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Control and coordination class 10

Neurons are the fundamental units of the nervous system, consisting of dendrites, a cell body, and an axon, which transmit information throughout the body. There are three types of neurons: sensory neurons, motor neurons, and interneurons, each serving distinct functions in processing and relaying signals. The brain, divided into various parts including the cerebrum, cerebellum, and brainstem, coordinates bodily functions and responses, including reflex actions that occur automatically without brain processing.

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Babli kanwar
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5 views

Control and coordination class 10

Neurons are the fundamental units of the nervous system, consisting of dendrites, a cell body, and an axon, which transmit information throughout the body. There are three types of neurons: sensory neurons, motor neurons, and interneurons, each serving distinct functions in processing and relaying signals. The brain, divided into various parts including the cerebrum, cerebellum, and brainstem, coordinates bodily functions and responses, including reflex actions that occur automatically without brain processing.

Uploaded by

Babli kanwar
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Control and coordination

Neuron Definition

“Neurons are the fundamental unit of the nervous system


specialized to transmit information to different parts of the
body.”

Neuron Structure

A neuron varies in shape and size depending on its function and


location. All neurons have three different parts – dendrites, cell
body and axon.

Parts of Neuron

Following are the different parts of a neuron:

Dendrites

These are branch-like structures that receive messages from


other neurons and allow the transmission of messages to the
cell body.

Cell Body

Each neuron has a cell body with a nucleus, Golgi body,


endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria and other components.
Axon

Axon is a tube-like structure that carries electrical impulse from


the cell body to the axon terminals that pass the impulse to
another neuron.

Synapse

It is the chemical junction between the terminal of one neuron


and the dendrites of another neuron.

Difference between walking and a reflex action ?


Neuron Types

There are three different types of neurons:

Sensory Neurons

The sensory neurons convert signals from the external


environment into corresponding internal stimuli. The sensory
inputs activate the sensory neurons and carry sensory
information to the brain and spinal cord. They are
pseudounipolar in structure.

Motor Neurons

These are multipolar and are located in the central nervous


system extending their axons outside the central nervous
system. This is the most common type of neuron and transmits
information from the brain to the muscles of the body.

Interneurons

They are multipolar in structure. Their axons connect only to the


nearby sensory and motor neurons. They help in passing signals
between two neurons

Myelinated Neuron
Unmyelinated Neuron
What is the scheme of travelling of nerve
impulse in the body?

Information is received by dendrite tip of nerve cell. Sets off a


chemical reaction and creates a electrical impulse. Electrical
impulse will travel to neuron cell body . From cell body to ends of
axon through axon. Electrical impulse cause release of
chemicals by ends of axon.

When the electric impulse reaches the end of an axon, the axon
releases chemicals called neurotransmitters.

Neurotransmitters travel across the synapse between the axon


and the dendrite of the next neuron.

Neurotransmitters bind to the chemoreceptors of the membrane


of the dendrite.

The binding allows the nerve impulse to travel through the


receiving neuron in the form of electric impulse.

Finally pass impulse from neurons to the effector organ which


can be muscle or organs.

The brain is made up of several parts, each with its own function,
including:

Human brain
Cerebrum

The largest part of the brain, the cerebrum controls many


functions, including motor and sensory information, memory,
emotions, and intelligence. The cerebrum is divided into left and
right hemispheres, which communicate with each other through
the corpus callosum. Each hemisphere is further divided into
lobes, including the frontal, parietal, occipital, and temporal
lobes.

Cerebellum

The cerebellum controls voluntary movement coordination and


receives sensory information to help fine-tune motor activity.

Pons varolii

The brainstem connects the cerebrum and cerebellum to the


spinal cord.

Medulla oblongata

Located at the bottom of the brainstem, just below the pons


varolii. It regulates:

Blood pressure

Heartbeat

Breathing
Swallowing

Frontal lobe

Responsible for personality, emotions, problem solving,


attention, memory, and language.

Temporal lobe

Helps process hearing and other senses, and helps with


language and reading.

Parietal lobe

Involved with senses, attention, and language.

Occipital lobe

Helps with visual processing and interpretation, including


recognition of shapes and colors.

Hypothalamus( part of Diencephalon)

A small structure that controls functions such as eating, sexual


behavior, and sleeping. It also regulates body temperature,
emotions, and movement.

CEREBRUM

● cerebrum is the largest part of the brain

●cerebrum occupies 80% of the brain

●cerebrum controls all voluntary actions of the body

CEREBELLUM

○cerebellum is the second largest part of the brain

○it occupies 10% of the brain

○it controls our muscle coordination(involuntary action)and


body balance

What is a reflex arc and how does it work?

A reflex arc works by sensing information and relaying it to


effectors. By doing so, the body is able to respond without
messages needing to be first processed by the brain in order to
prevent injury quickly.

What is reflex arc with example?

A reflex arc occurs when the body responds automatically to an


outside stimulation. When someone touches a hot surface, the
body responds utilizing a reflex arc to remove the body from the
high heat.

What are the five components of the reflex arc?

Reflex arcs occur in five steps. Stimulation is received by a


sensory receptor, which passes along its message via a sensory
neuron. Messages carried by sensory neurons are translated in
the integration center, and the subsequent message is carried by
a motor neuron. Finally, this message reaches a muscle or organ
that can respond accordingly.

How does the nervous tissue cause action?

Nervous tissue causes action by transmitting impulses to


muscles, which then respond by contracting and relaxing:

1. Nervous tissue senses stimuli

Nervous tissue senses stimuli from both inside and outside the
body.
2. Impulses are transmitted

Neurons in the nervous tissue transmit impulses to various


organs in the body.

3. Muscles respond

When a nerve impulse reaches a muscle, the muscle fibers move


by changing their shape and becoming shorter.

4. Proteins change shape

Muscle cells have special proteins that change their shape and
arrangement in response to the nervous impulses.

5. Muscles contract and relax

The new arrangement of proteins causes the muscle cells to


shorten, resulting in muscle contraction and relaxation.

The junction between a neuron and a muscle cell is called the


neuromuscular junction.

How are brain and spinal cord protected?

The brain is protected by a bony box, and the spinal cord is


protected by the vertebral column, or backbone.

What is the difference between walking and a reflex action?

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