BOOK OF ABSTRACTS

Editors:
Babatunde J. OLAWUYI
Olatunji J. OLADIRAN
John. O. OLUWAFEMI

i
 DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
COVENANT UNIVERSITY, OTA, NIGERIA
&
DEPARTMENT OF BUILDING TECHNOLOGY
COLLEGE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
COVENANT UNIVERSITY, OTA, NIGERIA

Present

BOOK OF ABSTRACTS
for

3RD INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON SUSTAINABLE INFRASTRUCTURAL

DEVELOPMENT (ICSID) 2024 - HYBRID

Theme:
ENERGY EFFICIENCY AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT IN THE BUILT
ENVIRONMENT

SEPTEMBER 2-4, 2024

i
 CHIEF HOST
Prof. Abiodun H. Adebayo
Vice-Chancellor,
Covenant University, Ota, Ogun State, Nigeria

HOST
Prof. Olatokunbo M. Ofuyatan
HOD, Civil Engineering Department
College of Engineering, Covenant University, Ota, Ogun State, Nigeria

CO-HOST
Dr. Ignatius O. Omuh
HOD, Building Technology Department
College of Science and Technology, Covenant University, Ota, Ogun State, Nigeria

TECHNICAL SESSIONS CHAIRS

SESSION VENUE Chairs
A: Sustainable Infrastructure, Project CST Conference Day 1- Dr. L. Amusan
Management, and Computational Modelling Room Day 2- Dr. Aduwo
B: Sustainable Water Resources and C/Engineering HOD Day 1 – Dr. O. Olofinnade
Environmental Management Conference Room Day 2 – Engr. M. Onakunle
C: Sustainable Housing and Construction CST Computer Day 1- Prof. O.I. Fagbenle
Management Science Lab Day 2 – Dr. B. Adewale
D: Sustainable Construction Materials and C/Engineering Day 1- Dr. S. Oyebisi
Structures Seminar Room Day 2 – Dr. B.J. Olawuyi
E: Construction Education and Policies CST - Building Day 1 – Dr. O.J. Oladiran
Issues Seminar Room Day 2 – Dr. I.O. Omuh
F: Infrastructure: Chemical, Energy, C/Engineering Day 1 – Dr. Funmi Joseph
Geotechnics and Transportation Computer Room Day 2 – Dr. Dirisu
G: Facilities, Maintenance, and Property CST – Building Day 1 - Prof. C.O. Iroham
Management Computer Room Day 2 – Prof. C.O.Ayedun

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 LOCAL ORGANISING COMMITTEE
Prof. Olatokunbo M. Ofuyatan Conference Chair Department of Civil Engineering.
School of Engineering
Dr. Ignatius O. Omuh Conference Co-Chair Department of Building
Technology, School of Science
&Technology
Dr. Rapheal A. Ojelabi Secretary (LOC) Department of Building
Technology, School of Science
&Technology
Dr. Babatunde J. Olawuyi Technical Chair Department of Building
Technology, School of Science
&Technology
Dr. Olatunji J. Oladiran Chair, Budget and Finance Department of Building
& Co-Chair, Technical Technology, School of Science
&Technology
Dr. John O. Oluwafemi Technical Secretary Department of Civil Engineering.
School of Engineering
Dr. Olurotimi M. Olofinnade Logistics & Events Department of Civil Engineering.
School of Engineering
Engr. Reuben O. Sani Financial Secretary Department of Civil Engineering.
School of Engineering
Mrs. Kofoworola T. Fagbola Welfare Department of Civil Engineering.
School of Engineering
Engr. Lazarus D. Justin Accommodation Department of Civil Engineering.
School of Engineering,

iii
 WELCOME SPEECH DELIVERED BY THE CONFERENCE CHAIRPERSON, PROFESSOR
OLATOKUNBO OFUYATAN, AT THE 3RD INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON
SUSTAINABLE INFRASTRUCTURAL DEVELOPMENT (ICSID).
It is with great excitement that I warmly welcome all delegates and participants (both physically present
and those joining us virtually) from different locations around the globe. I am delighted to see many talented
and dedicated scholars ready to share ideas, learn from each other, and drive progress in the quest for
sustainable development goals.
The theme for this conference, “Energy Efficiency and Sustainable Development in the Built Environment,”
is apt locally and speaks to the contemporary global debate. At a time when many countries around the
world struggle for energy balance and the survival of businesses, including institutions, are threatened by
the rising cost of energy, you will all agree with me that the world needs this conversation now more than
ever.
I express my profound gratitude to our speakers, sponsors, and the local organizing committee for their
hard work and commitment to making this day a reality. Your contributions are invaluable, and I am
sincerely grateful for your support.
As we engage in scholarly conversations over the next three days, I would encourage all our participants to
seize the opportunity to connect with leading experts, network with peers, and gain insights into the latest
developments in the Built Environment.
Our conference theme reflects the Built Environment's dynamic and rapidly evolving nature. We have
curated a program to challenge your thinking, inspire new ideas, and equip you with practical tools to tackle
the challenges ahead.
Thank you once again for joining us. Let us get started and make this conference an unforgettable
experience!
I wish us all a happy conference!
Thank you, and God bless!

Professor Olatokunbo Ofuyatan

iv
Prof. Van Zijl Gideon's speech was titled “3D Print Concrete Sustainability”; Prof. James O.B.
Rotimi spoke on “Enhancing Sustainable Development in Nigeria through Sustainable Building
Products, Processes, and Technologies”, while Prof. (Mrs.) Abimbola Windapo’s speech focused
on “Transforming the Construction Landscape: Gaps and Sustainable Solutions”.

The slides of the speech are available online at the Conference website
https://icsidconference.covenantuniversity.edu.ng.

v
 Table of Contents
Article No Title Author(s) Page
P001 Inclusive Architecture Strategies for Urban Spaces: A B.A. Adewale & A.N. Odewumi 1
Systematic Review
P002 Application of Biomimicry Architecture Principles for O.N.E. Ekhaese & A.M. 2
Energy Efficiency in Library Buildings: A Systematic Adamolekun
Review
P003 Exploring Energy Efficiency Strategies in High-Rise O.F Jegede & O.G Amaowoh 3
Buildings in Lagos, Nigeria
P005 Exploring the Patterns of Deterioration: A Case Study of O.O. Olubajo, M. Kudu & A. 4
Buildings in a Residential Estate in Nigeria Abass
P006 Unpacking the Bottlenecks of Implementing M. Ikuabe, C. Aigbavboa & M. 5
Computerized Maintenance Management Systems for Liphadzi
Healthcare Facilities in South Africa
P007 A Critical Review of Security Strategies Implemented in O.N.E Ekhaese & E.E. Okonkwo 6
the Design of Bus Terminals
P008 Evaluation of Users' Satisfaction with Passive Design A.B. Sholanke & Z.A. Ganya 7
Strategies of Selected Beverage Factories in Nigeria
P010 Exploratory Study on Cocoa Pod Husk Ash as a Pozzolan C. Uzoma, B.J. Olawuyi, O.O. 8
in Mortar Application for Sustainable Construction Joshua & I. Omuh
P011 An Assessment of Sustainable Circulation Strategies in O.D. Babalola & F.I. Oyedemi 9
Selected Train Stations of Southwest Nigeria
P012 Investigating Nigeria’s Indigenous Small and Medium A. Ebekozien, C. Aigbavboa, 10
Contracting Firms’ Gender Equality: The Role of Fourth W.D. Thwala, M.S. Samsurijan,
Industrial Revolution Technologies J.I. Eremiokhale, A.N.C. Nwaole,
S.A. Adekunle & O. Akinradewo
P013 Design Errors and Incomplete Drawings in Building A. Ebekozien, C. Aigbavboa, 11
Project Delivery: Threat to Achieving Sustainable W.D. Thwala, M.S. Samsurijan,
Development Goal 11 J.I. Eremiokhale, A.N.C. Nwaole,
S.A. Adekunle, & O. Akinradewo
P016 Sustainable Construction Management: A Decade A.O. Ogunde & F.A. Bolade- 12
Bibliometric Analysis of Publications, 2013 - 2023 Oladepo
P017 Data-Driven Decision-Making for a Productive S. Adekunle, B. Ogunbayo, A. 13
Construction Industry 4.0 Ebekozien, O. Akinradewo, S.
Akinshipe, M. Ikuabe & C.
Aigbavboa
P018 Practical Strategies to Improve the Mental Health of S.A. Adekunle, P.K. Mogane, A. 14
Construction Industry Professionals Ebekozien, P. Adekunle & C.
Aigbavboa
P021 Influence of Architectural Education on Sustainable A.B. Sholanke & C.I. Nwangwu 15
Design Thinking: A Review of Energy-Efficiency
Concepts
P022 An Appraisal on the Adoption of Fire Safety Management B.A Adewale & E.J. Akin-Ajayi 16
Measures in the Design of a 5-Star Hotel in Lagos State

vi
P023 Performance Analysis of ANN-PID and PSO-PID A.S. Alayande, E.O. Ojo, I.K. 17
Controllers for Optimal Load Frequency Control in a 2- Okakwu & F. Olobaniyi
Area Power Network
P026 The Relationship Between Streets and Human Responses E. Opaluwa, O.S. Okedele, O.T. 18
in Planned Settlements of Lagos Metropolis, Nigeria Adejumo, A.A. Oluwatayo, O.J.
Obaleyeo & I.P.O. Obi
P027 Determination of Health and Safety Costs Items in J.E. Mamman, R.O. Umesi & 19
Building Construction Projects for Sustainable A.A. Oke
Infrastructural Development
P028 Thermal Performance of Stone-coated Roofs with J.B. Taiwo & B.I.O. Dahunsi 20
Common Ceilings in Ibadan, Nigeria: A Case Study of
Tropical Buildings
P029 Adoption of Acoustic Design Strategies in Convention A.A. Oluwatayo & N.S. Adele 21
Centres, in Lagos Nigeria
P031 Effect of Polypropylene Rope Fiber on Engineering Y.O. Babatunde, O.A. Oladeji, 22
Properties of Cement-Metakaolin Concrete A.O. Afolaogun, C.T. Folowosele
& A.A. Afolabi
P035 Cloud computing security: threats, threats modelling, O.J. Olaniyi, S.O. Subairu, W.M. 23
practical implications and open issues a systematic review Audu & C. Innocent
P036 Sustainable Transportation Planning and Designing in J. Allison & A.A. Bala 24
Housing: Empowering the Urban Infrastructure of
Emerging Economies
P039 Awareness and Drivers of Green Building Materials P. Tunji-Olayeni & S. David 25
Adoption in the Nigerian Construction Industry
P041 Implementing Climate-Adaptive Housing Strategies: O.E. Iwayemi & S.A. Daramola 26
Addressing Climate Challenges in Ayetoro Coastal
Community
P042 Compressive Strength and Water Absorption of Self- I.O. Omuh, A. Aremu & B.J. 27
Compacting Concrete Incorporating Recycled Aggregates Olawuyi
and Calcined Clay
P043 Equity and Fairness in Machine Learning Algorithms: P.F. Tunji-Olayeni & F.O. 28
Gaps in Construction Research and Implication for the Adejola
Construction Industry
P045 Impact of Jubilee Bridge on Commercial Property Market N.J. Peter, B.O. Adetunji, H.I. 29
in Abule-Egba, Lagos State, Nigeria Okagbue, A.O. Akinola, C.O.
Iroham & A.S. Oni
P046 Post Occupancy Evaluation of Shogunro Lagoshoms O. Ademakinwa, E. Oladigbolu, 30
Public Housing Scheme, Ogba-Lagos State, Nigeria A. Onamade, O. Alagbe, S.
Daramola & O. Ajayi
P047 Barriers Hindering Green Building Materials Adoption in P.F. Tunji-Olayeni & S. David 31
The Nigerian Construction Industry
P048 Energy Efficiency Awareness: Lessons from Staff J. Owolabi, C. Aigbavboa, M. 32
Practices at Residential Building and Offices in a Nigerian Aliy & J. Bakut
University

vii
P049 Application of Biomimicry in Developing Flood-Resilient E.Y. Ekeh, A. Sholanke & K.O 33
Cities in Nigeria: A Systematic Review Dimuna
P051 An Assessment of the Challenges of Smart Buildings J.A. Emmanuel, C.P. Ekweani, B. 34
technologies adoption in Developing Countries; End- Ali-Gombe & A. Sani
users’ Perspectives
P052 The Impact of Noise Control on Patient Well-Being in F.O. Jegede, S.O. Dedeke & M.R. 35
Healthcare Facilities Olulana
P053 Evaluating the Availability of Sustainable Building F.H. Omoniwa & M.O. Babalola 36
Technologies for Nigerian Buildings
P054 Modelling Challenges Hindering Cost-reduction G.A. Akinola, O.I. Fagbenle & 37
Techniques Implementation on Public Tertiary Institution A.O. Ogunde
Projects
P055 Residents’ Perception of Domestic Solid Waste Collection A.O. Onamade, B.J Adewumi, 38
and Its Impact on Liveability in Lagos Metropolis, Nigeria O.A Asaju, A.A. Dipeolu, O.O.
Ademakinwa & O.A. Alagbe
P056 Assessment of Socio-demographic Predators on Housing B.J. Adewumi, O.A. Asaju, A.O. 39
Affordability in Staff Cooperative Estates in Lagos Onamade, M.B.O. Adegbile &
Megacity M.A. Dayomi
P057 Indoor Environmental Quality in MPEBs Residential O.A Asaju, A.O. Onamade, B.J. 40
Building: A Case Study of Olusegun Obasanjo Estate, Adewumi, O. Ejiga, O.A. Alagbe
Ado Ekiti, Nigeria & O. Arayela
P058 Determination of the Level of Awareness and Utilization S.B. Abdulfatah 41
of Social Media among Vocational and Technical
Teachers for Effective Teaching and Learning in F.C.E
(T) Gombe, Nigeria
P059 The Influence of the Adoption of Healing Architectural A.A. Oluwatayo & A.M. 42
Elements on Patient Recovery in Paediatric Hospital in Mabinuori
Nigeria
P060 Potentials of an Artificial Intelligence-Based Dispute O. Olugboyega, C. Alfred, A.F. 43
Resolution System as an Alternative Dispute Resolution Ajao & T.E. Adeniji
Method for Construction Disputes
P061 Students’ Perception of the Quality of Architectural O.A. Fulani, B.A. Adewale, V.O. 44
Design Studio Curriculum: A Case Study of Covenant Ene & Q.A. Ayodele
University, Ota
P062 Assessment of Air Pollution Levels from Building O.O. Ajayi, G. O. Olaoye & T. O. 45
Construction Sites in Lagos Mainland: A Case Study S. Owolabi
P063 Integrating Heritage Preservation in The Curriculum of O.O. Ajayi, O.F, Daramola & 46
Architecture Schools in Lagos State, Nigeria S.O. Adeleke
P064 The Utilization of Bamboo as a Sustainable Material in B. Yousou, M. Gesiye & J. Gana 47
the Development of Eco-Resorts
P065 Exploring Users Perception on State of Application of L. Amusan, C. Aigbavboa, R. 48
Intelligent [IBSS] and Non-Intelligent Building System Ojelabi & J. Owolabi
[NIBS] Components

viii
P066 The Effects of Psycho-social Factors on Construction L. Amusan, C. Aigbavboa, J. 49
Employee Performance Opeyemi, R. Ojelabi, J. Owolabi
& A. Peters
P067 Evaluation of Regenerative Architecture Principles for B.A. Adewale & L.A. Omokanye 50
Sustainable Recreational Centres in Lagos State, Nigeria:
A Case Study
P068 The Improvement of Asphalt Concrete for Road N.E. Udoye, A.O. Inegbenebor, 51
Construction Using Discarded Tyres P.O. Babalola & O.D. Egbo
P069 Development of Aluminium AA7075/Snail Shell and N.E. Udoye, B.G. Numbere & 52
Chitosan Composites O.S.I. Fayomi
P071 Simulated Load-Settlement Analysis of Strip Foundations B.C. Finbarrs-Ezema, P.C. 53
for Lightweight Buildings Chiadighikaobi & A. Mbitiri
P072 Maintenance Generators and Remedial Measures: A Case U.K. Ugah & O.J. Oladiran 54
Study of a Private University Sports Complex in Nigeria
P073 Modification of Asphalt Concrete for Road Maintenance P.O. Babalola, A.O. Inegbenebor, 55
Using Used Waste Tyres N.E. Udoye & O.D. Egbo
P074 Impact of Kenaf Fiber on the Mechanical Characteristics S.A. Agboola, A.K. Musa, M.O, 56
of Rice Husk Ash Blended Portland Cement Foamed Shabi & K.I. Abbas
Concrete
P075 Evaluation of Threats from Particulate Matter Deposit T.E. Oladimeji, I.O. Agbato, M.E. 57
from Ceramic Tiles Industry on Neighbouring Emetere, D.E. Babatunde, J.O.
Environment Dirisu & A. Akinyemi
P077 Synergy of Anaerobic Digestion with IOT to Optimise O.P. Ejigboye, O.O. Elemile, A.J. 58
Biogas Plant Operation Gana, O.S. Olajid & O. Ibitoye
P078 Life Cycle Assessment of the Management of Waste O.E. Odokuma, D.O. Omole, V.E. 59
Smartphones in Lagos State, Nigeria Akpan, S.O. Academe, G.C.
George & A.P. Osilaehuu
P079 The Impact of Land Use Changes on Rental Values in O.O. Ajakaiye, A.O. Akinola, Z.I. 60
Lagos Island Communities between 2002 and 2022 Jubril, O. Omodele, E.O.
Adekunle & V.O. Ene
P080 Bringing the Outdoors in: Rejuvenating Urban Life for V.T. Ogunleye, B. I. Bello & T.A. 61
Elderly Homes with Biophilic Design Afolabi
P081 Removal of Chromium (VI) from Contaminated Synthetic P.D. Ibikunle, D.O. Bala, A.P. 62
Groundwater using Functionalized Carbon Nanomaterials Olawolu & A.A. Adebayo
modified with Zinc and Potassium
P082 Performance Evaluation and Regression Analysis of O.J. Oyebode & B.C. Finbarrs- 63
Selected Pile Foundations in Nigeria: A Review Ezema
P083 Strategies for Overcoming Challenges in Town Planning O.J. Oyebode & B.C. Finbarrs- 64
for Effective Architecture and Civil Engineering Projects Ezema
P084 Critical Investigation of Flood Incidences in a Developing O.J. Oyebode, O.Y. Gafar & O.M. 65
Nation and Provision of Mitigation Measures Ofuyatan
P085 An Assessment of the Spatial Distribution of Emergency O.O. Ajakaiye, A.O. Akinola, W. 66
Services within Agbede Transformer Community, O. Oboh, F.O. Jegede, E.O
Ikorodu, Lagos State Adekunle & O. Omodele

ix
P086 Effect of the Jurisdictional Partitioning of Planning Areas G.O. Adebayo, F.J. Odekunle, 67
on Physical Development in Ogun State, Nigeria H.A. Adewole, A.J. Adedini &
E.O. Onabanjo
P087 Influence of Implementation of Biophilic Design Patterns A.A. Oluwatayo & A.O. Abraham 68
on Users' Well-being in Resort Architecture in Ibadan,
Nigeria
P088 Evaluation of Threats from Particulate Matter Deposit T.E. Oladimeji, I.O. Agbato, M.E. 69
from Ceramic Tiles Industry on Neighbouring Emetere, D.E. Babatunde, J.O.
Environment Dirisu & A. Akinyemi
P089 Performance Evaluation of Bio-Composite Noise O.S. Olajide, O.O. Elemile, O.P. 70
Reducing Materials in a Built Environment: A Systematic Ejigboye, O. Ibitoye & P.D.
Review Ibikunle
P090 Systematic Review of Environmental Construction Dust P.A. Olaomotito, O.A. Bamgbose 71
in The Urban Landscape & A.T. Gambo
P091 A wireless power transfer using the principle of magnetic O.I. Yusuf, M.J. Ezeh, Y.B. 72
resonance Gelwasa & J. OnySemenam
P092 Water Supply and Sanitation Strategies for Effective O.J. Oyebode 73
Decision-Making in the Nigerian Water Sector
P093 Critical Organizational Factors for Adopting Sustainable C.E. Emere, C.O. Aigbavboa & 74
Building Construction in South Africa O.A. Oguntona
P094 Assessing Nigeria`s Financial Development, Energy O.S. Adediran, O.A. Adekoya, 75
Consumption and Economic Growth L.O. Agboola & K.A Olabiyi
P095 Service Quality Gap of Architecture, Engineering, and A.S. Adeyi, O. Olorunlogbon, 76
Construction Education in Tertiary Institutions in Nigeria T.R. Ogunwale & O.O. Oyeyipo
P096 Post-Graduate Student Hostel Defects and Maintenance E.Y. Ekeh & O.J. Oladiran 77
Practices in Nigeria
P097 Factors Influencing the Use of Project Management C.E. Emere, I. Musonda, C.S. 78
Techniques Among Small and Medium Construction Okoro & O.A. Oguntona
Enterprises in South Africa
P098 Defects and Sustainable Maintenance Measures in C.I. Nduka-Kalu & O.J. Oladiran 79
Residential Buildings
P099 Carbon Dioxide Capture from Flue Gases and Its F.B. Elehinafe, E.A. Aondoakaa, 80
Conversion into Valuable Products for Sustainable A.A. Ayoola, G.A. Adeyemi &
Environment A.J. Adesina
P100 Preventive Strategies for Building Projects’ Abandonment O.J. Oladiran, I.I. Salami & J. 81
in Nigeria Oluwafemi
P101 Construction Professionals’ Perception on the Awareness, O.J. Oladiran, O.J. Babatunde & J. 82
Usage and Effectiveness of Epoxy Resin for Concrete Oluwafemi
Repair
P102 Application of Blockchain Technology in Maintenance F.T. Ademuyiwa, T.S. 83
Management Ogedengbe, O.M. Ofuyatan &
S.A. Afolalu
P103 Risk-Based Maintenance (RBM) for Critical F.T. Ademuyiwa, T.S. 84
Infrastructure Ogedengbe, O.M. Ofuyatan &
S.A. Afolalu

x
P104 Beneficial Roles of Metaverse for Achieving Sustainable O.A. Oguntona, O.L. 85
Construction Akinradewo, A. Dotye & C.O.
Aigbavboa
P105 Exploring the Barriers Facing the Adoption of Building E.O. Ayorinde, N. Ngcobo & K. 86
Automation Systems for Energy Efficiency in a Ichabod
Developing Economy
P106 The Benefits of the Implementation of Unmanned Aerial M.T. Maiwashe, E.O. Ayorinde, 87
Vehicles for Construction Projects in South Africa C.O. Aigbavboa & N. Ngcobo
P107 Sustainable Construction: A Bibliometric Trend Analysis A.O. Ogunde & F.A. Bolade- 88
of Publications, 2013 – 2023 Oladepo
P109 Appraisal of the Trend of Anti-Corruption Activities in O.J. Oyebode, A.T. Akinyemi, 89
Selected Civil Engineering Construction Works in Nigeria O.A. Ibitoye, O.M. Ofuyatan, J.O.
Oluwafemi & S.M. Ajibade
P110 An Investigation into Electrical Load and Energy E.C. Ibrahim, R.A Ojelabi, O.A 90
Consumption of Female Students’ Hostels in Covenant Omuh, F.M. Lawal, O. Ayeni &
University P. O. Fakoya
P111 The Role of Project Management in Sustainable Energy S.O. Ongbali, O.N. Olasehinde, 91
Development: A Review E.Y. Salawu & S.A. Afolalu
P112 Gamified 3D Models in Construction Quantification and O. Oyeyipo, R.A. Ojelabi, O. 92
Cost Estimating Education: Barriers to Adoption Ogunrinde, A.S. Adeyi & A.O.
Ogunde
P113 Influence of Termite Mound Dust on The Compressive S. Ademorose, A.E. Fagbuyi, B. 93
Strength of Concrete Ojo & B. Aguda
P114 Assessment of Lean Construction Adoption Level to A.O. Ogunde & F.A. Bolade- 94
TETFund-Sponsored Construction Projects in Tertiary Oladepo
Institutions in Ekiti State, Nigeria
P115 Blended Learning Model Technologies Awareness and R.A. Ojelabi, O. Oyeyipo, O. 95
Barriers to its Uptake for Construction Education in Ogunrinde & L.M. Amusan
Tertiary Institutions in Nigeria
P116 Universal Design Strategies for a Resort Environment A.B. Sholanke & O.O. Jegede 96
Development: A Review of Relevant Parametrics for
Enhancing Social Inclusion
P117 Comparative Compressive Strength Performance of J.A. Ajayi, C.M. Ikumapayi & J. 97
Concrete Containing Agro-Ashes as Cement Replacement Oyedepo
Materials
P118 Influence of Size and Density on Charring Rate of K.S. Aderomose, C.C. Paschal, J. 98
Selected Structural Timbers in Nigeria Wasiu, B.C. Ojo & E.T. Fabunmi
P119 Bush Burning and the Environment: A Mini Review O.A. Odunlami, O.T. Alen, O.O. 99
Olabode, M.A. Fajobi, T.E.
Oladimeji, G.O. Ayeni, & O.G.
Olaniyi
P120 Total Productive Maintenance (TPM) in M.O Udo, T.S. Ogedengbe, O.M. 100
Manufacturing Environments Ofuyatan, S.I Monye, S.A.
Afolalu & S.O. Ongbali

xi
P121 Predictive Maintenance Strategies: Implementation and M.O. Udo, T.S. Ogedengbe, O.M. 101
Optimization Ofuyatan, S.I. Monye & S.A.
Afolalu
P122 Comprehensive Review of Sizing Methodologies for I. Suleiman, E.O. Osaji & B. 102
Optimal Design of Hybrid Renewable Energy Systems Adebanji
P123 Sustainable Construction Using Waste in Nigeria P.C. Chiadighikaobi, O.V. Ighere, 103
N.I. Okorie, Q.A. Ali Qais & A.V.
Kotlyarevskaya
P124 Sustainable Building Maintenance Status Checklist O.O. Ndimako & O.J. Oladiran 104
Development: A Literature Synthesis
P125 Investigating Energy Use and Sustainability Awareness in E.I. Obanor, J.O Dirisu, O.O 105
Indigenous Communities of South-West and South-South Kilanko & S.O Oyedepo
Nigeria
P126 Investigations on the Strength of Lightweight Rubber P.C. Chiadighikaobi, U.M. 106
Tyre Chipping Basalt Fiber Reinforced Concrete with Nweke, Q.A. Ali Qais, B.C.
Plantain Peel Ash Additive Finbarrs-Ezema, N. Asasira &
A.V. Kotlyarevskaya
P127 Investigation of Cracks and its Effect on Residential O. Agboola, O.M. Ofunyatan & I. 107
Buildings: A Case Study Adewola
P128 Intelligent Prediction of Concrete Performance with Fine O.M. Ofuyatan, T. Micheals, J. 108
Aggregate from Selected location in Lagos State Using Oluwafemi & O.J. Oladiran
Fuzzy Logic
P129 Performance Evaluation of Concrete made with Sands T. Micheals, O.M. Ofuyatan and J. 109
from Selected Locations in Lagos State Oluwafemi
P130 Fourth Industrial Revolution and Construction Industry’s O.J. Oladiran, B.C. Coker & O.M. 110
Capacity Enhancement Ofuyatan
P131 Adoption and Drivers of Autoclaved Aerated Concrete D.R. Simeon, O.J. Oladiran & 111
(AAC) Blocks on Building Projects B.C. Coker
P132 Compatibility of the Nigerian Construction Industry’s O.J. Oladiran, B.C. Coker & O.M. 112
Regulations with Disruptive Technology Ofuyatan
P133 Impact of Consultants’ Involvement on Construction O.J. Oladiran, U.O. Njoku & I.C. 113
Projects’ Outcomes Anugwo
P134 Construction Professionals’ Perceptions and Potential O.J. Oladiran, A.A. Dada & O.M. 114
Benefits of Fourth Industrial Revolution in Nigeria Ofuyatan
P135 Stakeholders’ Engagement, Contract Planning Procedures O.J. Oladiran & C.O. Olatunji 115
and Performance of Transmission Company of Nigeria
(TCN) Projects
P136 A Model for Predicting Construction Projects’ Material O. J. Oladiran & A.A. Dada 116
Waste Minimization
P137 Applicability of Disruptive Technologies in the Nigerian O.J. Oladiran, C.O. Olatunji & 117
Construction Sector O.M. Ofuyatan
P138 Assessment of Awareness of Inclusion in Real Estate C.O. Iroham, S. Munyemana & 118
Practices Amongst Real Property Valuers in Kicukiro O.A. Oluwole
District, Rwanda

xii
P139 Hindrances to the Effectiveness of Construction A. Dumako, O. Oguntona & C. 119
Leadership in Developing Economies Aigbavboa
P140 Methods of Intellectual Property Valuation in Nigeria: A.S. Ibisola, C.A. Ayedun & O.C. 120
Preference of Estate Surveyors and Valuers in Southwest, Oloke
Nigeria
P141 Engineering Economics: Index for Manufacturing Asset B.A. Ogunkola, S.O. Ongbali, 121
Maintenance and Replacement Decisions O.O. Nifem, E.Y. Salawu & M.O.
Udo
P142 Environmental Sustainability of Local Building Materials N. Basi, D. Ituwe, A. Windapo, K. 122
Used in Housing Production in the Western Cape, South Alade & C. Omeife
Africa
P143 The Roles of Engineering Economics in Sustainable O.N. Olasehinde, S.O. Ongbali, 123
Capital Investment in Manufacturing Systems: A Review E.Y. Salawu, B.A. Ogunkola,
S.A. Afolalu, & M.O. Udo
P148 Risk Assessment of Work Items for Building Construction J.E. Mamman, R.O. Umesi & 124
Using Risk Matrix and Fine-Kinney Approaches A.A. Oke
P149 Deformation Analyses of Small and Slow-Moving E. E. Eyo 125
Landslides Using Sub-Pixel Image Correlation Technique
P150 The Use of Biopolymers to Enhance the Geotechnical R.O. Sani, I.I. Akinwumi, I.R. 126
Characteristics of a Clay Soil for Road Construction Oku-Asuquo, M.O. Temidayo &
I. Ojuawo
P151 Balancing affordability and environmental sustainability C. Du toit, A. Ramsay, K. Alade 127
in housing developments: evaluating the impact of green & A. Windapo
building practices
P152 Assessing Underlying Factors Hindering Building O.M. Ajayi, A.A. Bilau, A. Aka & 128
Information Modelling (BIM) Adoption in Nigerian M. Dodo
Facilities Management Industry
P153 Development of GGBS Waste-Based Modified Self- J. Oluwafemi, O.M. Ofuyatan, A. 129
Healing Concrete Incorporated with Bentonite Faleke, O.J. Oladiran, T. Samuel
& O. Okorie
P154 Reliability-Optimal Assessment of Air-Cured Ground J. Oluwafemi, O.M. Ofuyatan, A. 130
Granulated Blast Furnace/Cow Bone Ash-Based Adedeji, P. Ossy, F. Dingba & E.
Geopolymer Concrete Chidera

xiii
#ICSID'24P001

Inclusive Architecture Strategies for Urban Spaces: A Systematic

Review
B. A. Adewale1 & A. N. Odewumi2
1
Department of Architecture, Covenant University, Ota, Nigeria &
Visiting Department of Construction Management and Quantity Surveying, University of Johannesburg,
South Africa
1
Department of Architecture, Covenant University, Ota, Nigeria

Corresponding Author: anuoluwa.odewumipgs@stu.cu.edu.ng

ABSTRACT

Recently, there has been a growing focus in urban planning and development, on designing urban
spaces that meet the needs of all individuals. As cities continuously evolve and expand, it is crucial
to address the shortcomings of the urban environment. Guided by three objectives, this paper
conducts a comprehensive review of inclusive architecture strategies for urban spaces,
highlighting these strategies with a view to improving accessibility, eliminating barriers, and
promoting social inclusion. Through a systematic review, fifty-three inclusive architectural
strategies were identified and categorized into eight groups. The findings underscored how
inclusive architecture positively impacts urban spaces by enhancing accessibility, eliminating
barriers to access, promoting social inclusion, and improving user well-being. This study
recommends regulations that mandate inclusiveness in urban spaces and the exploration of
assistive technologies for improved information accessibility. By highlighting the link between
urban planning, design, and inclusivity, this research contributes to academic discussions. It offers
practical implications for educators, architects, and policymakers while advancing inclusive and
sustainable urban development globally.

