Topic: Grade 10-LESSON 1: COMPUTER FUNDAMENTALS (AY 2018-2019)

Objectives:
 explain the concept of Information Technology
 distinguish among the major types of computer systems in terms of processing speed,
storage and portability;
 explain the functions of the major hardware components of a computer system;
 explain how the major hardware components of a computer system interrelate;

Definition of IT
Information technology (IT) is the use of computers, storage, communication and other physical
devices to create, process, store and exchange all forms of electronic data.

Scope of Information Technology

We all know that the world had become impossible to move without Information Technology. The
technologies are developing day by day. The fast growth in technological field had made the world a
better and fast moving place. The growth is due to the increase in applications of computers in almost
every field. Today in this article I am going to express ideas about Information Technology in front of
you. The IT sector has grown much faster globally. Today even India is standing as a developing country
due to this vast growth in IT sector. The vacancies in IT professions are also increasing due to the variety
of performance of IT professionals in every fields. The above mentioned reason also force IT industries to
provide employments upon a large scale. The different small branches of IT such as Database
Management, Networking, Information, Security, Cloud Computing, Business Intelligence etc are also
increasing day by day.

Advantage in IT
IT sector can be said as a pot of chances that give one many opportunities to reach top in his/her life.
The main specialty of this field is that one can reach his success by just having some qualities like
creativity, willpower to learn new things, ability to withstand any situations and confidence.

Everyone use to dream a house in his 35th age, a car in 40 and an excellent retirement amount of 10-15
lakhs in his/her account. But a talented IT professional can acquire those dreams within his 30's. Even a
government employer may take years of experience to get increment in his/her salary and post, but
here in IT sector it just take some months to get it.

IT also help a professional to get fixed his meetings abroad, this help him to get job opportunities in
many foreign companies and it will definitely make his world immense. IT also helps in increasing
one`s talent and personality.

Career in Information Technology

IT students have a lot of scope for their future. Since the technologies and IT sectors are increasing day by
day, the need of employers are also increasing. But just reaching IT field for the sake of a degree and a
job wont give success. Because in coming future the IT industries do not adopt employers having degrees
for a short term course, they need really talented and well experienced employers to do their job.

Job security in IT

At one side there are huge chances but one of the main drawback of this field is that it does not provide
any job security. We cannot predict whether our job or even company will be there tomorrow. Even
though the IT job don`t last longer, there is a hope for getting another job in the same field. There will be
no problem for those who are having experience certificate, in case of job loss.

Conclusion

No doubt that IT fields are in its developing path. There will never be any degrading in its opportunities.
IT may be the best field for those searching for self employments. If you are able to get success in your IT
courses, then I can guarantee that your dreams will never die. The scope of IT field will continue
increasing even on next decades.
  distinguish among the major types of computer systems in terms of processing speed, storage and portability;
Major Types Uses Processing Speed Storage Portability
(a) Super Computers scientific and engineering TaihuLight: 93.01 PFLOPS TIANHE-2A Takes up rooms, no portable
(for example, Cray applications that must handle very (Petaflops: A measure of computing speed equal
Titan 2012). large databases or do a great to one quadrillion floating-point operations per Memory: 3.4PB
Fastest one in 2016: amount of computation (or both). second. (1,024,000 GB)
Sunway TaihuLight Nuclear research and weather “ How many calculation per second”-Flops Storage 20TB
simulations. ** Our PC is measured in GFLOPS, 1000 Cost: 390 million US
Used by scientists, meteorologists GFLOP=1 TeraFlops adn1000 TeraFLOPS in 1 Dollars
PetaFlops.
1GFLOP= 1,000,000,000 FLOPS
1000 TeraFLOPS=1,000,000,000,000,000 FLOPS

