CAT Forklift NOH10N Service,

Operation & Maintenance Manual

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CAT Forklift NOH10N Service, Operation & Maintenance ManualSize: 32.3
MBFormat: PDFLanguage: English, German, FrenchBrand: CAT CaterpillarType
of Machine: ForkliftType of Manual: Service Manual, Operation & Maintenance
ManualModel: CAT NOH10N ForkliftDate: 2017Content:WHSM0007-01 Chassis:
TruckWHSM0007-02 Chassis: Safety instructionsWHSM0007-03 Chassis:
Operating environmentWHSM0007-04 Chassis: Operating devicesWHSM0007-05
Chassis: Driving instructionsWHSM0007-06 Chassis: Load
handlingWHSM0007-07 Chassis: BatteriesWHSM0007-08 Chassis:
MaintenanceWHSM0007-09 Chassis: ServiceWHSM0007-10 Chassis:
Transportation and storageWHSM0007-11 Chassis:
TroubleshootingWHSM0007-12 Chassis: Electrical operationWHSM0007-13
Chassis: Parameter explanationsWHSM0007-14 Chassis: Alarm
explanationsWHSM0007-15 Chassis: Warnings explanationsWHSM0007-16
Circuit diagrams: NOH10N 24V (Rev. I)WHSM0007-17 Circuit diagrams:
NOH10NH 48V (Rev. J)WHSM0007-18 Circuit diagrams: NOH10NH 24V/48V
MODIFIED (Rev. A)WHSM0007-19 Hydraulic diagram: NOH10N 24V / NOH10NH
48VWHSM0007-20 Parameters: Display parametersWHSM0007-21 Parameters:
Error listWHSM0007-22 Parameters: Warning listWHSM0007-23 Manual: Aisle
Guidance Options Installation manualSWHOU-00212-01 Operation & Maintenance
Manual: TruckSWHOU-00212-02 Operation & Maintenance Manual: Safety
instructionsSWHOU-00212-03 Operation & Maintenance Manual: Operating
environmentSWHOU-00212-04 Operation & Maintenance Manual: Operating
devicesSWHOU-00212-05 Operation & Maintenance Manual: Driving
instructionsSWHOU-00212-06 Operation & Maintenance Manual: Load
handlingSWHOU-00212-07 Operation & Maintenance Manual:
BatteriesSWHOU-00212-08 Operation & Maintenance Manual:
MaintenanceSWHOU-00212-09 Operation & Maintenance Manual:
ServiceSWHOU-00212-10 Operation & Maintenance Manual: Transportation and
storageSWHOU-00212-11 Operation & Maintenance Manual:
TroubleshootingSWHOU-00212-12 Operation & Maintenance Manual: Technical
specificationsSWHOU-00222-01 Operation and Maintenance Manual:
TrolleySWHOU-00222-02 Operation and maintenance manual: Safety
instructionsSWHOU-00222-03 Operation and maintenance manual: Work
environmentSWHOU-00222-04 Operation and Maintenance Manual:
ControlsSWHOU-00222-05 Operation and Maintenance Manual: Operating
InstructionsSWHOU-00222-06 Operation and Maintenance Manual: Handling
LoadsSWHOU-00222-07 Operation and Maintenance Manual:
BatteriesSWHOU-00222-08 Operation and Maintenance Manual: Preventive
MaintenanceSWHOU-00222-09 Operation and Maintenance Manual: Periodic
MaintenanceSWHOU-00222-10 Operation and maintenance manual: Transport
and long-term parkingSWHOU-00222-11 Operation and Maintenance Manual:
TroubleshootingSWHOU-00222-12 Operation and maintenance manual: Technical
dataSWHOU-00232-01 Operating and maintenance instructions:
ForkliftSWHOU-00232-02 Operating and maintenance instructions: safety
regulationsSWHOU-00232-03 Operating and maintenance instructions: Operating
environmentSWHOU-00232-04 Operating and maintenance instructions: operating
elementsSWHOU-00232-05 Operating and maintenance instructions: Driving the
truckSWHOU-00232-06 Operating and maintenance instructions: Handling
loadsSWHOU-00232-07 Operating and maintenance instructions:
batteriesSWHOU-00232-08 Operating and maintenance instructions:
MaintenanceSWHOU-00232-09 Operating and maintenance instructions: Annual
and semi-annual maintenanceSWHOU-00232-10 Operating and maintenance
instructions: Transport and storageSWHOU-00232-12 Operating and maintenance
instructions: Technical specificationsThis part manual inlcude all spare parts
number you need inside this model, for you easier in fixing your forklift replace new
spare part hight performance.This service manual is a guide for servicing Cat Lift
Trucks. For your convenience the instructions are grouped by systems as an easy
reference.This Original Instructions (Operator's) Manual describes operating
procedures, daily checks and simple maintenance for safe usage of your Cat lift
truck.SERVICE MANUALCHAPTER 1 GENERAL INFORMATION1.1 Model
View1.2 Models Covered1.2.1 Lift Truck Nomenclatures and Definitions1.3 Serial
Number Locations1.4 Dimensions1.5 Technical Data1.6 PerformanceCHAPTER 2
COOLING SYSTEM2.1 Specifications2.2 Structure2.3 Removal and
Installation2.3.1 Fan Belt Removal2.3.2 Suggestions for Removal2.3.3
Installation2.4 Inspection and Adjustment2.4.1 Fan Belt Inspection2.4.2 Fan Belt
Tension2.4.3 Connecting Hoses2.4.4 Coolant2.4.5 Radiator CapCHAPTER 3
ELECTRIC SYSTEM3.1 Chassis Electrical Devices Wiring Outline3.1.1 Harnesses
Layout3.1.2 Components Layout3.2 Structure3.2.1 Console Box3.2.2 Major
Electrical Components3.2.3 Table of Lamps3.3 Console Box3.3.1 Disassembly3.4
Battery Maintenance3.4.1 State of Charge and Electrolyte Specific Gravity (S.G.)
Adjustment3.4.2 Specific Gravity Reading and State of Charge3.4.3 Charging
Precautions3.5 Instrument Panel3.5.1 Instrument Panel Screen Element3.5.2
Basic Screen Display3.5.3 Basic Operation3.5.4 When An Error Occurs3.5.5
Warning Lamps3.5.6 Optional Functions3.5.7 Hour Meters3.5.8
Troubleshooting3.6 Wire Color3.6.2 List of Wire Colors3.7 Troubleshooting3.7.1
Starter System3.7.2 Gauges3.7.3 Lighting System3.8 Electrical
SchematicCHAPTER 4 CONTROLLERS4.1 Outline4.2 Main Functions4.2.2
Instrument Panel4.2.3 VCM (Vehicle Control Module)1-M4.2.4 ECM (Gasoline
Engine Control Module)4.2.5 Remote Input/Output Units4.2.6 GSE Connector4.3
Service Tool Functions4.3.1 Service Tool Menus4.3.2 Service Tool Box4.4 Mast
Interlock System4.4.1 Function4.4.2 VCM1-M Controller, Mast Interlock System
Checking Procedure4.4.3 Active Test Inspection Procedure4.5 Driving Interlock
System4.5.1 Function4.5.2 Driving Interlock System Checking Procedure for
Powershift T/M Lift Trucks4.5.3 Active Test Inspection Procedure4.6 Seat Belt
Warning Lamp4.6.1 Function4.6.2 Seat Belt Warning Lamp Checking
Procedure4.7 Parking Brake Warning Buzzer and Lamp4.7.1 Function4.7.2
Parking Brake Warning Buzzer/Lamp Checking Procedure4.7.3 Parking Brake
Warning Buzzer/Lamp Checking Procedure with Key in OFF Position4.8 Harness
Codes4.9 Controller Details4.9.1 VCM1-M Controller4.9.2 Seat Switch/Seat Belt
Switch4.9.3 Parking Brake Switch4.9.4 Direction Lever4.9.5 Speed Sensor4.9.6