KEYWORDS: Accessibility, Inclusion, Inclusive Architecture, Sustainable Development Goals,

Urban Planning, Urban Spaces.

1
#ICSID'24P002

Application of Biomimicry Architecture Principles for Energy

Efficiency in Library Buildings: A Systematic Review
O.N.E Ekhaese1 & A.M Adamolekun2
1&2
Department of Architecture, Covenant University, Ota, Nigeria

Corresponding Author: ayodamope.adamolekunpgs@stu.cu.edu.ng

ABSTRACT

This research looks into the transformative potential of biomimicry principles in library design,
aiming to reduce library energy consumption. The study investigates biomimetic architectural
strategies, including natural ventilation systems, adaptable structural frameworks, and lighting
inspired by ecosystems. Through a systematic literature review of scholarly literature from Scopus,
ResearchGate, Science Direct, and Google Scholar spanning the period from 2019 to 2023.
Anticipated outcomes include a holistic understanding of how biomimicry informs library
planning, offering innovative and sustainable design solutions. The established protocols for
conducting systematic reviews were delineated, and the approach employed in this specific context
is elaborated upon. This method entails an evaluation process that yielded 23 articles for analysis.
From the study of these articles, several themes emerged, which were subsequently categorized
into five key areas: Adaptive Building Envelopes, Natural Ventilation and Cooling, Energy-
Efficient Lighting, Water Management, and Zero Waste Systems. The study contributes to the
discourse on biomimetic architecture and energy efficiency, Envisioning libraries as dynamic hubs
inspired by nature, this research presents a vision where these spaces not only facilitate knowledge
acquisition, community interaction, and comfortability but also serve as inspiring showcases of
sustainable design. Exploring biomimicry-informed library design offers a promising avenue for
creating sustainable and functional learning spaces.

KEYWORDS: Biomimicry, Library Building, Sustainability, Biomimicry Principles, Energy

efficiency.

2
#ICSID'24P003

Exploring Energy Efficiency Strategies in High-Rise Buildings in

Lagos, Nigeria
O.F Jegede1 & O.G Amaowoh2
1&2
Department of Architecture, Covenant University, Ota, Nigeria

Corresponding Author: obongibiangake.amaowohpgs@stu.cu.edu.ng

ABSTRACT

High-rise buildings in Lagos, Nigeria, are known for their high energy consumption, which is
primarily due to the lack of energy-efficient strategies in their design and construction. This study
investigates the various energy-efficient design approaches that high-rise structures in Lagos
might use to lower their intense energy consumption. The study uncovers energy-efficient
strategies that have been used in high-rise structures in Lagos, Nigeria, by conducting a literature
review. The study's findings indicate that high-rise structures in Lagos are still adopting energy-
saving measures at a low rate. Building orientation, envelope design, and the utilisation of
renewable energy sources are among the areas that require improvement. Nonetheless, the
utilisation of sustainable lighting solutions and daylighting strategies is a more prevalent
approach in the sample under study. The study highlights the importance of energy-efficient
strategies throughout the building lifecycle. Several energy-efficient strategies such as the use of
renewable energy, proper building orientation, adequate daylighting techniques, smart lighting
systems, and better building envelope design, can be mixed to achieve a higher level of
sustainability.

KEYWORDS: High-rise buildings, energy efficiency, Sustainable lighting systems, Renewable energy, Building
orientation

3
#ICSID'24P005

Exploring the Patterns of Deterioration: A Case Study of Buildings

in a Residential Estate in Nigeria
O. O. Olubajo1, M. Kudu2 & A. Abass3
1&2
Department of Building, Federal University of Technology, Minna, Nigeria

Corresponding Author: o.olukemi@futminna.edu.ng

ABSTRACT

Research into the deterioration of buildings tends to focus on probable causes. However,
investigations that explore the nature, extent and pattern of the deterioration in residential
buildings is limited. This study aims at exploring the patterns of deterioration in a residential
estate with multiple buildings in Minna and the liveability of the community. The study adopts a
mixed method approach with a case study and data is obtained through observations and a
structured questionnaire administered by hand to residents on the condition of their buildings. The
results revealed huge similarities in the nature and extent of deterioration for different building
types in the estate with dampness of walls/roofs being the most severe form of deterioration (MIS
=3.71) and heavy rainfall being the most likely cause of deterioration (MIS = 3.85). The study
also found that the majority of residents opted to live in the estate generally because they felt safe
(MIS = 4.33). The study argues that the level of deterioration in the buildings might lead to lower
living conditions in the estate.
KEYWORDS: Buildings, Condition assessment, Deterioration, Liveability and Residents

4
#ICSID'24P006

Unpacking the Bottlenecks of Implementing Computerized

Maintenance Management Systems for Healthcare Facilities in
South Africa
M. Ikuabe1, C. Aigbavboa2 & M. Liphadzi3
1
School of Construction Economics and Management, University of the Witwatersrand, South Africa
2&3
Department of Construction Management and Quantity Surveying, University of Johannesburg, South Africa

Corresponding Author: ikuabematthew@gmail.com

ABSTRACT

Healthcare facilities serve as one of the cardinal infrastructures for any society. It is vital to
attaining Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) No. 3, which encourages the sound well-being
and good health of the people. However, the effective maintenance of healthcare facilities in South
Africa has faced numerous challenges, and one viable solution is the deployment of computerised
maintenance management systems (CMMS). The current study sets out to unravel the challenges
facing the use of CMMS for healthcare facilities in South Africa. Employing a quantitative
methodology, data was elicited from sixty-five built environment professionals using a
questionnaire. Method of data analysis employed for the study was exploratory factor analysis
(EFA), which utilised the principal component analysis as the extraction technique. The study's
findings gave a four-pronged construct serving as the challenge to using CMMS for healthcare
facilities. These are technical constraints, regulatory and operational issues, financial
impediments and cultural hindrances. From the conclusions of the study’s outcome, it is
recommended that the government can support the drive for the use of CMMS for healthcare
facilities through the provision of financial subsidies. Also, there is a need for providing technical
support to stakeholders in healthcare facilities as this would aid in driving the uptake of its use.

KEYWORDS: Challenges, CMMS, Healthcare, Facilities, South Africa .

5
#ICSID'24P007

A Critical Review of Security Strategies Implemented in the Design

of Bus Terminals
O.N.E Ekhaese1 & E. E. Okonkwo2
1&2
Department of Architecture, Covenant University, Ota, Nigeria

Corresponding Author: emmanuel.okonkwopgs@stu.cu.edu.ng

ABSTRACT

Bus terminals are critical transportation hubs with various security vulnerabilities that need
proper mitigation. This research aims to understand these vulnerabilities, highlight key security
measures, and discuss implementation challenges. A qualitative approach was used, reviewing
peer-reviewed papers from 2010-2023 in databases like Google Scholar and Science Direct.
Identified vulnerabilities include poor physical security, weak surveillance, insecure parking,
cyber threats, and inadequate emergency procedures. Suggested measures for safety include
robust access control, solid perimeter defences, modern monitoring devices, well-defined
emergency action plans, enhanced cybersecurity, and public awareness campaigns. However,
implementing these strategies faces challenges such as regulatory compliance without
compromising operations, resource constraints (e.g., funding and infrastructure), potential threat
displacement, addressing socio-economic factors leading to insecurity, and adapting to
technological advances. Overcoming these obstacles requires stakeholder collaboration to
develop tailored strategies balancing specific security needs and general societal considerations.
These findings aim to improve user safety in transport services and overall citizen welfare.

KEYWORDS: Bus Terminal, Security Strategies, Security Technology, Transportation Infrastructure .

6
#ICSID'24P008

Evaluation of Users' Satisfaction with Passive Design Strategies of

Selected Beverage Factories in Nigeria
A. B. Sholanke1 & Z. A. Ganya2
1
Department of Architecture, Covenant University, Ota, Nigeria

Corresponding Author: anthony.sholanke@covenantuniversity.edu.ng

ABSTRACT

Industries such as beverage factories require energy-intensive manufacturing processes for

cooling, refrigeration, and heating. This results in a rise in energy load and the release of harmful
wastes and gases into the environment. As the world pushes for a more sustainable environment,
these negative effects can be mitigated by adopting passive design strategies. This study evaluated
users' satisfaction levels with passive design strategies employed for improving workplace health
and safety in selected beverage factories in Nigeria, with a view to identifying areas that require
improvement. The study adopted a survey research approach that engaged quantitative research
methods. A structured questionnaire was administered to gather data from 351 respondents across
three beverage factories. The data analysed with statistical product and service solutions software
(descriptive and inferential statistics) were presented using tables and pie charts. The findings
indicated that using natural lighting is largely satisfactory to the respondents, with a 90.6%
satisfaction index. However, anti-solar glare windows recorded the least satisfactory index of
55.1%. The study underscored the need for a more intentional approach by architects in employing
passive design strategy in the planning and development of beverage factories, particularly in the
study area.
KEYWORDS: Beverage Factory, Passive Design, Natural Lighting, Natural Ventilation, Users’
Satisfaction, Workplace Health and Safety

7
#ICSID'24P010

Exploratory Study on Cocoa Pod Husk Ash as a Pozzolan in Mortar

Application for Sustainable Construction
C. Uzoma1, B. J Olawuyi2, O. O Joshua3 & I. Omuh4
1&4
Dept. of Building Technology, College of Science and Technology, Covenant Univ., Ota
2
Dept. of Building Technology, College of Science and Technology, Covenant University & Dept. of
Building, School of Environmental. Technology., Federal University of Technology, Minna;
3
Department of Building, Faculty of Envir. Design & Mgt., Federal University, Oye-Ekiti;

Corresponding Author: clinton.uzomapgs@stu.cu.edu.ng

ABSTRACT

The demand for housing and other cement-based activities is growing due to the rising population.
This paper investigates the feasibility of using Cocoa Pod Husk Ash (CPHA) as a partial
substitution for cement in mortar applications. The objective is to evaluate the oxide composition,
compressive strength, and Pozzolanic activity of CPHA-enhanced mortars. Preliminary findings
indicate that CPHA can improve certain mortar properties while promoting sustainable
construction practices. The CPHA was obtained from the burning agricultural waste of Cocoa
Pod Husk in a controlled environment. The oxide composition of the CPHA was determined by
XRF, after which mortar samples were cast into 40mm cube moulds, with six (6) samples made
per curing age for each of the PC replacement levels of 0 to 25 percent at 5% step intervals, cured
by immersion in water and crushed at 7-,14-,21-, and 28-days. The results of the Strength Activity
Index that indicate Pozzolanic activity are 99.3% for CPHA5, 96.8% for CPHA10, 93.1% for
CPHA15, 89.9% for CPHA20, 83.3% for CPHA25 (Table 2) which are all above the acceptable
75% minimum specified in ASTM C618-2019. This implies CPHA can be adjudged to be of good
Pozzolanic activity for mortar application.
KEYWORDS: Cocoa pod husk ash, sustainable construction, alternative binder, mortar application, eco-
friendly materials.

8
#ICSID'24P011

An Assessment of Sustainable Circulation Strategies in Selected

Train Stations of Southwest Nigeria
O. D. Babalola1 & F. I. Oyedemi2
1&2
Department of Architecture, Covenant University, Ota, Nigeria

Corresponding Author: daniel.babalola@covenantuniversity.edu.ng

ABSTRACT

This study evaluated sustainable circulation strategies in selected train stations of Southwest
Nigeria, focusing on states such as Lagos, Ogun, Oyo, Osun, Ondo, and Ekiti. A mixed-methods
approach was employed to achieve this, involving case studies and onsite observations at 3 train
stations, which serve as the sampling frame. The research analysed various aspects of circulation
planning, such as pedestrian flow management, signage and wayfinding systems, ticketing and
fare collection processes, accessibility features, and integration with other modes of
transportation. Furthermore, a comparative analysis identifies the adoption of various globally
recognized sustainable circulation strategies in the train stations. The findings revealed a 65%
moderate implementation of basic circulation strategies such as accessibility, wayfinding/signage
system, safety/security, and queue/crowd management. Notwithstanding, there is a need for
improvement in the area of technology integration in these train stations. To this end,
recommendations are provided to ultimately give valuable insights to transportation planners,
policymakers, and stakeholders involved in the management and development of train stations in
Nigeria. One such recommendation is the adoption of innovative design solutions. The study
concludes that these train stations can be structures that encourage sustainable architecture in
the nation, enhance the overall quality of transportation services, and improve passengers' travel
experiences.

KEYWORDS: Accessibility, Circulation planning, Sustainability, Train station, Transportation .

9
#ICSID'24P012

Investigating Nigeria’s Indigenous Small and Medium Contracting

Firms’ Gender Equality: The Role of Fourth Industrial Revolution
Technologies
A. Ebekozien1,2,3,4, C. Aigbavboa1, W.D. Thwala2, M. S. Samsurijan3, J. I. Eremiokhale5,6,
A.N.C. Nwaole7, S.A. Adekunle1 & O. Akinradewo1
1
Department of Construction Mgt. and Quantity Surveying, Univ. of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa.
2
Faculty of Engineering, Built Environment and Information Technology, Walter Sisulu University, South Africa.
3
School of Social Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia.
4
Department of Quantity Surveying, Auchi Polytechnic, Auchi, Nigeria.
5
Department of Transportation and Urban Infrastructure Studies, Morgan State University MD, USA.
6
Department of Architectural Technology, Auchi Polytechnic, Auchi, Nigeria.
7
Department of Quantity Surveying, Federal Polytechnic, Nekede, Nigeria.

Corresponding Author: ebekoandy45@yahoo.com

ABSTRACT

The role of the fourth industrial revolution (4IR) technologies may bridge the gap of muscle
activities in the industry. It is germane because the industry is labour-intensive and perceived as
male-dominated. Studies about 4IR technologies’ role in improving gender equality in Nigeria’s
indigenous small and medium contracting firms regarding on-site employees are scarce.
Therefore, this research investigates the roles of 4IR technologies in Nigeria’s indigenous small
and medium contracting firms and, by extension, improves achieving Goal 5. The study was
conducted in Lagos, Nigeria. The researchers adopted a qualitative approach and engaged 28
interviewees and ten site observations through face-to-face interviews to collect data from experts
in Lagos, Nigeria. The investigators manually analysed the data and presented the findings in
themes. Findings show that the sub-sector is men-dominated, and embracing 4IR technologies may
help to bridge gender inequality. This implies that the industry’s mechanization through 4IR will
encourage more female employment, particularly for construction site activities. Despite the
benefits of 4IR technologies in bridging gender inequality, there are challenges facing its
implementation. Findings will offer insight into how 4IR technologies’ roles can improve the
achievement of Goal 5 and, by extension, bridge gender inequality in indigenous contracting firms.

KEYWORDS: Contracting firms, Fourth industrial revolution (4IR) technologies, Gender inequality, Nigeria,
Sustainable development goal 5

10
#ICSID'24P013

Design Errors and Incomplete Drawings in Building Project

Delivery: Threat to Achieving Sustainable Development Goal 11
A. Ebekozien1,2,3,4, C. Aigbavboa1, W.D. Thwala2, M.S. Samsurijan3, J.I. Eremiokhale5,6,
A.N.C. Nwaole7, S.A. Adekunle1 & O. Akinradewo1
1
Department of Construction Management and Quantity Surveying, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg,
South Africa.
2
Faculty of Engineering, Built Environment and Information Technology, Walter Sisulu University, South Africa.
3
School of Social Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia.
4
Department of Quantity Surveying, Auchi Polytechnic, Auchi, Nigeria.
5
Department of Transportation and Urban Infrastructure Studies, Morgan State University MD, USA.
6
Department of Architectural Technology, Auchi Polytechnic, Auchi, Nigeria.
7
Department of Quantity Surveying, Federal Polytechnic, Nekede, Nigeria.

Corresponding Author: ebekoandy45@yahoo.com

ABSTRACT

Studies revealed that design errors and incomplete drawings are recurring issues in Nigeria’s
construction sector, including Benin City, but not from the perspective of being a threat to
achieving SDG 11. Studies about how design errors and incomplete drawings in building projects
may threaten achieving SDG 11 in Benin City, Nigeria, are scarce. Thus, this study explores the
root causes of design errors and incomplete drawings and their aftermath to SDG 11 and offers
measures to achieve SDG 11. The investigators employed a qualitative approach and engaged 25
participants and five building site observations through face-to-face interviews to collect data
from experts in Benin City, Nigeria. The investigators manually analysed the data and presented
the results in themes. Findings show a threat from design errors and incomplete drawings to
achieving SDG 11 and provide measures to improve achieving SDG 11. Findings also clustered
the root causes into clients-related, contractors-related, and consultants-related. It reveals that
the impacts such as avoidable disputes, reworks, cost and time overrun, etc., emerging from these
root causes threaten achieving Goal 11. Findings will offer insight into how mitigating these issues
will trigger accomplishing other Goals related to Goal 11.
KEYWORDS: Benin City, Building project, Design errors, Incomplete drawings, Sustainable development goal 11

11
#ICSID'24P016

Sustainable Construction Management: A Decade Bibliometric

Analysis of Publications, 2013 - 2023
A.O. Ogunde1 & F.A. Bolade-Oladepo2&3
1&2
Department of Building Technology, Covenant University, Ota, Ogun State, Nigeria
3
Department of Quantity Surveying, Federal Polytechnic, Ado - Ekiti, Ekiti State, Nigeria

Corresponding Author: ebekoandy45@yahoo.com

ABSTRACT

Sustainable construction practices are essential for mitigating environmental impact by reducing
pollution, minimizing waste, and optimizing resource usage. Amidst the growing emphasis on
sustainability within the construction industry, bibliometric analysis is a crucial tool for
synthesizing existing research and identifying emerging trends. Despite considerable research on
sustainable construction, a comprehensive trend analysis in sustainable construction management
remains lacking. This study addresses this gap by employing bibliometric analysis to examine
publication trends in sustainable construction over a decade, from 2013 to 2023. Retrieving data
from the Web of Science database using the search term "sustainable construction," we identified
57,330 documents, with 49,701 published within the specified period. Categorizing these
publications under "construction industry technology" narrowed the focus to 10,964 articles and
7,021 papers. The statistical analysis used R Bibliometrix, Biblioshiny packages, VOSviewer, and
Microsoft Excel 2016. Results indicate an annual growth rate of scientific output at 0.71%,
peaking in 2023 with 1659 articles. Notably, Arulrajah A. and Chindaprasirt P. emerged as
influential authors in sustainable construction management, with 67 and 60 published articles,
and g-index, h-index, and m-index of 51, 33, and 3; 53, 28, and 2.33, respectively. Sustainability
is the first among the top 20 most frequently used keywords, while performance is the topmost
relevant word. The journal Construction and Building Materials led in publications on sustainable
construction, with 2272 articles and an h-index of 101. The findings of this study will provide
valuable insights for researchers, policymakers, practitioners, and stakeholders, enhancing their
understanding of sustainable construction principles and identifying research gaps. This study is
a decade-long analysis, and though this short period has unfolded major research trends, a further
study that can review more documents to give a clearer picture of the implementation of
sustainability in construction projects is strongly recommended.
KEYWORDS: Bibliometric analysis, Construction, Publication trends, Sustainability, Web of Science

12
#ICSID'24P017

Data-Driven Decision-Making for a Productive Construction

Industry 4.0
S. Adekunle1, B. Ogunbayo2, A. Ebekozien3, O. Akinradewo4, S. Akinshipe5, M. Ikuabe6 &
C. Aigbavboa7
1,2,3,4,5,6,7
“cidb Centre of Excellence, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa”.

Corresponding Author:Sadekunle135@gmail.com

ABSTRACT

The construction industry in the technological age has witnessed an increased rate of technology
adoption. With the adoption of these emergent technologies and the fragmented nature of the
construction industry, an enormous amount of data is generated. Normally, these data are
analysed using different software. This study identified the trends and hot topics in the construction
industry's big data and data analytics research through a systematic literature review and
scientometrics. Also, the gaps were identified, and it was observed that there is a dearth of data-
driven decision-making in the construction industry. The data analysed were sourced from the
Scopus database and analysed using Vos viewer software. Furthermore, this study presents a
framework for utilising the analysed data to enhance construction process productivity. The study
is important as it provides a framework that can be adopted at micro and macro levels. Hence,
productivity is ensured through the adoption of the proposed model.
KEYWORDS: Construction industry, data utilisation, digital built environment, data-driven decision,
DDDM, productivity.

13
#ICSID'24P018

Practical Strategies to Improve the Mental Health of Construction

Industry Professionals
S.A. Adekunle1, P.K. Mogane2, A. Ebekozien3, P. Adekunle4 & C. Aigbavboa5
1,2,3.4,5’
cidb Centre of Excellence, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa’

Corresponding Author: Sadekunle135@gmail.com

ABSTRACT

The construction industry has been identified as one of the industries facing mental health crises
because of the high rate of suicide and work-life balance challenges, among others. Also,
construction industry professionals have been severely affected by the COVID-19 pandemic, as
there were many job insecurities and new job realities. This, coupled with workplace stress, has
exposed many professionals to incidences of poor mental health, which has significantly affected
the workforce. This study identified the practical strategies to improve the mental health of
construction industry professionals. A quantitative approach was adopted, and the simple random
sampling method was used. A well-structured questionnaire was distributed to collect data from
construction professionals. Ninety questionnaires were distributed to construction industry
professionals in South Africa for data collection, and 73 questionnaires were returned. The
findings revealed that a safe working environment, zero tolerance for harassment, zero tolerance
for bullying, and raising mental health awareness were the top strategies that can be adopted to
improve the mental health of construction professionals. The study also provided
recommendations. It is recommended that construction industry professionals should be provided
with a psychologically and physically safe working environment. Also, mental health awareness
campaigns must be intensified in the construction industry.
KEYWORDS: Mental health, healthy workforce, developing country, psychological safety, productive
workforce.

14
#ICSID'24P021

Influence of Architectural Education on Sustainable Design

Thinking: A Review of Energy-Efficiency Concepts
A.B. Sholanke1 & C.I. Nwangwu2
1&2
Department of Architecture, Covenant University, Ota. Ogun State, Nigeria.

Corresponding Author: chiemelie.nwangwupgs@stu.cu.edu.ng

ABSTRACT

Integrating sustainable design thinking in architectural practice is crucial for addressing energy
efficiency challenges. However, the influence of architectural education on fostering such thinking
remains underexplored. In order to solve this problem, this study examined how teaching
architecture promotes sustainable design thinking with a focus on energy efficiency. It examined
existing literature and case studies to evaluate teaching techniques in architecture schools. It made
a case for a curriculum incorporating energy-efficient design concepts and fostering a sustainable
culture within the programme. Through a literature review by content analysis and a selective
approach to study, the results and findings show that there are significant barriers to the effective
implementation of sustainable design education, such as a lack of faculty knowledge, a lack of
funds, and obsolete assessment techniques. The study concludes that greater collaborative efforts
across stakeholders are needed to overcome these difficulties and establish a sustainable culture
in architectural education. It is envisaged that this study will encourage architects to design
environmentally friendly and energy-efficient schemes. The study offers helpful information for
creating curricula and formulating policies for education in sustainable design
KEYWORDS: Architectural Education, Energy-Efficiency, Sustainability, Design Thinking.

15
#ICSID'24P022

An Appraisal on the Adoption of Fire Safety Management Measures

in the Design of a 5-Star Hotel in Lagos State
B.A Adewale1 & E.J. Akin-Ajayi2
1
Department of Architecture, Covenant University, Ota, Nigeria & Department of Construction Management and
Quantity Surveying, University of Johannesburg, South Africa
2
Department of Architecture, Covenant University, Ota, Nigeria

Corresponding Author: bukola.adewale@covenantuniversity.edu.ng

ABSTRACT

Fire, often termed a powerful servant but a destructive force when uncontrolled, threatens hotel
facilities and the lives of occupants. Protecting against fire outbreaks is paramount in hotel design
to ensure the safety of guests and staff. This study investigated the incorporation of fire safety
management measures into the design process of a 5-star hotel. Recognizing the paramount
importance of fire safety in luxury hospitality establishments, the research aimed at investigating
the current practices, challenges, and effectiveness of fire safety protocols within this specific
architectural context. The objectives include identifying global trends and standards in fire safety
design for 5-star hotels, evaluating implementation challenges encountered by hotel developers
and architects, and proposing recommendations to enhance fire safety measures in hotel design.
This study, a review paper, collected data from secondary sources. Tables were used to help with
the thematic analysis of the data and the descriptive presentation of the results in themes. The
review identified themes, trends, technical information, obstacles, and success criteria for
implementing fire safety management measures in five-star hotel design. The research findings
revealed that the primary factors contributing to fire incidents within 5-star hotel establishments
include kitchen fires resulting from unattended cooking grease, overloaded or poorly maintained
electrical systems, inadequately protected combustible storage areas, open flames from candles,
smoking materials such as cigarettes, pipes, and lighters. This deficiency in existing fire safety
practices emphasizes the necessity for stringent regulatory enforcement, innovative design
strategies, and comprehensive staff training initiatives. By contributing to the ongoing discourse
on fire safety in hotel architecture, this research offers practical insights and suggestions to
optimize safety standards in 5-star hotels' design, safeguarding guests, personnel, and assets
against fire risks.
KEYWORDS: Fire safety, fire, protocols, luxury, hospitality, global standards, design strategies, fire incidents

16
#ICSID'24P023

Performance Analysis of ANN-PID and PSO-PID Controllers for

Optimal Load Frequency Control in a 2-Area Power Network
A.S. Alayande1*, E.O. Ojo2, I.K. Okakwu3 & F. Olobaniyi4
1,2,4
Electrical and Electronics Engineering Department, University of Lagos, Nigeria
3
Electrical and Electronics Engineering Department, Olabisi Onabanjo Ago-Iwoye, Nigeria

Corresponding Author: aalayande@unilag.edu.ng

ABSTRACT

The disturbances in the power systems are due to the imbalance in the power generation and power
supply, and this usually results in system collapse if it is not swiftly controlled. To mitigate this
system collapse in power systems, frequency deviation and tie-line power error must be optimally
controlled in the presence of load fluctuations. Therefore, this study analyzes the control of a load
frequency in a two-area interconnected power network. PID controller and two soft computing-
based approaches, which include Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) and Artificial Neural
Network (ANN) methods, are employed to optimize the parameters of the Proportional-plus-
Integral-plus-Derivative (PID) controller in the presence of external load fluctuations. The ANN
is trained with the Feed-Forward Back Propagation (FFBP) algorithm. The Integral Time with
Absolute Error (ITAE) (cost function) is formulated as an objective function for the minimization
of the error function. The simulations are carried out in the Matlab/Simulink 2024a environment.
The settling times of the frequency deviations and tie-line power when the two interconnected
systems are subjected to load fluctuations are obtained and compared for the two tunning methods
(ANN-PID and PSO-PID). The transient response analysis shows that PSO-PID is better than the
ANN-PID and PID controllers. It is also inferred from the analysis of the transient response that
the ANN-PID has a better response than the PID controller.
KEYWORDS: Load frequency control, Artificial Neural Network, Proportional-plus-Integral-plus-Derivative
controller, Integral Time with Absolute Error, Particle swarm optimization

17
#ICSID'24P026

The Relationship Between Streets and Human Responses in Planned

Settlements of Lagos Metropolis, Nigeria
E. Opaluwa1, O.S. Okedele2, O.T. Adejumo3A.A. Oluwatayo4, O.J. Obaleyeo5 & I.P.O. Obi6
1
Department of Architecture, Nile University of Nigeria, Abuja;
2
Department of Architecture, Anchor University, Lagos State
3,6
Department of Architecture, University of Lagos, Akoka;
4
Department of Architecture, Covenant University, Ogun State;
5
Department of Architecture, Lead City University, Oyo State.

Corresponding Author: Opaluwa.Ejiga@nileuniversity.edu.ng

ABSTRACT

Streets are a meaningful component of public space and one of the essential images of the public
realm. Streets are intended to accommodate practical, recreational and social interaction of
people related to their physical prosperity, social unity and fitness. Earlier researches lean toward
differentiating the physical features from land uses and does not address the interrelationship
between tangible attributes of the street and human responses within the built environment. The
cohort research design was applied in this study. A mixed methods methodology was conducted
within the cohort research design. The quantitative analysis noted statistical occurrence within
organic planned and grid-planned urban street patterns as specialised subgroups. In contrast, the
qualitative analysis gathered data using observation methods to learn about their actions and
conduct. The study established a connective relationship between street attributes, human
responses and needs being fulfilled by the street, leading to its liveability and disclosing that users
of urban streets were interested in the "collective commonness" and physical form of the street.
Users favoured surroundings with commercial outfits that were social places, possessing unique
social significance and therefore became places for social activities.
KEYWORDS: Community Places, Human Response, Street Attributes, Street Liveability, Urban
Settlements.

