UNIT 7

PHYSIOLOGY
&
INJURIES IN SPORTS
 CONTENT
1. Physiological Factor Determining Component Of Physical Fitness
2. Effect Of Exercise On Cardio Respiratory System
3. Effect Of Exercise On Muscular System
4. Physiological changes due to ageing
5. Sports Injuries: Classification, (Soft Tissue Injuries – Abrasion, Contusion, Laceration,
Incision, Sprain & Strain; Bone & Joint Injuries - Dislocation, Fractures - Green Stick,
Comminuted, Transverse, Oblique & Impacted) Causes And Prevention
6. Treatment Of Injuries
 PHYSIOLOGY AND SPORTS PHYSIOLOGY
• PHYSIOLOGY: A branch of biology that deals with the functions of living matter (such
as
organs, tissues, or cells).
• SPORTS PHYSIOLOGY: Sports physiology is the study of the long and short-term
effects of
training on athletes.
• EXERCISE PHYSIOLOGY: Exercise physiology is a study of the body’s response to
exercise.
• In the human body we majorly study skeletal, muscular, nervous, endocrine, cardiovascular,
metabolic, respiratory, digestive, urinary and reproductive systems which are somehow affected
by exercises.
• During exercise, all systems of our body work jointly but responses of these systems
are
independent.
• Metabolic system produces energy and takes care of intake and output of energy.
• Cardiovascular system controls circulation, transports oxygen and energy to muscles
and waste
products from muscles to kidney.
• Respiratory system takes in air, diffuses oxygen to lungs and muscle tissue and
removes
carbon dioxide from body.
• Neuromuscular and skeletal system allows body movements through muscle
contraction.
COMPONENT OF PHYSICAL FITNESS
STRENGTH SPEED ENDURANCE FLEXIBILITY COORDINATIVE
ABILITIES

Schol ar Saksham Hajel

a sakshampgt.hpe@gmail.co m
 SKELETAL MUSCLES FACTOR

• Skeletal muscles are made up of muscles fibres which are divided into two categories Slow twitch fibres or
Type I fibres and Fast twitch fibres or Type II fibres. Mostly muscles contain a mix of both fast and slow
twitch fibres and the proportion of theses fibres is dependent on genetics, hormones, and habits of
exercises. Composition of fibres in muscles plays a dominant role in development of strength, endurance,
and speed performance. Skeletal muscles have four properties contractility, excitability, extensibility,
and elasticity.

• Slow twitch fibres or Type I fibres or slow oxidative fibres contain large numbers of capillaries, higher
concentration of myoglobin and mitochondria than fast twitch fibres which promote aerobic activity and
resistance against fatigue. Due to higher concentration of capillaries the colour of fibres becomes red
and has greater supply of blood. Such types of fibres contract at low rate and keep contracting for longer
duration without fatigue.
slow oxidative is the process of slow production of energy with the use of oxygen

• Fast twitch fibres or Type II fibres or Fast glycolytic fibres contain a good volume of glycolytic enzymes
which promote anaerobic activity but due to a smaller number of mitochondria they have limited
aerobic capacity and low fatigue resistance. Fast twitch fibres do not require blood supply to produce
energy, so their colour is lighter as compared to slow twitch fibre. Such fibres have fast contraction rate,
and can produce small amount of energy quickly. Fast twitch muscle fibre helps in anaerobic activities
like jumps, throws, sprint etc.
Glycolysis is the process in which glucose is broken down to produce energy.
 ENERGY PRODUCTION FACTOR
• Cellular respiration is a process in which ATP (Adenosine triphosphate) is formed through food. Main source
of energy in food is in form of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats. Each has different complex chemical
process to form ATP energy. During exercise, the load on the metabolic system increases manifold because
of increase in the demand of energy by different systems. In this process, carbohydrates give instant energy
as compared to fats and proteins, but fats give a larger amount of energy as compared to carbohydrates and
proteins. Higher intensity aerobic activity requires carbohydrates in the form of glucose and glycogen as
fuel.