T/M Solenoid4.9.7 Unload Solenoid4.9.8 Lift Lock Solenoid4.9.9 Warning
Buzzer4.9.10 Warning Buzzer Relay4.9.11 Warning Buzzer Circuit4.9.12
Instrument Panel4.10 Error Codes and Troubleshootings4.10.1 Error Code
Display4.10.2 Diagnosis Table (F Code)4.10.3 Error Codes and
Troubleshooting4.11 Locations of Sensors and SwitchesCHAPTER 5 POWER
TRAIN5.1 Removal and Installation (MC Models)5.1.1 Removal of Engine and
Transmission Assembly5.1.2 Removal of Engine and Transmission Assembly (for
Gasoline-Engine Lift Trucks)5.2 Removal and Installation (FC Models)5.2.1
Removal of Engine and Transmission AssemblyCHAPTER 6 POWERSHIFT
TRANSMISSION6.1 Structure and Functions6.1.1 Transmission6.1.2 Torque
Converter6.1.3 Control Valve6.1.4 Hydraulic System Schematic of Powershift
Transmission6.2 Removal and Installation6.2.1 Removal6.2.2 Installation6.3
Control Valve6.3.1 Disassembly6.3.2 Reassembly6.4 Input Shaft Assembly6.4.1
Disassembly6.5 Oil Pump Assembly6.5.1 Disassembly6.5.2 Reassembly6.6
Inspection and Adjustment6.6.1 Oil Pressure Measurement6.6.2 Clutch (Inching)
Pedal Adjustment6.6.3 Inching Cable, Adjustment6.7 Troubleshooting6.8
Tightening Torque6.9 Service DataCHAPTER 7 FRONT AXLE AND REDUCTION
DIFFERENTIAL7.1 Structure7.1.1 Front Axle7.1.2 Reduction Differential7.2
Removal and Installation7.2.1 Front Wheels7.3 Front Axle7.3.2 Reduction
Differential7.4 Disassembly and Reassembly7.4.1 Front Axle7.4.2 Reduction
Differential7.5 Troubleshooting7.6 Service DataCHAPTER 8 REAR AXLE8.1
Structure and Functions8.1.1 Rear Axle in General8.1.2 Structure of Each
Component8.1.3 Steering Cylinder8.2 Removal and Installation8.2.1 Rear Wheel
and Rear Axle Assembly8.3 Disassembly and Reassembly8.3.1 Wheel Hub,
Disassembly and Reassembly8.3.2 Knuckle (King Pin), Disassembly and
Reassembly8.3.3 Steering Cylinder, Disassembly and Reassembly8.3.4 Tie Rod,
Disassembly and ReassemblyCHAPTER 9 BRAKE SYSTEM9.1 Structure9.1.1
Brake System9.2 Disassembly and Reassembly9.2.1 Master Cylinder9.2.2 Wheel
Brakes9.2.3 Wheel Cylinder9.3 Inspection and Adjustment9.3.1 Automatic
Adjuster Test9.3.2 Manual Adjustment9.3.3 Parking Brake Cable Adjustment9.3.4
Brake Pedal Adjustment9.3.5 Brake Lines Bleeding9.3.6 Braking Performance
Test9.3.7 Parking Brake Lever9.4 Troubleshooting9.5 Service DataCHAPTER 10
STEERING SYSTEM10.1 Structure and Functions10.1.1 Steering System10.1.2
Steering Valve10.1.3 Steering Column10.2 Disassembly and Reassembly10.2.2
Steering Wheel and Steering Valve, Removal and Installation10.2.3 Steering
Wheel10.2.4 Steering Valve10.2.5 Tilt Lock Lever10.3 Steering Valve10.3.1
Disassembly10.3.2 Reassembly10.4 Troubleshooting10.5 Service DataCHAPTER
11 HYDRAULIC SYSTEM11.1 Structure and Functions11.1.1 Outline11.2
Hydraulic Circuit Diagram (For Models With MC Control Valve)11.3 Hydraulic
Circuit Diagram (For Models With FC Control Valve)11.4 Hydraulic Tank11.5
Hydraulic Pump (Gear Pump)11.6 Control Valve11.7 Flow Regulator Valve (for
Models with FC Control Valve Only)11.8 Down Safety Valve11.9 Lift Cylinder11.10
Tilt Cylinder11.11 Disassembly and Reassembly11.11.1 Hydraulic Pump11.11.2
Lift Cylinder11.11.3 Tilt Cylinder11.11.4 Flow Regulator Valve11.11.5
Piping11.11.6 Suction Strainer and Return Filter11.12 Inspection and
Adjustment11.12.1 Hydraulic Tank11.12.2 Control Valve11.12.3 Descent
Test11.12.4 Forward Tilt Test11.13 Troubleshooting11.13.2 Hydraulic System
Cleaning After a Component Failure11.14 Service Data11.15 MC Control
Valve11.15.1 Structure and Operation11.15.2 Control Valve, Removal and
Installation11.15.3 Disassembly and Assembly11.16 FC Control Valve11.16.1
Structure and Operation11.16.2 Disassembly and AssemblyCHAPTER 12 MAST
AND FORKS12.1 Simplex Mast12.1.1 Mast System12.2 Structure and
Functions12.2.1 Simplex Mast (5A15C to 5A33C)12.2.2 Mast Operation12.3
Removal and Installation12.3.1 Mast and Lift Bracket Assembly12.4 Disassembly
and Reassembly12.4.1 Simplex Mast Disassembly12.4.2 Simplex Mast
Reassembly12.5 Removal and Installation of Mast Rollers and Strips without
Removing12.5.1 Simplex Mast12.6 Inspection and Adjustment (Simplex
Mast)12.6.2 Forks12.6.3 Chain Tension Inspection and Adjustment12.6.4
Checking Chain Elongation12.6.5 Adjusting Clearance Between Lift Bracket Roller
and Inner Mast12.6.6 Mast Roller Clearance Adjustment12.6.7 Mast Strip
Clearance Inspection and Adjustment12.6.8 Tilt Angle Adjustment12.6.9 Right and
Left Lift Cylinder Stroke Inspection and Adjustment12.7 Troubleshooting (Simplex
Mast)12.8 Service Data (Simplex Mast)12.9 Duplex Mast12.9.1 Mast System12.10
Structure and Functions12.10.1 Duplex (Dual Full-Free Panoramic) Mast (5B15C
to 5B33C)12.10.2 Mast Operation12.11 Removal and Installation12.11.1 Mast and
Lift Bracket Assembly12.12 Disassembly and Reassembly12.12.1 Duplex Mast
Disassembly12.12.2 Duplex Mast Reassembly12.13 Removal and Installation of
Mast Rollers and Strips without Removing12.13.1 Duplex Mast12.14 Inspection
and Adjustment (Duplex Mast)12.14.1 Inspection and Adjustment (Duplex
Mast)12.14.2 Forks12.14.3 Chain Tension Inspection and Adjustment12.14.4
Checking Chain Elongation12.14.5 Adjusting Clearance Between Lift Bracket
Roller and Inner Mast12.14.6 Mast Roller Clearance Adjustment12.14.7 Mast Strip
Clearance Inspection and Adjustment12.14.8 Tilt Angle Adjustment12.14.9 Right
and Left Lift Cylinder Stroke Inspection and Adjustment12.15 Troubleshooting
(Duplex Mast)12.16 Service Data (Duplex Mast)12.17 Triplex Mast12.17.1 Mast
System12.18 Structure and Functions12.18.1 Triplex (Triple Full-Free Panoramic)
Mast (5C15C to 5C33C)12.18.2 Mast Operation12.19 Removal and
Installation12.19.1 Mast and Lift Bracket Assembly12.20 Disassembly and
Reassembly12.20.1 Triplex Mast Disassembly12.20.2 Triplex Mast
Reassembly12.21 Removal and Installation of Mast Rollers and Strips without
Removing12.21.1 Triplex Mast12.22 Inspection and Adjustment (Triplex
Mast)12.22.2 Forks12.22.3 Chain Tension Inspection and Adjustment12.22.4
Checking Chain Elongation12.22.5 Adjusting Clearance between Lift Bracket
Roller and Inner Mast12.22.6 Mast Roller Clearance Adjustment12.22.7 Mast Strip
Clearance Inspection and Adjustment12.22.8 Tilt Angle Adjustment12.22.9 Right
and Left Lift Cylinder Stroke Inspection and Adjustment12.23 Troubleshooting
(Triplex Mast)12.23.1 Troubleshooting (Triplex Mast)12.24 Service Data (Triplex
Mast)12.24.1 Triplex MastCHAPTER 13 SERVICE DATA13.1 Maintenance