18
#ICSID'24P027

Determination of Health and Safety Costs Items in Building

Construction Projects for Sustainable Infrastructural Development
J.E. Mamman1, R.O. Umesi2 & A.A. Oke3
1&2
Department of Quantity Surveying, The Federal Polytechnic, Bida, Nigeria;
3
Department of Quantity Surveying, Federal University of Technology, Minna, Nigeria

Corresponding Author: ekemenajuliet@mail.com

ABSTRACT

Annually, statistics on accidents and injuries in the construction sector are among the highest
when compared to other sectors. This is partly due to firms’ inability to identify the accident
prevention cost items. The study focused on identifying Health and Safety (H&S) items in the
Building Engineering Standard Method of Measurement (BESMM) with a view to determining
H&S cost items priced in the bill of quantities (BOQ). The study’s population were registered
Quantity Surveyors in Abuja. A well-structured questionnaire and BOQ were employed for the
study. Data were analysed using frequency rating. Results on identifying H&S items in the BESMM
identified 54 H&S items. Results on locations where H&S items were priced in the BOQ revealed
that 94.44% of H&S cost items were priced in the Preliminaries section of the BOQ. Results
revealed that Scaffolding, Plant and Equipment and First Aid were the most estimated H&S cost
items in BOQs. It was concluded that, although there is provision for H&S in the BESMM,
contractors still make inadequate financial provision for H&S in projects executed. It is suggested
that for the sustainability of infrastructural development, the Institutes of Quantity Surveyors
worldwide should provide a separate section in the BOQ where H&S cost items are detailed and
well estimated. The study guides construction practitioners in preparing cost estimates for H&S
for sustainable projects.
KEYWORDS: BESMM4, Bill of quantities, Construction, Health and Safety, Projects.

19
#ICSID'24P028

Thermal Performance of Stone-coated Roofs with Common Ceilings

in Ibadan, Nigeria: A Case Study of Tropical Buildings
J.B. Taiwo1 & B.I.O. Dahunsi2
1
Architecture, University of Ibadan;
2
Civil Engineering, University of Ibadan

Corresponding Author: jb.taiwo@ui.edu.ng

ABSTRACT

High solar radiation infiltrating through the roofs and ceiling configuration has been attributed
to being the major cause of interior discomfort. In order to control internal heat imbalance in the
tropics, the synergistic combination of the roofing sheet and ceiling underlay were key factors.
Therefore, to maintain a moderate internal ambient temperature suitable for human habitation,
this field research was conducted to investigate the influence of Stone-Coated Roofing Sheets
(SCORS) configured against some common ceiling underlay at different angles of 30º, 45º, and
60º, respectively, in Ibadan, Nigeria. The miniature building model was positioned north-south on
the field, and daily temperatures were recorded for a period of 6 months at 30-minute intervals
using a multichannel data logger. The results demonstrated that the temperature of the Sampled
Ceiling Materials SCM and SCORS decreases with increasing configuration angle. The average
temperature at 30, 45, and 60°, between 6 pm and 10 pm, was 37.14-26.28, 35.18-26.38, and
37.28-28.06°, showing a downward trend in temperature as the sunset approaches. Hence, it
implies a conducive indoor space for the inhabitants at night. SCORS at angles 30º, 45º, and 60º
gave the Optimum Comfortability Roof (OCR) between 22 and 29°, based on the ASHRAE 55
standard and therefore recommended for tropical building roofs.
KEYWORDS: Performance, Stone-coated, Configurations, Angles, Tropical
.

20
#ICSID'24P029

Adoption of Acoustic Design Strategies in Convention Centres, in

Lagos Nigeria
A.A. Oluwatayo1 & N.S. Adele2]
1&2
Department of Architecture, College of Science and Technology, Covenant University, Ota,
112104, Ogun State, Nigeria;

Corresponding Author: dapo.oluwatayo@covenantuniversity.edu.ng

ABSTRACT

Events held in convention centres, such as meetings, symposiums, exhibitions and theatre acts,
necessitate clear, intelligible communication and an optimal auditory environment. Acoustic
strategies are employed to manipulate or utilise sound in a given environment. This study examines
the adoption of acoustic design strategies in convention centres within Lagos, Nigeria; a mixed-
methods approach was employed, combining on-site observations of selected convention centres
and user surveys. The literature review identified established acoustic design principles. Field
observations assessed the implementation of these strategies in the convention centres and
questionnaires captured user perspectives on adopting these strategies. The study found that
various acoustic design strategies were implemented in the convention centres; these strategies
were not always integrated into the initial design phase. Additionally, the strategies were not
consistently applied throughout the facilities. The research concludes that acoustic design
strategies should be considered from the onset of a convention centre project and incorporated
holistically throughout the building for optimal acoustic environments. This research contributes
to the knowledge base on convention centre design by examining existing acoustic design practices
in Lagos, Nigeria. It offers valuable insights for design professionals and convention centre
stakeholders seeking to enhance the acoustic environment within these facilities.
KEYWORDS: Acoustics, Acoustic Design, Acoustic Materials, Convention Centre.

21
#ICSID'24P031

Effect of Polypropylene Rope Fiber on Engineering Properties of

Cement-Metakaolin Concrete
Y.O. Babatunde1, O.A. Oladeji2, A.O. Afolaogun3, C.T. Folowosele4 & A.A. Afolabi5
1,2,3&4
Department of Civil Engineering, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria;
5
Department of Civil Engineering, Joseph Sarwuan Tarka University, Makurdi, Benue State, Nigeria

Corresponding Author: babatundeyusuf990@gmail.com

ABSTRACT

Concrete exhibits brittle behaviour, leading to immediate cracking and breaking, which can result
in infrastructure collapse with little warning. Fibers are added to the matrix to enhance concrete’s
intrinsic tensile strength. These fibres help slow the development and spread of cracks during
deformation. This research investigates the impact of waste polypropylene rope fibre on the
properties of conventional concrete blended with metakaolin. This approach aims to mitigate
environmental pollution and produce more sustainable construction materials while improving
mechanical performance. Metakaolin used as a supplementary cementitious material (SCM) to
replace cement, helps reduce greenhouse gas emissions from cement production. The metakaolin
was calcined at 700°C for two hours, then milled and sieved to achieve finer particles.
Polypropylene rope fibre was incorporated at 0.5%, 1%, and 1.5% levels. The slump test was
conducted on fresh concrete, followed by curing the concrete samples for 7, 14, and 28 days.
Various tests were performed to assess the composite's performance, including compressive
strength, flexural strength, and water absorption. The results indicate that the optimum
performance was achieved by incorporating 0.5% polypropylene rope fibre for all mechanical
tests, and water absorption decreased as the fibre percentage increased.

KEYWORDS: Cement-metakaolin Concrete, Metakaolin, Polypropylene Rope Fibre, Supplementary

Cementitious Material (SCM)

22
#ICSID'24P035

Cloud computing security: threats, threats modelling, practical

implications and open issues a systematic review
O.J. Olaniyi1, S.O. Subairu2, W.M. Audu3 & C. Innocent4
1,2
Department of Cyber Security Science, School of Information and Communication Technology,
3,4
Department of Telecommunications Engineering, School of Electrical Engineering and Technology,
Federal University of Technology, Minna

Corresponding Author: ola.yinka@futminna.edu.ng

ABSTRACT

Cloud computing has transformed data storage, processing, and management but has also
introduced significant security and privacy challenges, including data breaches, unauthorized
access, and sophisticated cyber-attacks. This paper examines the current state of cloud security,
highlighting critical issues and proposing future research directions to enhance client trust and
data control. The dynamic nature of cloud security threats calls for advanced intrusion detection
systems (IDS), improved multi-tenancy utilization, and early detection of insider threats.
Enhancing existing threat modelling techniques such as STRIDE, DREAD, PASTA and ATTACK
TREE with machine learning could better address emerging vulnerabilities. Proposed solutions
include developing autonomous IDS, refining multi-tenancy security, and embedding security into
the design of cloud applications. This review underscores the importance of bridging the gap
between theoretical models and practical implementation, ensuring robust data protection in
evolving cloud environments.

KEYWORDS: Cloud Security, Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS), Threat Modelling, Data Protection,
Artificial intelligence/Machine learning (AI/ML)

23
#ICSID'24P036

Sustainable Transportation Planning and Designing in Housing:

Empowering the Urban Infrastructure of Emerging Economies
J. Allison1,2 & A.A. Bala3
1
University College London Centre for Blockchain Technologies, CS Malet Place, London, UK.
2
Port Harcourt Polytechnic, Port Harcourt, NG.;
3
Department of Architecture, Covenant University, Ota, NG.

Corresponding Author: john.allison@portharcourtpoly.edu.ng

ABSTRACT

The global population will be nearly double by 2050, with a significant 70% increase in urban
areas of emerging economies like Nigeria. The role of the Architecture, Engineering, and
Construction (AEC) industry in meeting the infrastructure needs of this anticipated population
growth is shifting from a professional duty to a moral obligation. Focusing on the critical
infrastructure of housing, specifically the key component of transportation, and how it can be
sustainably planned and designed to empower communities rather than deprive them in the wake
of disruptive and transformative technologies. Road dominance in infrastructure choices is
addressed, with a special focus on the Niger Delta region. The paper acknowledges the challenges
of dwindling resources, increasing demand, and the noticeable policy failures in Nigeria’s
transportation system. The methodology involves a critical literature review and empirical field
survey, with exploratory data analysis, pictures, and chats used to enhance understanding.
Structured in two sections: (1) Extracts of empirical study demonstrating the importance of data-
informed design and sustainability; (2) SimCity, a hypothetical model highlighting successful
urban planning in the Niger Delta region with learning points from the survey. Adopting a
teaching and learning approach provides new insights and fresh perspectives for AEC
professionals, educators, policymakers, investors, and those with a general interest in urban
development issues.

KEYWORDS: Sustainable Transportation, Urban Infrastructure, Housing, Infrastructure Needs,

Empowering Communities, Transportation Choices.

24
#ICSID'24P039

Awareness and Drivers of Green Building Materials Adoption in the

Nigerian Construction Industry
P. Tunji-Olayeni1 & S. David2
1&2
Department of Building, College of Science and Technology, Covenant University, Ota,
112104, Ogun State, Nigeria.

Corresponding Author: sunday.davidpgs@stu.cu.edu.ng

ABSTRACT

Embodied carbon in building materials (BM) contributes to greenhouse gas emissions from
construction-related products, which trigger climate change. Green Building material (GBM)
offers environmental, social, and economic benefits over conventional BM. However, little is
known about the knowledge and drivers of GBM in developing countries, particularly Nigeria.
This paper uses a quantitative research method to assess the awareness of GBM and the drivers
that will facilitate its adoption. For accessibility, Information from experts in Nigeria's
construction industry (NCI) was gathered using online questionnaires. Mean item scores (MIS),
frequencies, and percentages were used to examine the data from the online survey. The awareness
of construction professionals about GBM was 3.97, a mean score between 3.50 and 4.49,
indicating a high awareness level. Moreover, the significant drivers were environmental
friendliness, design and implementation of policies on GBM, waste reduction abilities of green
building, recycling potentials of GBM, and research on GBM with MIS of 4.28, 4.16, 4.15, 4.11,
and 4.11, respectively. The study implies that the respondents had adequate knowledge of the
environmental sustainability merits of GBM as some of the main drivers of its adoption were
environmental in nature.

KEYWORDS: Green Building, Materials, Climate Change, Environmental Friendliness, Waste

Reduction.

25
#ICSID'24P041

Implementing Climate-Adaptive Housing Strategies: Addressing

Climate Challenges in Ayetoro Coastal Community
O.E. Iwayemi1 & S.A. Daramola2
1&2
Department of Architecture, Caleb University, Lagos,

Corresponding Author: tunmiseiwayemi@gmail.com

ABSTRACT

The disturbing effects of climate adjustment over time have been perceived, analysed, and felt
worldwide. Ayetoro, a coastal community in Ondo state, Nigeria, is particularly vulnerable to the
impacts of climate change due to its location and socio-economic factors. The study found that all
the analyses of climate change adaptation explored fall within the interval level of Strongly Agree
level, except relocating permanently, which falls within the neither agree nor disagree, and
Remain in the house, which falls within the Disagree interval level. The study was a mixed-method
cross-sectional inferential study. A total of 379 questionnaires were distributed with a 92.9%
completion rate. Gathered data were presented using frequencies and percentages on tables and
analysed using inferential statistical tools such as linear correlation and pair sampled correction
at a 95% confidence level. The survey highlighted the prevalence of bungalow houses in Ayetoro,
followed by story buildings, duplexes, and other housing types. This distribution reflects the
architectural diversity within the community and underscores the need to tailor climate-adaptive
strategies to different housing structures. Additionally, identifying flooding as the primary climate
vulnerability further emphasizes the urgency of addressing water-related risks in housing
development and infrastructure planning.
Keywords: Climate adaptation, Community resilience, Housing development, Sustainable
construction, Socio-economic impacts.

26
#ICSID'24P042

Compressive Strength and Water Absorption of Self-Compacting

Concrete Incorporating Recycled Aggregates and Calcined Clay
I.O. Omuh1, A. Aremu2 & B.J. Olawuyi3
1&2
Dept. of Building Technology, College of Science and Technology, Covenant Univ., Ota, Ogun State;
3
Dept. of Building Technology, College of Science and Technology, Covenant Univ., Ota, Ogun State &
Dept. of Building, School of Environmental Technology, Federal University of Technology, Minna.

Corresponding Author: Ignatius.omuh@covenantuniversity.edu.ng

ABSTRACT

Researchers are exploring ways to enhance the quality of concrete, a crucial construction
material, due to its cost, adaptability, strength, and durability. Preliminary findings indicate that
Self Compacting Concrete can efficiently be cast into formwork without the need for mechanical
compaction, flowing under its own weight to fill the voids in the formwork during concrete
production. This paper aims to evaluate the performance of recycled aggregates (RA) and calcined
clay (CC) in the production of SCC. One of the objectives is to determine the optimum percentage
of RA and CC that will not compromise the strength and durability properties of self-compacting
concrete (SCC) with a view to ascertaining its suitability in concrete production. A total of 108
numbers of 100mm cubes were cast and cured for 7-, 14- and 28-days. The results of the study
showed that replacing coarse aggregate with 50 % recycled aggregate and 10% calcined clay
increased water absorption by 15 % and produced concrete with a strength factor of 86.2%. This
implies that it is economically and environmentally feasible compared to conventional methods.
Keywords: Self-compacting concrete, calcined clay, recycled aggregate, ordinary Portland cement,
optimum percentage replacement, comprehensive strength.

27
#ICSID'24P043

Equity and Fairness in Machine Learning Algorithms: Gaps in

Construction Research and Implication for the Construction
Industry
P.F. Tunji-Olayeni1 and F.O. Adejola2
1&2
Dept. of Building Technology, College of Science and Technology, Covenant Univ., Ota, Ogun State;

Corresponding Author: folasade.adejola@covenantuniversity.edu.ng

ABSTRACT

Inequalities and biases in machine learning algorithms can lead to breaches in sensitive aspects
of society and impact the well-being of people at scale. Not much is known about research progress
in this area, particularly in the construction industry, which provides critical infrastructure for
the functioning of society. This study explores the trends in equity and fairness in machine learning
algorithms and assesses the gap in construction research and its implications for the construction
industry. Bibliometric analysis and the VOSviewer tool were used to achieve the study's objective.
The findings show that the United States, Italy, and Brazil were the top contributors to the subject
of equity and fairness in machine learning algorithms. Moreover, most of the top-cited papers in
the field were review-based. The focus sectors captured by the top cited papers were health and
education. A few of the top-cited papers also focused on multiple sectors. Studies focusing on the
construction industry were lacking, indicating a research gap. Case-based studies on equity and
fairness of machine learning algorithms from the construction industry are recommended to
identify and mitigate inequalities for enhanced project performance in a highly men-dependent,
litigious, and complex sector such as the construction industry.
Keywords: biases, diversity, equality, inclusion, project performance.

28
#ICSID'24P045

Impact of Jubilee Bridge on Commercial Property Market in Abule-

Egba, Lagos State, Nigeria
N.J. Peter1, B.O. Adetunji2, H.I. Okagbue3, A.O. Akinola4, C.O. Iroham5 & A.S. Oni 6
1
Department of Estate Management, Lagos State University, Epe, Lagos State, Nigeria,
2&4
Department of Estate Management, Covenant University, Ota, Ogun State, Nigeria,
3
Sydani Institute for Research and Innovation, Sydani Group, Abuja, Nigeria

Corresponding Author: greatjoy123@gmail.com

ABSTRACT

Bridges are a crucial part of a country’s infrastructure which can determine an increase in
property values in specific regions, owing to enhanced accessibility and likely agglomeration
advantages. This study examined the impact of Abule-Egba bridge on the value of commercial
properties within its neighbourhood. Data for the study was obtained by administering 169
questionnaires to Estate Surveying and Valuation Firms, and commercial property users, from
which 125 were retrieved for the study. Descriptive analysis used for analysis includes frequency
tables, graphs, and mean rank. The result indicates that there is a connection between the value
of commercial properties and the construction of the bridge. Value of properties increased
substantially after the construction. Other impacts include improved accessibility, and increased
demand for properties within the neighbourhood. The study recommends that the government
should ensure to repair all connecting routes to the main roads in the Abule-Egba community,
because this will boost the value of other types of properties. In conclusion, there is a significant
difference in the value of properties after the construction of the bridge, and this serves to inform
real estate investors of locations that attract higher value in rent.

Keywords: Bridges, Infrastructure, Commercial Property Market, Rental Value, Nigeria.

29
#ICSID'24P046

Post Occupancy Evaluation of Shogunro Lagoshoms Public Housing

Scheme, Ogba-Lagos State, Nigeria
O. Ademakinwa1, E. Oladigbolu2, A. Onamade3, O. Alagbe4, S. Daramola5 & O. Ajayi6
1,3,4,5,6
Department of Architecture, Caleb University, Imota
2
Department of Architecture, Bells University of Technology, Ota

Corresponding Author: olasunmbo.ademakinwa@calebuniversity.edu.ng

ABSTRACT

Shelter is one of man's essential and basic needs, and it is a criterion for the occupiers’
psychological welfare and performance. A building's performance should positively impact the
user’s satisfaction level. Post Occupancy Evaluation is a tool used to appraise such performance
measurement of occupied buildings by examining the occupier’s behavioural response to and
against certain basic criteria necessary for liveability. However, there is limited consideration of
the potential of POE to enhance occupant satisfaction and well-being, hence the need for this
study. This paper seeks to analyse how well the residents of Chief Anthony Enahoro, Estate,
Shogunro, Ogba I, and II estates under the Lagos HOMS social housing scheme are satisfied with
the technical performance of their homes. Using the convenience sampling method from a total
population of 240 households, data were collected from 78 household units out of a sample size of
110 households and analysed using descriptive statistics. The building prototype scored high on
technical performance, including the indoor air quality, headroom, and airflow rate in the
apartment. It performed satisfactorily in terms of structural performance and the state of fire safety
and protection. However, daylight must be improved in some of the internal spaces. Overall, the
findings depict a group of well-educated, financially secure individuals who predominantly live in
mid-sized apartments and tend towards marital stability. Their satisfaction with various aspects
of their living spaces is generally positive, though there are notable areas of dissatisfaction,
particularly with daylight quality in the kitchen and airflow. It is recommended that the building
prototype design increase the courtyard size to allow for better daylight in the kitchens that lack
adequate daylight.

Keywords: Behavioural Response, Building Performance, Housing, LagosHOMS, Post Occupancy

Evaluation.

30
#ICSID'24P047

Barriers Hindering Green Building Materials Adoption in The

Nigerian Construction Industry
P.F. Tunji-Olayeni1,2 & S. David2
1
Department of Building Technology, Covenant University, Nigeria
2
Department of Construction Management and Quantity Surveying, University of Johannesburg, South Africa.

Corresponding Author: pat.tunji-olayeni@covenantuniversity.edu.ng

ABSTRACT

Adopting green building materials can reduce greenhouse gas emissions from construction-
related activities. Green building materials (GBM) have a lower carbon footprint, are more energy
efficient, and offer better thermal comfort, which makes them more advantageous than
conventional building materials. However, the adoption of GBM is low. Little empirical evidence
exists of the widespread adoption of GBM in developing countries, particularly Nigeria. This
paper assesses the barriers hindering the adoption of GBM in the Nigerian construction industry
(NCI). It uses a cross-sectional survey research design with a structured questionnaire to achieve
the aim of the study. Data from the survey were analysed using descriptive and inferential
statistics. The analysis showed that a lack of government policies focused on GBM adoption, a
lack of knowledge about GBM, and a lack of industrialized systems for GBM production are the
main barriers hindering GBM adoption in Nigeria. The study findings have great implications for
GBM policy design and implementation. Policies will serve as frameworks that can enable GBM
production to thrive and drive the adoption of the same in the NCI. Ultimately this will cut down
on greenhouse gas emissions and mitigate climate change.

KEYWORDS: Climate change, Energy, Efficiency, Government, Greenhouse and Industrialization

31
#ICSID'24P048

Energy Efficiency Awareness: Lessons from Staff Practices at

Residential Building and Offices in a Nigerian University
J. Owolabi1, C. Aigbavboa2, M. Aliyu3 & J. Bakut4
1
Department of Building Technology, Covenant University, Nigeria,
2
Department of Construction Management and Quantity Surveying, University of Johannesburg,
South Africa
3
Chartered Institute of Purchasing, Nigeria

Corresponding Author: James.owolabi@covenantuniversity.edu.ng

ABSTRACT

Inefficient energy sources can be wasteful and expensive, increasing operating costs in buildings.
Dependence on unsustainable energy sources such as fossil fuels can lead to environmental issues
which trigger climate change. Awareness of sustainable and efficient energy is important for
building experts and users. This will ensure that all stakeholders know the best practices for
sustainable and efficient energy in their daily activities and the impact on the overall goal of
sustainable development. Hence, this study assessed the energy efficiency awareness of building
users using a case study of a university in Nigeria. The study adopted a quantitative research
method, using questionnaires. Descriptive statistics were used to analyse the data. The findings
revealed a generally low level of awareness of energy efficiency among the staff, given their
practices in offices and residents. The study recommends enlightenment campaigns for staff and
an upgrade of the existing unsustainable appliances to more sustainable electrical appliances.

KEYWORDS: Energy Consumption, Energy Demand, Energy Efficiency, Renewable Energy,

Sustainable Energy.

32
#ICSID'24P049

Application of Biomimicry in Developing Flood-Resilient Cities in

Nigeria: A Systematic Review
E.Y. Ekeh1, A. Sholanke2 & K.O Dimuna3
1&2
Department of Architecture, Covenant University, Ota, Ogun State, Postcode 110001, Nigeria;
3
Department of Architecture, Ambrose Alli University, Ekpoma, Nigeria

Corresponding Author: eseoghene.ekeh@covenantuniversity.edu.ng

ABSTRACT

Urban areas in Nigeria face significant environmental challenges related to water management,
including floods and water quality degradation. Given the high population density and economic
activities in urban centres, developing flood-resilient cities is crucial and calls for adopting
Biomimicry principles. Biomimicry is an innovative concept that offers a promising approach to
shifting toward sustainable construction practices. Biomimicry draws inspiration from nature’s
designs and strategies and provides a sustainable approach to enhancing disaster resilience in
architecture. This paper aims to systematically review the application of biomimicry design
principles in developing flood-resilient cities in Nigeria by reviewing selected published literature
between 2000 and 2024. The key finding of this study is that human activities are the leading cause
of blockage of drainage systems in Nigerian cities. Therefore, to create an inclusive, secure,
resilient, and sustainable built environment in line with the sustainable development agenda on
SDG goals 9, 11, 13, and 15, architects, builders, and other related professionals need to research
more on applying bio-mimicry as a design strategy for developing flood resilience in Nigerian
cities by developing the green open spaces and other built-up areas. The paper concludes that this
would mitigate the problem of perennial flooding in Nigeria.

Keywords: Biomimicry, flood resilience, green architecture, nature-based solutions, and urban
resilience.

33
#ICSID'24P051

An Assessment of the Challenges of Smart Buildings technologies

adoption in Developing Countries; End-users’ Perspectives
J.A. Emmanuel1, C.P. Ekweani2, B. Ali-Gombe3 & A. Sani4
1,2,3&4
Department of Quantity Surveying, Faculty of Environmental Sciences, Baze University, Abuja

Corresponding Author: jesse.emmanuel@bazeuniversity.edu.ng

ABSTRACT

Deploying smart building technologies (SBTs) addresses sustainability concerns but faces
challenges impacting end-users’ seamless integration, comfort, and satisfaction. Despite some
studies on SBT adoption drivers and barriers in developing economies like Nigeria, research from
the end-users' perspective is scarce. This study investigates key challenges to SBTs adoption in
Nigeria's construction market. From a literature review, 22 challenges were identified, and a
questionnaire survey was conducted with 63 smart building residents. The results highlighted 18
significant challenges, with the top five being higher SBT costs, lack of awareness and benefits of
SBTs, insufficient professional knowledge and expertise, lack of government incentives, and
absence of local research and development facilities for SBTs. A comparative study revealed these
challenges are similar across developing countries, particularly the issues of high costs and lack
of awareness. This research contributes to smart building literature by examining SBTs adoption
challenges in an emerging economy. The findings can help stakeholders and policymakers address
these barriers, allowing end-users to benefit from smart building solutions, enhancing their quality
of life, and promoting a more resilient and environmentally conscious future. Future research will
explore the interrelationships between these key challenges and their impact on SBTs adoption
goals.

Keywords: Smart building technologies, challenges, adoption, end-users, Nigeria.

34
#ICSID'24P052

The Impact of Noise Control on Patient Well-Being in Healthcare

Facilities
F.O. Jegede1, S.O. Dedeke2 & M.R. Olulana3
1,2&3
Department of Architecture, Covenant University, Ota, Nigeria

Corresponding Author: marvellous.olulanapgs@stu.cu.edu.ng

ABSTRACT

Sustainable building has gained ground in developed countries while it is in its infancy in
developing countries, there is the need to study it. Hence this study evaluated the availability of
sustainable technologies for the building services section of buildings. Structured questionnaires
were employed to gather data regarding the accessibility of various technologies. Respondents
with experience working on rated sustainable buildings included architects, quantity surveyors,
builders, project managers, electrical and mechanical engineers, and clients. The mean score,
mean rank from Kendall's W test, and Kruskal Wallis' H test were used to analyse the gathered
data. Findings showed that the top three (3) technologies readily available to incorporate were
energy-saving bulbs, adjustable luminance lamps, and motion sensor lights; Application of
energy-efficient windows such as low emissivity insulation windows; and the integrative use of
natural lighting with electric lighting technology. The study concluded that several sustainable
building services technologies are generally available for use in the construction market, however,
the onus is on professionals and clients to insist on these technologies to promote poverty
alleviation by lowering utility costs, creating jobs, improving health, increasing property values,
enhancing resilience to climate impacts, and providing valuable skills and education.

Keywords: Sustainability, Building Services, Incorporation, Technologies, Availability.

35
#ICSID'24P053

Evaluating the Availability of Sustainable Building Technologies for

Nigerian Buildings
F.H. Omoniwa1 & M.O. Babalola2
1
First Technical University, Ibadan;
2
Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife

Corresponding Author: Funmilola.omoniwa@gmail.com

ABSTRACT

Shelter is one of the essential and basic needs of man and it is a criterion for the occupiers’
psychological welfare and performance. A building performance should positively impact the
user’s satisfaction level. Post Occupancy Evaluation is a tool used to appraise such performance
measurement of occupied buildings by examining the occupier’s behavioural response to and
against certain basic criteria necessary for liveability. But there is limited consideration of the
potential of POE to enhance occupant satisfaction and well-being, hence the need for this study.
This paper seeks to analyse how well the residents of Chief Anthony Enahoro, Estate, Shogunro,
Ogba I and II estates under the Lagos HOMS social housing scheme are satisfied with the technical
performance of their homes. Using convenience sampling method from a total population of 240
households, data were collected from 78 household units out of a sample size of 110 households
and analysed using descriptive statistics. The building prototype scored high on technical
performance which include the indoor air quality, headroom and rate of airflow into the
apartment. It performed satisfactorily on the structural performance and the state of fire safety
and protection. However, there is need to improve on daylight in some of the internal spaces.
Overall, the findings depict a group of well-educated, financially secure individuals who
predominantly live in mid-sized apartments and have a tendency towards marital stability. Their
satisfaction with various aspects of their living spaces is generally positive, though there are
notable areas of dissatisfaction, particularly with daylight quality in the kitchen and air flow. It is
recommended that building prototype design should possibly increase the size of the courtyard to
allow for better daylight into the kitchens that lack adequate daylight.
Keywords: Behavioural Response, Building Performance, Housing, LagosHOMS, Post Occupancy
Evaluation.

36
#ICSID'24P054

Modelling Challenges Hindering Cost-reduction Techniques

Implementation on Public Tertiary Institution Projects
G.A. Akinola1,2, O.I. Fagbenle1 & A.O. Ogunde1
1
Department of Building Technology, College of Science and Technology, Covenant University, Ota,
Ogun State, Nigeria;
2
Department of Quantity Surveying, The Federal Polytechnic Ilaro

Corresponding Author: gbemisola.akinolapgs@stu.cu.edu.ng

ABSTRACT

Public institutions in Nigeria are often faced with the challenges of delivering quality educational
infrastructure within limited budgets. Although most experts believe that cost-reduction techniques
are keys to avoiding these challenges, however, various challenges frequently hinder their
implementation. Against this background, the study has evaluated the challenges hindering the
implementation of cost-reduction techniques on public tertiary institution projects in Southwest
Nigeria with a view to providing ways to manage costs effectively. A relationship model is
developed to depict the link between cost-reduction techniques and challenges that affect their
implementation in public tertiary educational building projects. Using a quota-purposive
sampling technique, construction professionals who have worked on construction projects at
public institutions that were finished between 2012 and 2022 in Ogun, Lagos, Osun, and Oyo,
were considered for the study. Out of the 138 questionnaires administered, 133 responses were
retrieved, giving a response rate of 96 percent. Data retrieved from the field survey were analysed
using SPSS 23 and SmartPLS v4.0.9.8 software to model the relationship. The study's findings
indicated that the challenges hindering the implementation and cost-reduction techniques to stay
on budget for construction projects are intertwined. Hence, the model developed by the study will
serve as a helpful guide in implementing preventative measures and also addressing the challenges
militating against cost reduction techniques implementation. It will become useful to public
institution managers and construction experts to achieve cost savings and environmental
sustainability on public tertiary educational building projects.
Keywords: Challenges, Construction, Cost-reduction, Modelling, Public Institutions

37
#ICSID'24P055

Residents’ Perception of Domestic Solid Waste Collection and Its

Impact on Liveability in Lagos Metropolis, Nigeria
A.O. Onamade1, B.J Adewumi2, O.A Asaju3, A.A. Dipeolu4, O.O. Ademakinwa5 & O.A.
Alagbe6
1
Department of Architecture Caleb University, Imota Lagos
4
Department of Architecture, Olabisi Onabanjo University, Ago-Iwoye, Ogun State.