• Carbohydrates work as a fuel for short duration exercise, fats are utilized for long duration exercises and
proteins contribute a small but important proportion of nourishment. Basically, three energy system works
in our body ATP-CP (Creatine phosphate) system, anaerobic system, and aerobic system. ATP- CP system
provides energy if the activity is less than 10 second. Such activities are dynamic in nature and of very
short duration and very intensive. They include jumps, throws, sprints, weightlifting, power lifting etc.
Anaerobic system provides energy for less than two minutes, in activities like 200m, 400m races. Aerobic
system provides energy for long duration activities like marathon, football, hockey etc.

• Metabolism: is the process of overall energy

transformations occurring in the body.
• Anabolism: is the process where the
simple
molecules combine to generate complex molecules.
• Catabolism: is the process of breakdown of food
and stores to produce energy for work.
Bone development and mineralization, as well as muscle
mass gain, are examples of anabolism.
Catabolic reactions include the breakdown of proteins into
amino acids, and glycogen into glucose.
 CARDIORESPIRATORY FACTOR
• The Cardio respiratory system is combination of respiratory and cardiovascular systems
which jointly work to transport oxygen to the cells and support metabolism by
delivering nutrients, which provide energy to neuromuscular system and neuro-
endocrine system. During exercise, the demand for energy increases and to meet the
demand, oxygen is required in appropriate volume. Demand of energy depends on
intensity, duration, and type of activity. To match the same, the respiratory system --
pulmonary ventilation, external respiration, and internal respiration work together.

COMPONENT OF PHYSICAL FITNESS

• STRENGTH = Ability of a muscle or a group of muscle to exert force against any resistance.
• SPEED = Ability to move all or part of the body as quickly as possible OR ability of a person to
perform same pattern of movement at a faster rate.
• ENDURANCE = Ability of a person to perform any task for a longer duration of time OR ability of a
muscle to contract for extended period of time.
• FLEXIBILITY = The range of motion of your joints is known as flexibility.
• COORDINATIVE ABILITIES = Coordinative abilities are those abilities of an individual
which enable the individual to do various related activities properly as well as efficiently. Our
accuracy rhythm flow and constancy depend on our coordinative abilities.
 PHYSIOLOGICAL FACTORS DETERMINING
STRENGTH
 SIZE OF A MUSCLE : Strength Of The Muscle Depends On Size Of The Muscles. Force Produced By
Same Size Of Muscle In Males And Females Is Approximately Same. Can Be Improved Through
Training
 BODY WEIGHT: Individuals Who Are Heavier Are Stronger Than The Light Weight Individuals.
 MUSCLE COMPOSITION: Muscular System Is Composed Of White Muscle & Red Muscle Fibre.
The Percentage Of These Muscles Is Genetically Determined And Cannot Be Changed Through
Training.
 Type I fibre or slow twitch fibre or red muscle fibre- contain large amount of capillaries
& myoglobin. (suitable for slow and long duration activity)
 Type II fibre or fast twitch fibre or white muscle fibre- contain small amount of capillaries &
myoglobin. (suitable for fast and strength related activity)
 NERVE IMPULSE: Speed Of Nerves Impulse
 AGE AND GENDER.

Determines Strength. Can Not Be Improved

Through Training
 PHYSIOLOGICAL FACTORS DETERMINING
SPEED

 Mobility Of The Nervous System: Contraction and relaxation of muscles is controlled by