Schedule13.2 Maintenance Note13.2.1 Brake System13.2.2 Cooling System13.2.3
Electric System13.2.4 Engine System13.2.5 Frame and Chassis13.2.6 Fuel
System13.2.7 Hydraulic System13.2.8 Ignition System13.2.9 Intake
System13.2.10 Front End Section13.2.11 Steering and Axle System13.2.12 T/M
and Drive System13.2.13 Wheels and Tires13.2.14 General13.3 Tightening
Torque for Standard Bolts and Nuts13.4 Periodic Replacement Parts13.4.2
Location of Periodic Replacement Parts13.5 Lubrication Instructions13.5.1
Lubrication Chart13.5.2 Fuel and Lubricant Specifications13.5.3 Adjustment Value
and Oil Quantities13.6 Special Service Tools13.6.1 Special Service Tools
(Standard Tools for Both MC and FC LiftTrucks)13.6.2 Special Service Tools (for
FC Lift Truck Only)13.6.3 Special Service Tools (for Powershift
Transmission)OPERRATION MANUALCHAPTER 1 SAFETY RULES AND
PRACTICES1.1 SAFETY SIGNS AND SAFETY MESSAGES1.2 WARNING
SYMBOLS AND LEVELS1.3 OPERATOR QUALIFICATIONS1.4 SAFETY
GUARDS1.5 PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT FOR OPERATING LIFT
TRUCK1.6 DAILY INSPECTION1.7 OPERATOR RESPONSIBILITY1.8
GENERAL1.9 NO RIDERS1.10 TRAVELING1.11 LOADING1.12 DOCKBOARDS
(BRIDGE PLATES), TRUCKS AND RAILROAD CARS1.13 SURFACE AND
CAPACITY1.14 FUEL HANDLING1.15 INSTALLATION OF ATTACHMENTS1.16
IN CASE OF TIP-OVER1.17 TRANSPORTING LIFT TRUCK1.17.2 APPROACH
ANGLE, DEPARTURE ANGLE AND GANGWAY1.17.3 HOISTING (LIFTING) UP
THE TRUCK1.18 FUNCTION TESTS1.19 TRACTION BAR1.20 POSITION OF
DATA AND CAPACITY PLATES AND DECALS1.21 DATA AND CAPACITY
PLATES AND DECALS1.21.2 DATA PLATE1.21.3 IDENTIFICATION
NUMBERS1.21.4 CAUTION DRIVE DECAL (IN CASE OF TIP-OVER
DECAL)1.21.5 WARNING DRIVE DECAL (TRAINED AND AUTHORIZED)1.21.6
PINCH POINT DECAL1.21.7 CAUTION FORK DECAL1.21.8 MAST WARNING
DECAL1.21.9 CAUTION DRIVE DECAL (OPERATION)1.21.10 RADIATOR
WARNING DECAL1.21.11 COOLING FAN WARNING DECAL1.21.12 ADJ LPG
WARNING DECAL1.21.13 LPG LATCH WARNING DECAL1.21.14 LPG FUEL
WARNING DECALCHAPTER 2 OPERATING CONTROLS AND FUNCTIONS2.1
APPLICATIONS2.2 APPLICATION FOR CAT LIFT TRUCKS2.3 PROHIBITED
APPLICATIONS FOR CAT LIFT TRUCKS2.4 MAIN COMPONENTS2.5 METERS,
INDICATORS AND WARNING LIGHTS2.5.2 LCD2.5.3 OPERATION
BUTTONS2.5.4 ! MULTIPURPOSE WARNING LIGHT2.5.5 MALFUNCTION
INDICATOR LIGHT-ENGINE CHECK WARNING2.5.6 OIL PRESSURE
WARNING LIGHT2.5.7 CHARGE WARNING LIGHT2.5.8 PARKING BRAKE
WARNING LIGHT2.5.9 SEAT BELT WARNING LIGHT2.5.10 METER
DISPLAY2.5.11 WATER TEMPERATURE GAUGE2.5.12 FUEL GAUGE2.5.13
TRANSMISSION POSITION2.6 MALFUNCTION AND WARNING
INDICATIONS2.6.2 MAST INTERLOCK WARNING2.6.3 LPG LEVEL
WARNING/LPG RACK LOCK WARNING2.6.4 TORQUE CONVERTER FLUID
TEMP WARNING2.6.5 RADIATOR LEVEL WARNING2.6.6 AIR CLEANER
WARNING2.6.7 SERVICE REMINDER DISPLAY2.6.8 DISPLAYS WHEN
MALFUNCTION OCCURS2.7 DRIVER RECOGNITION MODE2.8 LPG
REMAINING TIME MANAGEMENT2.9 SWITCHES2.9.2 HORN BUTTON2.9.3
REAR RIGHT GRIP WITH HORN BUTTON2.9.4 IGNITION SWITCH2.9.5
LIGHTING AND TURN SIGNAL SWITCHES2.9.6 MAXIMUM SPEED CHANGE
SWITCH (OPTION)2.9.7 THROTTLE SENSITIVITY ADJUST SWITCH
(OPTION)2.9.8 BACK-UP OPERATION LIGHT SWITCH (OPTION)2.10
OPERATING CONTROLS2.10.2 SELECTOR LEVER2.10.3 PARKING BRAKE
LEVER2.10.4 INCHING BRAKE PEDAL2.10.5 BRAKE PEDAL2.10.6
ACCELERATOR PEDAL2.10.7 CARGO-HANDLING CONTROL LEVERS2.10.8
ANSI/ITSDF STANDARDS FOR LIFT TRUCK CLAMP ATTACHMENTS2.10.9
STEERING CHARACTERISTICSCHAPTER 3 OPERATING THE LIFT TRUCK3.1
OPERATION3.2 INSPECTION BEFORE OPERATING3.3 LIFT TRUCK
OPERATING PRECAUTIONS3.4 PRECAUTIONS FOR COLD AND HOT
WEATHER3.5 OPERATIONAL PROCEDURES3.6 LPG LIFT TRUCK
STARTING3.7 PROCEDURE FOR JUMP STARTING EFI ENGINES3.8
AUTOMATIC TRANSMISSION3.9 LOADING3.10 TRANSPORTING LOADS3.11
UNLOADING3.12 CLIMBING3.13 STOPPING AND PARKING THE LIFT
TRUCK3.14 FORKS3.15 SEAT ADJUSTMENT3.15.1 SUSPENSION SEAT
OPERATOR'S WEIGHT ADJUSTMENT3.15.2 FORWARD AND BACKWARD
CONTROL LEVER3.15.3 BACKREST INCLINATION ADJUSTMENT3.15.4
LUMBAR ADJUSTMENT3.15.5 SWIVEL SEAT3.16 SEAT BELT3.17 TOP
PANEL3.18 TILT STEERING WHEEL3.19 SERVICE RELEASE LATCH3.20
RADIATOR COVER3.21 REARVIEW MIRROR (OPTION)3.22 LPG CYLINDER
(TANK) HOLDERCHAPTER 4 GENERAL CARE AND MAINTENANCE4.1 WET
CELL BATTERY CARE AND MAINTENANCE4.2 BATTERY SPECIFIC
GRAVITY4.3 DAILY INSPECTION4.4 OPERATOR'S DAILY CHECKLIST
(SAMPLE)4.5 MAINTENANCE AND INSPECTION4.5.1 ENGINE OIL LEVEL4.5.2
REFILLING ENGINE OIL4.5.3 ENGINE COOLANT LEVEL4.5.4 REFILLING
ENGINE COOLANT4.5.5 COOLING SYSTEM BLEEDING INSTRUCTIONS4.5.6
BRAKE FLUID LEVEL4.5.7 REFILLING BRAKE FLUID4.5.8 AUTOMATIC
TRANSMISSION FLUID LEVEL4.5.9 REFILLING AUTOMATIC TRANSMISSION
FLUID4.5.10 HYDRAULIC OIL LEVEL4.5.11 REFILLING HYDRAULIC OIL4.5.12
STEERING WHEEL PLAY4.5.13 WHEEL AND TIRE4.5.14 TIRE
REPLACEMENT4.5.15 CHECKING MAST4.5.16 CHECKING LIFT CHAIN4.5.17
FORK INSPECTION4.5.18 FORK REPAIR4.5.19 CHECKING HORN4.5.20
CHECKING LIGHTS4.5.21 CHECKING CARGO-HANDLING CONTROL
LEVER(S)4.5.22 CHECKING BRAKE PEDAL4.5.23 PEDAL FREE PLAY4.5.24
CHECKING PARKING BRAKE LEVER4.5.25 CHECKING TOP PANEL
LOCK4.5.26 FUSES4.5.27 CHECKING AIR CLEANER4.5.28 CHECKING FAN
BELT4.5.29 DRAINING OF TAR FROM THE VAPORIZER4.5.30 PRECAUTIONS
FOR USING LPG4.5.31 RECOMMENDED LPG FUEL TYPE4.5.32 CYLINDER
(TANK) SIZE4.5.33 LPG CYLINDER (TANK) REPLACEMENT4.5.34 REFILLING
LPG CYLINDERS (TANKS)4.5.35 PERIODIC MAINTENANCE AND
LUBRICATION SCHEDULE4.5.36 PERIODIC MAINTENANCE AND
LUBRICATION SCHEDULE FOR EMISSION CONTROL SYSTEM4.5.37
LUBRICATION CHART4.5.38 RECOMMENDED LUBRICANTS4.5.39
RECOMMENDED SAE VISCOSITY CHART4.5.40 PUTTING LIFT TRUCK IN
STORAGE4.6 SIDE SHIFT4.6.1 OVERVIEW OF SIDE SHIFT4.6.2 MAIN TERMS
USED IN THIS SECTION4.6.3 SAFETY RULES AND PRACTICES4.6.4 SIDE
SHIFT CONTROL LEVER OPERATION4.6.5 SIDE SHIFT OPERATION4.6.6
DAILY CHECKS AND SIMPLE MAINTENANCECHAPTER 5
SPECIFICATIONS5.1 MODEL IDENTIFICATION5.1.1 MODEL VARIATION
(LONG MODEL CODE) BREAKDOWN5.2 MAIN TRUCK5.2.1 MAIN TRUCK -
2C7000 AND 2C8000/2C8000-SWB5.3 MAST5.3.1 2C7000 AND
2C8000/2C8000-SWB5.4 FUEL AND OIL CAPACITY5.5 ENGINE5.6 ENGINE OIL
CAPACITY5.7 NOISE LEVEL
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'The treatise is, in short, a professed account count of the facts, the whole facts, and
nothing but the facts, of which we are visually conscious, as distinguished from pretended
facts and metaphysical abstractions, which confused thought, an irregular exercise of
imagination, or an abuse of words had substituted for them.'