Corresponding Author: onamadeakintunde@gmail.com

ABSTRACT

Waste management is a critical aspect of urban living, particularly in rapidly growing cities like
Lagos, where effective waste collection systems are essential for maintaining a high quality of life.
The specific objectives of the study were evaluation of residents’ perception adequacy of domestic
solid waste collection system, level of satisfaction with waste collection and the relationship
between adequacy of waste collection, satisfaction levels and residents’ liveability. A quantitative
approach using cross sectional survey were employed in data collection from 89 respondents from
residents in the study area. The residents’ perceived that collection schedule is seen as adequate
by 49.5% of respondents (32.6% agree, 16.9% strongly agree), but 37.1% disagree or strongly
disagree. For large waste item collection, only 19.1% find it adequate, while 50.5% express
dissatisfaction. Also, a strong positive correlation between satisfaction level and adequacy of
domestic solid waste collection system as indicated by the Spearman’s correlation coefficients of
0.516. This finding revealed that residents' level of satisfaction and adequacy of the domestic solid
waste collection system are closely linked to the residents’ liveability. The study concludes that a
positive link exists between waste collection satisfaction and liveability demonstrating their crucial
role in enhancing public housing quality.
Keywords: Collection system, Community satisfaction, Domestic solid waste, Liveability, Residents
Perception, Waste management.

38
#ICSID'24P056

Assessment of Socio-demographic Predators on Housing

Affordability in Staff Cooperative Estates in Lagos Megacity
B.J. Adewumi1, O.A. Asaju2, A.O. Onamade3, M.B.O. Adegbile4 & M.A. Dayomi5
1,2,3,4&5
Department of Architecture, Caleb University, Imota Lagos State, Nigeria.

Corresponding Author: eni.itan2006@gmail.com

ABSTRACT

In the 21st century, a global housing crisis affects both developed and developing nations, with
Lagos exemplifying affordability challenges. This study focuses on understanding the socio-
economic determinants of housing affordability in Lagos megacity, aiming to mitigate the impacts
of insufficient affordable housing for its residents. Key objectives include assessing the
relationship between housing scheme objectives and affordability, and evaluating how socio-
demographic characteristics influence housing affordability. To achieve this, a random sampling
method distributed questionnaires to members of the AIICO staff multipurpose cooperative
society, yielding 101 responses. Data analysis using SPSS revealed that 56.4% were self-
employed, 20.8% civil servants, and 9.9% each were pensioners and employed in the private
sector, with educational backgrounds showing 42.2% OND/NCE, 28.7% HND/BSc, and 18.8%
secondary education. The findings underscore a significant correlation (0.617) between housing
affordability goals and the housing project lifecycle. The study concludes that socio-demographic
factors intricately affect housing affordability and recommends leveraging these insights to design
financial assistance programs that alleviate housing cost burdens. Such initiatives can foster a
more equitable society by ensuring broader access to affordable housing, thereby promoting
economic stability and well-being in Lagos megacity and similar urban settings worldwide.
Keywords: Affordable housing, cooperative estates, housing affordability index, housing project
lifecycle.

39
#ICSID'24P057

Indoor Environmental Quality in MPEBs Residential Building: A

Case Study of Olusegun Obasanjo Estate, Ado Ekiti, Nigeria
O.A Asaju1, A.O. Onamade2, B.J. Adewumi3, O. Ejiga4, O.A. Alagbe5 & O. Arayela6
1,2,3&5
Department of Architecture, Caleb University, Lagos,
4
Department of Architecture, Nile University, Abuja,
6
Department of Architecture, Federal University of Technology, Akure6

Corresponding Author: aj.ope.oa@gmail.com

ABSTRACT

From ancient times, man has always experimented with traditional construction materials
primarily to keep him safe from the weather. One of them is earth material, readily available and
affordable. Machine-pressed earth blocks (MPEBs) are walling materials made from
mechanically compressing a mixture of soil (earth/mud) and cement using specialized equipment.
Olusegun Obasanjo Estate in Ado Ekiti, Nigeria, is one of the estates where it was deployed as
145 units were initially built during the regime of President Olusegun Obasanjo. The study
identified the indoor environment factors, level of satisfaction and their level of preference. A
structured closed ended subjective occupant survey was administered physically in data gathering.
70 responses were duly completed, returned and analysed. The result indicated a high level of
satisfaction with thermal comfort having standard deviation of 3.373, acoustic comfort 1.924,
visual comfort 1.741 and indoor air quality 2.850. This study clarifies the complex relationship
between environmental factors and occupant satisfaction with differences in the level of
satisfaction and degree of contribution to occupants’ wellbeing. However, thermal comfort has
the highest impact. The results provide insight into the advantages of MPEBs and inform
stakeholders about the need to consider usage to reduce energy usage in buildings.
Keywords: Environmental Parameters, Indoor Environmental Quality, MPEBs, Resident Satisfaction,
Occupant Well-being.

40
#ICSID'24P058

Determination of the Level of Awareness and Utilization of Social

Media among Vocational and Technical Teachers for Effective
Teaching and Learning in F.C.E (T) Gombe, Nigeria
S.B. Abdulfatah
Gombe State Ministry of Education & Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria.

Corresponding Author: sikiruabdulfatahbello@gmail.com

ABSTRACT

This study was conducted to determine the Level of Awareness and Utilization of social media
among Vocational and Technical Teachers for Effective Teaching and Learning in F.C.E (T)
Gombe. Five (5) research questions guided the study. Available literature related to the study was
reviewed, whereas related empirical studies were reviewed as their recommendations pointed out
the gap on which this study was based. Descriptive survey research was the research design in the
study where a (74 itemed) 4 scale Likert type questionnaire which two experts in technical
education validated at F. C. E (T) Gombe and one from A. T. B. U Bauchi, was used to draw data
from the respondents. The Federal College of Education (Tech.) Gombe is the study area. The
study population was 242 vocational and technical teachers in F.C.E (T) Gombe. A sample size of
150 was reached through proportionate sampling techniques, and the data was analysed using
percentage and mean, with 2.5 as the cut-off means; the data was also presented using tables. The
study revealed that most of the teachers in F. C. E (T) Gombe have high literacy levels in Word
processing, spreadsheets, Powerpoint presentation, Desktop publishing, Internet browsing,
Emailing, Online registration, uploading documents to the Internet, and Downloading files from
the net. Whereas their literacy level is low in areas like; Database, Web design, Blogging, Corel
draw application, and Video conferencing, that generally their level of awareness on social media
is very low, but they are highly aware of the four most popular social media sites which are
youtube, Facebook, email and WhatsApp, their level of utilization of social media for academic
development and classroom activities is very low. Still, they are highly aware of the four most
popular social media sites, which are youtube, Facebook, email, and WhatsApp; hindrances to the
use of social media sites are; Maintenance of social media sites is difficult, it is time-consuming,
Low-level of awareness, Lack of adequate training and Lack of motivation, recommendations were
made based on the findings of the study.
Keywords: Teaching, Learning, social media, Vocational and technical education.

41
#ICSID'24P059

The Influence of the Adoption of Healing Architectural Elements on

Patient Recovery in Paediatric Hospital in Nigeria
A.A. Oluwatayo1 & A.M. Mabinuori2
1&2
Department of Architecture, College of Science and Technology, Covenant University, Nigeria

Corresponding Author: dapo.oluwatayo@covenantuniversity.edu.ng

ABSTRACT

Healing architecture and its elements have been previously discussed in the literature. Still, this
study investigates the significant role of healing architectural elements in enhancing the recovery
process of paediatric patients within hospital settings. The study delves into the aspect of healing
architecture with particular reference to the unique needs of paediatric patients. Through a
comprehensive review of existing literature, this research explores the various architectural
features such as natural light, soothing colours, nature-inspired designs, and interactive spaces and
their influence on paediatric patient outcomes, including reduced stress, improved mood, and
accelerated recovery. The paper's research problem lies in the literature on healing gap, which is
the inherent lack of literature on how effective healing elements are in Nigeria paediatric hospitals.
This study aims to investigate the influence of the adoption of healing architectural elements on
patient recovery in paediatric hospitals in Nigeria, aiming to identify and examine the key healing
architectural elements implemented in paediatric hospital environments and to assess the impact
of healing architectural elements on paediatric patient recovery. This paper used existing literature
and quantitative research design by taking surveys from selected paediatric hospitals. This review
elucidates how incorporating such elements can influence paediatric patient outcomes, such as the
recovery of patients and shorter hospital stays. By examining the relationship between healing
architecture and patient recovery, the research discovered that ventilation and air quality impact
patients' recovery most.
KEYNOTE: Healing architecture, Healing elements, Patients recovery, Paediatric hospital, Airflow.

42
#ICSID'24P060

Potentials of an Artificial Intelligence-Based Dispute Resolution

System as an Alternative Dispute Resolution Method for
Construction Disputes
O. Olugboyega1, C. Alfred2, A.F. Ajao3 & T.E. Adeniji4
Construction Engineering and Computational Modelling Research Group (CECM – RG),
1, 2,3&4

Department of Building/Construction Management, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife

Corresponding Author: dapo.oluwatayo@covenantuniversity.edu.ng

ABSTRACT

Scholars have explored various ways of deploying artificial intelligence as an alternative dispute
resolution method for faster and more effective dispute resolution methods. However, the
shortcomings of these methods lie in their inability to predict the probabilities and believability of
the accuser and defendant’s cases. Thus, this study investigated historical judgments on
construction disputes in Nigeria by predicting facts about cases and decisions reached by the
judges using a sentiment analysis AI model. The AI model was used to predict the likely
construction disputes for project cases based on disputes over payment claims, contract terms,
and a lack of proper risk management. The study’s findings revealed that by incorporating AI tools
into the construction dispute resolution process, parties involved can have a clearer understanding
of potential outcomes before disputes arise. This proactive approach could potentially save time
and resources by avoiding lengthy legal battles. The study concluded that construction
stakeholders can revolutionize conflict management and resolution by harnessing the power of AI
to predict judgment outcomes in construction disputes. Further research and exploration of AI
capabilities in this field may pave the way for a more efficient and effective dispute-resolution
process for the construction industry.
KEYNOTE: Artificial intelligence in construction, Construction dispute resolution, Alternative dispute
resolution, AI-based dispute resolution system, AI-based judgment on construction disputes.

43
#ICSID'24P061

Students’ Perception of the Quality of Architectural Design Studio

Curriculum: A Case Study of Covenant University, Ota
O.A. Fulani1, B.A. Adewale2,3, V.O. Ene4 & Q.A. Ayodele5
1,2,3,4&5
Department of Architecture, Covenant University, Ota, Ogun State, Postcode 110001, Nigeria;
3
cidb Centre of Excellence & Sustainable Human Settlement and Construction Research Centre,
Faculty of Engineering and the Built Environment, University of Johannesburg, South Africa

Corresponding Author: omoyeni.fulani@covenantuniversity.edu.ng

ABSTRACT

The study examines architecture students' perceptions of design studio education quality at
Covenant University, Ota, addressing a gap in understanding student experiences within specific
institutional contexts. Employing a qualitative approach, structured interviews were conducted
with 50 students across undergraduate and postgraduate levels. The study reveals both strengths
and areas for improvement in the curriculum. Students appreciated the comprehensive nature of
the program and creative freedom, aligning with established educational standards. However,
they identified the need for enhanced real-world application, stronger studio culture, and better
integration of theory and practice. The study concludes that although the students’ curriculum is
comprehensive, it is important to balance traditional architectural education with contemporary
needs, emphasising practical experience, collaborative learning, and technological proficiency.
Key recommendations include increasing industry collaborations, fostering peer learning
environments, bridging theory-practice gaps, promoting personalised mentoring, upgrading
studio facilities, and unifying interdisciplinary content delivery. This study not only provides
valuable insights for Covenant University but also contributes to the broader discourse on
architectural education, offering a blueprint for curriculum enhancement that can be adapted by
other institutions.
Keywords: Design Studio Curriculum, Students’ Satisfaction, Architectural Education,
Covenant University, Sango Ota.

44
#ICSID'24P062

Assessment of Air Pollution Levels from Building Construction Sites

in Lagos Mainland: A Case Study
O.O. Ajayi1, G. O. Olaoye2 & T. O. S. Owolabi3
1,2&3
Department of Architecture, Caleb University, Lagos

Corresponding Author: toyin.ajayi@calebuniversity.edu.ng

ABSTRACT

This study investigates air pollution from building construction in Lagos State Mainland, focusing
on a high-rise commercial project over a twelve-month period. Advanced monitoring tools were
used to quantify pollutants, including carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen oxides (NOx), ozone (O3),
and particulate matter (PM2.5 and PM10). The findings reveal significant seasonal variations, with
the highest pollutant levels observed in February due to low wind speeds and temperature
inversions. CO concentrations peaked at 4.19 ppm, PM2.5 reached 210 µg/m³, and PM10 levels
reached 588 µg/m³. Conversely, lower pollution levels were recorded in July, September, and
June, attributed to better dispersion conditions and reduced construction activity. Nitrogen
dioxide (NO2) consistently exceeded nitric oxide (NO) levels, indicating additional sources of NO2
pollution. Ozone levels remained stable, reflecting complex atmospheric interactions. The study
highlights critical impacts on health and the environment, emphasizing the need for context-
specific interventions. Recommendations include adopting low-emission equipment, stricter
emission controls, and promoting sustainable practices. Enhanced regulatory enforcement and
collaborative efforts are essential for effective pollution management. This research addresses a
notable gap in localized studies and provides valuable insights for improving air quality in Lagos
Mainland and similar urban environments.
Keywords: Air Pollution, Building Construction, Construction Site, Lagos Mainland, Pollution Level.

45
#ICSID'24P063

Integrating Heritage Preservation in The Curriculum of

Architecture Schools in Lagos State, Nigeria
O.O, Ajayi1, O.F, Daramola2 & S.O. Adeleke3
1,2&3
Department of Architecture, Caleb University, Lagos

Corresponding Author: toyin.ajayi@calebuniversity.edu.ng

ABSTRACT

This study investigates the integration of architectural heritage preservation education within
architecture programs in Lagos State, Nigeria. Despite the rich historical and cultural
significance of the region's architecture, there is a notable gap in the curriculum, with 80% of
surveyed students indicating that their schools do not offer courses on this essential subject.
Utilizing a mixed-methods approach grounded in interpretivism, the research involved
quantitative data collection through questionnaires and documentary analysis of curriculum
outlines from 45 architecture students across Caleb University, Lagos State Polytechnic, Yaba
College of Technology, and the University of Lagos. Findings reveal that 57.8% of respondents
advocate for including heritage preservation in their education, yet only 55.6% feel adequately
prepared for careers in this field. Challenges identified include insufficient curriculum space
(53.3%), lack of resources (40%), and a shortage of qualified faculty (28.9%). The study concludes
that there is a pressing need for curriculum reforms to incorporate heritage preservation
principles, enhance interdisciplinary collaboration, and foster experiential learning opportunities.
Addressing these challenges is essential for aligning educational offerings with student interests
and the broader socio-cultural context, ultimately contributing to safeguarding Lagos State's
architectural heritage for future generations.
Keywords: Architectural education, Curriculum integration, Design studio pedagogy, Heritage
preservation, Lagos state.

46
#ICSID'24P064

The Utilization of Bamboo as a Sustainable Material in the

Development of Eco-Resorts
B. Yousou1, M. Gesiye2 & J. Gana3
1
Department of Architecture, Rivers State University,
2&3
Department of Civil Engineering, Landmark University, Omun-Aran, Kwara State, Nigeria.

Corresponding Author: yousuob@gmail.com

ABSTRACT

A resort centre acts as a haven for people that need a break from the normal routine that occurs
in their lives. Typically, these centres are designed for relaxation and recreation. The design of a
resort facility that considers environmental principles is worth investigating. The primary goal of
a resort centre is to provide a comprehensive and enjoyable experience for visitors, ensuring they
can unwind and rejuvenate. The practice of sustainability in a resort centre results in an optimal
environment for relaxation. It seeks to harmonize the environment with the experience that it
provides visitors. Bamboo is the chosen major element in crafting a resort centre that promotes
sustainability principles. This research paper emphasizes sustainability and sustainable materials,
emphasizing bamboo as the sustainable material of choice. As it is dubbed, an eco-resort creates
a healthy space determined by the natural environment and the design factors implemented in this
resort. This analysis demonstrates the utilization of bamboo as a construction material associate
and as an associate degree aesthetic component to showcase a number of the wonders of a
regionally sourced raw material similarly and infusing environmentally property techniques into
the planning of an eco-resort and retreat centre.
Keywords: Bamboo, Design, Construction, Eco-resort, Sustainability.

47
#ICSID'24P065

Exploring Users Perception on State of Application of Intelligent

[IBSS] and Non-Intelligent Building System [NIBS] Components
L. Amusan1, C. Aigbavboa2, R. Ojelabi3 & J. Owolabi4
1,3&4
Department of Building Technology, College of Science and Technology, Covenant University, Ota, Nigeria
2
Department of Quantity Surveying and Construction Management, Faculty of Engineering and Built
Environment, University of Johannesburg, South Africa.

Corresponding Author: lekan.amusan@covenantuniversity.edu.ng

ABSTRACT

Intelligent building component applications are gradually gaining ground in developing

countries; this is happening on account of the advent of Industry 4.0. Industrial application has
led automation in the design, procurement, and construction of buildings to the point of delineation
in building classifications based on industrial functionality. The aim of the study thus is to explore
the components of intelligent and non-intelligent systems with a view to improving their [IBS] and
non-intelligent building system [system [NIBS] with emphasis on component functionality. A
population frame of 10(10) intelligent buildings and non-intelligent buildings was selected as a
case in point at the study locations in Lagos and Abuja. A sample size of (80) eighty respondents
comprising intelligent and non-intelligent building users of the Ten buildings was used. The results
are presented in tables and figures. Statistical tools were used to process the variables, including
Relative Importance Index, Simple percentages, Spearman Ranking, Man Whitney-U test, Student
T-test, and Chi-square, while the relevant hypothesis was tested for trend validation. The study
discovered that the application of intelligent accessories in the home has gradually gained ground
in Nigeria, with the application of features which includes the following: Automatic Fire Alarm
Control E-System and Controls; Intelligent Perimeter Security Controls System; Air movement
Purification System, General Access Monitoring System; Intelligent water purification and
distribution; Intelligent HVAC System; Intelligent Perimeter Lighting Control Systems; Occupants
Energy Management system; Automated Parking Access and control system.
The study presented the following recommendation; adoption of concurrent innovation
management styles, establishing strategic operation management, and timely management of
internal and external accessory environment to prolong the component durability.
Keywords: Informatics, Intelligent, Mechanical, Automation, Operation, Construction, Industry.

48
#ICSID'24P066

The Effects of Psycho-social Factors on Construction Employee

Performance
L. Amusan1, C. Aigbavboa2, J. Opeyemi3, R. Ojelabi4, J. Owolabi4 & A. Peters5
1,3&4
Department of Building Technology, College of Science and Technology, Covenant University, Ota, Nigeria
2
cidb-Centre of Excellence, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, University of Johannesburg, South
Africa
5
Building Technology Department. Redeemer University, Ede Osun State. Nigeria

Corresponding Author: lekan.amusan@covenantuniversity.edu.ng

ABSTRACT

Numerous aspects of the job can stress out construction workers, and psycho-social problems have
been linked to specific negative effects on performance and health (such as job dissatisfaction) as
well as poor mental health (such as anxiety and depression) in both management and workers in
the sector. The aim of this study was assessing the Influence of psychosocial factors like
competence, emotional intelligence, and education on construction firms' employees with a view
to improve their performance on the construction site. However, it seems that there are just a few
remedies for these psychological problems that have been developed especially for the
construction industry. The productivity of a construction worker depends on a lot of factors and
the aim of this project is to carry out research on the Influence of psycho-social factors like
competence, emotional intelligence, and education on construction firms' employees with a field
to improve their performance on the construction site. Study population of 20 Construction
companies was used while the Data was collected by sharing of questionnaires, Sample size of 100
respondents was used and were administered with 100 questionnaires were administered. Analysis
of Variance tool [ANOVA]Relative agreement index technique was used to analyze the data,
results obtained were then used to conclude on the influence of psycho-social factors on
construction employee performance in specific areas in federal capital territory (FCT) Abuja and
Lagos state. In addition, the government and private organizations providing good working
environment for construction workers would help the workers improve performance, to assist and
encourage workers in doing better, it is advised that wages should be paid on time, allowing
construction workers participate in professional conferences also do a great deal of help in
improving competence. lastly, employing and training construction personnel with technical
knowledge in on the construction site helps with education and training of construction employees
in the construction industry
Keywords: Construction Workers, Environment, Psychology, Employee, Performance, Productivity.

49
#ICSID'24P067

Evaluation of Regenerative Architecture Principles for Sustainable

Recreational Centres in Lagos State, Nigeria: A Case Study
B. A. Adewale1 & L. A. Omokanye2&3
1&2
Department of Architecture, College of Science and Technology, Covenant University, Nigeria,
3
Department of Construction Management and Quantity Surveying, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment,
University of Johannesburg, South Africa

Corresponding Author: bukola.adewale@covenantuniversity.edu.ng

ABSTRACT

Urbanization in Lagos, Nigeria, has led to the rapid development of recreational facilities, but
many fail to address environmental, social, and health-related challenges. This study evaluates
the application of regenerative architecture principles in the design of recreational centres in
Lagos, aiming to create spaces that positively impact both the environment and residents' quality
of life. Through a comprehensive qualitative approach, the research explores the theoretical
foundations of regenerative architecture and assesses three specific case studies using a
regenerative-oriented checklist and content analysis. Findings reveal a moderate implementation
of regenerative principles, emphasizing concentration and bold ecology, but other critical aspects
receive less attention. Notably, energy conservation measures like daylighting and on-site power
generation are prevalent. However, the study underscores the need for broader integration of
regenerative principles beyond energy conservation, emphasizing resource efficiency, ecological
integration, and social connectivity. While limited by geographic focus and case study number,
this research advocates for greater awareness and application of regenerative architecture in
Nigeria's recreational facilities, urging further studies to explore diverse regions and facility types
to fully realize the potential of regenerative architecture.
Keywords: Regenerative architecture, Recreation, Recreational facility/centre, Ecosystem, Wellness.

50
#ICSID'24P068

The Improvement of Asphalt Concrete for Road Construction Using

Discarded Tyres
N.E. Udoye1, A.O. Inegbenebor2, P.O. Babalola3& O.D. Egbo4
1,2,3&4
Department of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering, Covenant University Ota, Nigeria

Corresponding Author: nduka.udoye@covenantuniversity.edu.ng

ABSTRACT

Traffic congestion has been increasing in Nigeria's major cities, particularly Lagos, due to drivers'
need to reduce speed to navigate hazardous potholes or respond to lengthy road maintenance or
accidents. Tyres are a major source of waste, with millions of old tyres discarded annually. This
study aims to improve asphalt concrete by utilizing waste tyres in road construction and
streamlining the cost of producing and transporting bitumen from its production source to the
point where it will be utilized. This study intends to contribute to the current research on
environmentally friendly and cost-efficient road-building materials. It offers insightful information
for upcoming applications by expanding this concept to scrap tyres. A comparison between the
tire-modified and the unmodified asphalt concrete indicated a consistent increase in the flow value
from 5% to 20%. While from 40% to 100% of waste tyre content, a decrease in flow value was
observed. In conclusion, it was observed that tire-modified asphalt mixtures are significantly more
durable and stable and offer higher resistance to deformation than normal asphalt roads.
Keywords: Stability, Flow, Waste tires, Bitumen, Aluminium dross, Asphalt Concrete.

51
#ICSID'24P069

Development of Aluminium AA7075/Snail Shell and Chitosan

Composites
N.E. Udoye1, B.G. Numbere2 & O.S.I. Fayomi3
1
Department of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering, Covenant University Ota, Nigeria
2
Department of Mechanical and Biomedical Engineering, Bells University of Technology, Ota, Nigeria
3
Department of Mechanical Engineering Science, University of Johannesburg, South Africa

Corresponding Author: nduka.udoye@covenantuniversity.edu.ng

ABSTRACT

In pursuing stronger and more durable materials with improved properties, it would be remiss not
to consider composites as they are the most profitable tool. This study investigated the electro-
thermo-mechano-morphological properties of AA7075/chitosan composites produced through
modified stir casting at weight proportions of 3, 6, 9, and 12wt.%. The hardness of the developed
composites improved in direct proportion to the weight proportion of reinforcement, reaching a
maximum of 132.6 HRB at 8wt.% snail shell/chitosan, which corresponded to a 17.7%
improvement in AA7075 hardness (112.7 HRB). Similarly, the tensile strength improved with
increasing chitosan particulates, from 164.6 MPa recorded for the unreinforced alloy to a
maximum of 188 MPa for 8 wt.% AA7075 reinforcement with snail shell/chitosan. The composites
exhibited increased calcium and oxygen constituents with increasing reinforcements. In the
present study, attempts have been made to reinforce aluminium alloy with a snail shell and
chitosan, and the mechanical properties of matrix composites reinforced with different particles
are addressed.
Keywords: AA7075, Chitosan; SEM/EDS, XRD, MMCs, Mechanical properties.

52
#ICSID'24P071

Simulated Load-Settlement Analysis of Strip Foundations for

Lightweight Buildings
B.C. Finbarrs-Ezema1, P.C. Chiadighikaobi2 & A. Mbitiri3
1,2
Department of Civil Engineering, Afe Babalola University, Ado-Ekiti, Ekiti State, Nigeria;
3
Nile University, Jabi 900001, Nigeria

Corresponding Author: finbarrs-ezemabc@abuad.edu.ng

ABSTRACT

The weight of a proposed building is a significant factor in determining the nature of the
foundation to be constructed, and the heavier the building, the larger and costlier the foundation.
Lightweight buildings, when feasible, are a better option; there is a need to understand how they
impact the foundation. Several studies have indeed concluded that there is a direct relationship
between the load of the building and the settlement. Still, there is a need to practice this
relationship and to determine the percentage impact of reduced building weight on the settlement
of strip foundations. Lightweight materials are up to 56% lighter in weight than conventional
building materials. A sample building on a strip foundation was modelled (using AutoCAD and
SAFE (Slab Analysis by Finite Element)) with reduced weights up to 50%, and the percentage
impact of the reduced weight at 5% increments was determined. This information will guide the
inculcation of more lightweight structures by ensuring the builder understands how various
lightweight materials affect the foundation settlement.
KEYWORDS: Lightweight buildings, Settlement, Strip foundation, SAFE program, AutoCAD program.

53
#ICSID'24P072

Maintenance Generators and Remedial Measures: A Case Study of

a Private University Sports Complex in Nigeria
U.K. Ugah1 & O.J. Oladiran2,3
1
Department of Architecture, Covenant University, Ota, Nigeria
2
Department of Building, Covenant University, Ota, Nigeria and
3
Department of Building, University of Lagos, Nigeria.

Corresponding Author: uzodinma.ugah@covenantuniversity.edu.ng

ABSTRACT

University sports complexes play a vital role in promoting students’ health and athletic
development, thus requiring many maintenance needs from numerous generators. These unique
maintenance needs can further compromise functionality, safety, and athlete performance if not
addressed promptly. Hence, this study examines maintenance needs and proposes remedial
measures through a case study approach. A private university sports complex in Nigeria was
investigated to identify areas requiring attention (roof, seating, playing surface, and drainage)
through site visits, interviews, and document reviews. A literature survey was also conducted to
uncover appropriate preventive and remedial maintenance measures. The research reveals
critical maintenance needs in the stadium caused by maintenance generators. Specific remedial
measures are proposed for each area, emphasizing cost-effectiveness and minimal disruptions to
facility use. Best practices for preventive maintenance are also recommended. The study concludes
that these complex, and likely others, need urgent attention to improve safety and functionality. It
is recommended that the remedial measures highlighted in this study be employed both for the
private university sports complex and other university sports complexes. This research contributes
to understanding the challenges of maintaining these facilities and paves the way for further
investigations into sustainable maintenance practices for university sports infrastructure.
KEYWORDS: Maintenance Generators, Maintenance Needs, Remedial Measures, University Sports
Complex, Preventive Maintenance.

54
#ICSID'24P073

Modification of Asphalt Concrete for Road Maintenance Using Used

Waste Tyres
P.O. Babalola1, A.O. Inegbenebor2, N.E. Udoye3 & O.D. Egbo4
1,2,3,4
Department of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering, Covenant University Ota, Lagos state, Nigeria

Corresponding Author: nduka.udoye@covenantuniversity.edu.ng

ABSTRACT

This Study considers the Marshall test to investigate how old discarded tires can be used to modify
asphalt concrete for road maintenance. The goal is to examine the Marshall Stability, flow,
density, void content, water sensitivity, and compressive strength of this modified asphalt concrete
to determine its performance and viability. These laboratory tests will be carried out for the
wearing and binder courses with and without a filler for the asphalt concrete produced. In the
research, the ideal bitumen content in asphalt concrete was substituted with waste tires at varying
percentages: 5%, 10%, 20%, 40%, 60%, 80%, and 100%. The modified asphalt concrete exhibited
increased wearing and binder courses, regardless of whether a filler was used. The highest
stability was achieved in the wearing courses without a filler and binder courses without a filler,
specifically when 20% waste tire content was used, resulting in a remarkable 64.44% increase in
stability. The asphalt sample produced also offered higher resistance to deformation (flow) than
the conventional materials. Therefore, introducing waste tires into road pavement can boost the
stability and permanent deformation of asphalt.

KEYWORDS: Stability, Flow, Waste tires, Bitumen, Aluminium dross, Asphalt Concrete.

55
#ICSID'24P074

Impact of Kenaf Fiber on the Mechanical Characteristics of Rice

Husk Ash Blended Portland Cement Foamed Concrete
S.A., Agboola1, A.K., Musa2, M.O., Shabi3 & K.I. Abbas4.
1,2,3&4
Department of Department of Building and Quantity Surveying, University of Abuja, FCT, Nigeria.

Corresponding Author: deenlegit@gmail.com

ABSTRACT

Concrete is brittle in nature and has low tensile strength. Also, its production emits harmful gases.
There is a global need for alternative materials to preserve natural resources, improve tensile
strength, reduce carbon dioxide emissions, and ensure the durability and sustainability of concrete
structures. This study examined the impact of kenaf fibre on the mechanical properties of Portland
cement foamed concrete blended with rice husk ash. This study evaluates the effects of different
kenaf fibre (KF) contents on the performance of foamed concrete (FC) made with a mixture of
Portland cement (90% wt.) and rice husk ash (RHA) (10% wt.) as the binder ingredient. Wet
density in the fresh condition, dry weight, compression strength, split tensile strength, and flexural
strength in the hardened state were all tested for FC. According to test results, the density of FC
decreases as the amount of KF increases. The results show no discernible difference in the
compressive strength of FC with the addition KF. At 28 days, the 0.5% KF exhibits a 23.48%
increase in flexural strength and a 35.10% rise in split tensile strength when compared to the
control concrete. After 90 days, there was no significant difference in the concrete's compressive
strength, while the optimal tensile strength was reached at 0.5% KF concentration. Control
concrete resists fire better, has lower water absorption capacity, and has lower sorption
characteristics. FC with a 0.5% KF addition can be used in structural applications.
KEYWORDS: Density, Foamed Concrete, Kenaf Fiber, Mechanical Characteristics, Rice Husk Ash.

