guest
}
}

Component of Ajax are following:

1. Ajax Control toolkit
2. XMLHHTTPRequest object in JavaScript
3. Using Jquery AJAX
4. Microsoft Ajax Library
5. Ajax server Control

130
Advanced Web Technologies How the Ajax works?:
Client Server
Request(.aspx)
Html and CSS .NET CODE

Send page
Scripting language Web services

XMLHttpRequest
ASP.NET AJAX Framwork ASP.NET AJAX Framework
Send XML

8.3 AJAX CONTROLS

1. Update Panel Control
2. ScriptManager Control
3. ScriptManagerProxy Control
4. UpdateProgress Control
5. Timer

1. UpdatePanel:
The UpdatePanel control specifies a part of a Web page which can be
updated or refreshed partially based on the update condition. Refreshing a
specific part of a Web page is referred as partial-page update. You can
also add one or more UpdatePanel control in the Web page. The
UpdatePanel control uses the AJAX library to support the partial-page
rendering.
It is a container control that contain the all controls and that control define
the region or branch which is capable of making page updates.
For example:
<form Id=”form1” runat=”server”>
<asp:ScriptManager ID=”MainScriptManager” runat=”server”/>
<asp:UpdatePanel ID=”pnlWelcome” Text=”Click the button”/>
<ContentTemplate>
<asp:Lable runat=”server” ID=”btnWelcome”
OnClick=”btnwlcome_Click” Text=”Upadate lable!” />
</ContentTemplate>
</asp:UpdatePanel>
</form>
.

131
2. ScriptManager Control: Ajax

The ScriptManager manages all ASP.NET AJAX assets on an internet

web page. It renders the AJAX library to the browser and helps partial
page rendering. It additionally manages partial page uploads and provide
get right of entry to internet service method. Without script supervisor we
can't use AJAX controls at the web page.
Syntax: <asp:ScriptManager ID=”ScriptManager1 runat=”server”/>

3. ScriptManagerProxy control:
A web page will have handiest one ScriptManager control. If your
software has a Master-Content page state of affairs and the MasterPage
has a ScriptManager control, then you may use the ScriptManagerProxy
control to feature distinctive scripts to the content material pages.
Sometimes, there can be the case when you aren't required to apply AJAX
on every and each net page by way of using the ScriptManagerProxy
control then you can add AJAX functionalities to precise net pages. Since,
ScriptManager at the Master Page will load the AJAX library on every
web page that derives from the MasterPage, although they're now not
wished, which would lead to a waste of resources.

4. Update Progress control:

This is used to display the progress of partial-page updates. You can use
one UpdateProgress control to represent the progress of partial-page
updates for the entire page. Also, you can include an UpdateProgress
control for every UpdatePanel control. You can customize the default
layout and content of the UpdateProgress control to make it more
attractive.
It used during the server asynchronous processing. During the partial-page
update to complete the use of this is to provide information in the graphics
or Text that is displayed. Content inside this element can be an image.text
or similar HTML content.

Example:
<asp:Update ID=”UpdatePanel1” runat=”server”>
<Content Template>
<asp:GridView ID=”GridView1” runat=”server”>
</asp:GridView>
<asp:UpdateProgress ID=”UpdateProgress1” runat=”server”>
<ProgressTemplate>
<div style=”font-size:large”>Processing…..</div>
</ProgressTemplate>
</asp:updateProgress>

132
Advanced Web Technologies </ContentTemplate>
</asp:UpdatePanel>

5. Timer:
Timer Control is used to perform postbacks at defined time intervals. You
can also use the Timer control with an UpdatePanel control to enable
partial-page updates at a defined interval. You can also use the Timer
control to post the entire page.
Timer is an Ajax control that can be used to update portion of page on
periodic, time basis. You can use if you want to update an image such as
on webpage advertisement or stock ticker/news ticker. It is add the code a
timer control directly to an UpdatePanel control.
Example:
<asp:Update ID=”UpdatePanel1” runat=”server”>
<Content Template>
<asp:Image ID=”Image1” runat=”server”
ImageUrl=”~/images/contoso.png”/>
<asp:Timer ID=”Timer1” runat=”server” Interval=”7000”
ontick=”timer1_Tick”>
</asp:Tomer>
</ContentTemplate>
</asp:UpdatePanel>

8.4 TESTING AN ASP.NET AJAX APPLICATION

After you install the Module for ASP.NET Testing on a pc running WAPT
or WAPT Pro Workplace, you may be in a position to test ASP.NET web
sites containing, especially, ASP.NET AJAX UpdatePanel Controls.
ASP requests normally incorporate __VIEWSTATE and
__EVENTVALIDATION parameters which need to be parameterized.
There are 2 approaches to switch these parameters in server response:
1. In the hidden field of the html code of response, or in the following
way:

133
Reference: Testing of ASP.NET Applications (loadtestingtool.com) Ajax

It is just the case of ASP.NET AJAX UpdatePanel Controls usage. In both

cases, the Module for ASP.NET Testing will extract __VIEWSTATE and
__EVENTVALIDATION parameters from responses and correctly
parameterize them. This is done automatically by the module, so you will
not need to do any additional work and parameterize ASP requests
manually.
When the module finds a new occurrence of __VIEWSTATE
(__EVENTVALIDATION) during recording, it automatically creates
AspViewState (AspEventValidation) variable calculated
using $ViewState ($EventValidation) function, for example:

Reference: Testing of ASP.NET Applications (loadtestingtool.com)

The module detects from which response the current __VIEWSTATE
(__EVENTVALIDATION) was extracted, and substitutes the necessary
variable to the corresponding request which uses that __VIEWSTATE
(__EVENTVALIDATION). So, the Module for ASP.NET Testing
automatically finds __VIEWSTATE and __EVENTVALIDATION
parameters in server responses and parameterizes them, so that correct
__VIEWSTATEs (__EVENTVALIDATIONs) are extracted from the
necessary responses and transferred to the corresponding requests.
If this module is not installed and you record ASP requests, then at the end
of recording process you may receive a warning message. It notifies you
that some of requests contain ASP, so they will not be parameterized
because the module is not installed.

134
Advanced Web Technologies Note that the Module for ASP.NET Testing is optional. It facilitates the
design of your profiles and reduces the amount of manual work required to
test an ASP.NET site. If you are not sure about the necessity to use it in
your case, you can try the following steps.

1. After recording a virtual user profile, verify it using the "Verify Test"
button on the toolbar.

2. Take a look at the created logs. You can find them in the "Logs"
folder in the left view. If you see errors occurred during the
verification, especially 500 (internal server error), 501 or similar ones,
it means that profiles have been parameterized incorrectly. In this case
you can either install the Module for ASP.NET Testing, or try to
parameterize your profiles manually using regular WAPT functions
available without the module.

8.5 GLOBAL ASAX AND WEB CONFIGU

The Global.asax, also known as the ASP.NET application file, is located
in the root directory of an ASP.NET application. This file contains code
that is executed in response to application-level and session-level events
raised by ASP.NET or by HTTP modules.

8.6 SUMMARY
From this chapter we have learned Ajax features in MVC. The key to
success with Ajax in ASP.NET MVC 5 is in understanding jQuery and
making jQuery work for you in your application. Not only is jQuery
flexible and powerful, but it also allows you to separate your script code
from your markup and write unobtrusive JavaScript. The separation means
you can focus on writing better JavaScript code and embracing all the
power jQuery has to offer.

8.7 UNIT END EXERCISES

1. Why we need Ajax in MVC?
2. What are the benefits in Ajax?
3. How does the work Ajax?
4. What are the controllers of Ajax?
5. Create one application in Ajax with JQuery.

8.8 LIST OF REFERENCES

 Freeman, Adam. Pro asp. netmvc 5 platform.&quot; Pro ASP. NET
MVC 5 Platform. Apress, Berkeley, CA, 2014. ISBN: 1430265418

135
 Allen, K. Scott, et al. Professional ASP. NET MVC 5. Wrox Press, Ajax

2014. ISBN: 1118794753

 MVC Framework - First Application (tutorialspoint.com)

 Application State in ASP.Net (meeraacademy.com)

 Testing of ASP.NET Applications (loadtestingtool.com)

*****

136
 MODULE V

9
WEB SERVICES AND WCF
Unit Structure
9.0 Objectives
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Web Service
9.2.1 Advantages of Web Services
9.2.2 Disadvantage of Web Services
9.2.3. Examples of web services
9.2.4 Creating and Consuming an XML WCF Service-Simple and
Database
9.2.5 WCF Features
9.2.6 Advantages of WCF
9.2.7 Examples of WCF Service
9.3 Summary
9.4 Unit End Exercises
9.5 List of References

9.0 OBJECTIVE
From this chapter you under:
● What is mean by Web Service.
● What web service can do and cannot do.
● Identity the key components or technologies involved in web services.
● Identify who manages the web services specification.
● Examine the examples of the web services.
● Impart understanding of Web Techniques and Design Web Services.

9.1 INTRODUCTION
Web services developed by Microsoft in June 2000, Web services as a key
component of its .Net initiative, a broad vision for embracing the Internet
in the development, engineering, and use of software. Web Services is
nothing but software program by using this you can communicating your
web application. Web services are web application components. Web
Service means to interact with the objects over the internet. It is
functionality use in different platforms using protocols.

137
● It does not dependants on any language you can we can write web Web Services And Wcf
services in any language and access the same using any other
language.
● It is protocol independent.
● It is platform independent.
● It is self-contained and self-describing.
● It is stateless architecture.
● HTTP and XML open and text-based are the basis for web services.