The question which Berkeley really asks is—How do we universalize

our ideas of sight? The proper objects of sight are light and colours.
How, then, do we see distance, figure, size, situation, magnitude
and solidity? How can the sensation of green colour peculiar to my
mind stand for, not the mere sense-blur of vague green colour, but
an oval leaf fluttering in the wind some twenty feet above me,
attached to the twig of a beech tree! and, moreover, how can this
sensation which belongs to me so far belong to others that the same
knowledge conveyed to me is also given to them? How can the
vague subjective sensation be universalized so that it stands for
several things not felt, and more especially for sensations of touch?
What is the link between these various qualities? What is the bridge
by which the mind passes over from the one to the other? This link
is not, says Berkeley, an abstract idea of extension, in which the
visible and tangible sensations unite, for there is no such idea. The
sensations of sight and of touch are on their side quite
heterogeneous:—
'The extension, figures, and motions perceived by sight are specifically distinct from the
ideas of touch, called by the same names; nor is there any such thing as one idea, or kind
of idea, common to both senses.'

Light and colour are the immediate objects of sight, and they
constitute a species entirely distinct from the ideas of touch. No one
would think of adding a visible foot to a tangible foot; and the
experience of persons born blind and recovering their sight points to
a certain confusedness in apprehending the connection between the
two sets of ideas which would not occur if they belonged to one and
the same abstract idea of extension. If we would explain the fact
that ideas may so be universalized that they stand for ideas of
touch, we must rather bring them under the living power of mind
which, grasping the two together, makes the one the sign of the
other. When we have the sensation of the colour greenness, we see
a green leaf of a small oval shape, not because the colour is
necessarily connected with the size and shape, nor because all three
inhere as qualities in an abstract idea of extension, but because:—
'Light and colours, with their several shades and degrees, all which being infinitely
diversified and combined, deform a language wonderfully adapted to suggest and exhibit to
us the distances, figures, situations, dimensions, and various qualities of tangible objects—
not by similitude, nor yet by inference of necessary connection, but by the arbitrary
imposition of Providence, just as words suggest the things signified by them.'