56
#ICSID'24P075

Evaluation of Threats from Particulate Matter Deposit from

Ceramic Tiles Industry on Neighbouring Environment
T.E. Oladimeji1, I.O. Agbato2, M.E. Emetere3,4, D.E. Babatunde5, J.O. Dirisu6 & A. Akinyemi7
1,2,5&7
Department of Chemical Engineering, Covenant University, Ota, Ogun state, Nigeria
3
Department of Physics, Bowen University, Osun State, Nigeria
4
Department of Mechanical Engineering Science, University of Johannesburg, South Africa
6
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Covenant University, Ota, Ogun state, Nigeria

Corresponding Author: temitayo.oladimeji@covenantuniversity.edu.ng

ABSTRACT
The emission of particulate matter from the tile industry, majorly through raw material processing,
milling, spray-drying, and firing, contributes significantly to the pollution of the environment. The
deposition of particulate matter introduces pollutants into water bodies, significantly affecting
water quality. Also, the pollutants find their way into the nostrils of life forms around the industrial
site and mainly affect their health in the short and long term. Due to the potential of the menace
of pollutants from the tile industry, this study focused on determining the particulate distribution
around the tile industry. A particle deposition technique was used for the sample collection.
Containers of distilled water were placed in ten locations around the tile industry. Also,
wastewater from the industry was analysed. The analysis includes pH, electrical conductivity
(EC), Total Organic Carbon (TOC) and concentrations of heavy metals (Lead, Cadmium,
Chromium, Copper and Arsenic) using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer. An hourly wind
parameter (wind speed and direction) was obtained from a satellite dataset from Modern-Era
Retrospective Analysis for Research and Applications, Version 2 (MERRA-2) to understand the
distribution of the particulate matter deposits beyond the tile factory within and after the
experimentation, i.e., March – October 2023. The findings revealed that the tile production stages
have a significant influence on pollutant emission. The result shows mean pH, EC and TOC of the
water samples was gotten to be 8.21, 558.02 µS/cm and 0.17 mg/L respectively which were within
the World Health Organization (WHO) and Nigeria Standard for Drinking Water Quality (NSDW)
water quality standards. The study revealed that 90% of the analysed water samples had detectable
levels of lead (Pb) and cadmium (Cd) was present in 80% of the water samples-analysed, while
chromium (Cr), arsenic (As), and copper (Cu) were present in 100% of the samples. These
concentrations exceeded the drinking water limits established by both the NSDWQ and the WHO.
Notably, cadmium (Cd) and arsenic (As) were the predominant heavy metals found in the water
samples among the analysed metals.
KEYWORDS: Density, Foamed Concrete, Kenaf Fiber, Mechanical Characteristics, Rice Husk Ash.

57
#ICSID'24P077

Synergy of Anaerobic Digestion with IOT to Optimise Biogas Plant

Operation
O.P. Ejigboye1, O.O. Elemile2, A.J. Gana3, O.S. Olajide4 & O. Ibitoye5
1,2,3&4
Department of Civil Engineering, Landmark University;
5
Landmark University SDG 13 (Climate Change), Omu-Aran, Nigeria,

Corresponding Author: ejigboye.praise@lmu.edu.ng

ABSTRACT

The urgent call for clean and renewable energy has made biogas become one of the most important
sustainable and renewable energy resources. However, Biogas production in developing countries
is very low, compared to the available potential. Biogas plants fail frequently because of unstable
process parameters, poor maintenance, control mechanisms, and human error. To address these
issues, Internet of Things (IoT) technology can significantly improve anaerobic digestion (AD) for
optimizing biogas plant operations. This review article examines the synergy of Anaerobic
Digestion with IOT to optimize biogas plant operation, highlighting current applications and
future trends. The review highlights recent studies' striking discoveries in IoT integration of AD
systems. Discussion on future trends that involve advanced sensor technologies, AI-driven
autonomous operations and data security. Effective AD-based current IoT applications enhance
the production of biogas by allowing for precise process parameter monitoring and control. The
use of predictive analytics driven by the IoT and automated systems in the process has led to an
increase in yields, a more stable process and reduced operational costs. This could increase the
productivity, dependability as well as environmental impact of biogas generation due to the central
role played by sensor technology, and AI blockchain, among others.
Keywords: Internet of Things, Anaerobic Digestion, Biogas, Optimization, Sensors.

58
#ICSID'24P078

Life Cycle Assessment of the Management of Waste Smartphones in

Lagos State, Nigeria
O.E. Odokuma1, D.O. Omole2, V.E. Akpan3, S.O. Academe4, G.C. George5 & A.P.
Osilaehuu6
1,5&6
Department of Civil Engineering, College of Engineering, Covenant University, Ota, Nigeria.
2&3
School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg.
Private Bag 3, Johannesburg, WITS 2050, South Africa.
4
Department of Physics, College of Science and Technology, Covenant University, P.M.B
1023, Ota, Ogun State

Corresponding Author: ogagaoghene.odokuma@covenantuniversity.edu.ng

ABSTRACT

Nigeria’s booming electronics market drives rapid e-waste increase. This study aims to apply the
Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) framework to the management of waste smartphones in Lagos state.
Field surveys were carried out and the different processes involved in the different scenarios were
identified and analysed using the Ecoinvent database via the openLCA software. ReCiPe
Midpoint-H methodology was then employed to calculate environmental impacts regarding global
warming and human toxicity potentials. It was then found that the highest impact of global
warming was due to collection and transportation methods which stood at 4.76 kg CO₂-Eq in the
informal scenario and 9.51 kg CO₂-Eq in the formal scenario. The highest impact of the human
toxicity potential in the informal scenario came from collection and transportation at 1.15 kg 1,4-
DCB-Eq, while in the formal scenario, the highest impact of the human toxicity potential came
from the dismantling of components at 8.03 kg 1,4-DCB-Eq. It is recommended that proper
material recovery facilities should be situated in different parts of the country to enable the
efficient recycling of waste smartphones, thereby reducing transport emissions produced by the
collection and movement of products from different parts of the country.
Keywords: e-waste, Life cycle assessment, waste smartphone recycling, global warming
potential, human toxicity potential.

59
#ICSID'24P079

The Impact of Land Use Changes on Rental Values in Lagos Island

Communities between 2002 and 2022
O.O. Ajakaiye 1, A.O. Akinola2, Z.I. Jubril3, O. Omodele4, E.O. Adekunle5 & V.O, Ene6
1,3&4
Department of Urban and Regional Planning, Yaba College of Technology, Yaba, Lagos, Nigeria
2&6
Department of Architecture, Covenant University, Ota, Nigeria
5
Department of Political science and International Relations, Covenant University, Ota, Nigeria

Corresponding Author: bisiajakaiye@gmail.com

ABSTRACT

Indiscriminate and unauthorized land use change severely impacts the environment, one of which
is rental value. This study examines the impact of land use change on rental values in Epetedo,
Lafiaji/Ebute, and Sandgrouse communities from 2002 to 2022. Land use change, driven by
urbanization, economic, and demographic factors, significantly affects rental values in urban
areas. This research aims to analyse the evolution of land use and its correlation with rental value
trends over the specified period. Utilizing data from various sources, including surveys and
statistical analyses, the study tests three hypotheses regarding the positive impact of land use
changes on rental values in 2002, 2012, and 2022. Results indicate that land use changes positively
influenced rental values significantly in 2002 and 2012, while the 2022 impact, though positive,
was not statistically significant. While property owners reap huge rewards via increased rents, the
previous residential tenants have had to choose between leaving the neighbourhood. Regression
analysis revealed that land use change significantly influenced rental values over the years. The
R2 value of 0.703 reveals that land use change is 70.3% responsible for the increase in rental value
in the study area. Spearman’s correlation coefficient also revealed (rs (29) =.72, p<.001) for 2002,
(rs (26)=.71,<.001) for 2012, and (rs (26)=.27,p>0.001) for 2022, indicating an average strong
relationship between land use change and rental value. The findings underscore the need for
informed urban planning and policy-making to manage land use changes effectively, balancing
development with rental affordability. This research provides valuable insights for urban
planners, policymakers, property owners, and residents, highlighting the dynamic relationship
between land use changes and rental market fluctuations
Keywords: Lagos Island, Land Use Change, Property Rental Value & Urbanization.

60
#ICSID'24P080

Bringing the Outdoors in: Rejuvenating Urban Life for Elderly

Homes with Biophilic Design
V.T. Ogunleye1, B. I. Bello2 & T.A. Afolabi3
1,2&3
Department of Architecture, Caleb University, Imota Lagos state, Nigeria
Corresponding Author’s email: victoria.ogunleye@calebuniversity.edu.ng

Corresponding Author: victoria.ogunleye@calebuniversity.edu.ng

ABSTRACT

In the bustling urban landscape of Lagos, Nigeria, a transformative approach emerges to

reconnect elderly residents with nature through biophilic design, aiming to enhance their well-
being and quality of life. This article delves into the rejuvenation of urban life for elderly homes
in Lagos's urban environment through the integration of biophilic design principles. By drawing
on existing research findings and case studies, this study explores the potential benefits of biophilic
elements in enhancing the living environment for elderly residents. This research aims to
investigate the impact of biophilic design on the health and well-being of elderly individuals in
urban settings in Lagos, Nigeria. The objectives include assessing the effectiveness of biophilic
patterns in promoting social interaction, reducing social isolation, and improving the overall
quality of life for elderly residents. This study adopts a case study approach, drawing insights from
existing research on biophilic design and its effects on elderly care homes. By synthesizing findings
from various studies, this research aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of the potential
benefits of biophilic design in urban environments. The synthesis of research findings reveals the
positive impact of biophilic design on elderly residents, including reduced stress levels, enhanced
social engagement, and improved overall well-being. Case studies demonstrate the transformative
potential of integrating nature-inspired elements in urban living spaces for the elderly in Lagos.
In conclusion, the integration of biophilic design in elderly homes in Lagos presents a promising
avenue for revitalizing urban life and enhancing the golden years of elderly citizens. By
prioritizing nature-inspired elements, we can create environments that foster health, happiness,
and a deeper connection to the natural world.
Keywords: Biophilic Design, Elderly residents, Urban Environment, Well-being, Lagos.

61
#ICSID'24P081

Removal of Chromium (VI) from Contaminated Synthetic

Groundwater using Functionalized Carbon Nanomaterials modified
with Zinc and Potassium
P.D. Ibikunle1, D.O. Bala2, A.P. Olawolu3 & A.A. Adebayo4
1,2,3,4
Civil Engineering Department, Landmark University, Omu-Aran, Nigeria

Corresponding Author: ibikunle.peter@lmu.edu.ng

ABSTRACT

Chromium has been discovered to be a significant contributor to water pollution, which causes
cancer. Modified carbon nanotubes (CNTs) potential as an adsorbent hasn't been thoroughly
investigated. The study investigated the potential of various functionalized carbon nanomaterials
for Cr (VI) removal from contaminated synthetic groundwater. Functionalized carbon
nanomaterials with layered and tube-like structures were designed based on thermal (KOH-
activated micrographite sheets) and impregnation methods by anchoring K and Zn on carbon
nanotubes (CNTs), respectively, for the removal of Cr (VI) from contaminated synthetic
groundwater. Zinc acetate-modified carbon nanotubes (Zn-CNTs) and potassium hydroxide-
modified carbon nanotubes (K-CNTs) exhibited greater adsorption capacity for the Cr (VI)
adsorbate compared to KOH-activated graphite (AC-1 and AC-0). Maximum removal efficiency
for both adsorbents occurred at pH 2. Therefore, Omu Aran Hand-dug wells can be treated with
K–CNTs since the experimental outcomes showed that CNT adsorbent could operate well in a
range of experimental scenarios.
Keywords: Carbon nanotubes, Chromium (VI), Adsorption, Water treatment, Graphitic carbon, Kinetics.

62
#ICSID'24P082

Performance Evaluation and Regression Analysis of Selected Pile

Foundations in Nigeria: A Review
O.J. Oyebode1 & B.C. Finbarrs-Ezema2
1&2
Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, Afe Babalola University, Ado-Ekiti
Ekiti State, Nigeria.

Corresponding Author: oyebodedare@yahoo.com

ABSTRACT

Piling foundations are a very beneficial tool for creating sustainable infrastructure in the built
environment. Although pile foundations have been used in Nigeria's construction industry for a
while, certain foundation collapses have occurred recently. This study aims to investigate various
pile foundations in Nigeria and the methods and results of performance evaluation. Common pile
foundation types and regression as a prediction tool are also covered. There are three different
types of piles: friction piles, which are also known as cohesion heaps, end-bearing piles, and
combinations of end-bearing and cohesion piles. Errors and uncertainties in the pile design
process may be the cause of pile foundation failures. The particular strata, tools, and building
techniques heavily influence pile design. The choice to employ pile foundations is made based on
a variety of soil and pile characteristics discovered through thorough geological and geotechnical
investigations from a sizable sample size of boreholes. Regression was applied to pile foundations
for prediction and calibration of pile settlement, reliability analysis, modelling pile capacity, and
prediction of pile performance. Statistical and reliability metrics revealed the strength of
relationships between parameters, and this has the most use cases in Nigeria. There is a need to
strengthen industry-government-education partnerships. This will contribute to pile foundation
research data. Existing formulas should be checked and validated to avert regional foundation
failures.
Keywords: Pile Foundations, Regression Analysis, Foundation Failures, Performance Evaluation,
Geotechnical Investigations.

63
#ICSID'24P083

Strategies for Overcoming Challenges in Town Planning for

Effective Architecture and Civil Engineering Projects
O.J. Oyebode1, E.O. Ogodor2, O.A. Ibitoye3 & A.T. Akinyemi4
1&2
Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, Afe Babalola University, Ekiti State, Nigeria
3
Department of Banking and Finance, Afe Babalola University, Ado-Ekiti, Ekiti State, Nigeria
4
Department of Architecture, Afe Babalola University, Ado-Ekiti (ABUAD), Ekiti-State, Nigeria.

Corresponding Author: oyebodedare@yahoo.com

ABSTRACT

Strategies should be deployed to avoid tragedies in the built environment and ensure effective town
planning and sustainable infrastructural development. Numerous challenges often impede the
seamless implementation of these projects. This paper explores various strategies that can be used
to overcome these challenges for the efficient execution of urban development projects. The
systematic approach included a review of various literature and case studies. Findings revealed
that available challenges can be broadly categorized into environmental, socio-economic,
regulatory, infrastructure, financial, and technological factors. These challenges are critical in
determining urban infrastructure networks' efficiency, resilience, and quality. Urban development
faces many challenges that can vary significantly depending on the location, context, and specific
project requirements. Town planning is pivotal in successfully executing architecture and civil
engineering projects in the built environment. In town planning, infrastructure challenges
encompass the planning, development, maintenance, and management of essential physical and
technical systems that support urban life. By embracing integrated approaches, fostering
collaboration, and prioritizing sustainability, equity, and resilience, we can build cities that are
inclusive, liveable, and adaptable to the evolving needs and dynamics of urban life.
Keywords: Built Environment, Strategies, Town Planning, Sustainable infrastructural development,
Challenges.

64
#ICSID'24P084

Critical Investigation of Flood Incidences in a Developing Nation

and Provision of Mitigation Measures
O.J. Oyebode1, O.Y. Gafar2 & O.M. Ofuyatan3
1&2
Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, Afe Babalola University, Ekiti State, Nigeria
3
Department of Civil Engineering, Covenant University, Ota, Nigeria

Corresponding Author: oyebodedare@yahoo.com

ABSTRACT

Flooding has severe consequences on infrastructural development and human lives. This paper
investigates the disastrous impacts, corrective solutions, and management techniques for
preventing flooding in Nigeria by determining the geospatial extent of water coverage and
developing flood models. The methodology consists of primary and secondary data for floodplain
mapping. Primary data was gathered by conducting interviews, questionnaires, and field
observations. In order to get the Digital Elevation Model, grid interpolation was utilized to
generate a Contour map, Slope map, variations in height and runoff direction throughout the
metropolitan area. Most respondents believe that heavy rainfall is the main reason for floods.
Numerous factors, including rapid population growth, poor governance, high rainfall,
construction on flood-prone plains, inadequate drainage systems, deteriorating infrastructures,
poor environmental planning and management practices, poor waste disposal practices, climate
change, and a lack of adequate preparedness, have been identified as contributing factors to
flooding in developing countries.
Keywords: Environmental planning, Digital Elevation Model, Drainage systems, Floodplain mapping,
Mitigation measures.

65
#ICSID'24P085

An Assessment of the Spatial Distribution of Emergency Services

within Agbede Transformer Community, Ikorodu, Lagos State
O.O. Ajakaiye1, A.O. Akinola2, W. O. Oboh3, F.O. Jegede4, E.O Adekunle5 & O. Omodele6
1,3&6
Department of Urban and Regional Planning, Yaba College of Technology, Yaba, Lagos State
2&4
Department of Architecture, Covenant University, Ota, Nigeria
5
Department of Political science and International Relations, Covenant University, Ota, Nigeria

Corresponding Author: bisiajakaiye@gmail.com

ABSTRACT

For an urban area to enjoy basic services, these services must be properly distributed within space.
This study assessed the spatial distribution of emergency services within Agbede Transformer
community. The emergency services assessed include police, ambulance, and fire service. The
neighbourhood concept by Clarence Perry explained how services should be distributed in any
spatial location. To achieve the objectives, this study employed mixed-method research, which
includes questionnaire administration, observation, and using secondary data from Google Earth.
To achieve the study's first objective, a base map of the study area was digitized using AutoCAD
software to identify emergency services within the study area and delineate it from surrounding
areas. The study area comprises twenty-six streets. The study revealed that there were no
emergency facilities within the study area. To achieve the second objective, a total of 124
questionnaires were distributed, four on each of the 31 blocks. The study recommended that the
three hospitals located within the Agbede Transformer community be utilized as ambulance points,
and a fire station should be provided within the community. The study also recommended
completing an abandoned police post within the study area, frequent advertisements on various
media, and proper training of emergency personnel.
Keywords: Distribution, Emergency, Perception, Service, Spatial.

66
#ICSID'24P086

Effect of the Jurisdictional Partitioning of Planning Areas on

Physical Development in Ogun State, Nigeria
G.O. Adebayo1, F.J. Odekunle2, H.A. Adewole3, A.J. Adedini4 & E.O. Onabanjo5
1&3
Ministry of Physical Planning and Urban Development, Ogun State, Nigeria;
2
Bells University of Technology, Ota, Ogun State, Nigeria;
4
Lagos State University of Science and Technology;
5
illicon Nigeria Limited

Corresponding Author: tpl.olabisiadebayo@gmail.com

ABSTRACT

Jurisdictional partitioning is crucial for the physical development of heterogeneous nations.

However, many developing countries fail to address deficiencies through decentralization of
governance and planning, impacting citizens' quality of life. This paper examines decentralization
gaps in Ogun State, Nigeria, particularly in public facilities and services provision. Using a mixed-
method research design with primary and secondary sources, data were obtained from the Ogun
State Planning and Development Permit Authority (OGPDPA) and Google Earth and analysed
descriptively. Ogun State consists of 20 Local Government Areas (LGAs), grouped into three
senatorial districts and divided into 22 Zonal Planning Areas (ZPAs). Each LGA and ZPA is
managed by the Local Government Council and Zonal Planning Office (ZPO). The state uses these
ZPAs, via the OGPDPA, to regulate development. However, ZPAs are unevenly distributed across
LGAs in each senatorial district (χ2=1.078, p=0.956, p>0.05), hindering a responsive, context-
specific approach to physical development. This partitioning challenges the coordination and
uniformity of LGAs/senatorial districts. The study recommends harmonizing and managing each
ZPA within an LGA to deliver public facilities and services efficiently.
Keywords: Jurisdictional partitioning, Planning areas, Local Government Areas (LGAs).

67
#ICSID'24P087

Influence of Implementation of Biophilic Design Patterns on Users'

Well-being in Resort Architecture in Ibadan, Nigeria
A.A. Oluwatayo1 & A.O. Abraham2
1&3
Department of Architecture, Covenant University, Ota, Ogun State, Nigeria

Corresponding Author: dapo.oluwatayo@covenantuniversity.cu.edu.ng

ABSTRACT

Rapid urbanization has led to overcrowded urban areas largely devoid of nature, negatively
impacting both human health and the remaining ecosystems. Integrating nature into urban
environments is crucial for addressing health issues in densely populated and polluted cities.
Biophilic design, which incorporates natural elements into the built environment, offers a
promising solution for improving well-being. This study examines the impact of biophilic design
strategies on user well-being in selected resorts in Ibadan, Nigeria. The study location, Ibadan,
was chosen due to its availability of natural resources and location-based characteristics. A
quantitative approach was used, with convenience sampling for resorts and census sampling for
respondents. The findings highlight the significant influence of biophilic design, with open views
being the most impactful factor. ANOVA results for "overall wellness" showed an F-value of 1.992
and a marginal significance level (p = 0.069). Of the seven biophilic design components studied,
only Open Views had a statistically significant effect on well-being (p < 0.05). Incorporating
nature-inspired elements in resort design enhances well-being and fosters a deeper connection
with nature. The study concludes that integrating biophilic design in resort planning, especially
Open Views, enhances user satisfaction and contributes to healthier, more sustainable urban
environments.
Keywords: Biophilia, Biophilic Design Patterns, Resorts, User Well-Being.

68
#ICSID'24P088

Evaluation of Threats from Particulate Matter Deposit from

Ceramic Tiles Industry on Neighbouring Environment
T.E. Oladimeji1, I.O. Agbato2, M.E. Emetere3, D.E. Babatunde4, J.O. Dirisu5 & A.
Akinyemi6
1,2,4,5
Department of Chemical Engineering, Covenant University, Ota, Ogun state, Nigeria
3
Department of Physics, Bowen University, Osun State, Nigeria and Department of Mechanical
Engineering Science, University of Johannesburg, South Africa
4
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Covenant University, Ota, Ogun state, Nigeria

Corresponding Author: temitayo.oladimeji@covenantuniversity.edu.ng

ABSTRACT
The emission of particulate matter from the tile industry, majorly through raw material processing,
milling, spray-drying, and firing, contributes significantly to the pollution of the environment. Due
to the deposition of particulate matter, its pollutants enter water bodies, which has a significant
impact on the quality of water. Also, the pollutants find their way into the nostrils of life forms
around the industrial site and mainly affect their health both in the short and long term. Due to
the potential of the menace of pollutants from the tile industry, the focus of this study was to
determine the particulate distribution around the tile industry. A particle deposition technique was
used for the sample collection. Containers of distilled water were placed in ten locations around
the tile industry. Also, wastewater from the industry was analysed. The analysis includes pH,
electrical conductivity (EC), Total Organic Carbon (TOC) and concentration of heavy metals
(Lead, Cadmium, Chromium, Copper and Arsenic) using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer.
An hourly wind parameter (wind speed and direction) was obtained from a satellite dataset from
Modern-Era Retrospective Analysis for Research and Applications, Version 2 (MERRA-2) to
understand the distribution of the particulate matter deposits beyond the tile factory within and
after the experimentation, i.e., March – October 2023. The findings reveal that the tile production
stages have a significant influence on pollutant emission. The result shows mean pH, EC and TOC
of the water samples was gotten to be 8.21, 558.02 µS/cm and 0.17 mg/L respectively which were
within the World Health Organization (WHO) and Nigeria Standard for Drinking Water Quality
(NSDW) water quality standards. The study revealed that 90% of the analysed water samples had
detectable levels of lead (Pb) and cadmium (Cd) was present in 80% of the water samples-
analysed, while chromium (Cr), arsenic (As), and copper (Cu) were present in 100% of the
samples. These concentrations exceeded the drinking water limits established by both the NSDWQ
and the WHO. Notably, cadmium (Cd) and arsenic (As) were the predominant heavy metals found
in the water samples among the analysed metals.
Keywords: Tile industry; Pollution; Pollutants; Heavy metal; Water; Air.

69
#ICSID'24P089

Performance Evaluation of Bio-Composite Noise Reducing

Materials in a Built Environment: A Systematic Review
O.S. Olajide1, O.O. Elemile2, O.P. Ejigboye3, O. Ibitoye4 & P.D. Ibikunle5
1,2,4,5
Department of Civil. Engineering, Landmark University, Omun-Aran, Kwara State, Nigeria
1&3
SDG 11 (Sustainable Cities and Communities Research Group), 2SDG 13 (climate Change),
&45
SDG 6 (Sustainable Cities and Communities Research Group)

Corresponding Author: olajide.opeyemi@lmu.edu.ng

ABSTRACT
The inability of noise-reducing materials to possess a long serving life, the increase in
anthropogenic nature of man towards noise-producing activities, and the morphology of materials
used in producing various sound-producing devices all threaten the sanity of the built
environment. Therefore, this paper is intended to review the performance of noise-reduction
materials (NRMs) and positivity in compositing different NRMs for prolonged service life. The
review study made use of the PRISMA-P Standards, and the SPIDER framework was used to
screen the articles that matched the selection criteria. Literature was retrieved from journals such
as Web of Science, Google Scholar databases, and ResearchGate. 14,678 kinds of literature were
assessed and grouped into best-related, close-related, and non-related literature.30 best-related
literature based on title, methodology, year of publication, and conclusion were carefully
examined within the past 10 years (2014-2024). Results show that Bio-composite noise reduction
materials are great sound absorbers with varying performance due to differences in their
biological structures. Most of these Bio-CNRMs have moisture content and fire resistance
challenges. Therefore, further research needs to be done to investigate how the properties of those
usable bio-composite materials can be enhanced.
Keywords: Noise pollution, Acoustic, Bio-composite, Insulation, Materials, Environment

70
#ICSID'24P090

Systematic Review of Environmental Construction Dust in The

Urban Landscape
P.A. Olaomotito1, O.A. Bamgbose2 & A.T. Gambo3
1,2&3
Department of Civil Engineering, Lead City University, Nigeria

Corresponding Author: olaomotito.precious@lcu.edu.ng

ABSTRACT
With the rise in the number of constructions of new buildings, the ecosystem’s impact of
construction has become an important issue. One of the most critical and often underestimated
impact is the generation of construction dust. Twenty-five (25) peer-reviewed articles in total were
carefully selected and examined to give a thorough summary of the state of knowledge in this area.
The review focused on a number of environmental issues, including deteriorating air quality,
contaminated soil, and their consequent impacts on human health. Key findings indicate that
construction dust significantly contributes to urban air pollution, with particulate matter (PM)
levels often exceeding safe limits. This exacerbates respiratory problems among urban residents
and contributes to broader environmental health concerns. Soil contamination from construction
dust, particularly with heavy metals and other pollutants, poses long-term risks to urban
vegetation and soil quality. The review also highlights mitigation strategies employed in various
urban settings to minimize these impacts. While construction activities are vital for urban growth,
there is a critical need for sustainable practices to mitigate the environmental impact of
construction dust. Future research should focus on developing innovative dust control
technologies and evaluating the effectiveness of current regulatory policies in reducing
environmental hazard.
Keywords: Construction activities, Construction dust, Environmental impact, Urban landscape,
Environmental health.

71
#ICSID'24P091

A wireless power transfer using the principle of magnetic resonance

O.I. Yusuf1, M.J. Ezeh2, Y.B. Gelwasa3 & J. OnySemenam4
1,2&4
Department of Electrical and Information Engineering, Landmark University, Omu-Aran, Nigeria
3
Department of Electrical and Electronics, Kebbi State University of Science and Technology, Aliero, Nigeria.

Corresponding Author: yusuf.isaac@lmu.edu.ng

ABSTRACT
In this modern technology era, researchers and inventors have drawn interest in wireless power transfer
due to its potential to revolutionize how electrical energy is transmitted and distributed. In the 21st century,
wireless power transfer cannot be downplayed due to the innovation of electronics into more compact and
efficient models. This paper aims to demonstrate the transmission of electrical energy from two resonant-
tuned coils to a simple load (a compact fluorescent lamp tube), to eliminate the want for physically stressed
connections, which include cables or connectors, to strengthen electronic gadgets complement
convenience, mobility, and versatility and demonstrate doing away with uncovered conductors and
connectors, Wi-Fi power switch systems lessen the threat of electric shocks, short circuits, and other risks
related to stressed out connections. The coils were designed and implemented. Another objective of this
work is to demonstrate how some of the challenges associated with using WPT technology can be curbed.
Finally, the WPT technique lights up (energizes) a small fluorescent tube. Its application is found in
wireless charging smartphones, headphones, keyboards, etc., and in wireless power transfer to/from
inaccessible terrain. The wireless power transfer circuit leverages the ideas of electromagnetic induction
and resonance to acquire efficient and convenient power transfer without the need for physical, electrical
connections between the primary coil and secondary coil. In actualizing these objectives, a composite
circuit operating on the principle of magnetic resonance is employed to implement a wireless power
transfer circuit capable of transferring power effectively over a few centimetres directly or indirectly. The
alternative chosen for implementation is the Tesla coil device redesigned for wireless power transfer,
incorporating an innovative design to limit losses in the system. The device consists of two circuits: the
primary and secondary circuits. The former contains a high-voltage transformer, a spark space assembly,
a high-voltage capacitor, and a copper-embedded coil. In contrast, the latter contains the top load and a
copper-embedded coil. The overview of this volume of work covers only the direct transfer of power. The
paper consists of eight sections. Section I introduces the paper, and sections II and III give a literature
review and method employed, respectively. Section IV discusses the design and construction of soft and
hard wares. Section V discusses the results/findings obtained. Section VI explains specific requirements for
powering electric bulbs using WPT. Section VII presents WPT's challenges and role in addressing these
challenges compared to the inductive coupling method. Section VIII concludes the paper.
Keywords: resonant system; wireless power transfer; Tesla coil; top load; resonant tuned coil.

72
#ICSID'24P092

Water Supply and Sanitation Strategies for Effective Decision-

Making in the Nigerian Water Sector
O.J. Oyebode1
1
Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, Afe Babalola University, Ado-Ekiti, Ekiti State, Nigeria

Corresponding Author: oyebodedare@yahoo.com, ojoyebode@abuad.edu.ng

ABSTRACT

Every nation on the earth is implementing WASH (Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene) practices in
part because knowledge, tactics, and decision-making are integrated. This study looks at the
various ways that water, sanitation, and hygiene projects in Nigeria might incorporate data,
strategies, and decision-making. The methodology includes case studies, review studies, and
expert comments. Additional difficulties were noted, such as problems with the distribution,
processing, use, and availability of water. Decision-making processes and strategies were
identified to guarantee that water, sanitation, and hygiene operates as optimally as possible in both
rural and urban regions. In order to provide water, sanitation, and hygiene in both rural and urban
regions in an optimal and efficient manner, strategies and techniques for making decisions were
established. The primary reasons for the issues that communities are dealing with are climate
change and a scarcity of clean water. This is a challenge that water professionals can solve, and
there are several feasible ways to grow the water sector that require good governance from the
three levels of government, enough human resources gap filling, managerial skill and sufficient
coordination. It was concluded that effective WASH may be implemented throughout Nigeria's
many geopolitical zones through the integration and appropriate deployment of information,
strategies, and decision-making. All activities directed towards the realization of this development
ought to have the backing of the government.
Keywords: Water, Integration of Knowledge, Sanitation, Decision making, Managerial skill.