nervous system. Frequency of contraction and relaxation of muscles is determined by excitability of
nerve impulse
 Muscle composition: The percentage of white muscle & red muscle fibre is genetically
determined and cannot be changed through training.
 Type I fibre or slow twitch fibre or red muscle fibre- contain large amount of capillaries
& myoglobin. (suitable for long distance running) Aerobic Activities
 Type II fibre or fast twitch fibre or white muscle fibre- contain small amount of capillaries &
myoglobin. (suitable for small or sprint running) Anaerobic Activities
 Explosive Strength: Depends on muscle composition, muscle size, muscle coordination and metabolic
process. Except muscle composition the other factors can be improved through training.
 Flexibility: Maximum range of movement of any muscle or joint. Freedom of movement enables
muscles to move at faster rate & complete utilization of explosive strength.
 Bio Chemical Reserves And Metabolic Power: For maximum speed performance the muscles
require more amount of energy at a very high rate of consumption. For this purpose ATP and CP stores
should be enough. If the store is less the muscle contractions due to insufficient energy supply
becomes slow after a short time.
 PHYSIOLOGICAL FACTORS DETERMINING
ENDURANCE
• AEROBIC CAPACITY: Energy Required By The Muscles Can Be Supplied In The Presence Of
Oxygen. Hence Supply Of Oxygen To Working Muscles Is Important For Endurance Performance.
– Oxygen Intake: It Is The Amount Of The Oxygen Which Can Be Taken By The Lungs From
Atmosphere.
– Oxygen Transport : The Amount Of Oxygen Taken Into The Blood From Lungs Has To Be
Transported To The Working Muscles
– Oxygen Uptake: The Amount Of Oxygen Which Can Be Observed And Consumed By The
Working Muscles From The Blood.
– Energy Reserves: Depends Upon The Availability Of Fuel To Muscles From Which Energy For
The Activity Is Derived. The Aerobic Capacity Depends Upon The Muscle Glycogen And
Sugar Level In The Blood.
• Lactic Acid Tolerance: It Is Important For Activities Lasting > 40 Seconds & Determines Anaerobic
Capacity. Can Be Improved Through Training.
• Movement Economy: For Apex Performance, Body Movements Should Be Economical. Good
Technique Saves Energy & Improve Endurance.
• Muscle Composition: The Percentage Of White Muscle & Red Muscle Fibre Is
Genetically Determined And Cannot Be Changed Through Training
 Type I fibre or slow twitch fibre or red muscle fibre- contain large amount of capillaries &
myoglobin. (suitable for long distance running) Aerobic Activities
 Type II fibre or fast twitch fibre or white muscle fibre- contain small amount of capillaries
& myoglobin. (suitable for small or sprint running) Anaerobic Activities
 PHYSIOLOGICAL FACTORS DETERMINING FLEXIBILITY
• Muscle Strength: Weak Muscles Cannot Exert Sufficient Force To Achieve Full Range Of
Movement. Muscle Strength Is Highly Trainable.
• Joint Structure: Structure Of Joint Is A Limiting Factor For Flexibility. Some Of The Joints Intrinsically
Have A Greater Range Of Motion Than Others.
• Saddle joint, Pivot joint, Condyloid joint, Hinge joint. Ball and socket joint. Gliding joint
• Age And Gender: Flexibility Is Maximum During Childhood And Decreases With The Advancement
Of Age. It Can Be Enhanced With Training. Females Tend To Be More Flexible Than Males.
• Stretch ability Of Muscles: Limits The Range Of Movements. Stretch-ability Can Be Improved
By Training.
• Previous Injury: Injuries To Connective Tissues And Muscles Can Lead To Thickening On The Affected
Area Leading To Reduced Flexibility. Rehabilitation Exercises Are Must After Healing Of Injury.
• Life style: regular physical activities enhance flexibility, whereas inactive individual loses flexibility due
to soft tissue and joints shrinking and losing extensibility
• Body Temperature: Has A Positive Correlation With Body Flexibility. Warm Up Before Any Sports
Activity Is Highly Advisable.
 EFFECT OF EXERCISE ON CARDIOVASCULAR

Short Term Effects of Exercise on Cardiovascular System

• Increased Heart Rate: Exercise makes the body work harder and therefore muscles
require more oxygen to continue to work effectively. This sudden increase in demand
of oxygen is met by an increase in blood circulation which is achieved by the heart. In
this process, the heart rate increases.
• Increased Blood Circulation: As the heart rate increases, blood circulation increases
in the body to deliver the oxygen to muscles.
• Increased systolic blood pressure: systolic blood pressure, is the pressure caused by your
heart contracting and pushing out blood. The second number, called diastolic blood
pressure, is the pressure when your heart relaxes and fills with blood.
• Increased Stroke Volume: The volume of blood pumped during one beat (contraction)
is called stroke volume. During exercise, stroke volume increases as more oxygen is
required. In An Untrained Individual Stroke Volume At Rest Is 50 To70 Ml/ Beat Which
Increases To 70 To 90 Ml/ Beat As An Effect Of Regular Exercise.
• Increased Cardiac Output: Cardiac output is how many litres of blood your heart pumps
in one minute
 Long Term Effects of Exercise on Cardiovascular System