There is no abstract idea which corresponds now to the sensations

of sight, now to the sensations of touch; the connecting link is
supplied by the unifying action of the human mind, which seizes
upon the one idea and makes it the sign of the others, and this one
idea is fitted to be the sign of the others not by any similarity or
peculiar fitness on its side, but because of its position in the flow of
phenomena given to it and preserved for it by the living spiritual
causality which creates and arranges everything. The ideas of sense
are universalized, scientific and objective knowledge is possible, we
can go from ideas of sight to those of touch, and back again from
those of touch to those of sight, because of a double spiritual
influence—the active living influence of mind outside, permeating,
creating, and associating all things, and the partly passive, partly
active ingathering influence of the individual human mind within,
interpreting, arranging, according to the associations imposed upon
them and lying undeveloped in them, the vague blurs of sensation.
Berkeley's thought is almost the same as Schleiermacher's, that all
scientific knowledge is the joint product of an internal and an
external factor—organic function and the external world,—which
factors are universally related to each other; only, according to
Berkeley's spiritual intuition, everywhere present; the living centre of
organic function is the partly passive, partly active influence of the
human self, while the living centre of the external factor is the
supreme mind without us continuously creating and arranging.
The Principles of Human Knowledge follow up the attack on abstract
ideas made in the New Theory of Vision. The introduction, with its
attack on Conceptualism,[226] prepares the way for a more sweeping
assault on abstractions. Now Berkeley almost invariably attacks a
general question by making an assault on one special form which it
takes. His method is borrowed from Locke, who shows that all our
ideas may be reduced to ideas of sensation and reflection by
selecting one or two most unlikely to conform to such a reduction,
and proving by analysis that they do. Berkeley begins to attack the
Lockian doctrine of abstract ideas by showing that there is no
abstract extension common to sight and touch; he proves the
providence of God by explaining the beauty and value of the
language of vision; and he exhibits the organism of the universe by
tracing the connection between the virtues of tar-water and the
hidden mysteries of things. He always seeks a concrete instance of
the abstract fact, and assails a particular case of the general
principle he wishes to attack. This method is carried out in the
'Principles.' He does not assail the doctrine of abstract ideas in
general, nor endeavour to strip Lockianism of all its notionalism. He
fastens on one particular abstract idea, which because of its
importance and prevailing influence may be considered as the
champion of the rest, and puts to flight the armies of the Philistines
by slaying their Goliath.
The sum and head of all abstract ideas is the idea of matter, as this
was used in the new philosophy of the seventeenth century. For
what is an abstract idea? It is a connecting link between sensations
—something to which they may be referred, in which they are
supposed to inhere, and which is thought to account for their
permanence of objective reality. For example, 'white' is a single
quality or a single sensation felt by me now and here when I look at
a sheet of paper. But 'whiteness' is the abstract idea to which all
these single sensations may be referred, and in which they may
inhere and so have a permanence and objective reality, so that this
sheet of paper, because it has 'whiteness,' is always and by every
one seen to be 'white.' The abstract ideas of extension, of situation,
and of number, are examples which are supposed to be of more
importance, and to include a vastly larger number of individuals.
Now the one idea to which every sense-particular, without exception,
may be referred is the idea of matter or material substance. It gives
them permanence, reality, and objectivity. It is the germ, the centre,
the vital spot of the whole system of abstractions. Destroy it, and
the system perishes. Show that it is an illusion, a mere word,—that it
can give no reality, no permanence,—that it cannot afford a basis for
scientific knowledge nor community of belief, and the whole doctrine
which seeks to build science and reality on such a foundation
disappears, and on the ground thus cleared a more substantial, real,
and living structure of belief and opinion may be erected. This seems
to be the guiding thought in the 'Principles of Human Knowledge'
and in the 'Dialogues.' It is mainly negative,—a denial of matter, and
therefore of all abstractions. But amidst the negative or destructive
reasonings there are traces, as there must be, of positive
construction. The one positive principle which is always present is
that spiritual intuition which we have already spoken of,—the all-
pervading belief inherited from the mystics, and particularly from
Malebranche and Norris, that mind or spirit is the one reality and the
one fount of active agency. But this intuition, always present, is
never adequately expressed nor applied. Berkeley either meant to
reserve its discussion for another 'Part,' or his natural impatience
made him overlook the necessity of explaining the steps in his
analysis of all reality into personal spirit, and all causality into the
conscious activity of such personal spirits. He is always confused,
hesitating, and sometimes conflicting in his statements about the
way in which 'mind' becomes the only real existence, and the
'activity of mind' the only real agency; and it is in the skill with which
he has pierced together the scattered hints into one really complete
and so far adequate explanation of the universe of things that
Professor Fraser's unwearied patient study and just appreciation of
his author is seen to most advantage.
Our experience as given us in the senses is made up 'of sensations,
ideas, or phenomena,—facts of which there is a perception or
consciousness.' These sensations, and nothing else, make the
material of the sensible universe which we see and know and live in,
—they are the material out of which the shifting scenes in this
wonderful panorama of sense-life are formed,—they are the exciting
causes of all the various forms of our mental life, of our joy and
sorrow, laughter and tears, hopes and despairings. When we are
conscious of the outward world, it is of a world of sensations which
is immediately present to our minds and in our minds; for the
essence of an idea or sensation is that it is perceived,—its esse is
percipi. But this is not the whole of Berkeley's theory of matter, as
many critics would have us believe. There is along with this
'immediate perception of extended sensible reality' a 'mediate
perception or a presumptive inference of the existence of sensible
things and their relations.' The knowledge we have of the external
world of the senses cannot be reduced to the sensations of which
we are actually conscious for the time being. There are, besides the
sensations immediately present, clustering groups of others which
we do not immediately perceive. Tangible things are signified by
visual sensations, and sounds recall colours and shapes. Every
isolated sensation is significant of more than itself, and mere
sensation is impossible. And this significance of sensations, the
reality of their relations to each other, recognised and insisted upon
by Berkeley, makes his scheme different from any system of merely
subjective idealism, and supplies a basis for objective or scientific
knowledge. 'For,' as Professor Fraser says, 'faith in an established or
external association between our sense-phenomena is the basis of
the constructive activity of intellect in all inductive interpretation of
sensible things.' It is this 'external,' or imposed association, which
universalizes and gives objective existence to sensations and the
sense-world, and so far Berkeley's explanation does not differ very
much from that of Mr. Mill or Professor Bain.
But then, what is Berkeley's 'association'? It is, as Professor Fraser
well puts it, 'his religious faith in the constancy of the Divine
constitution of the Cosmos.' The associative relations of things which
give permanence and objective reality and intelligibility to the world
of sense-phenomena are not to be explained by any hap-hazard
one-coming-after-another, as modern psychologists do. They are due
to the active agency of the Supreme Mind which links sensations
together in ways of His own, so that there exists, not a chaos of
varying, changing phenomena, but an orderly intelligible system of
sense things, co-existing and successive, significant of each other,
and all together making the interpretable language of Him whose
designs they embody, and by whose constant activity they are all
maintained. 'And thus,' as Professor Fraser has beautifully expressed
it:—
'The only conceivable and practical, and for us the only possible, substantiality in the
material world is—permanence of co-existence or aggregation among sensations; and the
only conceivable and practical, and for us the only possible, causality among phenomena is
—permanence or invariableness among their successions.
These two are almost (but not quite) one. The actual or conscious co-existence of all the
sensations which constitute a particular tree, or a particular mountain, cannot be
simultaneously realized. A few co-existing visible signs, for instance, lead us to expect that
the many other sensations of which the tree is the virtual co-constituent would gradually be
perceived by us, if the conditions for our having actual sensations of all the other qualities
were fulfilled. The substantiality and causality of matter thus resolve into a Universal Sense-
symbolism, the interpretation of which is the office of physical science. The material world
is a system of interpretable signs, dependent for its actual existence in sense upon the
sentient mind of the interpreter; but significant of guaranteed pains and pleasures, and the
guaranteed means of avoiding and attaining pains and pleasures: significant too of other
minds, and their thoughts, feelings, and volitions; and significant above all of Supreme
Mind, through whose Activity the signs are sustained, and whose Archetypal Ideas are the
source of those universal or invariable relations of theirs which make them both practically
and scientifically significant or objective. The permanence and efficiency attributed to
Matter is in God—in the constitutive Universals of Supreme Mind: sensations or sense-given
phenomena themselves, and sensible things, so far as they consist of sensations, can be
neither permanent nor efficient; they are in constant flux. This indeed is from the beginning
the tone of Berkeley himself—much deepened in "Siris."'