73
#ICSID'24P093

Critical Organisational Factors for Adopting Sustainable Building

Construction in South Africa
C.E. Emere1, C.O. Aigbavboa2 & O.A. Oguntona3
1&3
Department of Built Environment, Faculty of Engineering, Built Environment and Information Technology,
Walter Sisulu University, South Africa
2
SARChl in Sustainable Construction Management and Leadership in the Built Environment, Department of
Construction Management and Quantity Surveying, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa

Corresponding Author: emerechijioke@gmail.com

ABSTRACT

Sustainable building construction (SBC) contributes immensely to attaining sustainable

development initiatives. Nevertheless, SBC is not fully embraced among construction
organizations in developing countries due to several drawbacks, suggesting the need for lasting
solutions. However, uncertainty remains about the most vital characteristics/factors construction
organizations need to adopt SBC. This study investigated the organizational factors contributing
to the successful implementation of SBC. Primary data was collected with a structured
questionnaire. A convenient sampling technique was used to elicit data from the respondents, who
were built environment professionals in the Gauteng province of South Africa. Data was analysed
using descriptive statistics and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). The CFA results confirmed
that all the variables achieved goodness of fit in the measurement model or latent construct
(organizational factors), indicating their significance. Nevertheless, the top five variables included
a commitment to innovative construction, adequate project management culture, support from top
management, sound intra-organizational leadership, and social responsibility to protect the
environment. The study recommends giving these elements enough thought to direct improvement
initiatives among construction organizations and curb unsustainable practices. Similarly, the
study advocates government support/involvement in providing subsidies and incentives for
organizations prioritizing SBC and mobilizing resources to support technological changes in the
built environment.
Keywords: Sustainable Building Construction, Organisation Factors, Green Building, Confirmatory Factor
Analysis, South Africa.

74
#ICSID'24P094

Assessing Nigeria`s Financial Development, Energy Consumption

and Economic Growth
O.S. Adediran1, O.A. Adekoya2, L.O. Agboola3 & K.A Olabiyi4
1&2
Department of Economics and Development Studies, CBSS, Covenant University, Ota, Nigeria
3&4
Department of Economics, Osun State University, Osogbo, Nigeria

Corresponding Author: Oluwasegun.adekoyapgs@stu.cu.edu.ng

ABSTRACT

This study examines the impact of energy consumption and financial system development on
Nigeria's economic growth, focusing on the existence of a sustainable relationship. Recognizing
the significance of energy in economic development, as emphasized in the United Nations'
Sustainable Development Goal 7, the study utilizes annual time series data from 1990-2021. The
analysis employs the Toda and Yamamoto test for Granger non-causality, revealing several
asymmetric causalities among the variables. The results show a unidirectional causal link from
economic growth to positive shocks in energy consumption and from negative variations in energy
consumption to negative changes in financial system development. Additionally, there is a two-
way causality between negative economic growth shocks and positive financial system
development changes. Given the observed causal relationships, the findings suggest that
policymakers should consider financial system development as a tool to influence energy
consumption. This study provides insights for designing policies that support sustainable economic
growth through strategic energy and financial sector development.
Keywords: Economic Development, Alternative Energy Source, Sustainable Development, Energy
Consumption, Time series analysis.

75
#ICSID'24P095

Service Quality Gap of Architecture, Engineering, and Construction

Education in Tertiary Institutions in Nigeria
A.S. Adeyi1, O. Olorunlogbon2, T.R. Ogunwale3 & O.O. Oyeyipo2
1
Department of Physical Planning, Bells University of Technology, Ota, Nigeria
3&4
Department of Quantity Surveying, Bells University of Technology, Ota, Nigeria
3
Energo Building Construction Limited, Nigeria.

Corresponding Author: adeyiadewalesamson@gmail.com

ABSTRACT

The quality of service and education provided by certain higher education institutions (HEIs) in
Nigeria is often considered inadequate compared to their global counterparts. Developing
countries' tertiary educational institutions, including Nigeria, have been found to fall short of
international service quality standards in major Architectural, Engineering, and construction
programs. Consequently, service quality and the quality of graduates from these institutions have
experienced a gradual decline. This study assessed service quality gaps between students'
perceptions and expectations in selected Nigerian tertiary institutions using a five-dimensional
SERVQUAL scale. A survey questionnaire was administered to final-year students studying
architecture, engineering, and construction courses in selected institutions located in Lagos and
Ogun states. The data was elicited from the target respondents using a purposive sampling
technique. The findings revealed a noticeable service quality gap across the five dimensions within
the studied tertiary institutions. This gap indicates a disparity between the expected service quality
levels and the actual experiences of stakeholders. These results highlight the pressing need to
address the service quality gap and improve the educational experience in Nigerian higher
institutions.
Keywords: Higher institutions; SERVQUAL; service quality; tertiary education, Nigeria.

76
#ICSID'24P096

Post-Graduate Student Hostel Defects and Maintenance Practices in

Nigeria
E.Y. Ekeh1 & O.J. Oladiran2
1
Department of Architecture, Covenant University, Ota, Ogun State, Postcode 110001, Nigeria.
2
Department of Building Technology, Covenant University, Ota, Ogun State, Postcode 110001, Nigeria

Corresponding Author: eseoghene.ekeh@covenantuniversity.edu.ng

ABSTRACT

The inability of a building to provide services as anticipated is referred to as defects or damage.

Users and building owners are negatively impacted when defects or damaged buildings are not
systematically handled. This study aims to assess post-graduate students’ hostel defects and
maintenance practices with a view to improving functionality in the hostels. The objective is to
examine the defects in female and male postgraduate hostels in a private university in Nigeria. The
study employed site observation and a checklist to elicit data from the case hostels. The findings
reveal several building defects: roof, ceiling, and slab. Specific remedial measures are also offered
in the study. It is concluded that post-graduate hostels are fraught with many defects, though their
external appearance may look good. The implication is that users may not receive good service
from the buildings. The study recommends that the various remedial measures highlighted in the
study be employed to maintain the buildings.
Keywords: Building defects, Maintenance practices, Maintenance management, Student hostel.

77
#ICSID'24P097

Factors Influencing the Use of Project Management Techniques Among

Small and Medium Construction Enterprises in South Africa
C.E. Emere1, I. Musonda2, C.S. Okoro3 & O.A. Oguntona4
1&4
Department of Built Environment, Faculty of Engineering, Built Environment and Information Technology,
Walter Sisulu University, East London, South Africa
2
Department of Construction and Quantity Surveying, Faculty of Engineering and the Built Environment, University
of Johannesburg, Johannesburg 2028, South Africa
3
Department of Finance and Investment Management, College of Business and Economics, University of
Johannesburg, Johannesburg 2006, South Africa

Corresponding Author: emerechijioke@gmail.com

ABSTRACT

Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) within the construction industry are fraught with project
management deficiencies because of the inability to maximize the use of formally recognized
techniques. Hence, there is a dire need for performance improvement in their project execution.
The factors influencing their choices for interventions are still ambiguous. This article, therefore,
explores the factors for using project management techniques (PMTs) among construction SMEs
in South Africa. A structured questionnaire was utilized to gather the field data. Respondents
included 155 construction practitioners in Gauteng. Convenient sampling was used to choose the
respondents. Descriptive and principal component analyses were adopted for data analysis. Three
clusters were developed: organizational dispositions, capacity, and psychological/situational
dispositions. The revelation of the factors will assist decision-makers in SMEs in making
constructive improvement efforts and designing the relevant interventions to enhance the use of
PMTs. This timely study adds to knowledge by validating three principal PMT adoption factors.
Therefore, this study recommends adequately considering these factors for project performance
improvement directives among construction SMEs. Government financial support/adequate
allocation of resources is recommended, and policymakers should prioritize the establishment of
project management offices among SMEs to foster sound knowledge management, good project
management culture, and organizational learning.
Keywords: Small and Medium Enterprise, Construction Industry, Factors, Project management techniques,
South Africa.

78
#ICSID'24P098

Defects and Sustainable Maintenance Measures in Residential

Buildings
C.I. Nduka-Kalu1 & O.J. Oladiran2
1
Department of Architecture, Covenant University, Ota, Nigeria.
2
Department of Building, Covenant University, Ota, Nigeria and Department of Building, Faculty of Environmental
Sciences, University of Lagos, Nigeria

Corresponding Author: ije.nduka-kalu@covenantuniversity.edu.ng

ABSTRACT

Buildings deteriorate steadily with time for served reasons hence, maintenance activities must be
completed to reduce the degradation process to guarantee the buildings' ongoing functionality.
This study employed the case study approach to assess selected residential buildings in a private
estate in Nigeria. The study aims to investigate the physical state of the buildings, to identify
maintenance defects, and proffering sustainable solutions. A Judgmental sampling technique was
used to select three buildings each from the estate's three categories of residential buildings,
totalling four case buildings for the exercise. The objectives include finding out the maintenance
generators and defects in the buildings and proposing sustainable measures for addressing the
challenges. A literature survey was also conducted to identify sustainable measures to combat the
maintenance generators and defects. The study uncovered several maintenance generators and
relevant maintenance measures for residential buildings. The study concludes that residential
buildings suffer numerous defects originating from generators, implying that they may
underperform during their lifespan. It is recommended that the measures discovered in this study
should be employed by clients and other maintenance stakeholders to rectify issues promptly in
residential buildings; this can be achieved by incorporating sustainable maintenance as an annual
program.
KEYWORDS: Building Defects, Maintenance Generators, Maintenance Measure, Management,
Residential Building

79
#ICSID'24P099

Carbon Dioxide Capture from Flue Gases and Its Conversion into
Valuable Products for Sustainable Environment
F.B. Elehinafe1, E.A. Aondoakaa2*, A.A. Ayoola3, G.A. Adeyemi4 & A.J. Adesina5
1,2,3&5
Department of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, Covenant University, Ota, Nigeria
4
Department of Civil Engineering, College of Engineering, Covenant University, Ota, Nigeria

Corresponding Author: ephraim.aondoakaapgs@stu.cu.edu.ng

ABSTRACT

Carbon dioxide (CO2) is one of the detrimental emissions to a sustainable environment. It is on

record as one of the contributing factors to global warming and climate change with attendant
catastrophic environmental consequences. Over the past century, combustion in industries has
triggered the release of flue gases containing CO2 and other carbon-based gases into the
atmosphere in massive proportion. It is, therefore, essential to focus on the capture and
conversion methods for this major anthropogenic emission. Therefore, this review explored the
different methods of capturing and converting CO2 from flue gases into valuable products. Several
technologies have proven effective based on their mode of application and possible combination
with other technologies. The CO2 capture methods considered fall under the following divisions:
pre-combustion, post-combustion, and chemical looping technologies. The technologies utilized
for these methods of carbon capture possess some limitations. They include low efficiency of
carbon capture, high energy consumption of the process or technology used to result from the
post-combustion method by solvent absorption, possibility of degradation of the equipment, high
capital cost and operational cost. Some of these limitations can be managed by combining them
with other technologies for capturing and conversion to increase the effectiveness and efficiency
of capturing, research into novel chemicals that can help prevent the degradation of the
equipment, etc. Some possible products and the conversion process were considered that could
be integrated by major industries toward a better and liveable planet. This study also analysed the
benefits and limitations of CO2 capture, the gaps, and the future research direction for a
sustainable environment.
KEYWORDS: Flue-gases, Carbon dioxide, Capture, Conversion, Technologies, Environment, Emissions.

80
#ICSID'24P100

Preventive Strategies for Building Projects’ Abandonment in

Nigeria
O.J. Oladiran1, I.I. Salami2 & J. Oluwafemi3
1
Department of Building Technology, Covenant University, Ota, Nigeria,
2
Department of Building, University of Lagos, Nigeria,
3
Department of Civil Engineering, Covenant University, Ota, Nigeria,

Corresponding Author: olatunji.oladiran@covenantuniversity.edu.ng

ABSTRACT

The incessant abandonment of building projects poses serious challenges to the stakeholders in
the built environment and economy. This study examines the strategies for preventing the
abandonment of projects in Lagos State, Nigeria, with a view to minimizing their occurrences. The
objectives of the study are to examine the frequently adopted strategies for the prevention of
abandonment of building projects, to find out the problems hindering the application of strategies
for the prevention of projects’ abandonment, and to determine important solutions for projects’
abandonments in Nigeria. A quantitative research approach was employed, using a well-
structured questionnaire to collect data from 86 respondents who were construction professionals.
A purposive sampling technique was used. The findings reveal that the most frequently adopted
strategies for the prevention of building project abandonment are effective and adequate planning
(MIS = 4.23), while the least are change orders and variation orders (MIS = 3.84). It also shows
that economic downturns and land use disputes are among the difficult problems of project
abandonment. The study concludes that although several problems hinder prevention of project
abandonment, however, the most difficult among them is economic downturns. The implication is
that a struggling nation economically could often experience abandonment of building projects. It
is recommended that stakeholders should regularly employ various strategies such as adequate
funding with effective planning and design, to prevent project abandonment, with particular
consideration for effective and adequate planning. This can be achieved by policy formulation and
enforcement in the construction industry.
KEYWORDS: Abandonment, Building, Problems, Projects, Prevention, Strategies.

81
#ICSID'24P101

Construction Professionals’ Perception on the Awareness, Usage

and Effectiveness of Epoxy Resin for Concrete Repair
O.J. Oladiran1, O.J. Babatunde2 & J. Oluwafemi3
1
Department of Building Technology, Covenant University, Ota, Nigeria,
2
Department of Building, University of Lagos, Nigeria,
3
Department of Civil Engineering, Covenant University, Ota, Nigeria,

Corresponding Author: olatunji.oladiran@covenantuniversity.edu.ng

ABSTRACT

This study investigates the awareness, usage, and effectiveness of epoxy resin for concrete repairs
with the view to enhance concrete outcomes in projects. The study was carried out among
construction professionals in Lagos who have been involved in treating concretes with epoxy resin.
A purposive sampling technique was used to select the sample of 340 professionals, while a
questionnaire was administered to them. A total of 100 properly filled and returned questionnaires
were used for the analysis. Data were analysed with the aid of frequency, mean, standard
deviation, ANOVA, and Pearson correlation. The study shows that most respondents are extremely
aware of and always use epoxy resin for concrete repair. In addition, epoxy resin is moderately
effective in concrete repairs. The study concludes that the awareness of epoxy resin for concrete
repair varies among professionals, but a larger percentage are fully aware of it. There should be
collaboration among regulatory bodies and stakeholders on the application of epoxy for concrete
repairs. This can be done by advocating for epoxy repair guidelines in existing construction codes
and standards. The study holds immense significance in the sustainable repair of concrete cracks.
KEYWORDS: Concrete repair, Crack, Epoxy resin, Structural defect.

82
#ICSID'24P102

Application of Blockchain Technology in Maintenance Management

F.T. Ademuyiwa1, T.S. Ogedengbe2, O.M. Ofuyatan3 & S.A. Afolalu4,5
1
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Covenant University, Ota. Ogun State. Nigeria
2
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Nile University of Nigeria, Abuja, 900001 F.C, T., Nigeria
3
Department of Civil Engineering, Covenant University, Ota, Ogun State, Nigeria
4
Department of Mechanical and Mechatronics Engineering, Afe Babalola University, Ota, Ogun State, Nigeria
5
Department of Mechanical Engineering Sciences, University of Johannesburg, South Africa

Corresponding Author: faith.ademuyiwa@covenantuniversity.edu.ng

ABSTRACT

Blockchain is a distributed digital ledger technology that has completely changed trade, business,
and industry by eliminating the need for centralized management and storage power. Blockchain
is an immutable, time-stamped data block system managed by a network of computers, or nodes,
each connected and kept by cryptographic techniques. A single company does not own the blocks.
Blockchain technology is immutable and decentralized. Hence, it offers a rapid, transparent,
pseudo-anonymous solution that completely alters identification, trust, ownership, and financial
systems. This essay thoroughly analyses blockchain technology, emphasizing its underlying
theories, historical context, and unexpected surge in popularity. Several blockchain consensus
algorithms are also covered in the study. Subsequently, the study centres on the diverse application
domains, potential use cases of blockchain technology, and associated obstacles and concerns.
The great potential of blockchain technology in Industry 4.0 is covered in this article. A discussion
on the many Blockchain technology enablers, drivers, and related competencies for Industry 4.0
is held for insights. Various Industry 4.0 sectors and spheres for implementing Blockchain
technology are also covered. Basically, fourteen noteworthy uses of Blockchain technology in
Industry 4.0 have been determined and examined in this study. Various recent advancements and
the prospect of enormous prospects are transforming Industry 4.0. Each piece of technology would
improve the process and aim toward greater results.
KEYWORDS: Blockchain, Cryptographic, Digitization, Globalization, Pseudonym, Technology.

83
#ICSID'24P103

Risk-Based Maintenance (RBM) for Critical Infrastructure

F.T. Ademuyiwa1, T.S. Ogedengbe2, O.M. Ofuyatan3 & S.A. Afolalu4,5
1
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Covenant University, Ota. Ogun State. Nigeria
2
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Nile University of Nigeria, Abuja, 900001 F.C, T., Nigeria
3
Department of Civil Engineering, Covenant University, Ota, Ogun State, Nigeria
4
Department of Mechanical and Mechatronics Engineering, Afe Babalola University, Ota, Ogun State, Nigeria
5
Department of Mechanical Engineering Sciences, University of Johannesburg, South Africa

Corresponding Author: faith.ademuyiwa@covenantuniversity.edu.ng

ABSTRACT

Risk-Based Maintenance (RBM) has emerged as a key technique for improving the performance
and management of critical infrastructure. By incorporating risk assessment approaches into
maintenance operations, RBM enables the prioritizing and scheduling of maintenance tasks based
on the likelihood and severity of probable failures. The study discusses the problems that industries
encounter while implementing RBM, such as data quality, technical integration, organizational
opposition, and financial limits. It focuses on high-risk components that, if they fail, might result
in substantial operational interruptions, safety dangers, or environmental damage, with the
ultimate goal of optimizing resource use. This review begins with an explanation of RBM's
essential principles and major methodologies, which include Failure Modes and Effects Analysis
(FMEA), Risk-Based Inspection (RBI), and Condition-Based Monitoring (CBM). It investigates
the different advantages of RBM, including improved decision-making processes, cost savings,
and increased safety and dependability. This talk underlines RBM's ability to improve the
maintenance and resilience of key services, from energy generation to transportation networks, in
the face of unanticipated breakdowns and inefficiencies by showing case examples from various
industries are also underlined in this study.
KEYWORDS: Infrastructure, Crumbling, Re-evaluation, Telecommunication, Cyberspace, Maintenance.

84
#ICSID'24P104

Beneficial Roles of Metaverse for Achieving Sustainable

Construction
O.A. Oguntona1, O.L. Akinradewo2, A. Dotye3 & C.O. Aigbavboa4
1
Department of Built Environment, Faculty of Engineering, Built Environment and Information Technology, Walter
Sisulu University, Butterworth, South Africa;
2,3&4
cidb Centre of Excellence & Sustainable Human Settlement and Construction Research Centre, University of
Johannesburg, South Africa

Corresponding Author: architectoguntona12@gmail.com; ooguntona@wsu.ac.za

ABSTRACT

There is mounting pressure on the construction industry to embrace sustainable practices to

address its significant environmental impacts. Technologies like the Metaverse offer
transformative potentials to revolutionise construction activities and processes toward achieving
sustainability goals. The Metaverse, a virtual world where digital and physical realms converge,
provides a unique real-time monitoring, design optimisation, and collaboration platform enabling
sustainable construction practices across the entire project lifecycle. Hence, this paper explores
the multifaceted benefits of the Metaverse for achieving sustainable construction in South Africa.
The study adopted the quantitative research method and utilised a structured questionnaire
administered to active construction professionals in the South African construction industry.
Descriptive and exploratory factor analysis was employed to analyse the retrieved data. Findings
from the study revealed twenty-two potential benefits of the Metaverse to achieve sustainable
construction. By leveraging its immersive and interconnected capabilities, the Metaverse has
shown the potential to transform the construction industry towards an eco-friendlier and resource-
efficient future. It is recommended that the adoption and implementation of the Metaverse be
encouraged among stakeholders to optimise its sustainable benefits in the built environment.
KEYWORDS: Developing Countries, Emerging Technologies, Fourth Industrial Revolution, Metaverse,
Sustainable Construction, South Africa.

85
#ICSID'24P105

Exploring the Barriers Facing the Adoption of Building Automation

Systems for Energy Efficiency in a Developing Economy
E.O. Ayorinde1, N. Ngcobo2 & K Ichabod3
1&2
Department of Civil Engineering Technology, Faculty of Engineering and the Built Environment, University of
Johannesburg, South Africa;
3
Department of Construction Management and Quantity Surveying, Faculty of Engineering and the Built
Environment, University of Johannesburg, South Africa

Corresponding Author: eayorinde@uj.ac.za

ABSTRACT

Building automation systems (BAS) play a crucial role in the operations and management of
modern buildings, affecting energy efficiency for a better living. Despite the numerous benefits
BAS technology can contribute to the economic landscape of society, its adoption is still
significantly low. This study explores the barriers facing the adoption of BAS for energy efficiency
in a developing economy such as South Africa (SA). The study adopted a quantitative research
approach with data gathered from the respondents saddled in the affairs of sustainable
construction practices. Mean item score (MIS) and factor analysis (FA) served as the method of
data analysis. The findings revealed the most significant barriers facing the adoption of BAS for
energy efficiency to be power supply issues, high initial costs, resistance to change, and regulation
challenges; also revealed from the factor analysis that three significant construct that serve as the
major barriers facing the adoption of BAS technologies are digital divide barriers, access barriers,
and compliance barriers. Conclusively, the study outlined the weight and strength of the barriers
facing BAS adoption and a viable approach to mitigating such limitations in favour of socio-
economic development. This guarantees energy optimization in developing economies such as SA
and contributes to the domain of sustainable construction practices.
KEYWORDS: Building automation systems, Developing economy, Energy efficiency, Environmental
sustainability, South Africa, Sustainable construction.

86
#ICSID'24P106

The Benefits of the Implementation of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles

for Construction Projects in South Africa
M.T. Maiwashe1, E.O. Ayorinde2, C.O. Aigbavboa3 & N. Ngcobo4
1&3
SARChi in Sustainable Construction Management and Leadership in the Built Environment, University of
Johannesburg, South Africa;
2&4
Department of Civil Engineering Technology, Faculty of Engineering and the Built Environment, University of
Johannesburg, South Africa.

Corresponding Author: eayorinde@uj.ac.za

ABSTRACT

Innovative technologies are found to be exceptional and advantageous to the construction industry
and they are established to speed up work effectiveness. This study focuses on the current level of
the implementation of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) in the South African construction industry
(SACI). The research study utilized a quantitative approach, and a data was gotten through the
use questionnaire. The target population was the professionals tasked with the delivery of
infrastructure in South Africa. Mean Item Score and Factor Analysis was used as the method of
data analysis. The study found that the implementation of UAVs in the SACI is a new concept, as
most of the construction industry organizations are still finding ways of utilizing UAVs more
effectively in their organizations. However, the study shows that the implementation of UAVs in
SACI results in quicker task-completion time, ensuring the quality of work required is delivered
through effective monitoring and controlling a project to its completion. The adoption of UAVs
will play a vital part in the advancement of the SACI by improving the adoption of innovations,
which will contribute to the improvement of the country’s economy growth and social
development.
KEYWORDS: Unmanned aerial vehicles, Project Control, Advance Technology, Construction Industry,
South Africa.

87
#ICSID'24P107

Sustainable Construction: A Bibliometric Trend Analysis of

Publications, 2013 – 2023
A.O. Ogunde1 & F.A. Bolade-Oladepo2&3
1&2
Department of Building Technology, Covenant University, Ota, Ogun State, Nigeria
3
Department of Quantity Surveying, Federal Polytechnic, Ado - Ekiti, Ekiti State, Nigeria

Corresponding Author: ayodeji.ogunde@covenantuniversity.edu.ng

ABSTRACT

Sustainable construction practices are essential for mitigating environmental impact by reducing
pollution, minimizing waste, and optimizing resource usage. Amidst the growing emphasis on
sustainability within the construction industry, bibliometric analysis emerges as a crucial tool for
identifying emerging trends in existing research. Despite considerable research on sustainable
construction, a comprehensive trend analysis in sustainable construction remains lacking. This
study addresses this gap by employing bibliometric analysis to examine publication trends in
sustainable construction over a decade, from 2013 to 2023. The statistical analysis was done with
the aid of R Bibliometrix, Biblioshiny packages, VOSviewer, and Microsoft Excel 2016. Results
indicate an annual growth rate of scientific output at 0.71%, peaking in 2023 with 1659 articles.
Notably, Arulrajah A. and Chindaprasirt P. emerged as influential authors in sustainable
construction management, with 67 and 60 published articles, and g-index, h-index, and m-index
of 51, 33, and 3; 53, 28, and 2.33 respectively. Sustainability is the first among the top 20 most
frequently used keywords while performance is the topmost relevant word. The journal
Construction and Building Materials led in publications on sustainable construction, with 2272
articles and an h-index of 101. The findings of this study provide valuable insights for researchers,
policymakers, practitioners, and stakeholders, enhancing their understanding of sustainable
construction principles and identifying research gaps. This study is a decade analysis, and though
this short period has unfolded major research trends, a further study that can review more
documents to give a clearer picture of the implementation of sustainability in construction projects
is strongly recommended.
KEYWORDS: Bibliometric analysis, Sustainable Construction, Publication trends, Web of Science.

88
#ICSID'24P109

Appraisal of the Trend of Anti-Corruption Activities in Selected

Civil Engineering Construction Works in Nigeria
O.J. Oyebode1, A.T. Akinyemi2, O.A. Ibitoye3, O.M. Ofuyatan4, J.O. Oluwafemi5 & S.M.
Ajibade6
1
Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, Afe Babalola University, Ado-Ekiti, Ekiti State, Nigeria
2
Department of Architecture, Afe Babalola University, Ado-Ekiti, Ekiti-State, Nigeria
3
Department of Banking and Finance, Afe Babalola University, Ado-Ekiti, Nigeria
4&5
Department of Civil Engineering, College of Engineering, Covenant University, Ota, Nigeria
6
Department of Computing and Information Systems, School of Engineering and Technology, Sunway University,
Malaysia

Corresponding Author: oyebodedare@yahoo.com, ojoyebode@abuad.edu.ng

ABSTRACT
Anti-corruption activity is a form of collective action to combat corruption and bribery risks in public
procurement; contracts generally work in the private sector, government establishment, and civil society.
The appraisal of the Independent Corrupt Practices and Other Related Offenses Commission (ICPC) and
the Economic and Financial Crimes Commission (EFCC) calls for urgent attention to ensure quality
delivery in building projects, infrastructural development, and engineering contracts. This study appraises
the trend of anti-corruption activities in selected civil engineering construction works in Nigeria. The study
employed a corruption survey and data from the literature that primarily addresses theoretical and
conceptual matters, including corruption and anti-corruption, and examines key theoretical propositions
within the institutional paradigm and selected civil engineering construction works. The findings revealed
bribery manifestations and corrupt practices in some projects at various phases, such as conceptualization,
design, implementation, etc. All financial crimes must be investigated, including counterfeiting, money
laundering, advance fee fraud, embezzlement, illicit fund transfers, futures market fraud, and contract scams
involving engineering works. Cost overrun, inadequate planning, political interference, fluctuation of prices
of materials, Poor financial control on site, time extension, insufficient contract management strategies,
fraudulent practices, kickbacks, and other corrupt practices contribute to high construction costs in Nigeria.
This paper concludes that corruption has infiltrated every aspect of engineering work from the pre-tendering
stage to the execution stage. It encompasses every aspect of the construction industry, from the consultant
and contractor to the government agency awarding the contract. Corrupt practices in engineering projects
and the Nigerian construction sector can be eradicated through adequate financing, hiring qualified
construction professionals, accepting construction designs from qualified professionals, effective
procurement procedures and enforcing accountability, transparency, integrity, and fairness in all
contract administration processes.
KEYWORDS: Procurement procedures, Financial Crimes, Engineering, Appraisal, Anti-corruption
activity.

89
#ICSID'24P110

An Investigation into Electrical Load and Energy Consumption of

Female Students’ Hostels in Covenant University
E.C. Ibrahim1, R.A Ojelabi2, O.A Omuh3, F.M. Lawal4, O. Ayeni5 & P. O. Fakoya6
1,2,3&6
Department of Building Covenant University, Ota
4&5
Department of Building, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria

Corresponding Author: chongcicimmiibrahim@gmail.com

ABSTRACT

This study evaluates the electrical load profile of 5 female student hostels in Covenant University
with a view to finding ways of enhancing energy conservation practices in the hostels. A walk-
through audit and investigation through a questionnaire and checklist were used to collect relevant
data for the study. Findings from the study revealed that the electric kettle was found to have the
highest load with ₦4,406,400/kWh daily cost of energy consumption among the identified
appliances in the hostels. However, the appliance with the lowest cost of energy consumption was
the electric fan, with ₦90,000/kWh daily cost of energy consumption. The study shows that the
total estimated electrical load in the hostels is 6,988,028W with a total energy cost of
₦698,802.8/KWh. The findings of this study also show that the frequency of appliance usage is the
most important factor influencing electrical load consumption in the hostels, ranking first with a
mean score of 3.70. The study concludes that electric kettle has the highest load demand and
energy consumption among the identified appliances in the hostels. It is recommended that the
university management should monitor the frequency of use of electric kettles in hostels to reduce
the daily cost of energy consumption in the student hostels.
KEYWORDS: Covenant University, Energy consumption, Energy conservation, Electrical load, Hostels.

90
#ICSID'24P111

The Role of Project Management in Sustainable Energy

Development: A Review
S.O. Ongbali1, O.N. Olasehinde2, E.Y. Salawu3 & S.A. Afolalu4&5
1,2&3
Department of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering, Covenant University, Ota, Ogun State, Nigeria.
4
Department of Mechanical and Mechatronics Engineering, Afe Babalola University, Ado-Ekiti, Ekiti State Nigeria.
5
Department of Mechanical Engineering Science, University of Johannesburg. South Africa.

Corresponding Author: Samson.ongbali@covenantuniversity.edu.ng

ABSTRACT

Project management methodologies are essential in planning, executing, and monitoring

sustainable energy projects to ensure the success of sustainable energy development and their
connection with sustainability goals. This paper aims to carefully evaluate the literature on the
roles of project management in sustainable energy development to gain insight into the benefits of
applying the principles and practices of project management in sustainable energy growth. The
literature assessment establishes that project management principles and practices are central to
sustainable energy development in constructing and developing solar, wind, hydro, and
geothermal power plants and their continuous operations. Also, the approach aids strategic
planning and goal setting, resource optimisation, risk management, quality control, monitoring,
evaluation, and stakeholder management for sustainable energy development.
KEYWORDS: Project, management, Sustainability, energy development, monitoring, implementation,
and evaluation.