9.2 WEB SERVICE

Where we can use web service:
● In XML (Extensible Markup Language) web service specifies only
the data understanding the application regarding programming
language.
● By using SOAP (Simple Object Access Protocol) communication
between the Services and the application done.
● In WSDL (Web Services Description Languages) a unique method
that is helpful to specify the web services to the other programs.
● With the help of UDDI (University Description, Discovery, and
Integration) can search web service registries.
1. XML stands for extensible Markup Language.
2. It was designed to store and transferred the data.
3. It was designed for machine as well as human readable.
4. It was self-descriptive.
5. It stores data in plain text format.
6. It also useful to expand and upgrade to new operating system.
XML webservices are registered so that potential users can find them
easily. We can do with the Universal Discovery Description and
Integration (UDDI).
XML Declaration
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>

Syntax:
1. It is case sensitive.
2. first statement must be XML document
138
Advanced Web Technologies 3. HTTP protocol is used for overriding the value of encoding.
Whenever we use web services there are two ways to use web services:
1. Reusable application components.
2. Connect the existing software.

9.2.1 Advantages of Web Services:

1. It always uses the open, textual content-based totally preferred. net
service makes use of all the ones components even they are written in
diverse languages for extraordinary platforms.
2. It provides promotes the modular technique of the programming in
order that the more than one organization can talk with the identical
net service.
3. Internet offerings are clean to put in force however high-priced
because they use the existing infrastructure, and we will repackage
most of the packages because the web service.
4. It reduces the price of business enterprise application integration and
Business to business communications.
5. Web offerings are the interoperable enterprise that carries the 100
carriers and sell them interoperability.

9.2.2 Disadvantage of Web Services:

1. One of the limitations of Web Services is that SOAP, WSDL, UDDI
needs to be upgraded.
2. Support for collaboration is the limit of Web Service.
3. Web service limit is also a fee.
4. If we want to use web services in a high-performance environment, in
that case, the web service will slow down.
5. Use of the web service increases traffic to the network.
6. The level of security of Web Services is low.
7. We use a standard procedure to describe the quality of certain web
services.
8. The Web Service level is in draft form.
9. Maintaining intellectual property is a vendor and is the limit of web
service.

139
9.2.3 Examples of web services: Web Services And Wcf

Step 1: Open visual studio (version -2017) in menu create new project.

Step 2: New windows appears then you have to select web in left part and
in the right parts you have to select ASP .Net Web Application (.Net
Framework)

140
Advanced Web Technologies Step 3: Select Web Application as Empty and web form.

Step 4: Right side windows you can see the name of Web applications
select add the new items.

141
Step 5: We have created one method that is add () Web Services And Wcf

Step 6: Run the method add () by clicking IIS Express.

142
Advanced Web Technologies Step 7: You can see method add ()

Step 8: When you click on add () method, you have to put the values of
parameters.

Step 9: You can see output.

143
9.2.4 Creating and Consuming an XML WCF Service-Simple and Web Services And Wcf

Database:
WCF means Windows Communication Foundation. It is a framework for
building, configuring, and deploying network-distributed services. Firstly,
its Indigo, which enables hosting services in any type of operating system
process. WCF is a service-oriented application. Using WCF we can build
connected secure, reliable, transacted solutions that integrate across
platforms.
It is a framework for building service-oriented applications. Data can be
sent as asynchronous messages from one service to another.
A client is an application which uses WCF client to communicate with
services or other clients.

To create client application:

● Get the service contract, bindings, and address information for
service endpoint: -this can be done by service Model Metadata Utility.
● Create a WCF client using that information: -WCF runtime converts
methods into messages send it to service, collect reply from service
for that message return value to that client.
● Call operations by using try and catch block
● Close the WCF objects.so that new client object gets a chance to
connect
The mainly reasons to use WCF are Distributed Application and
Interoperable
Distributed Application means do not run-on single system but multiple
systems which are connected over networks.
Interoperable means that an application can consume or connect with
another application, but it does not matter in which platform it is
developed.
Which consist of three parts
● WCF Service: What it is providing.
● WCF Service host: Where is it.
● Service Client: Who is the client of the Service.

WCF Hosting:
Web services that was hosted inside web server such as IIS using http or
Https protocols.
1. IIS

144
Advanced Web Technologies 2. WAS (Windows process activation services)
3. Self-hosting
4. Windows service

9.2.5 WCF Features:

1. Service Orientation: It uses Service-oriented architecture (SOA) on
which web services uses send and receive data.
2. Interoperability: It uses more industry stands for it.
3. Multiple Message Patterns: Different patterns are used like
request/replay pattern, one way message, duplex exchange pattern
4. Service Metadata: It is used to automatically generate and configure
clients for accessing WCF services. And published over HTTP and
HTTPS.
5. Security: Message can be encrypted to protect privacy.
6. Multiple Transports and Encodings: whenever Messages can be
sent on uses in transport protocols and encodings like HTTP.
7. Reliable and Queued Messages and Durable: Reliable message
uses reliable session and durable message pattern always saved to the
database.
8. Transactions: WS-Atomic Transactions, Microsoft Distributed
Transaction coordinator and API Transaction
9. AJAX and REST Support: supported XML formats
10. Extensibility: to customize the behaviour of a service

9.2.6 Advantages of WCF:

1. It is interoperable with other services when compared to .Net
Remoting where the client and service must be .Net.
2. It services provide security and reliability in compared to ASMX web
services.
3. In WCF, there is no need to make much change in code for
implementing the security model and changing the binding. Instead, it
requires small changes in the configuration.
4. WCF has integrated logging mechanism with this changing the
configuration file settings will provide this functionality. In other
technology developer must write the code.

145
9.2.7 Examples of WCF Service: Web Services And Wcf

Step 1: For WCF service while creating new project under visual C#
select WCF (Window-1) and choose WCF service application as we must
apply WCF service (Window-2) then press ok with your WCF service
name.

146
Advanced Web Technologies Step 2: Check interface in solution Explorer that is (IService.cs). Here we
have GetData() Method so we have to make entry in interface service after
that execute your program by clicking on IIS Express (Internet Explorer)

Step 3: After Execution we get new window where we have to double

click on our methods that is GetData () and give the values to the
parameter which is right side of the window and press the button invoke. It
shows the information of sender and receiver.

147
 Web Services And Wcf

Step 4: We have created add() method

148
Advanced Web Technologies

Step 5: Execute the program and put the values of a and b and press the
button invoke. It display addition of two numbers.

9.3 SUMMARY
Web Services is nothing but software program by using this you can
communicating your web application. Web services are web application
components. Web service types of Reusable application components XML
(Extensible Markup Language), SOAP (Simple Object Access Protocol),
WSDL (Web Services Description Languages) and UDDI (University
Description, Discovery, and Integration) WCF means Windows
Communication Foundation. It is a framework for building, configuring,
and deploying network-distributed services. We can apply web service and
WCF services.

Self-Learning Topics:
Caching Web service responses

149
 Web Services And Wcf
9.4 UNIT END EXERCISES
1. What is web service. Explain Example of web service.
2. Explain WCF in details.
3. Explain Advantages of Web Service.
4. Explain Features of WCF.
5. Explain how to start WCF with example.
6. Design Web Application to produce and Consume a WCF Service.
7. Design Web Application to produce and consume a web Service.

9.5 LIST OF REFERENCES

1) https://www.javatpoint.com/web-services-in-c-sharp
2) https://www.aspsnippets.com/Articles/Simple-database-Web-Service-
Tutorial-in-ASPNet-with-Example.aspx
3) Spaanjaars, Imar. Beginning ASP. NET 4.5. 1: in C# and VB. John
Wiley & Sons, 2014. ISBN: 1861009038
4) MacDonald, Matthew. ASP. NET: The Complete Reference.
McGraw-Hill, Inc., 2002. ISBN:
5) https://www.w3schools.com/asp/default.ASP0072125764
6) Spaanjaars, Imar. Beginning ASP. NET 4.5. 1: in C# and VB. John
Wiley & Sons, 2014. ISBN: 1861009038
7) Allen, K. Scott, et al. Professional ASP. NET MVC 5. Wrox Press,
2014. ISBN: 1118794753
8) Schildt, Herbert. C# 4.0: the complete reference. Tata McGraw-Hill
Education, 2010

*****

150
 MODULE VI

10
DESIGNING MVC APPLICATION
Unit Structure
10.0 Objective
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Designing MVC application
10.2.1 First application of MVC:
10.2.2 Creating new ASP.NET MVC Project
10.3 Creating a Simple Data-Entry Application with validations
10.3.1 Designing a Data Model
10.3.2 Linking action Method
10.3.3 Creating Action Method
10.4 Using Automatically Implemented Properties
10.5 Using Object and Collection Initializers
10.6 Using Extension Methods
10.7 Using Lambda Expressions
10.8 Programs based on MVC Pattern
10.9 Forms and HTML Helpers
10.10 Define and access the model type
10.11 Summary
10.12 Unit End Exercises
10.13 List of References

10.0 OBJECTIVE

In this chapter we will learn how to create and design MVC application
using multiple patterns, methods and expressions.
Why we need it?