In Berkeley's earlier philosophy, and even in his later, this grand

conception of an orderly universe permeated and ever upheld by
mind, is by no means fully or consistently worked out, as Professor
Fraser himself acknowledges. The starting-point itself is somewhat
confused. Berkeley starts with sensations. But the universe is not a
universe of sensations, but of sensible things, and although the
formula esse est percipi will at once explain the meaning of a
sensation, it will not, without some argument and explanation,
account for the meaning of a sensible thing. Berkeley did not
sufficiently recognise the difference, and he leaped to a conclusion
which, however right, should have been reasoned out. A whole is
not the aggregate number of its parts, it is the sum of the parts plus
their being placed together. There is a difference between a house
and a heap of stones. Now Berkeley did not seem to see this, at
least in his earlier philosophy. Tangible distance was to him a series
of minima tangibilia, a series of tactual points; visible distance a
series of visible points, and that only. Whereas, distance is really the
sensible points plus their arrangement. The sensible thing is really
the complex of sensations plus their unification. We are not disposed
to believe with Professor Ueberweg[227] that this oversight amounted
to a begging of the whole question, we hold with Professor Fraser
that there is only a little confusion in apprehending the problem
aright, and a rashness in leaping to a conclusion which should rather
have been elaborated and proved. Berkeley thought, as Professor
Fraser says, that 'the consciousness of my own permanence, amid
the changes in my senses, is the only archetype, in my experience,
of proper substance or permanence; and apart from this experience,
permanence or substance is an unintelligible word.' His thought was
not substantially distinct from Dr. Ueberweg's own,—who says[228]
'that individual intuitions gradually arise out of the original blur of
perception, when man first begins to recognise himself an individual
essence in opposition to the external world,' and who elsewhere[229]
makes the notion of self the type of the essence of things. That
unique thing called 'self' or 'I' is the only real permanent unity
known, and is therefore the type of all permanence and unity
elsewhere. The esse or the essence which gives shape and
endurance to fleeting formless sensations is mind—my mind or the
Supreme Mind. It is the percipi, being perceived, or coming under
the formative influence of mind, which gives to a series of sensations
that unity which we can call 'distance,' that shape and unity to the
cluster of sensations which we call 'leaf' that orderly series
arrangement and permanence which we call the system of things.
The action of mind upon sensations, forming and arranging them, is
not discussed by Berkeley. He contents himself with his vague
spiritual intuition, and leaves his readers to work out his meaning. It
does seem clear to us, however, both from his references to the
archetypes of ideas in the 'Principles of Human Knowledge,' and
more especially from his interesting discussions on the native
archetypes of ideas in his letters to Johnson, that he did not
altogether overlook the distinction between mere complexes of
sensations and sensible things; but that he was sensible of this
distinction, and wished to explain that the complex of sensations
was transformed into an orderly stable sensible thing by the unifying
formative mind putting as it were its stamp upon it.[230]
It was undoubtedly a hindrance to the completeness of Berkeley's
thoughts that he had no clear and distinct scheme of ethical
relations before his mind when he was investigating the relations
between mind and phenomena. It is true that, as Professor Fraser
says, 'the moral presumption of our individual free and proper
agency is obscurely involved in Berkeley's philosophy of sense from
the first.' But the ethical relations of the individual human spirit were
nowhere clearly seen, and were not made its leading and peculiar
characteristic. It was reserved for Kant to place the moral relations
of these individuals and their significance in the world of things in
due prominence, and it has been easier for men such as
Schleiermacher and Herman Lotze, who have come after Kant, and
who have maintained a doctrine of the spiritual relations which exist
in and give order, cohesion, and permanence to the universe, not
unlike Berkeley's, to develop the doctrine of these relations so far as
the human spirit goes, and give more thoroughness and
completeness to the scheme. We may conceive Berkeley carefully
working out the double relation of human to divine spirit, and finding
in the sensible universe the veil which hangs between, not merely
the orderly and pregnant language of the Creator Spirit to be
interpreted and made intelligible by the creature spirit, but also the
shadowy reflection of the working of the Creator towards the
creature, and of the striving of the creature towards the Creator.
Each thing, class, order, genus, and race, with all its relations to all
the other parts of the vast order of things, filling the place in the
organism in which the Creator placed it, acting, influencing, and
ruling, according to its function and place in the arrangement of the
whole; just as the individual, or class, or nation fulfils, or ought to
fulfil, the ethical duties which its hands find to do, so that the
universe, in all its spheres of animate and inanimate life, of organic
and inorganic bodies, becomes in its mutual action and reaction, as
Schleiermacher says, a 'fainter ethic.'
Berkeley approaches this in his greatest metaphysical work, the
'Siris.' It is here that the thought of organism or development in
things and in the universe, which comes in occasionally in his earlier
writings, is more fully expressed and even elaborated. The very
name suggests it, the book is a chain of philosophical reflections and
inquiries. Faithful to the method of his younger days, Berkeley takes
a concrete instance of the concatenation of nature. He discourses on
the virtues of tar-water, and thoughts on these lead up to the
highest mysteries of the universe. But when we divest the thoughts
of this particular form, we have such a system of the universe as
Bacon working with Plotinus might have conceived. The centre
source and light of all is the One Supreme Spirit—the personal
omnipresent God in whom we and all things live and more and have
our being. The universe is his reflection, it represents his thoughts, it
is the revelation of his mind and will, it is his language. But the old
puzzling word 'arbitrary' has disappeared, and this language of
nature is seen to depend upon great laws and to be capable of
interpretation because so dependent. The esse of sensation and of
the sense-world generally, is still percipi, but the ambiguity lying in
the word is carefully distinguished. On the one hand all things are
dependent on the creative and upholding influence of the Supreme
Spirit. He it is that, making all things after their kinds, sends forth
and sustains the archetypes of things. On the other hand, the
fleeting sense-world is framed and shaped by the individual mind
into the universe of things, in accordance with the divine ideas or
archetypes which lie hidden in it. There is a double meaning in the
phrase, esse is percipi. It means both that these ideas are
dependent for the possibility of existence on the divine thoughts, or
archetypes whose sensible shadows they are, and also that all
sensible things are dependent for their particular formation and
position on the formative powers of the human mind, which works in
each man by general laws of human intelligence, in accordance with
and for the discovery of the divine ideas lying immanent in things.
And thus human knowledge is a reproduction, or discovery and
representation of the thoughts which the divine creative thinking has
built into things;[231] human science is a presaging or reading of the
letters and words of nature which manifest its order and harmony, in
the faith and expectancy that this same order and harmony now
prevailing, because it depends on the divine ideas of the Creator, is
fixed and enduring;[232] and the 'proper name of this world is Spirit—
free immortal Spirit—Spirit in communication with Spirit—Spirit in
dependence on and in reconciliation, through Christ, with the one
absolute Spirit—God.'[233]

Art. IX.—The Future of Europe.

(1) Der Deutschen Volkszahl und Sprachgebiet in den Europaischen
staaten eine statistische untersuchung von Richard Böekh.
Berlin: J. Guttenay. 1871.
(2.) France, Alsace and Lorraine. London: Trübner & Co. 1870.
(3.) The French Case Truly Stated. By Augustus Granville Stapleton.
London: E. Stanford. 1871.
(4.) La France et la Prusse, pendant l'invasion de 1870. Par Erard de
Choiseul Gouffier. 2me Edition. Luxembourg: Pierre Bruck.
1870.

(5.) La France devant l'Europe. By Jules Michelet. 2me Edition. Ferrier:

Hachette and Cie. 1871.
(6.) Elsass und Lothringen nachweise wie diese provenzen dem
deutschen Reiche verloren gingen. Von Adolf Schmidt. Dritte
 auf. Leipzic: Vert and Co. 1870.
(7.) Prussian Aggrandizement and English Policy. London: Ridgway.
1870.
(8.) Krieg und Friede. Von D. F. Strauss. Leipzic: S. Herzel. 1870.
(9.) The Interests of Europe in the Conditions of Peace. London:
Stanford. 1870.
(10.) Recueil des Documents sur les Exactions, vols et cruautés des
armées Prussiennes en France. Bordeaux: Feret et fils. 1871.
(11.) La République neutre d'Alsace. Par le Comte A. de Gasparin.
Genève et Bäle. 1871.
(12.) Who is responsible for the War? By Scrutator. London:
Rivingtons. 1871.
(13.) Europe of the near Future. By Emeritus Professor Francis W.
Newman. Trübner and Co. 1871.
(14.) Diary of the French Campaign of 1870; with the Decrees,
Telegrams, and Proclamations of his Majesty the King of
Prussia. London: Trübner and Co. 1871.