• Increased Size and Strength of Heart: Continuous aerobic exercises help to increase
the strength and the size of heart which helps in better performance. It is also referred
as cardiac hypertrophy.
• Low Level of Accumulation of Lactic Acid: Anaerobic respiration is the process of
converting glucose into energy without oxygen. During the conversion from glucose to
energy, lactic acid, a waste product, is created. Lactic acid makes muscles tired and
painful.
• Decrease in Resting Heart Rate: Due to improved efficiency of the heart, it is required
to pump less blood to meet the needs of the body. As a result, the heart rate at rest
decreases. It is also called as Bradycardia.
• Normal Blood Pressure: In response to endurance training, there can be substantial
reduction in both systolic and diastolic blood pressure. Regular exercise helps keep
the blood pressure normal.
• Increase in Stroke Volume and Cardiac Output: Since the size and strength of the heart
increases, heart pumps blood more efficiently with increase in stoke volume and
cardiac output.
• Increase in Capillaries Network: To achieve the demand for oxygen, capillaries network
increases. Due to the demands placed on different parts of the body during exercise,
the capillary density at muscle sites improves. Increased capillary density allows for
greater oxygen being transported to the muscles, improving their ability to perform
intense exercise.
 Effect of Exercise on Respiratory System
Short Term Effects of Exercise in Respiratory System
• Respiratory Rate Increases: Our body requires more oxygen during exercise, and to meet this
increased demand, the respiratory rate (breathing rate) increases. The normal respiration rate
for an adult at rest is 12 to 20 breaths per minute, but during exercise it increases to 40
breaths per minutes.
• Tidal Volume Increases: The amount of air inhaled and exhaled in one breath is known as tidal
volume. Tidal volume increases as a result of exercise to take in more oxygen and remove
carbon dioxide from our body.
• Rate of Exchange of Gas Increases: Regular exercise increases the rate of exchange of gas
in lungs.
Long Term Effects of Exercise in Respiratory System
• Increased Efficiency of Respiratory Muscles: Due to regular exercise efficiency of respiratory
muscles increases, inhalation and exhalation become fluent. This helps to meet the demand
of oxygen.
• Increased Lung volume: Continuous exercises done for long duration help to increase the
capacity and volume of lungs.
• Increased Pulmonary Diffusion: Pulmonary Diffusion refers to the capacity of the lungs to
allow oxygen and carbon dioxide to pass in and out of the blood. Regular exercise develops the
scope of increasing the exchange of gases, and in this process the size of the alveoli also
increases.
• Increased Residual Volume: Residual volume is the volume of air that remains in the lungs
after forceful expiration. Regular exercise increases residual volume that helps to exchange the
gases in normal limits.
 EFFECT OF EXERCISE ON MUSCULAR SYSTEM

Short Term
• Increased blood supply
• Increased Muscle temperature
• Increased Muscle flexibility’
• Accumulation of Lactate
• Micro tears in muscle fibres


Long Term
• Hypertrophy of Muscle Increases
• strength of ligaments and tendons
• Increase in size and number of mitochondria
• Increase in myoglobin storage
• Increase in glycogen storage
• Increase in oxidation/ metabolism
• Increase in lactate acid tolerance
 Short Term Effect of Exercises on Muscular
system
• Increased blood supply: During exercise, in order to match demand of fuel to muscle, the supply of blood
increases in the whole body or, in the particular muscle group where activity is largely impacted.
• Increased muscle temperature: During exercises muscles demand energy, which comes from contracting
muscles. During this process, a lot of heat energy is generated which increases the temperature of
muscles, and the body.
• Increased muscle flexibility: Due to increase in blood flow and rise in temperature, elasticity of
muscles increases. Stretching and mobility exercises also play a dominant role in increasing muscular
flexibility.
• Accumulation of Lactate: Muscles requires oxygen. If blood supply does not provide appropriate volume
of oxygen to muscles, it leads to accumulation of lactate acid in muscles which result in pain, and soreness
in muscles.
• Micro-tears in Muscle Fibres: During exercises muscle tissue is placed under stress which results in
micro- tears in muscle fibres. The body responds by repairing the muscle fibres and making them larger.
When a muscle gets bigger, this process is called hypertrophy.