10.1 INTRODUCTION

In the ultimate couple of years, I was simply randomly going via a

questionnaire section and located out there are numerous questions on
MVC, especially on the novice stage, or beginner degree to ASP.NET you
can say. There are many queries approximately which is first-rate,
webforms or MVC, and if MVC, which version. As there are a few great
articles which are associated with MVC on C# Corner, this newsletter will
brief you about MVC, variations, a pattern software, and solution the
question: Why MVC?
151
Today in case you do marketplace research the decision for for MVC is Designing Mvc Application
massive and it's far growing in numbers. Each and each company these
days desires a MVC developer due to the fact every time a modern-day
mission for development comes, they certainly need to broaden their
product in MVC. MVC Version 5 has been launched with new abilities
and the popularity of MVC is developing each day.
If your present-day assignment is in webforms and you find it flawlessly
every day, you could say why MVC?
It is important distinguished between the MVC architecture pattern and the
ASP.net MVC framework. The MVC.NET is old. It dates again to 1978
and the Smalltalk task at Xerox PARC—however it has won enormous
reputation today as a pattern for Web programs, for the following reason:
1. User interaction with an MVC application follows a natural cycle: the
user takes an action, and in response the application changes its data
model and delivers an updated view to the user. And then the cycle
repeats. This is a convenient fit for Web applications delivered as a
series of HTTP requests and responses.
2. Web applications necessitate combining several technologies
(databases, HTML, and executable code, for example), usually split
into a set of tiers or layers. The patterns that arise from these
combinations map naturally onto the concepts in MVC.
The ASP.NET MVC Framework implements the MVC pattern and, in
doing so, provides greatly improved separation of concerns. In fact,
ASP.NET MVC implements a modern variant of the MVC pattern that is
especially suitable for Web applications.

MVC works as per following way of the diagram:

USE
R

Controll
er
Communica
tion Modificati
Presentati on
on
Updates

View Mod
Presentatio el
nnn
Figure 1

152
Advanced Web Technologies 10.2 DESIGNING MVC APPLICATION

10.2.1 First application of MVC:

Visual Studio Express contains all of the features we need to create, test
and deploy an MVC Framework application, but some of those features
are hidden away until we ask for them. To enable all of the features, select
Expert Settings from the Visual Studio Tools ------> Settings menu.

10.2.2 Creating New Asp.Net Mvc Project:

By creating new MVC framework project in Visual studio.
Select New Project from File menu then Open New Project dialog.
You can see in the following diagram, if we select the web templates in
Visual C# section, we will see the Web Application Project template.
Select this Project type.

Figure 2 (ref. Pro ASP.NET MVC 5 Adam Freeman)

Give or set the Name of new project for example PartyInvites and click on
Ok Button to continue.
which will ask us to set the initial content for the ASP.NET project
�Select Empty template �Check MVC in the Add folders and core
references section.

153
 Designing Mvc Application

Fig 3 (ref. Pro ASP.NET MVC 5 Adam Freeman)

It will create a basic MVC project with minimal predefined content and it
will be starting point which we can use for all of the examples in this
chapter. Now need to click OK button to create new project.
Note: The other template alternatives/options are intended to provide you
a extra complete starting point for your ASP.NET tasks.
Once the Visual studio creates the project, we will see the number of files
folder in the Solution Explorer window.
Which is the default project structure for a new MVC project default and
we can be understand the purpose purpose of each of the files and folders
that Visual Studio creates.

Fig 4 (ref. Pro ASP.NET MVC 5 Adam Freeman)

154
Advanced Web Technologies We can try to run the application now by selecting Start Debugging from
the Debug menu.
We can see the result in below fig Because when we started with the
empty project template, the application does not contain anything to run,
so the server generates a 404 Not Found Error.

Fig 5 (ref. Pro ASP.NET MVC 5 Adam Freeman)

When we are finished, need to be sure to stop debugging by closing the
browser window that shows the error, or by going back to
Visual Studio and selecting Stop Debugging from the Debug menu.
As we have just seen, Visual Studio opens the browser to display the
project. The default browser is, of course, Internet.
Explorer, but you can select any browser that you have installed by using
the toolbar shown in Figure 1.5. As the figure shows, we have a range of
browsers installed, which we find useful for testing web apps during
development.

Fig 6 (ref. Pro ASP.NET MVC 5 Adam Freeman)

Now, will create the first controller in the application. Controllers are just
simple C# classes, in which contains multiple public methods, we can call
it action methods. now to add new controller, right click on the Controllers

155
folder in the project and select Add -�Controller. Please Name this Designing Mvc Application
Controller and click Add.

Fig 7 (ref. Pro ASP.NET MVC 5 Adam Freeman)

Whenever the Add Scaffold dialog appears, select the MVC 5 Controller-
Empty Option as following fig 1.7 and Click the Add Button.

Fig 8 (ref. Pro ASP.NET MVC 5 Adam Freeman)

The Add Controller dialog will appear. Set the name to HomeController
and click the Add button. There are several conventions represented in this

156
Advanced Web Technologies name: names given to controllers should indicate their purpose; the default
controller is called Home and controller names have the suffix Controller.

Fig 9 (ref. Pro ASP.NET MVC 5 Adam Freeman)

Visual Studio will create a new C# file in the Controllers folder called
HomeController.cs and open it for editing. I have listed the default
contents that Visual Studio puts into the class file in. You can see that the
class is called HomeController and it is derived from the Controller class,
which is found in the System.Web.Mvc namespace.
Listing 1
using system;
using system.collections.generic;
using system.Linq;
using system.web;
using system.web.Mvc;
namespaces PartyInvites.Controllers
{
public class HomeController:Controller
{
Public ActionResult Index()
{
return View();
}
}
}
MVC is to make a couple of simple changes to the controller class. Edit
the code in the

157
HomeController.cs file so that it matches Listing 2. We have highlighted Designing Mvc Application
the statements that have changed so they are easier to see.
Listing 2
using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Linq;
using System.Web;
using System.Web.Mvc;
namespace PartyInvites.Controllers
{
public class HomeController: Controller
{
public string Index()
{
return "Hello World";
}
}
}
We have changed the action method called Index so that it returns the
string “Hello World”. Run the project again by selecting Start Debugging
from the Visual Studio Debug menu. The browser will display the result
of the Index action method, as shown in following fig 1.9

Figure 10(ref. Pro ASP.NET MVC 5 Adam Freeman)

10.3 CREATING SIMPLE DATA-ENTRY APPLICATION WITH

VALIDATION:

Just Imagine Client has to host new year party and has to ask us to create
web application that allows to invitees to electronic RSVP and ask
following key features
1. A home page that shows information about the party
2. A form that can be used to RSVP

158
Advanced Web Technologies 3. Validation for the RSVP form, which will display a thank-you page
4. RSVPs e-mailed to the party host when complete
In the following sections, we will build up the MVC project we created at
the start of the chapter and add these features. We can check the first item
off the list by applying what we covered earlier and add some HTML to
my existing view to give details of the party. Listing 3.1 shows the
additions we made to the Views/Home/Index.cshtml file.

Listing 3.1
@{
Layout = null;
}
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width" />
<title>Index</title>
</head>
<body>
<div>
@ViewBag.Greeting World (from the view)
<p>We're going to have an exciting party.<br/>
(To do: sell it better. Add pictures or something.)
</p>
</div>
</body>
</html>
We are on our way. If you run the application, you’ll see the details of the
party—well, the placeholder for the details, but you get the idea—as
shown in following fig 11

Figure 11 (ref. Pro ASP.NET MVC 5 Adam Freeman)

159
10.3.1 Designing A Data Model: Designing Mvc Application

In MVC, the M stands for version, and it's far the most essential a part of
the software. The model is the illustration of the real global items,
techniques, and policies that define the problem, called the area, of the
utility. The version, frequently called a website model, consists of the C#
objects (referred to as domain items) that make up the universe of the
utility and the techniques that manage them. The perspectives and
controllers expose the domain to the clients in a steady manner and a well-
designed MVC software starts with a well-designed model, that's then the
focus as controllers and perspectives are delivered.
We don’t need a complicated model for the PartyInvites application
because it's miles this type of easy software and we need to create simply
one domain class which I will call GuestResponse.
This object will be chargeable for storing, validating, and confirming an
RSVP.
The MVC convention is that the classes that make up a model are placed
inside the Models folder, which Visual Studio created as part of the initial
project setup. Right-click Models in the Solution Explorer window and
select Add followed by Class from the pop-up menus.
Set the file name to GuestResponse.cs and click the Add button to create
the class. Edit the contents of the class to match Listing 3.2
If you don’t have a Class menu item, then you probably left the Visual
Studio debugger running. Visual Studio restricts the changes you can
make to a project while it is running the application.
Listing 3.2 The GuestResponse Domain Class Defined in the
GuestResponse.cs File
namespace PartyInvites.Models
{
public class GuestResponse
{
public string Name {get; set;}
public string Email {get; set;}
public string Phone {get; set;}
public bool? WillAttend {get; set;}
}
}

10.3.2 Linking Action Method:

Now, the application goal is to include an RSVP form, so we need to add a
link to it from my Index.cshtml view, as

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Advanced Web Technologies shown in Listing 3.3.
Adding a Link to the RSVP Form in the Index.cshtml File
@{
Layout = null;
}<
!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width" />
<title>Index</title>
</head>
<body>
<div>
@ViewBag.Greeting World (from the view)
<p>We're going to have an exciting party.<br />
(To do: sell it better. Add pictures or something.)
</p>
@Html.ActionLink("RSVP Now", "RsvpForm")
</div>
</body>
</html>
Html.ActionLink is an HTML helper method. The MVC Framework
comes with a collection of built-in helper methods that are convenient for
rendering HTML links, text inputs, checkboxes, selections, and other
kinds of content. The ActionLink method takes two parameters: the first is
the text to display in the link, and the second is the action to perform when
the user clicks the link. I explain the complete set of HTML helper
methods in next point. We can see the link that the helper creates by
starting the project, as shown in figure12

Figure 12 ref. Pro ASP.NET MVC 5 Adam Freeman)

161
10.3.3 Creating Action Method: Designing Mvc Application

You will see a 404 Not Found error if you click the link. That’s because
we have not yet created the action method that corresponds to the
/Home/RsvpForm URL. we do this by adding a method called RsvpForm
to the HomeController class, as shown in Listing 3.4
Listing 3.4
Adding a New Action Method in the HomeController.cs File
using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Linq;
using System.Web;
using System.Web.Mvc;
namespace PartyInvites.Controllers
{
public class HomeController : Controller
{
public ViewResult Index()
{
int hour = DateTime.Now.Hour;
ViewBag.Greeting = hour < 12 ? "Good Morning" : "Good
Afternoon";
return View();
}
public ViewResult RsvpForm()
{
return View();
}
}
}
To add a view for the RsvpForm action method, but in a slightly different
way—we need to create a stronglytyped view.
A strongly typed view is intended to render a specific domain type, and if
I specify the type I want to work with
(GuestResponse in this case), MVC can create some helpful shortcuts to
make it easier.