91
#ICSID'24P112

Gamified 3D Models in Construction Quantification and Cost

Estimating Education: Barriers to Adoption
O. Oyeyipo1, R.A. Ojelabi2, O. Ogunrinde3, A.S. Adeyi4 & A.O. Ogunde5
1
Department of Quantity Surveying, Bells University of Technology;
2&5
Department of Building, College of Science and Technology, Covenant University, Ota, Ogun State, Nigeria;
3
Construction Science and Management, Tarleton State, University;
4
Department of Physical Planning, Bells University of Technology, Ota, Ogun State, Nigeria.

Corresponding Author: oyeyipoo@gmail.com

ABSTRACT

Graduates of the construction management programmes are either failing to carry out their core
duties of construction quantification and estimation or are simply not unemployable as they fail to
meet the expectations of employers. The traditional approaches for teaching cost estimation
education especially in developing countries possibly do not help the students understand the basic
and important skills of quantification and cost estimation in the construction process. The
implementation of gamified 3D model in construction quantification and cost estimating education
presents a novel platform for enhancing students’ engagement, learning outcomes and knowledge
acquisition. However, several barriers impede its implementation in developing countries. The
quantitative study sets out to assess the barriers to the adoption of the gamified 3D model among
quantity surveying students in selected higher education institutions in Lagos, Nigeria. The data
elicited using survey questionnaire was analysed with exploratory factor analysis and categorized
the identified barriers into two primary groups: technological and educational barriers, and
cultural and structural barriers. The categorization of the barriers provides the foundation for
developing strategies that will aid the integration of gamified 3D models into the curriculum.
Comprehensive addressing of these barriers positions private and public institutions to adopt the
gamified 3D models, improving the effectiveness of the learning experiences of students of
construction quantification and cost estimating education.
KEYWORDS: Cost estimation, gamified 3D model, higher education, immersive environment,
quantification.

92
#ICSID'24P113

Influence of Termite Mound Dust on The Compressive Strength of

Concrete
S. Ademorose1, A.E. Fagbuyi2, B. Ojo3 & B. Aguda4
1,2,3,4
Department of Civil Engineering. Afe Babalola University, Ekiti State, Nigeria

Corresponding Author: aderomose@abuad.edu.ng

ABSTRACT

The cost of construction materials is rising at an alarming rate, which led to this study. This study,
Investigates the Influence of Termite Mound Dust on the Compressive Strength of Concrete, and
aims investigates the potential of using Termite Mound Dust (TMD) as a fine aggregate (sand)
replacement to enhance the compressive strength of concrete. The objective of this research work
was to investigate the compressive strength of concrete containing TMD as replacement of fine
aggregate (sand) and how it affects the compressive strength properties of concrete. The concrete
cubes containing termite mound dust were subjected to a compressive strength test, while various
tests were conducted on the fine aggregates (sand and TMD) to compare their qualities. The
results showed that incorporating TMD into concrete lowers its compressive strength. Therefore,
TMD is suitable for plastering and not suitable for heavy construction as an additional fine
aggregate material, and further research is recommended to fully explore more on its potential
benefits.
KEYWORDS: Termite mound dust, Compressive strength, Concrete, Termite, Fine aggregate,
Sustainability.

93
#ICSID'24P114

Assessment of Lean Construction Adoption Level to TETFund-

Sponsored Construction Projects in Tertiary Institutions in Ekiti
State, Nigeria
A.O. Ogunde1 & F.A. Bolade-Oladepo2&3
1&2
Department of Building Technology, Covenant University, Ota, Ogun State, Nigeria
3
Department of Quantity Surveying, Federal Polytechnic, Ado - Ekiti, Ekiti State, Nigeria.

Corresponding Author: ayodeji.ogunde@covenantuniversity.edu.ng

ABSTRACT

The construction industry plays a significant role in long-term national development and economic
progress, especially for emerging nations. The construction industry produces waste in terms of
time and other resources to 57%. This enormous waste contributes greatly to inefficiency and,
eventually, to low productivity rates in the construction industry. Wastes in the construction sector
significantly add to the high cost of production. This brought about the adoption of the concept of
lean construction (LC) principles. Adopting lean construction in construction projects aims to
enhance efficiency, reduce waste, and improve collaboration among stakeholders. The data used
for this study was obtained by administering questionnaires designed on Likert Scale 1 - 5 to elicit
responses from the respondents. Data were analysed using frequency, percentages, and Relative
Importance Index (RII). This study has revealed that most respondents were aware of and adopted
lean construction, which eventually resulted in high-quality work output and the elimination of
waste on-site. The study also revealed that designing a future value stream through mapping of
materials, using a quality system and focusing mainly on process characteristics affecting project
performance, standardization of work by defining sequence and inventory, Just-In-Time
applications for supply-specific material, and continuous flow of activities on site are necessary
lean practices of TETFund-Sponsored construction projects in the study. The findings of this study
will provide valuable insights for researchers, policymakers, practitioners, and stakeholders,
enhancing their understanding of the adoption of lean construction principles and identifying
research gaps. A further study that can review the effect of the adoption of lean construction and
factors affecting the adoption of lean construction to TETFund-Sponsored construction projects
in public tertiary institutions to give a clearer picture of the adoption and implementation of lean
construction to construction projects is therefore strongly recommended.
KEYWORDS: Adoption, Lean Construction, TETFund, Tertiary Institutions, Wastage.

94
#ICSID'24P115

Blended Learning Model Technologies Awareness and Barriers to

its Uptake for Construction Education in Tertiary Institutions in
Nigeria
R.A. Ojelabi1, O. Oyeyipo2, O. Ogunrinde3 & L.M. Amusan4
1&4
Department of Building Technology, Covenant University, Ota, Ogun State, Nigeria;
2
Department of Quantity Surveying, Bells University of Technology;
Construction Science and Management, Tarleton State University.
3

Corresponding Author: rapheal.ojelabi@covenantuniversity.edu.ng

ABSTRACT

Education training in the 21st century has experienced great advancement due to the blend of ICT
with the traditional education system. However, the advancement of education training in some
developing countries has been slow, and this has questioned the applicability of the blended
learning model within her jurisdictions. This has, however, prompted the study to investigate the
awareness and use of the blended learning education model among lecturers in tertiary institutions
and the barriers limiting its uptake for education training. In a bid to achieve the study objectives,
a quantitative research method was adopted, and seventy-three (75) lecturers were randomly
selected for the study. Hence, the questionnaires were distributed among the lecturers in four
selected tertiary institutions with built environment departments in Ogun and Lagos states, and
seventy (60) questionnaires were returned. The data generated were analysed using mean item
score, percentage, and ANOVA. The result revealed a mixed reaction to the awareness of the
technologies supporting blended learning education. However, the implementation of these
technologies has been largely poor. Also, the study revealed some barriers associated with the
poor implementation of blended learning in the study area. Hence, the study recommended the
need for collaboration among the stakeholders in the education sector to address the barriers
hindering the implementation of blended learning implementation in the study area.
KEYWORDS: Blended Learning model, Built environment Departments, Classroom, Construction
Education, Education Technologies, Traditional education model.

95
#ICSID'24P116

Universal Design Strategies for a Resort Environment Development:

A Review of Relevant Parametrics for Enhancing Social Inclusion
A.B. Sholanke1 & O.O. Jegede2
1&2
Department of Architecture, College of Science and Technology, Covenant University, Ota, Nigeria

Corresponding Author: anthony.sholanke@covenantuniversity.edu.ng

ABSTRACT

The study examined universal design strategies for enhancing social inclusion in resort
development. With the use of a qualitative research approach, the study analysed data from
secondary sources that include peer-reviewed papers, building codes, and scholarly materials
related to the focus of the study. The findings highlighted essential design elements, including
adequate manoeuvring space, multiple access points, movable furniture, suitable lighting,
pleasant colour schemes, signage and easily identifiable access means. These strategies help to
create user-centric environments that are accessible and usable for all, including people with
disabilities. The study emphasized the importance of implementing the strategies to ensure that
resorts are safe, resilient, and sustainable, aligning with the expectations of the eleventh
sustainable development goal. Recommendations made include raising awareness, enforcing
accessible design standards, and ensuring adequate measures are put in place to enhance
accessibility and usability in resorts and recreational developments.
KEYWORDS: Universal Design, Inclusive Design, Social Inclusion, Resorts, Usability, Accessibility,
People with Disabilities, Recreational Facilities.

96
#ICSID'24P117

Comparative Compressive Strength Performance of Concrete

Containing Agro-Ashes as Cement Replacement Materials
J.A. Ajayi1, C.M. Ikumapayi2 & J. Oyedepo6
1
Department of Civil Engineering, Elizade University, Ilara-Mokin, Nigeria;
2&3
Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Federal University of Technology Akure

Corresponding Author: adeniyi.ajayi@elizadeuniversity.edu.ng

ABSTRACT

Concrete is a man-made composite material that makes use of cement. The cement manufacturing
process emits greenhouse gases, and in response to the mounting environmental damage,
researchers have advocated a partial replacement of Portland cement with pozzolans as a feasible
solution. Many agricultural wastes have been used as pozzolans in concrete manufacturing, with
less emphasis on comparing the strengths of these pozzolans. This study analysed the strength of
concrete made from various pozzolans. Agro-wastes such as sawdust, rice husk, and bamboo
leaves were burned for 90 minutes at 750°C in an electric furnace. Concrete samples with a water
cement ratio of 0.55 were produced using a 1:2:4 mix ratio with 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, and
30% replacement of the three pozzolans. Batching by weight was employed to produce grade 15
concrete. Chemical Analysis was carried out using X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy. Bulk density,
water absorption and Compressive strength tests were carried out. SDA, BLA, and RHA
replacement have 22.2, 22.7, 20.1, 14.7, 13.9 MPa; 21.8, 21.1, 18.5, 15.1, 13.2 MPa; and 19.0,
20.0, 15.7, 14.0, 11.6 MPa, respectively, at 28 days of curing. The control sample has a strength
of 20 MPa. The best substitute for BLA, SDA, and RHA is 5%, 10%, and 10%, respectively. The
10% SDA replacement is superior to all other optimum levels.

KEYWORDS: Concrete, pozzolans, sawdust ash, bamboo leave ash, rice husk ash, compressive
strength, Agro-wastes.

97
#ICSID'24P118

Influence of Size and Density on Charring Rate of Selected

Structural Timbers in Nigeria
K.S. Aderomose1, C.C. Paschal2, J. Wasiu 3, B.C. Ojo4 & E.T. Fabunmi5
1,2&4
Afe Babalola University Ado-Ekiti, Nigeria, Civil Engineering,
3
Edo State University Iyamoho, Civil Engineering
5
Afe Babalola University Ado-Ekiti, Nigeria, Electrical Engineering

Corresponding Author: aderomose@abuad.edu.ng

ABSTRACT

Timber is categorized as either ‘softwood’ or ‘hardwood’. An experimental investigation was

carried out on various timber species namely, Alstonia boonei (Awun); Antiaris africana (Oriro);
Ricinodendron heudelot (Erimado); and Pycnanthus angolensis (Akomu). The significance is to
highlight the different types and sizes of wood that can be used on a structure. The objective is to
discover how Nigerian structural wood species perform when exposed to fire to prevent structural
collapse. The oven Burning Method was used to assess the performance of the four species. It was
discovered that the fire resistance capacity of Epicanthus angolensis (Akomu), Antiaris africana
(Oriro), and Alstonia boonei (Awun) is 25 % higher in value than that of Ricinodendron heudelot
(Erimado) because they can stay for a longer period in the fire. This study found that size affects
the capacity to withstand temperature. Wood burns faster as its density and moisture content
increase. While developing the timbers used for any structural framework, the size, purpose, and
nature of the project should all be considered. It is concluded that this research is suitable for the
application.

KEYWORDS: Charring, hardwood, softwood, structural timber, thermal effect, Nigerian timber.

98
#ICSID'24P119

Bush Burning and the Environment: A Mini Review

O.A. Odunlami1, O.T. Alen2, O.O. Olabode3, M.A. Fajobi3, T.E. Oladimeji4*, G.O. Ayeni5,
& O.G. Olaniyi6
1,3,5&6
Fuente Farm Complex, Mercyland Farm Estates Idera, Ogun State, Nigeria.
2&4
Department of Chemical Engineering, Covenant University, Ota, Ogun State, Nigeria.
3
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Covenant University, Ota, Ogun State, Nigeria.

Corresponding Author: temitayo.oladimeji@covenantuniversity.edu.ng

ABSTRACT

This review examines the practice of bush burning and its multifaceted impacts on the
environment. Traditionally used for land clearing and agriculture, bush burning releases harmful
pollutants like particulate matter, greenhouse gases, and organic toxins. These emissions degrade
air quality, contribute to global warming, and harm vegetation. Bush burning also reduces soil
fertility through nutrient loss and erosion, impacting agricultural productivity. However, the
review acknowledges the controlled use of fire, known as prescribed burning, as a potential
environmental benefit. When conducted appropriately, prescribed burning can promote plant
diversity, control pests, and reduce the risk of uncontrollable wildfires. Indigenous communities
have long utilized fire as a management tool, demonstrating its potential for ecological
restoration. The review emphasizes stricter legislation and enforcement to control indiscriminate
bush burning. Educating communities about the negative consequences and promoting alternative
land-clearing methods are crucial. The document highlights successful fire prevention and control
strategies implemented in Indonesia, including community involvement and preventative early
warning systems. This review provides a comprehensive overview of bush burning, its
environmental consequences, and potential mitigation strategies. It underscores the importance
of responsible fire management practices for environmental sustainability.

KEYWORDS: Bush Burning, Environment, Pollutants, Pollution, Review.

99
#ICSID'24P120

Total Productive Maintenance (TPM) in

Manufacturing Environments
M.O Udo1, T.S. Ogedengbe2, O.M. Ofuyatan3, S.I Monye4, S.A. Afolalu4,5 & S.O. Ongbali6
1&6
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Covenant University, Ota, Nigeria
2
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Nile University of Nigeria, Abuja, 900001 F.C, T., Nigeria
3
Department of Civil Engineering, Covenant University, Ota. Nigeria
4
Department of Mechanical and Mechatronics Engineering, Afe Babalola University, Ado-Ekiti, Nigeria.
5
Department of Mechanical Engineering Sciences, University of Johannesburg, South Africa.

Corresponding Author: mfon.udo@covenantuniversity.edu.ng

ABSTRACT

Total Productive Maintenance (TPM) maximizes overall equipment effectiveness (OEE) through
the active involvement of all departments. TPM aims to improve overall productivity and achieve
zero machine breakdowns. This paper explores Total Productive Maintenance (TPM) as a
maintenance methodology that has succeeded in transforming not only how equipment is
maintained in a factory but, by so doing, also reducing losses and optimizing productivity in all
other company processes. We discuss the unique features of TPM that enable it to initiate and
sustain a cultural shift in the company, thereby producing positive results. TPM is juxtaposed with
other maintenance methodologies, and the areas where it outshines or complements them are
outlined. Particularly, TPM is compared to one of the methodologies from which it evolved – Total
Quality Management and the similarities and differences between the two are highlighted. Finally,
the paper concludes by explaining the metrics that are used to measure how effectively TPM is
being implemented in the company and the step-by-step process of introducing TPM to a
production establishment.
KEYWORDS: Total productive maintenance, Inventory, Lean manufacturing, Value stream mapping, Six
sigma.

100
#ICSID'24P121

Predictive Maintenance Strategies: Implementation and

Optimization
M.O. Udo1, T.S. Ogedengbe2, O.M. Ofuyatan3, S.I. Monye4 & S.A. Afolalu4,5
1
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Covenant University, Ota, Nigeria
2
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Nile University of Nigeria, Abuja, 900001 F.C, T., Nigeria
3
Department of Civil Engineering, Covenant University, Ota. Nigeria
4
Department of Mechanical and Mechatronics Engineering, Afe Babalola University, Ado-Ekiti, Nigeria.
5
Department of Mechanical Engineering Sciences, University of Johannesburg, South Africa.

Corresponding Author: mfon.udo@covenantuniversity.edu.ng

ABSTRACT

Efficiency and lifespan are critical factors for machinery, equipment, and systems in today's
technologically advanced society. The fundamental techniques that organizations can use to
guarantee the maximum performance and prolonged lifespan of their assets with Predictive
maintenance (PdM) are highlighted in this paper. Predictive maintenance is a condition-based
and reliability-cantered type of maintenance predominantly used since the inception of Industry
4.0. The primary maintenance approaches such as preventive, predictive, and reactive
maintenance are compared with predictive maintenance based on the cost and health index of a
single machine. Predictive analysis technologies such as Sensors, Artificial Intelligence (AI), and
Machine Learning (ML) are discussed. Organizations may lower expenses, increase system
longevity, and limit downtime by combining these tactics with the newest optimization
technologies. Furthermore, case studies and practical applications of various sectors are
presented and their results on maintenance optimization are documented.
KEYWORDS: Predictive maintenance, Condition monitoring, Failure, Health index, Maintenance
automation.

101
#ICSID'24P122

Comprehensive Review of Sizing Methodologies for Optimal Design

of Hybrid Renewable Energy Systems
I. Suleiman1, E.O. Osaji2 & B. Adebanji3&4
1&3
Department of Electrical and Information Engineering, Landmark University, Omu Aran, Nigeria.
2
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Federal University Lokoja, Nigeria.
4
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Ekiti State University Ado, Nigeria.

Corresponding Author: suleiman.isah@lmu.edu.ng

ABSTRACT

Hybrid Renewable Energy Systems (HRES) have emerged as a potential way to mitigate
environmental problems and meet rising energy demands. Optimal sizing of HRES components
plays a crucial role in ensuring cost-effectiveness, reliability, and sustainability in energy delivery.
The sizing approaches used for HRES are thoroughly reviewed in this paper, covering software
tools, hybrid algorithms, artificial intelligence (AI) techniques, and conventional methods. The
review further explores AI-based methods that can effectively handle nonlinear and complex
problems. Hybrid methods, combining the strengths of different algorithms, and software tools are
also examined, offering various optimization objectives and user flexibility. A thorough
investigation of various sizing techniques and performance indicators for the best possible HRES
design has been carried out. It explores the strengths, limitations, and applicability of different
approaches, highlighting recent advancements and future research directions in this field.
KEYWORDS: Hybrid Renewable Energy Systems, Optimal sizing of HRES, Sizing Optimization
Methodologies, Energy Sustainability, Performance Metrics for HRES.

102
#ICSID'24P123

Sustainable Construction Using Waste in Nigeria

P.C. Chiadighikaobi1, O.V. Ighere2, N.I. Okorie3, Q.A. Ali Qais4 & A.V. Kotlyarevskaya5
1,2&3
Department of Civil Engineering, Afe Babalola University, Ado-Ekiti, Ekiti State, Nigeria
4,5
Department of Construction Technologies and Structural Materials, RUDN University 6 Miklukho Maklaya St,
Moscow, 117198, Russian Federal.

Corresponding Author: nnannairoha@gmail.com

ABSTRACT

This article explores how utilizing waste materials in sustainable construction can contribute to
achieving specific United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) in Nigeria. The core
argument of the study lies in demonstrating how adopting these practices aligns with specific UN
SDGs. By promoting resource efficiency and reducing waste, sustainable construction contributes
directly to SDG 11: Sustainable Cities and Communities, fostering cleaner and healthier urban
environments. The approach also exemplifies the core principles of SDG 12: Responsible
Consumption and Production, emphasizing the importance of closing the loop and minimizing
environmental impact. However, this study acknowledges the challenges associated with
widespread adoption. Limited awareness and knowledge of effective waste management
techniques pose a significant barrier. Additionally, the absence of standardized guidelines and
regulations for using recycled materials in construction can create uncertainty and hinder
implementation. Despite these challenges, this study highlights promising opportunities.
Government initiatives promoting sustainable practices, a growing public interest in
environmentally friendly construction, and the potential cost savings associated with waste
reduction offer a compelling narrative for change. The novelty lies in proposing a framework for
a circular economy within the Nigerian construction sector.
KEYWORDS: United Nations Sustainable Development Goals, Sustainable construction,
construction waste, construction practice in Nigeria using waste, construction materials.

103
#ICSID'24P124

Sustainable Building Maintenance Status Checklist Development: A

Literature Synthesis
O.O. Ndimako1 & O.J. Oladiran2&3
1
Department of Architecture, Covenant University, Ota, Nigeria.
2
Department of Building Technology, Covenant University, Ota, Nigeria
3
Department of Built Environment, Walter Sisulu University, South Africa.

Corresponding Author: nnannairoha@gmail.com

ABSTRACT

Sustainable building maintenance is crucial for reducing waste and promoting environmental
stewardship in the construction industry. This study aims to develop a comprehensive checklist
that enhances sustainable building maintenance practices, thereby contributing to achieving
Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). A synthesis of existing literature identified vital
components critical to effective building maintenance generators: maintenance
needs/requirements, remedial measures, and preventive measures. Findings reveal that
understanding maintenance generators, such as environmental factors and building usage
patterns, is essential for pinpointing specific maintenance needs. Addressing these needs through
targeted remedial and preventive measures can significantly reduce waste and improve building
longevity. The developed checklist offers a structured approach for practitioners to implement
sustainable maintenance strategies, ultimately driving progress towards SDG targets related to
sustainable cities and communities. This study underscores the importance of an integrated
maintenance framework. It provides actionable insights for enhancing sustainability in building
retrofitting practices.
KEYWORDS: Sustainable building maintenance, Maintenance generators, Remedial measures,
Preventive measures, Maintenance checklist.

104
#ICSID'24P125

Investigating Energy Use and Sustainability Awareness in

Indigenous Communities of South-West and South-South Nigeria
E.I. Obanor1, J.O Dirisu2, O.O Kilanko3 & S.O Oyedepo4
1,2&3
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Covenant University, Ota, Nigeria;
4
Department of Mechanical/Biomedical Engineering, Bells University of Technology, Ota, Nigeria.

Corresponding Author: enoch.obanorpgs@stu.cu.edu.ng

ABSTRACT

This study explores the energy landscape in Nigeria, focusing on the transition from traditional
fossil fuels to sustainable energy sources such as solar, wind, hydro, biomass, and geothermal
energy. The research examines energy practices and sustainability awareness in four states (Ogun,
Lagos, Edo, and Delta) within the South-West and South-South regions. The study used a
quantitative approach to collect data through questionnaires administered to local communities.
The findings reveal significant potential for sustainable energy to address energy poverty and
environmental issues, particularly in communities dissatisfied with current energy services. The
study emphasizes the need for policy interventions, investments in renewable energy
infrastructure, and public awareness campaigns. It also advocates for integrating Sustainable
Development Goals (SDGs), specifically SDG 7 (Affordable and Clean Energy) and SDG 13
(Climate Action), into the educational curriculum. This initiative aims to enhance sustainability
awareness and promote informed decision-making among Nigerians, fostering a nationwide shift
towards sustainable energy practices.
KEYWORDS: Sustainability Awareness, Renewable Energy, Transition, Nigeria, SDG 7, SDG 13.

105
#ICSID'24P126

Investigations on the Strength of Lightweight Rubber Tyre Chipping

Basalt Fiber Reinforced Concrete with Plantain Peel Ash Additive
P.C. Chiadighikaobi1, U.M. Nweke2, Q.A. Ali Qais3, B.C. Finbarrs-Ezema4, N. Asasira5 &
A.V. Kotlyarevskaya6
1
Department of Civil Engineering, Afe Babalola University, Ado-Ekiti, Ekiti State, Nigeria
2
Department of Construction Technologies and Structural Materials, RUDN University, 6 Miklukho-Maklaya Street,
Moscow, 117198, Russian Federation.

Corresponding Author: chiadighikaobi.paschalc@abuad.edu.ng

ABSTRACT

Previous studies have found that Rubber Tyre Chip (RTC) reduces the strength of concrete. This
shortcoming brings about the significance of this work. This work points out the effect of partial
and complete granite (G) replacement with RTC as concrete coarse aggregates on concrete
characteristics and improves the RTC concrete strength with basalt minibars. The concrete
aggregates were mixed to create the dry mortar mix in equal proportions for the RTC and G. Six
variations of coarse aggregates were prepared (100%G-0%RTC, 50%G-50%RTC, 0%G-
100%RTC) without basalt fibre minibars and with 1.5% basalt minibars individually. The results
and analysis of these variations were the basis of the work. It was found that for every percentage
variation of RTCs and G, the introduction of 1.5% basalt minibars improved the compressive
strength, density, elastic modulus, and split tensile strength of concrete. The study results identified
that the concrete mix with 100%G-0%RTC reinforced with 1.5% basalt minibars was the optimum
mix in this study. Chipped rubber tyres, when used in recommended proportions and
complemented with basalt fibre minibars, will allow for resource-saving and environment-friendly
concrete.
KEYWORDS: Rubber chips, Granite, Basalt fibre, Sustainability, Compressive strength, Density.

106
#ICSID'24P127

Investigation of Cracks and its Effect on Residential Buildings: A

Case Study
O. Agboola1, O.M. Ofunyatan2 & I. Adewola3
1,2,3
Department of Civil Engineering, College of Engineering, Covenant University, Ota, Nigeria.

Corresponding Author: olatokunbo.ofuyatan@covenantuniversity.edu.ng

ABSTRACT

Cracks are common defects in concrete structures. They are usually unavoidable because concrete
constitutes materials that respond to temperature and other physical changes. Cracks in buildings
cannot be completely stopped, but preventive and remedial steps can be taken to control their
effects. In Jericho GRA, Ibadan, Nigeria, this research highlights the inspection of 6 separate
buildings. Visual inspection and measurement were done to determine each crack's cause and
type. The crack pattern, depth, and width of each building were determined. The result shows that
the causes of this type of crack in this study area are construction type, thermal expansion, creep
movement, and poor maintenance. The present paper provides some techniques and measures to
prevent cracks in the study area.
KEYWORDS: Building, Cracks, Thermal expansion, Remedies. Crack pattern.

107
#ICSID'24P128

Intelligent Prediction of Concrete Performance with Fine Aggregate

from Selected location in Lagos State Using Fuzzy Logic
O.M. Ofuyatan1, T. Micheals2, J. Oluwafemi3 & O.J. Oladiran4
1
Department of Civil Engineering, College of Engineering, Covenant University, Ota, Nigeria,
4
Department of Building, College of Science and Technology, Covenant University, Ota, Nigeria.

Corresponding Author: olatokunbo.ofuyatan@covenantuniversity.edu.ng

ABSTRACT

Fuzzy logic is an artificial intelligence-based method researchers have widely used to simulate
conventional concrete's linear and complex behaviour with traditional methods. The mechanical
strength of concrete in a fresh and hardened state is key in evaluating its performance.
Determination of slump and compressive strength can be time-consuming. Therefore, this study
presents the prediction of a slump and 28 days of compressive strength of concrete using fuzzy
logic modelling. The slump and compressive strength were modelled using the physical properties
of Fine aggregate (Specific gravity, Bulk density, and Fine modulus), cement, water and 12.5mm
coarse aggregate mix ratio 1:2:4 and 0.5 water cement ratio. The result of the simulation
compared with that of the experimental result shows that fuzzy logic can be useful in predicting
the slump and 28-day strength of concrete using fine aggregate in Lagos State.
KEYWORDS: Concrete, Slump, 28-day compressive strength, Fuzzy logic.

108
#ICSID'24P129

Performance Evaluation of Concrete made with Sands from

Selected Locations in Lagos State
T. Micheals1, O.M. Ofuyatan2 and J. Oluwafemi3
1,2&3
Department of Civil Engineering, College of Engineering, Covenant University, Ota, Nigeria.

Corresponding Author: olatokunbo.ofuyatan@covenantuniversity.edu.ng

ABSTRACT

The performance of Fine aggregate in concrete production from different locations within Lagos
State, Nigeria, was investigated in this study. Four locations were selected for the study: Ikorodu
(Sand A), Bariga (Sand B), Epe (Sand C), and Badagry (Sand D). The chemical properties,
grading properties, hydration, and pH values of each fine aggregate sample were determined. The
results show that all the sand samples had a chemical composition that could not have an adverse
effect on the performance of concrete. Sand A silica content fell below 90%, the chloride content
of Sand B was higher than 0.05%, Sand B concrete cube had the highest compressive strength at
45 days with a value of 33.472N/mm2, followed by the Sand C concrete cube with a compressive
strength of 32.746N/mm2. The Sand type D concrete cube had the least compressive strength at 45
days of 30.919N/mm2. All sands satisfied the SON and the ASTM standards of particle grading.
The compressive strength of concrete made with all sands met the minimum acceptable strength
for structural use, and all can be recommended for use where strength is paramount. With
increasing age, there was a steady increase in the compressive strength of the concrete made from
the sands, except for Sand D, which had a slight decline on day 14. The knowledge of this study
can be used as a prospecting tool for selecting suitable sand for producing quality concrete in
Lagos state, Nigeria.
KEYWORDS: Aggregate, compressive strength, concrete, organic impurities, sand.

109
#ICSID'24P130

Fourth Industrial Revolution and Construction Industry’s Capacity

Enhancement
O.J. Oladiran1, B.C. Coker2 & O.M. Ofuyatan3
1&2
Department of Building Technology, Covenant University, Ota, Nigeria.
3
Department of Civil Engineering, College of Engineering, Covenant University, Ota, Nigeria

Corresponding Author: ooladiran@unilag.edu.ng

ABSTRACT

The construction industry is historically characterized by traditional practices and is labour-

intensive, and it is facing persistent challenges that hinder its growth and efficiency. Issues such
as project delays, cost overruns, and communication gaps among stakeholders have been
prevalent, necessitating a re-evaluation of the industry's capabilities. Therefore, this study aims to
investigate the various 4IR technologies in the Nigerian construction sector to enhance the
industry's capacity. The specific objectives are to find out the availability of 4IR technologies in
the Nigerian construction industry; and to examine the enhancement of construction industry
capacity by 4IR Technologies. A cross-sectional survey research design was employed for this
study among construction professionals in Lagos State. A purposive sampling technique was used
to select a sample of 80 respondents. Questionnaires were distributed to the respondents, and 37
copies were duly filled, returned, and used for the analysis. Frequency, percentage, mean and rank
were used to analyse the data. The findings reveal that 4IR technologies are present in the Nigerian
construction industry, and 4IR technologies enhance the construction industry’s capacity in
various ways. The study concludes that although 4IR technologies exist in the Nigerian
construction industry, the availability of the technologies varies. It implies that their usage could
also be at different levels for various activities. It is recommended that construction professionals
explore the applicability of the 4IR technologies that are not currently known in the industry. This
can be achieved by engaging in research and development of these technologies.
KEYWORDS: 4IR, Construction, Capacity, Enhancement, Sustainability, Technologies.

110
#ICSID'24P131

Adoption and Drivers of Autoclaved Aerated Concrete (AAC)

Blocks on Building Projects
D.R. Simeon1, O.J. Oladiran2, 3 & B.C. Coker4
1&1
Department of Building, University of Lagos, Akoka, Yaba, Lagos State, Nigeria.
2&4
Department of Building Technology, Covenant University, Ota, Nigeria.