Long Term Effect of Exercises on Muscular

system
• Hypertrophy of Muscle: Scientific and systematic exercise leads to increase in thickness of muscle fibres
that results in increase in muscle size also known as muscle hypertrophy.
• Increase in Strength of Ligaments and Tendons:
• Increase in Size and Number of Mitochondria: Aerobic exercises leads to increase in size and numbers
of mitochondria, and which take in more oxygen and produce more ATP and energy.
• Increase in Myoglobin Storage: Long term effect of aerobic exercise is to increase the storage of myoglobin
which transports oxygen to mitochondria.
• Increase in Glycogen Storage: Glycogen is generally stored in muscles and liver. Regular exercise helps the
body to increase the storage of glycogen which may give continuous energy for 90 to 120 minutes.
• Increase in Oxidation/ Metabolism: Endurance exercise training increases the capacity of skeletal muscle
 fat oxidation by increasing mitochondrial density. Long term exercises demand a lot of energy, and to meet
this demand, metabolism increases due to oxidation of fat.
• Increase in Lactate Acid Tolerance: Regular exercises help to tolerate pain and sourness in muscles due to
accumulation of lactate acid.
 Physiological Changes Due to Ageing
• Ageing, an inevitable and extremely complex multi-factorial process, is characterized by the
progressive degeneration of organ systems and tissues. It is largely determined by genetics,
and influenced by a wide range of environmental factors, such as diet, exercise, exposure to
micro- organisms and pollutants.

• Muscular Strength - It is defined as the maximal force that a muscle or muscle group can generate.
Men and women usually attain their highest strength levels between ages 20 and 40, Changes in
Due to decrease in muscle size, the strength of the muscles also decreases The decrease in strength
gradually occurs during the age of 35 to 45 years.

• Neural Function - A number of research studies indicate that reaction time and movement time
slow down with increasing age. The brain's weight, the size of its network and its blood flow
decreases with age. However, the brain adapts to these changes, growing new patterns of nerve
endings. To recall old memories becomes slow.

• Changes in senses: decrease in vision/hearing/taste/smell.

 Physiological Changes Due to Ageing
• Endocrine Changes with Ageing - The endocrine system consists of a gland, minute quantities of hormones,
and receptor organ. Approximately 40% of individuals aged between 65 and 75 years and 50% of those
older than age 80 have impaired glucose tolerance leading to Type 2 diabetes. Thyroid dysfunction,
primarily from lowered pituitary gland release of the thyroid-stimulating hormone thyrotropin (and
reduced output of thyroxine), is common among the elderly. This directly affects metabolic function,
including decreased glucose metabolism and protein synthesis.

• Pulmonary Function - Mechanical restriction on the pulmonary system progress with age to cause
decline in static and dynamic lung function measures. Alveoli can lose their shape and become baggy.
The diaphragm can, over time, become weaker, decreasing the ability to inhale and exhale (Pulmonary -
relating to the lungs)

• Cardiovascular Function - With advancing age, there is a progressive decrease in cardiac muscle strength.
The stroke volume, cardiac output and blood flow are all decreased with age. Blood vessels also lose
their elasticity. They become more and more rigid. Systolic blood pressure also increases with age. The
reduced blood flow results in reduced endurance. There is less nourishment to cells of body Heart valves
become less flexible.

• Body Composition - In physical fitness, body composition is used to describe the percentages of fat, bone,
water, and muscle in human bodies. After age 60, total body mass decreases despite increasing body fat.