162
Advanced Web Technologies Right-click the RsvpForm method in the code editor and select Add View
from the pop-up menu to open the AddView dialog window. Ensure that
the View Name is set as RsvpForm, set Template to Empty and select
GuestResponse from the drop-down list for the Model Class field. Leave
the View Options boxes unchecked, as shown in figure 13

Figure 13 (ref. Pro ASP.NET MVC 5 Adam Freeman)

Click the Add button and Visual Studio will create a new file called
RvspForm.cshtml in the Views/Home folder and open it for editing. We
can see the initial contents in Listing 3.5.
This is another skeletal HTML file, but it contains a @modelRazor
expression. As you will see in a moment, this is the key to a strongly typed
view and the convenience it offers.
Listing 3.5.
The Initial Contents of the RsvpForm.cshtml File
@model PartyInvites.Models.GuestResponse
@{
Layout = null;
}<
!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width" />
<title>RsvpForm</title>
</head>
<body>

163
<div> Designing Mvc Application

</div>
</body>
</html>

Building Form:
Now that we have created the strongly typed view, we can build out the
contents of RsvpForm.cshtml to make it into an HTML form for editing
GuestResponse objects, as shown in
Listing 3.6
Creating a Form View in the RsvpForm.cshtml File
@model PartyInvites.Models.GuestResponse
@{
Layout = null;
}<
!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width" />
<title>RsvpForm</title>
</head>
<body>
@using (Html.BeginForm()) {
<p>Your name: @Html.TextBoxFor(x => x.Name) </p>
<p>Your email: @Html.TextBoxFor(x => x.Email)</p>
<p>Your phone: @Html.TextBoxFor(x => x.Phone)</p>
<p>
47

Will you attend?

@Html.DropDownListFor(x => x.WillAttend, new[] {
new SelectListItem() {Text = "Yes, I'll be there",
Value = bool.TrueString},
new SelectListItem() {Text = "No, I can't come",
Value = bool.FalseString}
}, "Choose an option")
</p>
164
Advanced Web Technologies <input type="submit" value="Submit RSVP" />
}
</body>
</html>
For each property of the GuestResponse model class, I use an HTML
helper method to render a suitable HTML input control. These methods let
you select the property that the input element relates to using a lambda
expression, like

this:

...

@Html.TextBoxFor(x => x.Phone)

...

The HTML TextBoxFor helper method generates the HTML for an input
element, sets the type parameter to text, and sets the id and name attributes
to Phone (the name of the selected domain class property) like this:

<input id="Phone" name="Phone" type="text" value="" />

This handy feature works because the RsvpForm view is strongly typed,
and I have told MVC that GuestResponse is the type that I want to render
with this view. This provides the HTML helper methods with the
information they need to understand which data type I want to read
properties from via the @model expression.

Don’t worry if you aren’t familiar with C# lambda expressions. I provide

an overview in next topic, but an alternative to using lambda expressions
is to refer to the name of the model type property as a string, like this:

...

@Html.TextBox("Email")

...

I find that the lambda expression technique prevents me from mistyping

the name of the model type property, because Visual Studio IntelliSense
pops up and lets me pick the property automatically, as shown in figure 14

165
 Designing Mvc Application

Figure 15 (ref. Pro ASP.NET MVC 5 Adam Freeman)

Setting starts to URL:
Visual Studio will, in an effort to be helpful, make the browser request a
URL based on the view that is currently being edited. This is a hit-and-
miss feature because it doesn’t work when we are editing other kinds of
file and because we can’t just jump in at any point in most complex web
apps.
To set a fixed URL for the browser to request, select PartyInvites
Properties from the Visual StudioProject menu, select the Web section and
check the Specific Page option in the Start Action category, as shown in

Figure 16 (ref. Pro ASP.NET MVC 5 Adam Freeman)

We can see the form in the RsvpForm view when you run the application
and click the RSVP Now link. Figure 17 shows the result.

Figure 17 (ref. Pro ASP.NET MVC 5 Adam Freeman)

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Advanced Web Technologies Handling Form:
We have not yet told MVC what we want to do when the form is posted to
the server. As things stand, clicking the Submit RSVP button just clears
any values we have entered into the form. That is because the form posts
back to the RsvpForm action method in the Home controller, which just
tells MVC to render the view again.
To receive and process submitted form data, use a clever feature and add
a second RsvpForm action method in order to create the following:
1. A method that responds to HTTP GET requests: A GET request is
what a browser issues normally each time someone clicks a link. This
version of the action will be responsible for displaying the initial
blank form when someone first visits/Home/RsvpForm.
2. A method that responds to HTTP POST requests: By default, forms
rendered using Html.BeginForm()are submitted by the browser as a
POST request. This version of the action will be responsible for
receiving submitted data and deciding what to do with it.
Handing GET and POST requests in separate C# methods helps to
keep my controller code tidy, since the two methods have different
responsibilities. Both action methods are invoked by the same URL,
but MVC makes sure that the appropriate method is called, based on
whether I am dealing with a GET or POST request. Listing 3.7 shows
the changes to applied to the HomeController class.
Listing 3.7.
Adding an Action Method to Support POST Requests in the
HomeController.cs File
using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Linq;
using System.Web;
using System.Web.Mvc;
using PartyInvites.Models;
namespace PartyInvites.Controllers {
public class HomeController : Controller {
public ViewResult Index() {
int hour = DateTime.Now.Hour;
ViewBag.Greeting = hour < 12 ? "Good Morning" : "Good
Afternoon";
return View();
}[
HttpGet]
167
public ViewResult RsvpForm() { Designing Mvc Application

return View();
}[
HttpPost]
public ViewResult RsvpForm(GuestResponse guestResponse) {
// TODO: Email response to the party organizer
return View("Thanks", guestResponse);
}
}
}

Rendering other views:

The second overload of the RsvpForm action method also demonstrates
how to tell MVC to render a specific view in response
to a request, rather than the default view. Here is the relevant statement:
...
return View("Thanks", guestResponse);
...
This call to the View method tells MVC to find and render a view called
Thanks and to pass the GuestResponse object to the view. To create the
view I specified, right-click on any of the HomeController methods and
select AddView from the pop-up menu and use the Add View dialog to
create a strongly typed view called Thanks that uses the GuestResponse
model class and that is based on the Empty template. (See the Adding a
Strongly Typed View section for step-by-step details if needed).
Visual Studio will create the view as Views/Home/Thanks.cshtml. Edit the
new view
so that it matches Listing 3.8— the markup you need to add.
Listing 3.8
The Contents of the Thanks.cshtml File
@model PartyInvites.Models.GuestResponse
@{
Layout = null;
}<
!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
168
Advanced Web Technologies <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width" />
<title>Thanks</title>
</head>
<body>
<div>
<h1>Thank you, @Model.Name!</h1>
@if (Model.WillAttend == true)
{
@:It's great that you're coming. The drinks are already in the
fridge!
} else {
@:Sorry to hear that you can't make it, but thanks for letting
us know.
}
</div>
</body>
</html>

Figure 18 (ref. Pro ASP.NET MVC 5 Adam Freeman)

With Validation/Adding Validation:
Without validation, users could enter nonsense data or even submit an
empty form. In an MVC application, validation is typically applied in the
domain model, rather than in the user interface. This
means that it is able to define validation criteria in one place and have it
take effect anywhere in the application that the model class is used.
ASP.NET MVC supports declarative validation rules defined with
attributes from the System.ComponentModel.DataAnnotations
namespace, meaning that validation constraints are expressed using the
standard C# attribute features.
Listing 3.9 shows how to applied these attributes to the GuestResponse
model class.
Applying Validation in the GuestResponse.cs File