Corresponding Author: ooladiran@unilag.edu.ng

ABSTRACT

The utilization of Autoclaved Aerated Concrete (AAC) stems from its distinct characteristics. This
study assesses the degree of AAC adoption and important drivers in South Africa and Nigeria.
Using questionnaires, a survey research approach was used to gather respondents' perspectives
in both nations. Based on the research results, the four most common AAC block types seen in
South African construction projects are those built using Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) grade
52.5, Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) grade 42.5, Aluminium Powder (AP) or Rice Husk Ash
(RHA), and Palm Oil Fuel Ash (POFA) or Pulverized Fuel Ash (PFA). The lightweight nature of
AAC, together with its ecological benefits and energy efficiency, are some of the key factors driving
its adoption. The research findings indicate that while lightweight attributes are the primary
motivator for both countries, the significance of these factors for the utilization of AAC blocks
differs. This implies that the lightweight characteristics of the block are valued more highly by
practitioners in both countries, which may be advantageous for tall projects because it will cost
less to build the foundation and other structural elements. The study recommends that
professionals should frequently choose AAC for walls. This may be accomplished with improved
publicity of AAC gains.
KEYWORDS: Autoclaved Aerated Concrete (AAC), Drivers, Nigeria, South Africa, Sustainability,
Walling units.

111
#ICSID'24P132

Compatibility of the Nigerian Construction Industry’s Regulations

with Disruptive Technology
O.J. Oladiran1, B.C. Coker2 & O.M. Ofuyatan3
1&2
Department of Building Technology, Covenant University, Ota, Nigeria.
3
Department of Civil Engineering, College of Engineering, Covenant University, Ota, Nigeria.

Corresponding Author: ooladiran@unilag.edu.ng

ABSTRACT

This study aims to assess the compatibility of the Nigerian construction industry’s regulations with
disruptive technology, to enhance the adaptation of disruptive technology to the construction
sector. The objectives are to investigate the current regulations in the Nigerian construction
industry and their compatibility with incorporating disruptive technology and to examine the
barriers impeding the application of disruptive technology in the Nigerian construction industry.
A survey research design was employed for this study among construction professionals in
Nigeria. The population of the study was construction professionals in Nigeria. A purposive
sampling technique was used to select a sample of 100. Questionnaires were administered to them,
and a 60% response rate was attained. The data were analysed using frequency, percentage,
standard deviation, mean, and ranks. The findings reveal that the compatibility of the regulations
with disruptive technology varies, and many barriers impede the application of disruptive
technology in Nigeria. The study concluded that the most compatible regulations of the Nigerian
construction industry with disruptive technology are the Quarries Act 1969, Factories Act 1987,
and the National Building Code 2006. It is recommended that construction and government bodies
should make training programs available to create awareness of various disruptive technologies.
KEYWORDS: Barrier, Compatibility, Disruptive Technology, Regulation, Sustainability

112
#ICSID'24P133

Impact of Consultants’ Involvement on Construction Projects’

Outcomes
O.J. Oladiran1, U.O. Njoku2 & I.C. Anugwo3
1
Department of Building Technology, Covenant University, Ota, Nigeria
2&3
Department of Construction Management & Quantity, Durban University of Technology (DUT), South Africa.

Corresponding Author: ooladiran@unilag.edu.ng

ABSTRACT

This study aims to investigate the impact of consultants on construction projects. The specific
objectives were to determine the roles of consultants and their impacts on construction projects’
outcomes. Construction professionals were purposely selected using a questionnaire as a research
instrument. A total of number of 100 questionnaires were administered to the respondents but 91
questionnaires were retrieved and used for the study. Frequency, percentage, means score and
ranking were used to analyse the data. The study also discovered as many as 15 significant roles
of consultants in construction projects and established the impacts of these roles on project
outcomes. It is concluded that although there are several roles of consultants, the topmost of them
are planning, designing and oversight/supervision of construction projects. It implies that there
will be construction workflow disruption and many negative occurrences when consultants are not
fully and early engaged. It is recommended that construction stakeholders (clients and
contractors) should be educated on the significant roles of consultants in construction projects.
This can be achieved by creating awareness and sensitizing stakeholders (clients and contractors)
about the implications of involving consultants in project construction.
KEYWORDS: Consultants, Roles, Involvements, Construction, Projects.

113
#ICSID'24P134

Construction Professionals’ Perceptions and Potential Benefits of

Fourth Industrial Revolution in Nigeria
O.J. Oladiran1, A.A. Dada2 & O.M. Ofuyatan3
1&2
Department of Building Technology, Covenant University, Ota, Nigeria.
3
Department of Civil Engineering, Covenant University, Ota, Nigeria.

Corresponding Author: ooladiran@unilag.edu.ng

ABSTRACT

The Fourth Industrial Revolution (4IR) engages technologies such as IoT, AI, robotics, data
analytics and cloud computing to create interconnected, automated systems. The aim of this study
is to investigate 4IR technologies in the Nigerian construction sector, with a view to improve
construction processes and outcomes. The specific objectives of the study is to determine the
construction professionals perceptions on adoption of 4IR technologies in Nigeria. Survey
research design was employed for this study in Lagos State. Convenience sampling technique was
employed to select a sample of 80 respondents. Questionnaires were administered to the
respondents and the data were analysed with frequency, percentage, standard deviation, mean
and rank. The findings reveal positive perceptions concerning 4IR with several potential benefits
in the Nigerian construction industry. The study concludes that there seem to be a favourable
probability of 4IR adoption in the Nigerian construction industry. It implies the likelihood of a
more digitalized construction sector in Nigeria. It is recommended that construction stakeholders
should take advantage of the benefits of 4IR technologies in construction projects. This can be
realized by improved adoption of 4IR technologies on construction projects.
KEYWORDS: 4IR, Adoption, Benefits, Technologies, Sustainability.

114
#ICSID'24P135

Stakeholders’ Engagement, Contract Planning Procedures and

Performance of Transmission Company of Nigeria (TCN) Projects
O.J. Oladiran1 & C.O. Olatunji2
1&2
Department of Building Technology, Covenant University, Ota, Nigeria.

Corresponding Author: ooladiran@unilag.edu.ng

ABSTRACT

In the quest to attain sustainable development goal (SDG) 7, affordable and clean energy,
involving stakeholders and addressing their concerns is expedient. This study seeks to appraise
stakeholders’ engagement using three TCN projects in Lagos, Nigeria. The study’s objectives are
to assess the level of engagement of stakeholders, the frequency of their involvement, the culture
of TCN projects, usage of contract planning procedures, and performance in TCN projects. A
survey research strategy was adopted for the study. The study population was comprised of
construction professionals and electricity consumers. A purposive sampling technique was used
to select the study sample, while a questionnaire was used for data collection. Data were gathered
and analysed from the case projects selected. Frequency, percentages, mean score and mode were
used to analyse the data. The finding reveals that 73% to 91% of stakeholders were engaged in
the three case projects investigated. The topmost and least activities often carried out at the pre-
construction, construction, and operation phases of TCN projects were also identified, as well as
the culture and performance of TCN projects. The study concluded that stakeholders are well-
engaged in TCN projects. This implies that TCN projects will likely experience fewer community
disruptions, thereby improving project deliveries. It is recommended that greater emphasis should
still be placed on engaging stakeholders in TCN projects. This could be accomplished by stepping
up stakeholders’ consultations with TCN project development and operation from the planning
phase onward
Keywords: Contract, Electricity, Engagement, Involvement, Planning, Performance Stakeholders,
Transmission.

115
#ICSID'24P136

A Model for Predicting Construction Projects’ Material Waste

Minimization
O. J. Oladiran1 & A.A. Dada2
1&2
Department of Building Technology, Covenant University, Ota, Nigeria.

Corresponding Author: ooladiran@unilag.edu.ng

ABSTRACT

Predicting material waste minimization could be a giant stride to its achievement on construction
projects. Models have been found to be efficient in prediction. This study develops a model for
predicting the level of material waste minimization (MWM) in construction projects from a set of
predictors. The objective is to examine the various contributions of 40 strategies to MWM in
construction projects, which will then be classified as predictors in the model. The site managers
of construction projects of medium-sized and large contracting firms in South West Nigeria
comprise the study's population. Purposive sampling was used to identify and choose 167 of such
building projects as sample size. Data were analysed using mean, frequency, percentage, factor
analysis and multiple regressions. The study reveals that the predictors of material waste
minimization on construction projects are modern building techniques, materials handling,
purchase/supply, site management, innovative system, subcontractors’ responsibility and off-site
construction. The study concludes that the developed-model can predict material waste
minimization, and thus recommend it for usage on construction projects.
Keywords: waste, model, Nigeria, prediction, strategies, waste management.

116
#ICSID'24P137

Applicability of Disruptive Technologies in the Nigerian

Construction Sector
O.J. Oladiran1, C.O. Olatunji2 & O.M. Ofuyatan3
1&2
Department of Building Technology, Covenant University, Ota, Nigeria;
. 3Department of Civil Engineering, Covenant University, Ota, Nigeria.

Corresponding Author: ooladiran@unilag.edu.ng

ABSTRACT

Disruptive technologies offer transformative solutions by improving project management,

resource deployment, and overall project lifecycle. Therefore, this research aims to explore the
applicability of disruptive technologies in the Nigerian construction sector with a view to
improving their integration. The specific objectives are to determine the applicability of disruptive
technologies and to find ways to enhance the applicability of disruptive technologies in the
Nigerian construction sector. A cross-sectional survey design was used for this study. The study
population was construction professionals in Lagos State and Abuja, Nigeria. A purposive
sampling technique was used to select a sample of 100, and questionnaires were administered to
them, with a 75% response rate achieved. Data were analysed using frequency, percentage, mean,
and rank. The findings reveal that disruptive technologies are applicable to many construction
activities in Nigeria, and there are effective measures that can enhance their applicability. The
study concludes that disruptive technology is applicable in the Nigerian construction sector. This
finding implies it is indeed likely to enhance the possibility of the integration of disruptive
technology in the Nigerian construction sector. It is recommended that the identified measures
should be employed to facilitate the integration of disruptive technologies.
Keywords: Applicability, Construction, Disruptive Technology, Measures, Sustainability.

117
#ICSID'24P138

Assessment of Awareness of Inclusion in Real Estate Practices

Amongst Real Property Valuers in Kicukiro District, Rwanda
C.O. Iroham1, S. Munyemana2 & O.A. Oluwole3
1&2
Department of Estate Management, Covenant University, Ota, Nigeria;
. 3Department of Mathematics, Covenant University, Ota, Nigeria.

Corresponding Author: oluwole.odetunmibi@covenantuniversity.edu.ng

ABSTRACT

Over time, efforts have been made to implement more inclusive policies and practices in the real
estate sector. Approaches have been launched to promote diversity in job opportunities and
equitable property rules and create more hospitable workplaces for employees, proprietors, and
occupants. The study assessed inclusion in real estate practices amongst real property valuers.
This study employed a simple random sampling technique. Questionnaires were used in data
gathering, and data collected were transformed to obtain suitable data for analysis with frequency
and percentage distribution tables, mean rank, spearman’s rank correlation, Relative Important
Index (RII), and Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) techniques using SPSS. Results show that most
respondents know or are quite aware of inclusion in real property practices, and they frequently
apply it. The study concluded that a greater percentage of respondents also know or are aware of
other variants related to inclusion in which Diversity, Equity, Inclusion, and Access (DEIA) had
been the ones they engage with often. As a recommendation, there is a need to increase awareness
of the benefit of inclusion to drive acceptance among real estate valuers.
Keywords: Inclusion, Real estate, Real estate practices, Property, Diversity.

118
#ICSID'24P139

Hindrances to the Effectiveness of Construction Learnership in

Developing Economies
A. Dumako1&4, O. Oguntona3 & C. Aigbavboa4
1,2&3
Department of Built Environment, Faculty of Engineering, Built Environment and Information Technology,
Walter Sisulu University, Butterworth, South Africa
4
Department of Construction Management and Quantity Surveying, Faculty of Engineering and the Built
Environment, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa.

Corresponding Author: adumako@wsu.ac.za

ABSTRACT

The government in emerging nations prioritises reducing poverty and unemployment by funding
various programmes aimed at closing the skills gap. One such programmes in South Africa that
aim to solve citizens’ socioeconomic concerns is the construction learnership programme.
Therefore, this paper seeks to evaluate the various obstacles that South African construction
learnership programmes face. A thorough examination of the literature on learnership schemes
worldwide was done, emphasising developing nations. A discussion and assessment of the different
learnership programmes in developing countries and their contributions to tackling issues like
unemployment, poverty, and a skills gap were conducted. The findings indicate that several
factors, which may be categorised into three groups of learner-related, employer-related, and
government-related constraints, affect the effectiveness of learnership programmes. Conclusively,
the successful implementation of learnership schemes necessitates the identification of qualified
learners, stringent registration protocols, and prioritisation of all relevant stakeholders to
optimise benefits.
Keywords: Sustainable Development; Unemployment; Learnership Programme; South Africa; Skills
Development.

119
#ICSID'24P140

Methods of Intellectual Property Valuation in Nigeria: Preference of

Estate Surveyors and Valuers in Southwest, Nigeria
A.S. Ibisola1, C.A. Ayedun2 & O.C. Oloke3
1
Department of Estate Management, Covenant University, Ota, Nigeria and
Department of Estate Management, Moshood Abiola Polytechnic, Abeokuta
2&3
Department of Estate Management, Covenant University, Ota, Nigeria.

Corresponding Author: ibisolaabayomi@gmail.com

ABSTRACT

Estate Surveyors and Valuers (ESVs) are by-laws, education, and training, recognized and
adjudged as the most qualified professionals to determine the value of interests in property in
Nigeria. In doing this, many processes and ingredients are necessary to be blended together to
arrive at acceptable and market compliance value. One such tool or ingredient is the valuation
methods adopted during the valuation processes for different purposes and at a specific time. This
study evaluates the preference of ESVs among the various methods of IP valuation in Nigeria. A
total number of 247 questionnaires were used to elicit data from the practicing ESVs in Southwest
Nigeria. The data obtained were analysed using the Relative Importance Index (RII). It was found
that the sampled ESVs preferred the use of Rule of Thumbs methods of IP valuation because the
methods are very easy to use and devoid of rigorous calculations. Findings further showed that
ESVs preferred Discounted Cash Flow (DCF) and premium profits approaches as variants of
income-based methods. The study, therefore, recommended the inclusion of the valuation of IP in
the valuation curricula of institutions offering Estate Management in the study area.
Keywords: Intellectual Property, Valuation Practice, Methods of IP Valuation, IP Valuation Process,
Valuers, Southwest, Nigeria.

120
#ICSID'24P141

Engineering Economics: Index for Manufacturing Asset

Maintenance and Replacement Decisions
B.A. Ogunkola1, S.O. Ongbali2, O.O. Nifem3, E.Y. Salawu4 & M.O Udo5
1,2,3,4&5
Department of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering, Covenant University,
Ota, Ogun State, Nigeria.

Corresponding Author: babafemi.ogunkolapgs@stu.cu.edu.ng

ABSTRACT

Maintenance and replacement of manufacturing equipment are essential for operational

sustainability and profitability in manufacturing situations. This paper aims to explore and
evaluate various economic indices that provide quantitative measures to assess the financial
viability of maintenance versus replacement in manufacturing. Understanding these indices and
their uses can help manufacturing businesses make well-informed decisions that optimise resource
allocation, enhance operational efficiency, and match long-term financial goals. The review also
incorporates the bathtub curve to provide a structured approach to asset management to ensure
that maintenance and replacement decisions are economically justified and contribute to overall
manufacturing efficiency. The assessment established that the economic index, including NPV,
Payback Period, IRR, ROI, LCC, and EAC, offer a framework for evaluating the financial
implications of manufacturing assists maintenance vs replacement decisions. NPV and IRR are
predominantly used to assess long-term economic benefits, while the Payback Period and ROI
provide profitability and investment recovery measures. LCC and EAC offer insights into the total
cost of ownership over an asset’s lifespan.
Keywords: Efficiency, Reliability, Sustainability, Economic index, Failure rate, Maintenance.

121
#ICSID'24P142

Environmental Sustainability of Local Building Materials Used in

Housing Production in the Western Cape, South Africa
N. Basi1, D. Ituwe2, A. Windapo3& K. Alade4
¹,2,3&4Department of Construction Economics and Management, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment
University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.
5
Build Consult Limited, Lagos Nigeria.

Corresponding Author: Abimbola.Windapo@uct.ac.za

ABSTRACT
The adaptation of local building materials (LBMs) by construction stakeholders has been low as
there is a perception that LBMs are not as sustainable as defined by material manufacturers. There
has also been limited research on the environmental sustainability of local building materials. It
is important to be aware of LBMs' environmental sustainability as it helps ensure that the
construction industry meets its sustainability objectives. This research examines the environmental
sustainability of LBMs used in housing construction in Western Cape, South Africa, with an
emphasis on light steel and hemp-crete. The study assessed the advantages and challenges
associated with the availability and use of the materials, the degree of expertise required, and the
environmental effect and efficiency. A mixed-method approach was used for the research,
combining a thorough review of relevant literature, case studies, and an online questionnaire
survey. The literature review provided insight into the details and availability of commonly used
LBMs. Research shows that there is a decent level of awareness of LBMs currently in the Western
Cape, South Africa, but there is a lack of a supply chain. In other words, these materials are
relatively new and have not yet established a firm demand. It was also revealed that both Hemp-
Crete and Lightweight Steel are environmentally friendly materials as defined by the
manufacturers. The research, therefore, recommends that the Government of South Africa
increase awareness of the availability of LBMs, provide incentives such as funding for
construction projects that use LBMs, to reduce the cost of housing development, and support
research to revise the LBM legislation policies, especially on the use of Hemp-Crete.
Keywords: Environmental performance, Hemp-Crete, Local Building Materials, Lightweight steel,
Sustainability.

122
#ICSID'24P143

The Roles of Engineering Economics in Sustainable Capital

Investment in Manufacturing Systems: A Review
O.N. Olasehinde1, S.O. Ongbali2, E.Y. Salawu3, B.A. Ogunkola4, S.A. Afolalu5, 6 & M.O. Udo7
1,2,3,4&7
Department of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering, Covenant University, Ota, Nigeria.
5
Department of Mechanical and Mechatronics Engineering, Afe Babalola University, Ado-Ekiti, Ekiti State Nigeria.
6
Department of Mechanical Engineering Science. University of Johannesburg. South Africa.

Corresponding Author: Samson.ongbali@covenantuniversity.edu.ng

ABSTRACT

Integrating sustainability into capital investment decisions is increasingly vital for manufacturing
systems striving to balance economic performance with environmental responsibility. This paper
aims to carefully highlight the critical roles of engineering economics in sustainable capital
investments within production systems. Through a comprehensive assessment, this paper
demonstrates how economic evaluation techniques, such as Net Present Value (NPV) and Internal
Rate of Return (IRR), facilitate the comparison of sustainable alternatives. Some critical roles
discussed include the significance of Life Cycle Cost Analysis (LCCA) in assessing the total cost
of ownership to ensure long-term cost minimisation, reduced environmental impact, energy
efficiency, and resource optimisation. It highlights how investments in advanced technologies can
enhance operational sustainability. The paper also discusses the integration of sustainability
metrics, risk assessment, and regulatory compliance in the investment decision-making process.
We outline the potential for economic and environmental benefits by evaluating lean
manufacturing principles and process improvement. This study provides a robust framework for
leveraging engineering economics to make informed, sustainable capital investment decisions in
production systems for a sustainable future of the industry.
Keywords: Engineering Economics, Sustainable Capital, Life Cycle Cost Analysis, Net Present Value,
and Internal Rate of Return.

123
#ICSID'24P148

Risk Assessment of Work Items for Building Construction Using

Risk Matrix and Fine-Kinney Approaches
J.E. Mamman1, R.O. Umesi2 & A.A. Oke3
1&2
Department of Quantity Surveying, The Federal Polytechnic, Bida, Nigeria;
3
Department of Quantity Surveying, Federal University of Technology, Minna, Nigeria

Corresponding Author: ekemenajuliet@mail.com

ABSTRACT

The construction sector has been identified as one of the most dangerous workplaces due to high
accident rate and health and safety risks. This is attributed to construction workers' continuously
changing work environment, where identification of hazards and risks is not recognized at the
early stages of planning. The study intends to assess the level of risks for work items in building
projects using the Risk Matrix and the Fine-Kinney approach. A well-structured questionnaire was
distributed to professionals in the construction industry who managed construction projects in
Abuja. Data were analysed using the Risk Matrix and Fine-Kinney approach. Results revealed
that the Fine-Kinney method classified reinforced concrete as ‘high’ risk and roof work as
‘medium’ risk, while the remaining five elements were classified as ‘low’ risk. While the Risk
Matrix approach classified all seven elements as ‘medium’ risk. It was concluded that the
methodology adopted to compute risk assessment impacts the outcome. It was recommended that
during the planning stage, attention should be paid to safety in terms of construction work items
that were ranked as the top risky work items. This study has presented different approaches for
the prioritization of safety risk in the construction industry
Keywords: Approach, Building, Fine-Kinney, Risk Matrix, Projects

124
#ICSID'24P149

Deformation Analyses of Small and Slow-Moving Landslides Using

Sub-Pixel Image Correlation Technique
E. E. Eyo
Department of Surveying & Geoinformatics, School of Environmental Technology, Federal
University of Technology, Minna, Nigeria.

Corresponding Author: etim@futminna.edu.ng

ABSTRACT

Although they may have small velocity values, small and slow-moving landslides can cause
damage to facilities such as roads and pipelines. The main goal of this paper is to carry out
deformation analyses of small and slow-moving landslides in Kutlugün, Northeastern Turkey. The
displacements of small and slow-moving landslides were determined using very high-resolution
Pleiades-1 satellite images, the Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM) Digital Elevation
Model and the Cosi-Corr software, based on sub-pixel image correlation approach. Pre- and post-
event Panchromatic Pleiades-1 images with a spatial resolution of 0.7 m were utilised for the
displacement analyses. The correlation results consist of East-West displacement map, North-
South displacement map, and the Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR). The results of optical image
correlation are plotted as velocity vectors and all the vector plots indicate dominant northward
motion. For the area of largest movement, the average displacements computed from the Pleiades-
1 image correlation is 24.04 mm. The average displacement value for the area close to the toe of
the landslide is 9.18 mm. In addition, the average displacement value for the area close to the
crown section of the landslide is 8.35 mm. The results of this study can be utilised by engineers
and planners for improved understanding of the complex mechanics of small and slow-moving
landslides.
Keywords: Deformation analyses, Image correlation, Pleiades-1 images, small and slow-moving
landslides, Cosi-Corr software.

125
#ICSID'24P150

The Use of Biopolymers to Enhance the Geotechnical

Characteristics of a Clay Soil for Road Construction
R.O. Sani1, I.I. Akinwumi2, I.R. Oku-Asuquo3, M.O. Temidayo4 & I. Ojuawo5
1
Department of Civil Engineering, Covenant University Ota, Ogun State Nigeria.

Corresponding Author: reuben.sani@covenantuniversity.edu.ng.

ABSTRACT

According to numerous research studies, using biopolymers to improve soil is safe and can
overcome the shortcomings of other soil improvement methods. This study aimed to determine how
well two biopolymers, xanthan (XG) and guar gum (GG), worked as soil stabilizers to enhance the
geotechnical properties of subgrade clay soil used in road construction. The linear shrinkage test,
California bearing ratio test, unconfined compressive test and the coefficient of permeability test
were carried out to check the suitability of these biopolymers' clay soil improvement for road
construction. According to the American Association of State Highway and Transportation
Officials (AASHTO) soil classification system, the soil was categorized as A-7-6 group, which are
fair to poor soils for road construction, justifying the need for improvement. Reduced linear
shrinkage was seen in all xanthan gum, and guar gum improved soil concentrations. All xanthan
gum and guar gum clay soil improvements moved the natural Soil's CBR from the S3 class to the
S4 class, signifying a better-improved subgrade strength. At 2 % guar gum and xanthan gum
treatment, the soil stiffness (9283.8 kN/m2) increased to 15,839 and 12,600 kN/m2, respectively.
Guar gum showed the highest clay soil unconfined compressive strength improvements across all
concentrations, supporting similar observations in the CBR test. The natural soil's coefficient of
permeability was significantly lowered for all xanthan gum and guar gum concentrations,
reaching its lowest point at 2 % for guar gum and 2.5 % for xanthan gum, thus decreasing the rate
at which water permeated the soil. Therefore, a 2 % guar gum is recommended for subgrade clay
soil improvement during road construction.
Keywords: Biopolymers, Xanthan gum, Guar gum, Subgrade Clay Soil, Road Construction.

126
#ICSID'24P151

Balancing Affordability and Environmental Sustainability in Housing

Developments: Evaluating the Impact of Green Building Practices
C. Du toit1, A. Ramsay2, K. Alade3 & A. Windapo4
1,2,3&4
Department of Construction Economics and Management, University of Cape Town

Corresponding Author: Abimbola.Windapo@uct.ac.za.

ABSTRACT

Increased construction costs have significantly challenged housing affordability. At the same time,
there is a global shift towards sustainable housing through the implementation of Green Building
Practices (GBPs), driven by the urgent need to mitigate climate change. This study examines the
challenge of balancing affordability and environmental sustainability in housing developments.
The study focused on the impact of GBPs on housing affordability. It investigates stakeholders'
perspectives on the cost implications of these practices and explores governmental efforts to
alleviate their potential impact on housing affordability. The study used a mixed method approach
combining literature review, empirical investigation involving surveys, and interviews with
consumers and stakeholders in the construction industry. The study identifies energy efficiency
and water conservation as the most significant GBPs in South Africa. The study concludes that
financial incentives, such as tax rebates and grants, are required to enable affordable housing
developments that are environmentally sustainable. The study recommends further research into
the most feasible option for affordable green homes.
Keywords: Affordable housing, Environmental sustainability, Green buildings, Western Cape, South
Africa.

127
#ICSID'24P152

Assessing Underlying Factors Hindering Building Information

Modelling (BIM) Adoption in Nigerian Facilities Management
Industry
O.M. Ajayi1, A.A. Bilau2*, A. Aka3 & M. Dodo4
1
Department of Estate Management, University of Lagos
2
Department of Technology Education, Lagos State University of Education, Oto/Ijanikin, Lagos;
3
Department of Building, Federal University of Technology, Minna;
4
Department of Building, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria.

Corresponding Author: bilauaa@lasued.edu.ng

ABSTRACT

Building information modelling (BIM) is a critical tool that can enhance the performance of the
facilities management (FM) industry. Literature has shown that BIM is not yet widely applied in
FM practices. This study investigates the adoption of BIM in the FM industry, with the aim of
identifying the factors hindering BIM adoption. A quantitative research approach was employed,
using both Secondary data obtained from literature review and primary data from a questionnaire
survey. Of the 120 questionnaires distributed to registered FM firms in Nigeria, only 106
responses were received with 102 deemed valid for further analysis. Statistical methods such as
frequency distribution table, mean item score, Cronbach alpha test and principal component
analysis, were used to analyse the data. The findings reveal that while BIM can improve FM
practices in Nigeria, 80% of FM firms have low awareness of its value, hindered by a lack of best
practices, guidelines, quality information, and BIM experts in the industry. The study revealed that
the facilities management stakeholders have a low level of awareness on BIM. The study
recommends further studies on strategies to overcome factors that inhibit effective adoption of
BIM in FM industry
Keywords: Building information modelling, BIM adoption, facility management, FM industry, Nigeria.

128
#ICSID'24P153

Development of GGBS Waste-Based Modified Self-Healing

Concrete Incorporated with Bentonite
J. Oluwafemi1, O.M. Ofuyatan2, A. Faleke2, O.J. Oladiran3, T. Samuel4 & O. Okorie5
1,2,3&4
Department of Civil Engineering, Covenant University, Ota, Ogun State;
2
Department of Building Technology, Covenant University, Ota, Ogun State.

Corresponding Author: john.oluwafemi@covenantuniversity.edu.ng

ABSTRACT

This research focused on developing self-healing concrete using GGBS (Ground Granulated Blast
Furnace Slag) and Bentonite as partial replacement for cement. The fresh property was examined
using the slump test, while the hardened properties of the concrete samples were examined using
the compressive and split tensile strength and density tests. The hardened samples were cured in
water for strength tests, while air and water curing methods were used to study the self-healing
attributes. The curing days considered ranged from 7 to 90 days. The microstructural properties
of the hardened samples were examined using a Scanning Electron Microscope and Electron
Dispersive X-ray (SEM-EDX) Analyses. The results of the slump tests showed that GGBS and
Bentonite absorb water at a higher rate than cement. The test carried out on the hardened concrete
samples also revealed that the modified samples exhibited higher mechanical properties than the
control experiment. The optimum GGBS and Bentonite composition that exhibited the best
mechanical performance is mixed G2B4, where 2% of GGBS and 4% of Bentonite were utilized in
the mix. Comparing G2B4 and the control experiment, G2B4 exhibited compressive strength
higher than the control experiment with a 13% difference at 56 days of curing with self-healing
attributes under water curing conditions.
Keywords: Bentonite, Cracks, GGBS, Concrete, Self-Healing.

129
#ICSID'24P154

Reliability-Optimal Assessment of Air-Cured Ground Granulated

Blast Furnace/Cow Bone Ash-Based Geopolymer Concrete
J. Oluwafemi1, O.M. Ofuyatan2, A. Adedeji3, P. Ossy4, F. Dingba5 & E. Chidera6
1,2,4,5&6
Department of Civil Engineering, Covenant University, Ota, Ogun State;
3
Department of Civil Engineering, University of Ilorin, Kwara State, Nigeria.

Corresponding Author: john.oluwafemi@covenantuniversity.edu.ng

ABSTRACT

A major gap that is yet identified in geopolymer concrete (GPC) research is the absence of design
standards for its production. To this, reliability assessment is a vital basis. Hence, this study aimed
at reliability-optimal assessment of air-cured ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS) and
cow bone ash (CBA) based GPC. To realize this, GGBS and CBA were used as source materials,
while sodium silicate and sodium hydroxide were mixed at a ratio of 2.5:1 and utilized as chemical
activators. The mixing, casting, and experimental tests were carried out in accordance with the
necessary standards. X-ray fluorescence (XRF) analyses were done to investigate the chemical
composition of the source materials while scanning electron microscope (SEM) and X-ray
diffraction (XRD) analyses were carried out to investigate the surface morphology and
mineralogical phases of the GPC. The results of the mechanical strength tests show that GGBS
composition must exceed 60% in the mixes for better performance than conventional concrete. In
line with this, cost-to-strength ratio analyses show that air-cured M3 GPC has better economic
performance than conventional concrete. The optimization plots also relate the influence of the
materials' composition on the strength of the GPC. The reliability analyses also show that GPC
mixes with CBA composition ≥ 80% are unreliable for satisfactory performance through the
standard 50 years of operational service life of structures. The results of the mechanical tests,
reliability, and CSR analyses establish M3 GPC as the optimum mix for this study.

Keywords: Sustainability, Economic Performance, Reliability, Optimization, Geopolymer Concrete,

Strength.

130