There are two antagonistic theories which profess to summarise

history. Vico attempted, in the last century, to prove that the course
of human events had, like the planets, an orbit of their own, into
which they returned after a certain number of years. In fact,
according to this philosopher, the tendency of history was to repeat
itself, much like a compound circulating decimal. But the rapid
development of physical science has, of late years, thrown this
theory very much into the shade, by confronting it with the more
glittering notion of human perfectibility. Mankind, instead of gyrating
in an ellipse, move along a line of infinite progression. Scientific men
fondly imagined that the march of intellect was destined to impel
society, through stages of uninterrupted progress, to a fanciful
millennium. Knowledge was to be the spiritual means of redeeming
the nations. When mankind came to understand their relations to
the surrounding universe, Astrea would again visit the earth, and the
golden age return. There were not wanting many minor postulates
which seemed to support this splendid vision. All the wars of
Europeans found their root in dynastic interests, and would vanish,
when the wishes of the million became the main-spring of politics.
The knell of standing armies was rung by a citizen soldiery; and with
standing armies vanished all fear of territorial aggrandisement.
Economic inventions and the wide ramifications of industrial interests
were fast binding mankind in a network of harmony and peace.
Under war waged for the spell of these illusions, philosophers and
statesmen had looked back upon the past as the wilderness of
humanity, and, from the heights of Pisgah, sighted the promised
land. Even Gioberti, priest though he was, did not shrink from
avowing in his primato, that if the Jews looked forward to the
Messiah as yet to come, in the light of the golden age, he was as
staunch in that belief as the stoutest Israelite among them. The
rationalist divines have vied with the poets of our own age in
announcing the approach of the dawn of an era of universal peace
and happiness. In the midst of these delightful anticipations a speck
appears upon a sunny sky, no bigger than a man's hand. But it
suddenly swells to gigantic dimensions and sheds disastrous twilight
over the fairest regions of the earth. Without any rational pretext
whatever, two of the most enlightened nations of Europe rush with
murderous weapons at each other's throats. They close with deadly
gripe; inflict upon each other mortal blows, until one sinks through
sheer exhaustion. The collapsed state is then let blood. Heavy gyves
are placed upon it, from which there is little chance of escape for
many years to come, and then only by combination with some other
power. Between two races who were, a little time ago, beginning to
forget their old animosity in acts of amity and goodwill, the flames of
hate are anew enkindled with a vehemence destined to last through
all time. Now these phenomena may, doubtless, be explained by the
usual philosophic method of assigning very simple causes to very
complicated effects.
As to which power is humanly responsible for these multiplied
disasters, is discussed at large in the pamphlets before us.[234] The
question is not simply historical, but bears directly upon the
reasonableness of the terms of peace which have been imposed. If
Prussia is as blameless in the transactions which led to the outbreak,
as Bismark would make out, it is obvious he had some reason for his
recent severity. But this, we think, can in no way be sustained. We
do not share the bias of the authors who have written on this
subject. It is our opinion, having heard, with the impartiality of a nisi
prius judge, all that can be said upon the subject, that both parties
have been lamentably in the wrong; that the diplomatic relations
between France and Prussia for the last six years have been
conducted upon principles more worthy of thieves than honest
politicians; that each has been attempting to overreach the other;
that Napoleon began these subterranean intrigues with a view to
secure all the prizes of war without fighting for them, and that
Bismark so manipulated events as to cause the Emperor to fight
after all, and left him nothing but defeat for his pains. Each knew
that the mining operations in which both were engaged, had gone
so far, that they must explode somewhere, and each endeavoured to
direct the train from his own territory to that of his neighbour. It is
beyond question that Bismark, if he did not plan the Hohenzollern
intrigue with his eyes open to all the consequences, knew of its
existence when his Government denied all knowledge of it. It is also
clear that Baron Von Theile, in a conference with Benedetti,
repudiated, on the part of his Government, the very suggestion,
after Bismark and the King had expressed their approval of the
candidature.[235] From the declarations of the French ambassador on
this occasion, Bismark must have known the irritating effect the
avowal of the scheme must produce on the French Government. He
also refused to advise the King simply to withdraw his consent from
Leopold's acceptance of the Spanish crown, when pressed to do so
by the British Government,[236] though that step would have
probably induced France to give up the quarrel. When the Prince
withdrew his claims to the Spanish throne at the instance of his
father, Prussia sullenly refused to renounce her sanction to those
claims, and thus bore a very conspicuous part in drawing upon
Europe the consequences which followed. Then, there is a great deal
of mystery about the telegram from Ems conveying the falsehood
that the King, in a crowded watering-place, turned upon his heel
when accosted by, and refused to speak with, the French
ambassador. Now, it is expressly admitted by Bismark, that he sent
copies of that telegram to all the German representatives abroad;
and either himself or his subordinates must have caused its insertion
in the official Berlin gazette, by which the war excitement in both
countries was roused to fever height.[237] We all know it was that
telegram which impelled the French Government to launch their
declaration of war. It is also upon record that France, in the course
of February, made, through Lord Clarendon, two overtures to Berlin
for mutual disarmament, offering to reduce her various contingents
to the extent of 90,000 men, which was, in fact, one-eighth of her
army; but that Bismark, having churlishly refused to listen to the first
proposal, did so far entertain the second as to forward it to the King,
who, under the counsels of his astute chancellor, declined the
proposition on the ground that the military organization of Prussia
was the vital principle of her constitution, and that she was least of
all inclined to modify it, in front of an aggressive Russia, and with
the probability of an alliance between Austria and the South German
States[238]—two pretexts, the hollowness of which, recent events
sufficiently demonstrate. Now, though the conduct of France is
utterly indefensible in provoking the conflict after the Hohenzollern
grievance had been substantively withdrawn, we cannot acquit
Prussia of irritating her adversary, and of provoking, in a great
degree, the blow she seemed anxious to repel. In point of fact, both
parties had their respective interests in the struggle; both desired to
fight; both, like two pugilists, had been in training for the encounter
during the last five years, and both were determined that so
opportune an occasion should not be lost for bringing it on.
The indulgence of military vanity, and the desire to dominate
Europe, are faults which may be ascribed to France in a larger
degree than to Prussia. But Germany, after having disarmed her
antagonist, has indulged these propensities with a mercenary spirit,
and with the manifest intention of wiping France out of the list of the
great powers. The frankness with which this is avowed is admirable
in its simplicity. France must be hindered from being dangerous in
the future. She must, therefore, be reduced to such a position as to
render her alike both impotent and defenceless. She must be
degraded from her state in the family of nations. She is, therefore,
stripped of her armaments: her artillery, her muskets, her swords,
her ammunition, her military stores, in fact, nearly all her
implements and panoply of war, are carted off to Berlin. That she
may not be in an immediate position to supply their place, she is
loaded with a pecuniary indemnity which must exhaust the energies
of another generation. The frontiers of the country are thrown back
to the state in which they were in the middle of the sixteenth
century. The strong chain of fortresses which France has erected or
fortified during the last three hundred years, with two or three minor
exceptions, have been wrenched from her by her enemy. Strasburg,
Bitsche, Phalsburg, Thionville, and Metz, protecting that flank of
France which is most exposed to attack, are now only so many
reservoirs, ready, at a moment's notice, to open the rivers of
invasion and deluge the country. Metz, which is only some 160 miles
from Paris, is a naked rapier laid across the defenceless throat of
France. With her greatest buckler of defence in the hands of Prussia,
anything like independent action on the part of France is manifestly
impossible. While Metz is in the hands of Prussia, she must remain
as politically weak as Piedmont, with Austria in the Quadrilateral.
With a bankrupt exchequer, with a pillaged population, with a
disorganized government, with a defenceless frontier, with a
mutilated territory, with civil feud in her capitals, with all her
strongholds in the hands of the enemy, with an imposition of
£200,000,000 sterling as a war indemnity, France is not likely to
recover her physical strength in our day; and when vigour returns to
her shattered frame, it will be only to feel she has lost her place in
the councils of Europe.
There are, of course, many excellent reasons assigned for this sort
of beneficence, which need only be stated to win common assent.
Metz and Alsace belonged to the house of Hapsburg in the
fourteenth century. They ought, therefore, to belong to the house of
Hohenzollern in the nineteenth,—a convincing argument, which no
country so consistently as Prussia could urge with elaborate effect. If
every nation which has been disintegrated during the last two
hundred years, should get back its own to-morrow, we all know how
much Prussia would be a gainer by the transfer. But the inhabitants
of Alsace speak a patois of German and French, which contains
something of both, and is not either. They are, therefore, clearly