169
using System.ComponentModel.DataAnnotations; Designing Mvc Application

namespace PartyInvites.Models
{
public class GuestResponse
{
[Required(ErrorMessage = "Please enter your name")]
public string Name { get; set;}
[Required(ErrorMessage = "Please enter your email address")]
[RegularExpression(".+\\@.+\\..+",
ErrorMessage = "Please enter a valid email address")]
public string Email { get; set; }
[Required(ErrorMessage = "Please enter your phone number")]
public string Phone { get; set; }
[Required(ErrorMessage = "Please specify whether you'll attend")]
public bool? WillAttend {get; set;}
}
}
There has been a validation problem using the ModelState.IsValid
property in the controller class.
Listing 3.10 shows how I have done this in the POST-enabled RsvpForm
action method in the Home controller class.
Listing 3.10 Checking for Form Validation Errors in the
HomeController.cs File
...
[HttpPost]
public ViewResult RsvpForm(GuestResponse guestResponse) {
if (ModelState.IsValid) {
// TODO: Email response to the party organizer
return View("Thanks", guestResponse);
} else {
// there is a validation error
return View();
}
}
170
Advanced Web Technologies If there are no validation errors, then MVC to render the Thanks view, just
as we did previously. If there are validation errors, re-render the
RsvpForm view by calling the View method without any parameters.
Just displaying the form when there is an error is not helpful—also need to
provide the user with some indication of what the problem is and why we
could not accept their form submission. I do this by using the
Html.ValidationSummary helper method in the RsvpForm view, as shown
in Listing 3.11
Listing 3.11
Using the Html.ValidationSummary Helper Method in the
RsvpForm.cshtml File
@model PartyInvites.Models.GuestResponse
@{
Layout = null;
}
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width" />
<title>RsvpForm</title>
</head>
<body>
@using (Html.BeginForm())
{
@Html.ValidationSummary()
<p>Your name: @Html.TextBoxFor(x => x.Name) </p>
<p>Your email: @Html.TextBoxFor(x => x.Email)</p>
<p>Your phone: @Html.TextBoxFor(x => x.Phone)</p>
<p>
Will you attend?
@Html.DropDownListFor(x => x.WillAttend, new[]
{

new SelectListItem() {Text = "Yes, I'll be there",Value =

bool.TrueString},new SelectListItem();
{
Text = "No, I can't come",Value = bool.FalseString}
}, "Choose an option"()

171
</p> Designing Mvc Application

<input type="submit" value="Submit RSVP" />

}
</body>
</html>
If there are no errors, the Html.ValidationSummary method creates a
hidden list item as a placeholder in the form. MVC makes the placeholder
visible and adds the error messages defined by the validation attributes.
You can see how this appears in Figure 3.12

Figure 19 (ref. Pro ASP.NET MVC 5 Adam Freeman)

Highlighting Invalid Fields:
The HTML helper methods that create text boxes, drop-downs, and other
elements have a handy feature that can be used in conjunction with model
binding. The same mechanism that preserves the data that a user entered in
a form can also be used to highlight individual fields that failed the
validation checks.
When a model class property has failed validation, the HTML helper
methods will generate slightly different HTML. As an example, here is the
HTML that a call to Html.TextBoxFor(x => x.Name) generates when
there is no validation error:
<input data-val="true" data-val-required="Please enter your name"
id="Name" name="Name" type="text" value="" />
And here is the HTML the same call generates when the user doesn’t
provide a value (which is a validation error because applied the Required
attribute to the Name property in the GuestResponse model class):

172
Advanced Web Technologies <input class="input-validation-error" data-val="true" data-val-
required="Please enter your name" id="Name" name="Name" type="text"
value="" />
The highlighted the difference in bold: the helper method added a class
called input-validation-error to the input element. It can take advantage of
this feature by creating a style sheet that contains CSS styles for this class
and the others that different HTML helper methods apply.
The convention in MVC projects is that static content, such as CSS style
sheets, is placed into a folder called Content. Create this folder by right-
clicking on the PartyInvites item in the Solution Explorer, selecting Add
New Folder from the menu and setting the name to Content.
To create the CSS file, right click on the newly created Content folder,
select Add New Item from the menu and choose Style Sheet from the set
of item templates. Set the name of the new file to Styles.css

Figure 20 (ref. Pro ASP.NET MVC 5 Adam Freeman)

Click the Add button and Visual Studio will create the Content/Styles.css
file. Set the content of the new file to match listing 3.11
Listing 3.11
The Contents of the Styles.css File
.field-validation-error {color: #f00;}
.field-validation-valid { display: none;}
.input-validation-error {boreder: 1px solid # f00; background-color:free;}
.validation-summary-errors { font-weight: bold; color: #f00;}
.validation-summary-valid { display: none;}
To use this style sheet, add a new reference to the head section of
RsvpForm view.
Just Add link elements to views just as you would to a regular static
HTML file, although , It show you the bundles feature that allows

173
JavaScript and CSS style sheets to be consolidated and delivered to the Designing Mvc Application
browsers over a single HTTP request.
Adding the Link Element in the RsvpForm.cshtml File.
@model PartyInvites.Models.GuestResponse
@{
Layout = null;
} <!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width" />
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="∼/Content/Styles.css"/>
<title>RsvpForm</title>
</head>
<body>
@using (Html.BeginForm())
{
@Html.ValidationSummary()
<p>Your name: @Html.TextBoxFor(x => x.Name) </p>
<p>Your email: @Html.TextBoxFor(x => x.Email)</p>
<p>Your phone: @Html.TextBoxFor(x => x.Phone)</p>
<p>
Will you attend?
@Html.DropDownListFor(x => x.WillAttend, new[]
{
new SelectListItem() {Text = "Yes, I'll be there",
Value = bool.TrueString},
new SelectListItem() {Text = "No, I can't come",
Value = bool.FalseString}
}, "Choose an option")
</p>
<input type="submit" value="Submit RSVP" />
}
</body>
</html>

174
Advanced Web Technologies

Figure 21 (ref. Pro ASP.NET MVC 5 Adam Freeman)

Adding Bootstrap to the Index.cshtml File
@{Layout = null;
} <!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width" />
<link href="∼/Content/bootstrap.css" rel="stylesheet" />
<link href="∼/Content/bootstrap-theme.css" rel="stylesheet" />
<title>Index</title>
<style>
.btn a { color: white; text-decoration: none}
body { background-color: #F1F1F1; }
</style>
</head>
<body>
<div class="text-center">
<h2>We're going to have an exciting party!</h2>
<h3>And you are invited</h3>
<div class="btn btn-success">
@Html.ActionLink("RSVP Now", "RsvpForm")
</div>
</div>
</body>
</html>

175
 Designing Mvc Application

Figure 21 (ref. Pro ASP.NET MVC 5 Adam Freeman)

Styling the RsvpForm View
Bootstrap defines classes that can be used to style forms. I am not going to
go into detail, but you can see how I have applied
these classes in Listing 2-22.
Listing 2-22. Adding Bootstrap to the RsvpForm.cshtml File
@model PartyInvites.Models.GuestResponse
@{
Layout = null;
}<
!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<link href="∼/Content/bootstrap.css" rel="stylesheet" />
<link href="∼/Content/bootstrap-theme.css" rel="stylesheet" />
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width" />
<link href="∼/Content/Styles.css" rel="stylesheet" />
<title>RsvpForm</title>
61
</head>
<body>
<div class="panel panel-success">
<div class="panel-heading text-center"><h4>RSVP</h4></div>
<div class="panel-body">
@using (Html.BeginForm()) {
@Html.ValidationSummary()

176
Advanced Web Technologies <div class="form-group">
<label>Your name:</label>
@Html.TextBoxFor(x => x.Name, new { @class = "formcontrol"})
</div>
<div class="form-group">
<label>Your email:</label>
@Html.TextBoxFor(x => x.Email, new { @class = "formcontrol"})
</div>
<div class="form-group">
<label>Your phone:</label>
@Html.TextBoxFor(x => x.Phone, new { @class = "formcontrol"})
</div>
<div class="form-group">
<label>Will you attend?</label>
@Html.DropDownListFor(x => x.WillAttend, new[] {
new SelectListItem() {Text = "Yes, I'll be
there",
Value = bool.TrueString},
new SelectListItem() {Text = "No, I can't
come",
Value = bool.FalseString}
}, "Choose an option", new { @class = "formcontrol" })
</div>
<div class="text-center">
<input class="btn btn-success" type="submit"
value="Submit RSVP" />
</div>
}
</div>
</div>
</body>
</html>
The Bootstrap classes in this example create a panel with a header, just to
give structure to the layout. To style the form, used the form-group class,
which is used to style the element that contains the label and the
associated input or select element.

177
These elements are created using HTML helper methods, which means Designing Mvc Application
that there are not statically defined elements available to which I can apply
the required form-control class. Fortunately, the helper methods take an
optional object argument that lets me specify attributes on the elements
that they create, as follows:
@Html.TextBoxFor(x => x.Name, new { @class = "form-control"})

Figure 22 (ref. Pro ASP.NET MVC 5 Adam Freeman)

Styling the Thanks View
The last view file to style is Thanks.cshtml and you can see how I have
done this in Listing . You will notice that the markup we have added is
similar to that in the Index.cshtml view. To make an application easier to
manage, it is a good principal to avoid duplicating code and markup
wherever possible and will introduce you to Razor layouts
Applying Bootstrap to the Thanks.cshtml File
@model PartyInvites.Models.GuestResponse
@{
Layout = null;
}
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<link href="∼/Content/bootstrap.css" rel="stylesheet" />
<link href="∼/Content/bootstrap-theme.css" rel="stylesheet" />
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width" />
<title>Thanks</title>
<style>

178
Advanced Web Technologies body { background-color: #F1F1F1; }
</style>
</head>
<body>
<div class="text-center">
<h1>Thank you, @Model.Name!</h1>
<div class="lead">
@if (Model.WillAttend == true)
{
@:It's great that you're coming. The drinks are already in
the fridge!
}
else
{
@:Sorry to hear that you can't make it, but thanks for
letting us know.
}
</div>
</div>
</body>
</html>

Figure 23 (ref. Pro ASP.NET MVC 5 Adam Freeman)

4. Using Automatically Implemented Property:
The regular C# property feature lets you expose a piece of data from a
class in a way that decouples the data from how it is set and retrieved.
Following Listing contains a simple example in a class called of Product,
which added to the Models folder of the
LanguageFeatures project in a class file called Product.cs
Listing
Defining a Property in the Product.cs File