• Bone Mass- Bone Mass is a measure of the amount of minerals (mostly calcium and phosphorous)
contained in a certain volume of bone. Osteoporosis poses a major problem with ageing, particularly
among postmenopausal women. In this condition it produces loss of bone mass as the ageing skeleton
de- mineralizes and becomes porous. Bone mass can decrease by 30% to 50% in persons older than age
60
 SPORTS INJURIES
MEANING OF SPORTS INJURIES

• An athletic injury is defined as “some physical damage or insult to the body that occurs during
athletic practice or competition causing a resultant loss of capacity or impairing performance.”
Morris (1984)
• A sports injury may be defined as damage to the tissues of the body that occurs as a result of sport or
exercise. IOC Manual of Sports Injuries (2012)
 Injuries Which Are Common In The Field Of Games And Sports
 Happen During Practice, Training Or Competition
 If Appropriate Steps Are Taken By The Sports Person The Chance Of Getting Injuries Can Be Reduced.

• CLASSIFICATION OF SPORTS INJURIES

• CLASSIFICATION DUE TO CAUSES:
• Direct Injuries: They are sustained from an external force causing injury at a point of contact.
• Indirect Injuries: It usually involves the athlete damaging the soft tissues such as ligaments tendons or
muscles of the body through internal or external force.
• Overuse Injuries: They are sustained from continuous or repetitive stress, incorrect technique, or
equipment or too much training.

• CLASSIFICATION DUE TO TYPE OF TISSUE :

• Soft Tissue Injuries: Any injuries to skin muscles or ligaments are soft tissue injuries.
• Hard Tissue Injuries: Injuries that occur in bones and cartilages.
 CLASSIFICATION OF INJURIES

SOFT TISSUE INJURIES JOINT INJURIES

BONE INJURIES

Contusion Dislocation
Simple Fracture

Strain Compound Fracture

Fracture

Other classification of injuries

Sprain Complicated 1. Direct injuries
Fracture
2. Indirect injuries
3. Overuse injuries
Abrasion Greenstick
Fracture Other types of injuries
1. Minor and Major
Bruises Comminuted 2. Acute and Chronic
Fracture 3. Micro Trauma & MacroTrauma

Impacted Fracture
 CONTUSION BRUISES
• It is the type of hematoma, which refers to
• A bruise, or contusion, appears on the
any collection of blood outside of a vessel.
skin due to trauma. The injury causes tiny
• Muscle Injury Occurs Due To Direct Hit, With Or blood vessels to burst. Blood gets trapped
Without Any Sports Equipment. below the skin’s surface, which causes a
• Blood Vessels In The Muscles Are bruise. Black and blue marks are often
Broken, Bleeding May Occur In The associated with bruise
Muscles .
 Bruise and contusion both are same
• Stiffness & Swelling Common Sign.
• Common In : Boxing, Wrestling, Kabaddi.
• Prevention - All the safety gear to be worn
upon while playing (Helmet, chest guard,)
should be worn
Inflammation is part of the process by which the immune system
• Treatment defends the body from harmful agents, such as bacteria and viruses.
• Cold Compression Should Be Used Immediately For
Around +40 minutes.
• Cold Compression Should Be Performed Five To Word meaning
Six Times Daily.
• In Case Of More Swelling At The Injured Part Anti – Persists= continue to exist
Rehabilitation= Rehabilitation is the act of restoring something to its
Inflammatory Medicine Should Be Given. original state
• If The Swelling Still Persist, Consult The Doctor. Accumulation = collection, gathering
• For Rehabilitation, Flexibility Exercises Should Be
Done Carefully.
M. MOBILISATION ICE COMPRESSION ELEVATION

I.
C.
E
 STRAIN (MUSCLE INJURY)
• A strain is an acute or chronic soft tissue injury that occurs to a muscle, tendon, or both.
• Mild or severe muscle injury.
• In severe case, muscle may rupture.
• In case of complete rupture movement of limb is not possible due to severe pain.
• May happen during practice
• Prevention - Regular stretching and strengthening exercise for any kind of sport can be the
preventive measure for strain.