entitled to be governed from Berlin. This principle is beautifully
illustrated by the Sclave-speaking population of Silesia, the Polish
community of Posen, and the Danes of Schleswig. What more in
keeping with this piebald collection of people, in the name of
nationality, than the French people at Metz? Then, were not Alsace
and Lorraine taken by force and guile from Germany? and what
more proper to retake them by the same openhanded violence? But
it is forgotten that these provinces were first wrenched from France
by Germany, so that to restore the original balance, France will have
to scramble for them again. By this flux and reflux of empire, at
least, one principle is fully assured. Nations are prevented from
becoming stagnant. The standing pool of industrial affairs is
defecated. War becomes, not an exceptional, but the normal
condition of the universe. Civilization has the consolation of knowing
that it has no sooner got on its legs, and is about to gather into its
granaries an exuberant harvest, than it is knocked over again and its
fruits are withered.
It is singular that German ideologists, whose views are so sound
upon abstract subjects, should put forth such inconsistent trash, to
justify their newly-adopted policy of territorial aggrandizement.
There are, however, a large number of sentimentalists in the world,
who have a strange hankering for the past, whose sympathies it was
necessary to secure. The German archives have, therefore, been
ransacked for every tittle of evidence to prove that Metz was a
German province in the fourteenth century; and, therefore, if any
Frenchmen are found there in the nineteenth, they ought to be
under Prussian rule. But to do Bismark justice, he has a great
contempt for trashy dialectics of this character. He takes his stand
upon the firmer ground of political expediency. France has invaded
Germany some twenty-seven times, stimulated entirely by her lust
for the Rhine provinces. It is, therefore, necessary to reduce her to
such conditions that she is not likely to offend again. In the case of
the German ideologists, we grant the premise, but deny the
inference. They are doubtless sincere in their unreason. But
Bismark's premiss and conclusion are alike vicious, and no one
knows that better than himself.
The earlier wars of France against the Empire arose out of the
struggle for these border possessions when the posterity of Lothaire
II., to whom they belonged, had died out; but in these wars, France,
then being parcelled out among numerous vassals, had the worst of
it. A series of German irruptions, under Henry the Fowler, and the
Othos, united these domains to the Empire. They were, however,
held more or less as fiefs of the crown of France. The French
element within, and French intrigue without, always gave the
German emperors great uneasiness; and this, combined with further
schemes of obtaining fresh fiefs in Burgundy and Flanders, exposed
France to two German invasions—one under Henry V., and the other
under Otho IV., which made Louis the Fat and Philip Augustus
tremble for their suzerainty. But the Germans soon found in Italy a
richer field for their exploits, and France was left to constitute her
unity without much hindrance, until the empire fell into Spanish
hands. Afraid, then, of being bodily eaten up, her monarchs became
aggressive; but their blows were aimed, not against Germany, but
against Spain, unluckily without any great effect; for, the towns of
France were some half dozen times invaded by the Emperor and his
allies, her king captured, and her fortresses demolished. Our share
in these plundering transactions helped us to Tournay and Boulogne.
In the next series of wars, which arose out of the religious and
political dissensions of the empire, if France intermeddled, she was
invited to do so by the Protestant princes of Germany, with whom
she was allied, and whose interests were menaced by the house of
Austria. As the price of her intervention, she got a portion of the
disputed frontier; but we never heard that Germany otherwise than
freely conceded the long-coveted prize to her, or regarded this
portion of the Treaty of Munster as a menace to her liberties. It was
not until Louis Quatorze seized Franche Comté, and sent his legions
over the Rhine, that Germany manifested any uneasiness at the
ambition of France—an uneasiness which the league of Augsburg
immediately dispelled, and an ambition which the armies of Eugene
and Marlborough levelled to the ground. Hence, Lorraine soon
afterwards fell as quietly into the hands of France, as if its exchange
for the reversion of Tuscany had been an arrangement of
Providence. We are rather curious, therefore, to know how Count
Bismark gets his twenty-seven instances of French aggression
against Germany, and whether he includes in the list the troops
which France lent to Prussia to enable her to retain her hold upon
Silesia, and the counter-support she gave Maria Theresa to enable
the empress to defeat Prussia. It is evident no parties are
responsible for such interventions except those who invite them; and
to ascribe to the ambition of the people of France, wars which arose
out of the rapacity of his own countrymen, is a phase given to the
quarrel which outrages common sense. Even were all the wars
carried on under the Louises, the Richelieus, and the feudal princes
of France, as wantonly aggressive as Bismark would make out, the
French people are no more responsible for them, than the horses
which dragged their artillery to the field. They were waged
frequently in their own despite, purely for dynastic interests, and as
often undertaken to repel aggression, as to make it. Even when the
people woke up to their sovereign rights, in 1789, from whom did
the first deliberate act of aggression come? From mild and peace-
loving Prussia. Scarcely five years ago, we saw both the Saxon and
Bavarian palatinate entirely at the mercy of the first French regiment
that might have ventured to cross the border, without a hand being
stretched forth to snatch the defenceless prize. It is therefore false,
in fact, to assign to the French such an incurable lust after German
territory, as to warrant the necessity of her political servitude. The
French have no specific hatred to the Germans as a people, any
more than they have to the Italians, whose territory they have
honoured no less frequently with their presence. The allegation of
Bismark is not, therefore, very assuring. He revives the memory of
these miserable feuds, as a reason why they should be stopped; and
produces a treaty, for that purpose, which only transmits them to
posterity, wrapped in a blaze of undying vehemence. It is monstrous
for the conquerors of a country to assign, as a pretext for its
abasement, the participation of its rulers in those quarrels which
originated with themselves. The great shield of Germany against
French interference is its unity. Had she further insisted upon the
fortresses in Alsace and Lorraine being dismantled, with an adequate
pecuniary indemnity, she would then have been doubly secure. But
when, in addition, she requires the keys of France to be placed in
her hands, and the country, bound hand and foot, to be cast under
her feet, it is idle to say that Prussia is aiming at mere immunity
from aggression. There is a weightier reason behind for the
mutilation of France, which it would be inconvenient to avow, and
that is the preservation, if not the increase, of her own military
ascendancy.
Prussia in making peace consulted her own interests. Had her troops
returned to Berlin after concluding with France a wise and durable
treaty, that would have occurred which occurred after the peace of
1815—Germany would have demanded free and liberal institutions.
There would have been no necessity for Prussian Cæsarism. Berlin
would have had to modify her military constitution. There would
have been no necessity for vast armaments. The world would have
once more settled down to pacific ways. But in leaving behind her an
exasperated France, Prussia has the strongest of all motives for
inducing Germany to perpetuate her military dictatorship, and keep
the war ferment at high pressure. But it is impossible that the most
pacific country can remain long under the influence of such a
military organization as Prussia commands, without using it as an
instrument for further aggrandizement. Were it indeed otherwise, a
marvel would occur, the like of which would be unknown in history.
Who ever heard of a power suddenly overtopping Europe, and, amid
a handful of weaker states, stopping short in her career of
aggression? Those who believe in the pacific virtues of Bismark, and
the pious sincerity of William, ask us to indulge in anticipations
which have never been realised. Did Rome stop when it overran the
Peninsula, Macedon when it fulminated over Greece, the Caliphs
when they stormed Constantinople, or the Hapsburgs when they
conquered Vienna? There is a momentum in all states, once entered
upon a career of conquest, which hurries them along with a speed
proportionate to the extent of their acquisitions. The law of rising
kingdoms may be formulated almost with the same nicety as that of
falling bodies. Nor are there any circumstances in this instance
calculated to modify its tendency, except such as give it vastly
preponderating force and direction.
It must not be overlooked in this case, that the states under the
hegemony of Prussia are amongst the poorest in Europe. Some
three hundred thousand annually are driven, by fell necessity, to
seek that provision in foreign lands which is denied them at home.
The little wealth possessed by the home population is not in the
possession of their princes and feudal aristocracy, but in the hands
of the mercantile class, to whom war would not be in the least
distasteful, if it opened out new avenues for their trade. The poverty
of the German Junker, however, has been up to the present only
equalled by his pretentiousness. Sheridan advised the last
generation of them, to sell their high-sounding titles, to buy worsted
to mend their stockings. Yet some of our statesmen would have us
believe that these gentlemen, long suffering under a painful sense of
impecuniosity, will, on waking up to the reality of their being masters
of the world, continue to go about, as heretofore, with empty
pockets. Can we suppose that a strong state, steeped up to the ears
in poverty, will continue quiescent, surrounded by weak states who
oppose no barriers to her possession of superabundant wealth? The
inference is against everything we know of human nature, even
upon the supposition that Prussia, to whom the people have