179
namespace LanguageFeatures.Models { Designing Mvc Application

public class Product {

private string name;
public string Name {
get { return name; }
set { name = value; }
}
}
}
The property, called Name, is shown in bold. The statements in the get
code block (known as the getter) are performed when the value of the
property is read, and the statements in the set code block (known as the
setter) are performed when a value is assigned to the property (the special
variable value represents the assigned value). A property is consumed by
other
classes as though it were a field, as shown in Listing, which shows an
AutoProperty action method I added to the Home controller.
Consuming a Property in the HomeController.cs File
using System;
using System.Web.Mvc;
using LanguageFeatures.Models;
namespace LanguageFeatures.Controllers {
public class HomeController : Controller {
public string Index() {
return "Navigate to a URL to show an example";
}
public ViewResult AutoProperty() {
// create a new Product object
Product myProduct = new Product();
// set the property value
myProduct.Name = "Kayak";
// get the property
string productName = myProduct.Name;
// generate the view
return View("Result",
(object)String.Format("Product name: {0}", productName));
}

180
Advanced Web Technologies }
}
We can see that the property value is read and set just like a regular field.
Using properties is preferable to using fields because we can change the
statements in the get and set blocks without needing to change the classes
that depend on the property.
Product name: Kayak
Properties added to the Product class in the Product.cs file.
Verbose Property Definitions in the Product.cs File
namespace LanguageFeatures.Models
{
public class Product
{
private int productID;
private string name;
private string description;
private decimal price;
private string category;
public int ProductID
{
get { return productID; }
set { productID = value; }
}
public string Name
{
get { return name; }
set { name = value; }
}
public string Description
{
get { return description; }
set { description = value; }
}/
/...and so on...
}
}

181
 Designing Mvc Application
10.4 USING AUTOMATICALLY IMPLEMENTED PROPERTIES

Using Automatically Implemented Properties in the Product.cs File:

namespace LanguageFeatures.Models {
public class Product {
public int ProductID { get; set; }
public string Name { get; set; }
public string Description { get; set; }
public decimal Price { get; set; }
public string Category { set; get; }
}
}
Do not define the bodies of the getter and setter or the field that the
property is backed by. Both of these are done for me by the C# compiler
when the class is compiled. Using an automatic property is no different
from using a regular property;
The code in the action method in Listing will work without any
modification
Reverting from an Automatic to a Regular Property in the Product.cs File
namespace LanguageFeatures.Models {
public class Product {
private string name;
public int ProductID { get; set; }
public string Name
{
get
{
return ProductID + name;
}
set
{
name = value;
}
}
public string Description {get; set;}
public decimal Price {get; set;}

182
Advanced Web Technologies public string Category {set; get;}
}
}
Note that I must implement both the getter and setter to return to a regular
property. C# does not support mixing automatic- and regular-style getters
and setters in a single property.

10.5 USING OBJECT AND COLLECTION INITIALIZER

Another tiresome programming task is constructing a new object and then

assigning values to the properties, as illustrated by Listing which shows
the addition of a CreateProduct action method to the Home controller.
Constructing and Initializing an Object with Properties in the
HomeController.cs File
using System;
using System.Web.Mvc;
using LanguageFeatures.Models;
namespace LanguageFeatures.Controllers
{
public class HomeController : Controller
{
public string Index()
{
return "Navigate to a URL to show an example";
}
public ViewResult AutoProperty()
{
// ...statements omitted for brevity...
}
public ViewResult CreateProduct()
{
// create a new Product object
Product myProduct = new Product();
// set the property values
myProduct.ProductID = 100;
myProduct.Name = "Kayak";
myProduct.Description = "A boat for one person";
myProduct.Price = 275M;
myProduct.Category = "Watersports";
183
return View("Result", Designing Mvc Application

(object)String.Format("Category: {0}",
myProduct.Category));
}
}
}
Using the Object Initializer Feature in the HomeController.cs File
...
public ViewResult CreateProduct()
{
// create and populate a new Product object
Product myProduct = new Product
{
ProductID = 100, Name = "Kayak",
Description = "A boat for one person",
Price = 275M, Category = "Watersports"
};
return View("Result",(object)String.Format("Category: {0}",
myProduct.Category));
}
Initializing Collections and Arrays in the HomeController.cs File
using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Web.Mvc;
using LanguageFeatures.Models;
namespace LanguageFeatures.Controllers {
public class HomeController : Controller {
public string Index()
{
return "Navigate to a URL to show an example";
}/
/ ...other action methods omitted for brevity...
public ViewResult CreateCollection()
{
string[]stringArray = { "apple", "orange", "plum" };
List<int> intList = new List<int> { 10, 20, 30, 40 };
Dictionary<string, int> myDict = new Dictionary<string, int>

184
Advanced Web Technologies {
{ "apple", 10}, {"orange", 20}, {"plum", 30}
};
return View("Result", (object)stringArray[1]);
}
}
}

10.6 USING EXTENSION METHODS

Extension methods are a convenient way of adding methods to classes that

you do not own and cannot modify directly. Listing shows a ShoppingCart
class, which is added to the Models folder in a file called ShoppingCart.cs
file and which represents a collection of Product objects.
The ShoppingCart Class in the ShoppingCart.cs File
using System.Collections.Generic;
namespace LanguageFeatures.Models;
{
public class ShoppingCart
{
public List<Product> Products {get; set;}
}
}
This is a simple class that acts as a wrapper around a List of Product
objects
Listing shows the MyExtensionMethods
Models folder in the MyExtensionMethods.cs
file. Listing Defining an Extension Method in the
MyExtensionMethods.cs File
namespace LanguageFeatures.Models
{
public static class MyExtensionMethods
{
public static decimal TotalPrices(this ShoppingCart cartParam)
{
decimal total = 0;
foreach (Product prod in cartParam.Products)
{
185
total += prod.Price; Designing Mvc Application

}r
eturn total;
}
}
}
Applying an Extension Method in the HomeController.cs File
using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Web.Mvc;
using LanguageFeatures.Models;
namespace LanguageFeatures.Controllers
{
public class HomeController : Controller
{
public string Index()
{
return "Navigate to a URL to show an example";
}/
/ ...other action methods omitted for brevity...
public ViewResult UseExtension()
{
// create and populate ShoppingCart
ShoppingCart cart = new ShoppingCart
{
Products = new List<Product>
{
new Product {Name = "Kayak", Price = 275M},
new Product {Name = "Lifejacket", Price = 48.95M},
new Product {Name = "Soccer ball", Price = 19.50M},
new Product {Name = "Corner flag", Price = 34.95M}
}
};
// get the total value of the products in the cart
decimal cartTotal = cart.TotalPrices();
return View("Result",

186
Advanced Web Technologies (object)String.Format("Total: {0:c}", cartTotal));
}
}
}

10.7 USING LAMBDA EXPRESSION

We can use a delegate to make my FilterByCategory method more

general. That way, the delegate that will be invoked against each Product
can filter the objects in any way I choose, as illustrated by Listing, which
shows the Filter extension method I added to the MyExtensionMethods
class.
Listing Using a Delegate in an Extension Method in the
MyExtensionMethods.cs File
using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
namespace LanguageFeatures.Models;
{
public static class MyExtensionMethods
{
decimal total = 0;
foreach (Product prod in productEnum)
{
total += prod.Price;
}
return total;
}
public static IEnumerable<Product> FilterByCategory
(this IEnumerable<Product> productEnum, string
categoryParam)
{
foreach (Product prod in productEnum)
{
if (prod.Category == categoryParam)
{
yield return prod;
}
}
}

187
public static IEnumerable<Product> Filter Designing Mvc Application

(this IEnumerable<Product> productEnum, Func<Product, bool>

selectorParam)
{
foreach (Product prod in productEnum)
{
if (selectorParam(prod))
{
yield return prod;
}
}
}
}
}
Using the Filtering Extension Method with a Func in the
HomeController.cs File
public ViewResult UseFilterExtensionMethod() {
// create and populate ShoppingCart
IEnumerable<Product> products = new ShoppingCart {
Products = new List<Product> {
new Product {Name = "Kayak", Category = "Watersports", Price =
275M},
new Product {Name = "Kayak", Category = "Watersports", Price =
48.95M},
new Product {Name = "Soccer ball", Category = "Soccer", Price
= 19.50M},
new Product {Name = "Corner flag", Category = "Soccer", Price
= 34.95M}
}
};
Func<Product, bool> categoryFilter = delegate(Product prod)
{

188
Advanced Web Technologies return prod.Category == "Soccer";
};
decimal total = 0;
foreach (Product prod in products.Filter(categoryFilter))
{
total += prod.Price;
}
return View("Result", (object)String.Format("Total: {0}", total));
}
Using a Lambda Expression to Replace a Delegate Definition in the
HomeController.cs File
public ViewResult UseFilterExtensionMethod()
{
// create and populate ShoppingCart
IEnumerable<Product> products = new ShoppingCart {
Products = new List<Product> {
new Product {Name = "Kayak", Category = "Watersports", Price =
275M},
new Product {Name = "Kayak", Category = "Watersports", Price =
48.95M},
new Product {Name = "Soccer ball", Category = "Soccer", Price
= 19.50M},
new Product {Name = "Corner flag", Category = "Soccer", Price
= 34.95M}
}
};
Func<Product, bool> categoryFilter = delegate(Product prod)
{
return prod.Category == "Soccer";
};
189
decimal total = 0; Designing Mvc Application

foreach (Product prod in products.Filter(categoryFilter))

{
total += prod.Price;
}
Other forms of lambda expression:
1.prod => EvaluateProduct(prod)
2. (prod, count) => prod.Price > 20 && count > 0
3. (prod, count) => {
//...multiple code statements
return result;
}

10.8 PROGRAMS BASED ON MVC PATTERN

MVC Pattern:
The history of MVC Pattern:
The time period version-view-controller has been in use since the past due
1970s and arose from the Smalltalk challenge at Xerox PARC, wherein it
became conceived as a way to arrange a few early GUI applications. Some
of the first-class detail of the authentic MVC sample changed into tied to
Smalltalk-unique standards, including monitors and tools, however the
broader standards are nonetheless relevant to programs—and they may be
specifically nicely acceptable to Web applications.
Interactions with an MVC software observe a herbal cycle of consumer
movements and examine updates, where the view is assumed to be
stateless. This fits well with the HTTP requests and responses that
underpin a Web utility.
Further, MVC forces a separation of worries—the domain version and
controller logic are decoupled from the user interface. In a Web
application, which means that the HTML is kept apart from the relaxation
of the software, which makes maintenance and testing simpler and easier.
It become Ruby on Rails that led to renewed mainstream interest in MVC
and it remains the implementation template for the MVC pattern. Many
different MVC frameworks have seeing that emerged and confirmed the
advantages of MVC—including, of path, ASP.NET MVC.