40,960 64-bit, RISC processors with 260 cores each

(40,000 chips, 10.65 million processor cores)
(b) Mainframes (for Very fast large scale computer 120 of the world’s most powerful microprocessors 3 terabytes (TB) of The 1951 UNIVAC was the
example, IBM system, with large number of running at 5.5 GHz and is capable of executing real memory size of a one-car garage,
zEnterprise System). terminals and peripheral devices more than 78,000 millions of instructions per they are can be smaller but
can be use by hundreds of persons second (MIPS). still not portable
simultaneously, in banks –process
customer accounts
Utility companies-telephone bills,
Airlines-flight arrangement
(c) Desktop systems. document processing, playing PC Apple iMac Pro: 3.2 GHz RAM: 32 GB Up to A desktop computer is a
(Personal Computer) games, Email, and browsing the Up to 3.8Ghz 64 GB personal computer that fits
Internet. For home and office uses Hard drive :1-3 TB on or under a desk. They
usually consist of a monitor,
keyboard, mouse and either
a horizontal or vertical
(tower) form factor. Unlike
a laptop, which is portable,
 a desktop computer is
meant to stay at one
location.
(d) Mobile devices "Mobile device" is a general term Laptop: Dell XPS 13: 1.8 GHz – 2.7GHz Dell Ram:16GB Portable
(for example, laptops, for any handheld computer or Samsung Galaxy Note9: 1.8 GHz Hard Drive:512GB
notebooks, netbooks, smartphone. The term is ($999.00US)
smartphones, tablets interchangeable with "handheld," Samsumg Galaxy
and game consoles). "handheld device" and "handheld Note 9- Ram: 6GB
computer." Tablets, e-readers, Hard Drive:128GB
smartphones, PDAs and portable
music players with smart
capabilities are all mobile devices.
For personal Uses
(e) Embedded devices A specialized computer system Updated ones 2.8 GHz to 3.4 GHz AMD EPYC™ Somewhat Portable
(for example, special- that is part of a larger system or Embedded 3000
purpose systems such machine. Typically, an embedded Series up to 1TB
as controllers in system is housed on a single
microwaves, car microprocessor board with the
ignition systems, programs stored in ROM.
answering machines).
 Consumer electronics –
Mobile phones, videogame
consoles, printers, Blu-Ray
players, home
entertainment systems,
televisions, digital cameras,
music players
 Household appliances –
Washing machines,
microwave ovens,
refrigerators, dishwashers,
air conditioners
 Medical equipment – CT
Scanners,
Electrocardiogram (ECG),
MRI Scanners, blood
pressure monitors, heartbeat
monitors
 Automobiles – Electronic
fuel injection systems, anti
lock braking systems, in-
vehicle entertainment
systems, air-conditioner
controls
 Industrial applications –
Assembly lines, multiple
parameter monitoring
systems, feedback systems,
data collection systems
 Aerospace – Navigation
systems, guidance systems,
GPS
 Communications – Routers,
network hubs, satellite
phones
  explain the functions of the major hardware components of a computer system

Computer System
Includes hardware devices and software to make the computer functions.
Hardware
Hardware is the set of physical components in a computer system.
Components of the Computer System
Four main Categories (Major Component)
1. Central Processing Unit (CPU)
The part of the computer that does the processing. It has also controls the transfer of data
between memory and other devices that make up the computer system.
CPU consists of:
 Control Unit (CU) – controls the operations of the CPU
 Arithmetic/ Logic Unit (ALU)
o Performs arithmetic operations, including addition, subtraction, divisions,
multiplication, etc.
o Performs logical operations. These operations include reasoning and performing
comparisons necessary to make decisions.
 Small, very fast areas of memory. The smallest and fastest memory is in the form of
registers.
2. Input devices- which allow data to be entered into the computer. E.g. mouse, keyboard,
joystick, digital camera, scanners, barcode readers
3. Output devices-which are used for outputting (sending out) data from the computer. E.g.
monitor, printer, speakers and multimedia projector
4. Storage devices, both primary and backing
 Primary storage/main memory/immediate access storage
Two types of Primary Storage
A. RAM (Random Access Memory)-contents in this memory are temporary and are
lost when the computer is turned off (data is volatile) RAM is used to store the
instructions and data for currently running programs and the operating system.
B. ROM (Read Only Memory)-contents in this memory are permanent and the data
stored in it is not lost when the computer is turned off (the data is non-volatile).
Therefore, it has data that should not be loss when the computer is turned off,
such as the commands which start up (boot up) the computer. These instructions
are programmed into the ROM chips by manufacturers.
 Secondary storage/backing storage/auxiliary storage devices

These are not done on chips. Example hard disks, magnetic tape, floppy disks, CDs, DVDs, flash
drives. There are used to store programs, as well as data not being processed, for later retrieval.
Peripheral devices refer to those devices that make up the computer system apart from the
motherboard.
NB CPU is located on the main processor board (motherboard)
Examples of peripheral devices

 Input devices – keyboard, mouse, joystick

 Storage devices – magnetic tape drive, hard drive, CD drive
 Output devices – monitor, printers, speakers
Software
These are set of instructions (called a program) that govern the operation of a computer system
and make the hardware run.
HOMEWORK: (a) Secondary storage devices: hard disk, magnetic tape, flash drive, memory
card, and optical disks (CD, DVD and Blu-Ray).

Research:

 explain how the major hardware components of a computer system interrelate;

Input processing output storage (IPOS) cycle

Next:
(b) Units of storage: bits, bytes, kilobytes, megabytes, gigabytes, terabytes.)