190
Advanced Web Technologies The ASP.NET Implementation of MVC:
In MVC, controllers are C# lessons, normally derived from the
System.Web.Mvc.Controller elegance. Each public technique in a
category derived from Controller is an movement approach, which is
related to a configurable URL through the ASP.NET routing device. When
a request is despatched to the URL related to an movement approach, the
statements in the controller magnificence are completed on the way to
carry out a few operation on the domain model and then choose a view to
display to the consumer. Figure shows the interactions between the
controller, model, and view.
The ASP.NET MVC Framework uses a view engine, which is the
component responsible for processing a view in order to generate a
response for the browser. Earlier versions of MVC used the standard
ASP.NET view engine, which processed ASPX pages using a streamlined
version of the Web Forms markup syntax. MVC 3 introduced the Razor
view engine, which was refined in MVC 4 (and unchanged in MVC5) and
that uses a different syntax entirely.

10.9 FORMS AND HTML HELPERS

Helper:
Creating custom helper method:
The simplest kind of helper method is an inline helper, which is defined
within a view. I can create an inline helper to simplify the example view
using the @helper tag, as shown in Listing 21-3.
Listing .
Creating an Inline Helper Method in the Index.cshtml File
@model string
@{
Layout = null;
}
@helper ListArrayItems(string[] items)
{
foreach(string str in items)
{
<b>@str </b>
}
}
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

191
<head> Designing Mvc Application

<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width" />

<title>Index</title>
</head>
<body>
<div>
Here are the fruits: @ListArrayItems(ViewBag.Fruits)
</div>
<div>
Here are the cities: @ListArrayItems(ViewBag.Cities)
</div>
<div>
Here is the message:
<p>@Model</p>
</div>
</body>
</html>
Changing the Contents of a Helper Method in the Index.cshtml File...
@helper ListArrayItems(string[] items) {
<ul>
@foreach(string str in items) {
<li>@str</li>
}
</ul>
}

Creating an external helper Method:

Inline helpers are convenient, but they may be used only from the view
wherein they're declared and, if they're too complicated, they could take
over that view and make it tough to read.
The alternative is to create an outside HTML helper technique, that is
expressed as a C# extension method. External helper methods can be used
greater extensively, however are a touch more awkward to put in writing,
due to the fact C# doesn’t certainly take care of HTML element era
elegantly. To display this selection, I delivered an Infrastructure folder to
the example task and created a new CustomHelpers.Cs elegance report
inside it. You can see the contents of this document in listing

192
Advanced Web Technologies Listing:
The Contents of the CustomHelpers.cs File
using System.Web.Mvc;
namespace HelperMethods.Infrastructure
{
public static class CustomHelpers
{
public static MvcHtmlString ListArrayItems(this HtmlHelper html,
string[] list)
{
TagBuilder tag = new TagBuilder("ul");
foreach(string str in list)
{
TagBuilder itemTag = new TagBuilder("li");
itemTag.SetInnerText(str);
tag.InnerHtml += itemTag.ToString();
}
return new MvcHtmlString(tag.ToString());
}
}
}

10.10 DEFINING THE MODEL

To start with a simple domain model called Product, defined in a class file
called Product.cs, added to the Models folder. You can see the contents of
the new file in Listing.
Listing.
The Contents of the Product.cs File
namespace Razor.Models
{
public class Product
{
public int ProductID { get; set; }
public string Name { get; set; }
public string Description { get; set; }
public decimal Price { get; set; }

193
public string Category { set; get; } Designing Mvc Application

}
}

10.11 SUMMARY
In this chapter, we created a new MVC project and used it to assemble a
simple MVC facts-entry application, giving you a first glimpse of the
MVC Framework structure and approach. We ignored some key
capabilities (consisting of Razor syntax, routing, and automated testing),
however we come back to those topics in depth in later chapters. In the
subsequent bankruptcy,describe the MVC structure, design styles, and
strategies that we use all through the relaxation of this e-book and which
form the foundation for powerful improvement with the MVC Framework.

10.12 UNIT END EXERCISES

1. Tell us something about views and model?
2. Briefly explain why ASP.NET MVC?
3. What is use of Views in ASP.NET MVC?
4. How does works controller in ASP.NET MVC?
5. What is View Data?
6. What are the helpers in ASP.NET MVC?

10.13 LIST OF REFERENCES

● Freeman, Adam. &quot;Pro asp. netmvc 5 platform.&quot; Pro ASP.
NET MVC 5 Platform. Apress, Berkeley, CA, 2014. ISBN:
1430265418
● Allen, K. Scott, et al. Professional ASP. NET MVC 5. Wrox Press,
2014. ISBN: 1118794753
● MVC Framework - First Application (tutorialspoint.com)

*****

194
 11
VIEW
Unit structure
11.0 Objective
11.1 Reduce duplication in views
11.2 Specify a default layout
11.3 Pass data values to the view from the controller
11.4 Generate different content based on data values
11.5 Add a namespace to a view
11.6 Summary
11.7 Unit end Exercises
11.8 List of References

11.0 OBJECTVIES
1. In this chapter we learn using Partial views how to reduce the
duplication in views?
2. How to specify a default layout in views?
3. How to pass data values to the view from the controller?
4. How to generate different content based on the data values?
5. How add a namespace to a view?

11.1 REDUCE DUPLICATION IN VIEWS

In the previous chapters we had learned that what is view and their types:
A View, in the context of Model View Controller (MVC) architecture, It is
a software class that contains a template and data from produces a
response for the browser which receive data from the Controller of the
MVC and packages it and present it to the browser for display.
There are many types of views such as custom view engine, Razor view
engine, partial view. To reduce the duplication in views we can use partial
view.
We will often need to use same fragments of Razor tags and HTML
markup in several different places in the application. Rather than duplicate
the content, using partial views which are separate view files that content,
fragments of tags and markup that can be included in other views.
In this chapter we can see how to create and use partial views? How it is
work and demonstrate the technique available for passing view data to a
partial view.

195
Creating Partial View: View

1. Just start by creating Partial View called MyPartial

2. Then right click on the View/Shared folder
3. Select Add from popup menu
4. Visual studio will display the Add View dialog window, which you
have seen previous chapters.
5. Set View Name to MyPartial Template to Empty and check the Create
as partial view option, as following figure.

Click the Add button and Visual Studio will create partial view, which is
initially empty. After adding the content as following in The Content of
the MyPartial.cshtml File
This is the message from the partial view. @Html.ActionLink ("This is a
link to the Index action", "Index")
Note: use Add MVC 5 View page (razor) and set contents you require
directly.
Consuming a Partial View in the List.cshtml File @{ ViewBag.Title =
"List"; 548 Layout = null; }
This is THE/Views/Common/List.cshtml
View@Html.Partial(“MyPartial”)
We specify the name of the partial view file without the file extension.
The view engine will look for the partial view that we have specified in
the usual locations, which means the /Views/Home and /Views/Shared
folders for this example, since we called the Html.Partial method in a view
that is being rendered for the Home controller. (I set the Layout variable to
null so that we do not have to specify the sections we defined in
the_Layout.cshtml file used earlier in the chapter
196
Advanced Web Technologies

We can create strongly typed partial views, and then pass view model
objects to be used when the partial view is rendered. To demonstrate this
feature, created a new typed partial view called
MyStrongTypedPartial.cshtml in the/View/Shared folder. This time, rather
than use the scaffold option, after selected Add MVC 5 View page, set the
name MyStrongTypedPartial and clicked the OK button to create the
view. As explained previous there is nothing about the file itself that
denotes a partial view, just the content and the way it is used.
The Contents of the MyStronglyTypedPartial.cshtml File.
@model IEnumerable<string>
<div>
This is the message from the partial view
<ul> @foreach(string str in model)
{
<li>@str</li>
}
</div>
We use a Razor @foreach loop to display the contents of the view model
object as items in an HTML list. To demonstrate the use of this partial
view, we updated the/Views/Common/List.cshtml file as shown in
Consuming a Strongly Typed Partial View in the List.cshtml File
@{
ViewBag.Title = "List";
Layout = null;
}<
h3>This is the /Views/Common/List.cshtml View</h3>
@HTML Partial(“MyStronglyTypedPartial”,new
[]{“Apple,”Orange”,”Pear”})
The difference from the previous example is that I pass an additional
argument to the Partial helper method which defines the view model
object. You can see the strongly typed partial view in use by starting the
application and navigating to the
197
/Home/List URL, as shown View

Partial view using child Action:

Child action are action method invoked from within a view. This lets you
avoid repeating controller logic that you want to use in several places in
the application. Child actions as partial views are to views. Whenever we
want to display some data-driven widget that appears on multiple pages
and contain data unrelated to the main action that is running. As using this
technique in the SportsStore example to include a data-driven navigation
menu on every page, without needing to supply the navigation data
directly from every action method. The navigation data was supplied
independently by the child action.
Any action can be use child action. To demonstrate the child action need
to be added new action method to the Home Controller as shown
Adding a Child Action in the HomeController.cs File
using System;
using System.Web.Mvc;
namespace WorkingWithRazor.Controllers
{
public class HomeController:Controller
{
public ActionResult Index()
{
string[] names = { "Apple", "Orange", "Pear" };
return View(names);
}
public ActionResult List()
{
return View();
}

198
Advanced Web Technologies [ChildActionOnly]
public ActionResult Time()
{
return PartialView(DateTime.Now);
}
}
}
The action method is called Time and it renders a partial view by calling
the PartialView method. The ChildActionOnly attribute ensures that an
action method can be called only as a child method from
within a view. An action method doesn‟t need to have this attribute to be
used as a child action, but I tend to use it to prevent the
action methods from being invoked as a result of a user request.
Having defined an action method, I need to create the partial view that will
be rendered when the action is invoked. Child actions are typically
associated with partial views, although this is not compulsory.
the/Views/Home/Time.cshtml view that I created for this demonstration.
This is a strongly typed partial view whose view model is a DateTime
object.
The Contents of the Time.cshtml File
@model DateTime
<p>The time is: @Model.ToShortTimeString()</p>
Child actions are called using the Html.Action helper with this helper the
action method is executed, the ViewResult is processed, and the output is
injected into the response to the client.
As shown following changes has been shows the changes made to the
/Views/Common/List.cshtml file to render the child action.

Calling a Child Action in the List.cshtml File:

@{
ViewBag.Title = "List";
Layout = null;
} <h3>This is the /Views/Common/List.cshtml View</h3>

@Html.Partial("MyStronglyTypedPartial", new [] {"Apple",

"Orange","Pear"})
@Html.Action("Time")

199
You can see the effect of the child action by starting the application and View
navigating to the /Home/List URL again, as shown in figure.

To call action method in other controller name

@Html.Action("Time", "MyController")
[ChildActionOnly]
public ActionResult Time(DateTime time) {
return PartialView(time);
}

Then can invoke it from view as follows:

(@Html.Action("Time", new { time = DateTime.Now })
In this section, you will find out about the format view in ASP.NET MVC.
An utility may additionally contain a selected UI portion that stays the
identical in the course of the utility, together with header, left navigation
bar, right bar, or footer phase. ASP.NET MVC added a Layout view
which incorporates those common UI quantities so that we do not should
write the same code in each page. The format view is the same as the
grasp page of the ASP.NET webform software.
For example, an application UI may additionally include a header, left
menu bar, right bar, and footer segment that remains the same on each
web page. Only the middle phase adjustments dynamically, as shown

HEADER

PLACEHOLDER RIGHT BAR

LEFT BAR

FOOTER

200
Advanced Web Technologies
11.2 SPECIFY A DEFAULT LAYOUT
The layout view has extension like other view such as .cshtml or
.vbhtml,Layout views are shared with multiple views, so it stored in the
shared folder compulsory. By default a layout view _Layout.cshtml is
created when we are creating MVC application ,
Adding Markup to the ProductSummary.cshtml File
@model SportsStore.Domain.Entities.Product
<div class="well">
<h3>
<strong>@Model.Name</strong>
<span class="pull-right label
labelprimary">@Model.Price.ToString("c")</span>
</h3>
<span class="lead"> @Model.Description</span>
</div>
Now need to update Views/Products/List.cshtml so that it uses the partial
view

Using a Partial View in the List.cshtml File:

@model SportsStore.WebUI.Models.ProductsListViewModel
@{
ViewBag.Title = "Products";
}@
foreach (var p in Model.Products) {
@Html.Partial("ProductSummary", p)
}<
div class="pager">
@Html.PageLinks(Model.PagingInfo, x => Url.Action("List", new {page
=
x}))
</div>

201
 View

Reference: Pro Asp.Net MVC 5, Adam Freeman

11.3 Pass data values to the view from the controller

How to Pass data values to the view from the controller to view:
Through the various ways we can pass the data from the controller to
view. In this chapter we will learn how to interact with Views and
specifically Cover ways we can pass data from a controller to View to
render a response to client.

View Bag:
View Bag uses dynamic feature that was added in C# 4.0,
ViewBag=ViewData + Dynamic wrapper around the ViewData
Dictionary.

11.4 GENERATE DIFFERENT CONTENT BASED ON

DATA VALUES
Pass Data between View and Controller:
Steps:
1. Start the Microsoft Visual Studio.
2. Select the New-
Framework)- -
simple example just Select empty template by check to MVC
3. By right clicking on model folder add model class under solution
explorer

202
Advanced Web Technologies 4.

5. Just type code for implementing property automatically and press tab
button which is available on the keyboard twice

6. The model class contain only three properties:

Public Class Result
{
Public int id {get; set; }
Public string ResultName { get; set; }
Public string ResultRecord { get; set; }
}
7. By right clicking on Controller folder add controller Class

203
8. Select an Empty Controller from the list of Scaffold. View

9. Give the name your Controller like ResultController . Click on Add.

10. By using ViewBag data can pass from Controller to View.
11. ViewBag: It gets the dynamic view data.
12. Now create object class and assign it to in ViewBag data dictionary.
Assign the value property based on the class.
13. Public ActionResult Index()
{
Result res= new Result;
Id= „97‟;
ResultName= “M.Sc.IT”;
ResultDetail= “ The basic Sheet”;
}
ViewBag.Message=res;
}
14. Now add View for an Index by right clicking on it.

204
Advanced Web Technologies 15.

Now assign the variable into ViewBag, all properties will be in place
16. Insert the code:
@using PassDetainMVC.Models
@{
ViewBag.Title= “Index”;
}
<h3> Passing data from controller to View </h3>
@{
Var data=ViewBag.Message;
}
<h3> Id: @data.Id</h3>
<h3> ResultName:@data.ResultName</h3>
<h3> ResultDetail:@data.ResultDetail</h3>
Now build and execute/run the code you will get output.

2. Now passing the data from Controller to View

1. Create object same as above
2. Public Class ResultsController: Controller
{
// Get: Result
Public ActionResult Index ()
{
Results res= new results
{
Id= 97

205
 Id= „97‟; View

ResultName= “M.Sc.IT”;
ResultDetail= “ The basic Sheet”;
}
ViewData[“Message”]=res;
return View();
}

}
3. Access model class when you are using ViewData
4. @using PassDatainMVC.Models
5. @{
6. ViewBag.Title = "Index";
7. }
8. <h3>Passing Data From Controller To View using
ViewData</h3>
9. @{
10. var data = (Record)ViewData["Message"];
11. }
12. <h3>Id: @data.Id</h3>
13. <h3>ResultName: @data.ResultName</h3>
14. <h3>ResultDetail: @data.ResultDetail</h3>
Then build and run the code you will get output.

11.5 ADD A NAMESPACE TO A VIEW

How to add namspaces in view:
Unlike many templating engines or interpreted view engines, Razor views
are dynamically compiled at run time into classes and then executed. The
compilation happens the first time the viewis requested, which incurs at a
slight one-time performance cost. The benefit is that the next timethe view
is used, it‟s running fully compiled code. If the content of the view
changes, ASP.NET willautomatically recompile the view.
The class that a view is compiled into derives from WebViewPage, which
itself derives fromWebPageBase, which you saw earlier in the section
206
Advanced Web Technologies “Templated Razor Delegates.” For long-time ASP.NET users, this kind of
derivation should come as no surprise because it is similar to how an
ASP.NET Web Forms page works with its Page base class as well.
You can change the base type for Razor views to a custom class, which
makes it possible for you to add your own methods and properties to
views. The base type for Razor views is defined within the Web.config file
in the Views directory. The following section of Web.config contains the
razor configuration.
<system.web.webPages.razor>
<host”
factoryType=”System.web.Mvc.MvcWebRazorhostfactory,system.Eeb.M
vc”version=3.0.0.0,culture=neutral,PublicKeyToken=31BF3857E45/>
<pages pageBaseType=”system.web.mvc.WebViewPage”>
<namespaces>
<add namespace="System.Web.Mvc" />
<add namespace="System.Web.Mvc.Ajax" />
<add namespace="System.Web.Mvc.Html" />
<add namespace="System.Web.Routing" />
</namespaces>
</pages>
</system.web.webPages.razor>

11.6 SUMMARY
In this chapter we have leaned about the how to Reduce duplication in
views, Specify a default layout, Pass data values to the
view from the controller, generate different content based on data values,
add namespace to view in MVC application.

11.7 UNIT END EXERCISES

1. Create one MVC application and create code to reduce the duplication
in view.
2. In the same application specify default layout.
3. Explain with example of steps pass data value to the view from the
controller.
4. Write a steps with an example to add namespace to view in MVC
application.

207
11.8 LIST OF REFERENCES View

• Freeman, Adam. &quot;Pro asp. netmvc 5 platform.&quot; Pro ASP.

NET MVC 5 Platform. Apress, Berkeley, CA, 2014. ISBN:
1430265418
• Allen, K. Scott, et al. Professional ASP. NET MVC 5. Wrox Press,
2014. ISBN: 1118794753
• MVC Framework - First Application (tutorialspoint.com)

*****

208