TREATMENT
• Strained Organ Should Be Kept In Comfortable Position.
• Pour Cold Water For 20 To 30 Minutes.
• Ice Should Not Be Applied Directly (Wrap Ice In Cotton Cloth).
• Light Massage Should Be Given After 2 –3 Days.
• Pain Killer May Be Given In Case Of Severe Pain.
• Complete Rest For One Week.
• Warm Water Therapy Should Be Given.
• PRICE Procedure For The Treatment Of Strain
 SPRAIN (LIGAMENT INJURY)
• A sprain is a stretching or tearing of ligaments — the tough bands of fibrous tissue that connect
two bones together in your joints. The most common location for a sprain is in your ankle.
• Ligament Injury.
• May occur due to over stretching or tearing of ligament.
• Occurs at wrist joint and ankle joint.
• Some time fracture is possible along with sprain.
• Swelling, inflammation, severe pain & tenderness are common symptoms.

TREATMENT
• Injured Part Should Be Kept In Comfortable Position.
• Cold Compression Should Be Used Immediately For 10-20 Minutes And Performed 6 To 8 Times Per
Day.
• The Injured Limb Should Be Elevated.
• If Pain Still Persist, Painkiller Should Be Given.
• Warm Water Therapy After 2-3 Days.
• Light Massage Should Be Given.
• In Case Of Ankle Sprain, 8-type Bandage Should Be Wrapped.
• There Are Two Procedure For The Treatment Of Sprain
• PRICE Procedure (Protection, Rest, Ice, Compression, Elevation)
• MICE Procedure (Mobilisation, Ice, Compression, Elevation)
 ABRASION
• An abrasion is a type of open wound that's caused by the skin rubbing against a rough surface,
affects on the upper superficial layers of the epidermis.
• Skin Injury.
• Occurs due to friction with any equipment or A fall over the area where the bone is close to skin.
• Occurs at upper layer of skin.

TREATMENT
• Injured Part Should Be Washed With Clean Water/Antiseptic Liquid.
• Pick out the dead tissue, gravel and debris that might be sticking to the area of abrasion.
• Wipe the dirt from the affected part
• Dressing Should Be Done Lightly If Abrasion Is Serious.
• Anti-tetanus Injection Should Be Taken.
• Painkiller Should Be Given In Case Of Severe Pain.
• Anti-tetanus injection should be provided.

sakshampgt.hpe@gmail.com
 LACERATION
• A laceration is a wound that is produced by the tearing of soft body tissue. This type of wound is often
irregular.
• It is an irregular cut in the skin from a sharp object or sharp edged sports equipment. These wound may
be very poisonous
TREATMENT

• Stop The Flow Of Blood By Applying Firm Pressure To The Laceration With A Clean Cloth Or Gauze. A
Small Amount Of Blood Is Advantageous In Cleansing The Wound, But Large Amounts Of Blood Loss
Can Be Dangerous.
• Properly Clean The Wound. Remove All Dirt And Debris By First Running Cool Water Over The Area, And
Then Clean With A Sterile Cloth, Warm Water, And Mild Soap.
• Apply Antibiotic Ointment, And Then Cover The Wound Area With A Sterile Gauze Bandage And First-
aid Tape.
• Clean The Wound Area Daily With Soap And Water And Apply A Fresh Sterile Bandage.
• For A Minor Laceration, Remove The Bandage After A Couple Of Days To Promote Healing.
• If The Affected Person Requires Stitches, Take Him/her To The Doctor.
 INCISION
• Deep cut by any sharp object or equipment like spikes, knife etc
• Sharp straight wound

TREATMENT
• If The Wound Is Not Deep, Let The Blood Come Out.
• Cleaned With Iodine Tincture Or Spirit.
• Bandage Should Be Applied.
• In Case Of Excessive Bleeding, The Bandage Should Be Kept Tight.
• Wound Is Too Deep, A Doctor Should Be Consulted Immediately.

Scholar Saksham Haje la

sakshampgt.hpe@gm ail.com
 BONE INJURIES

 SIMPLE FRACTURE  IMPACTED FRACTURE

 COMPOUND FRACTURE  STRESS FRACTURE
 COMPLICATED FRACTURE  TRANSVERSE FRACTURE
 GREEN STICK FRACTURE  TRANSVERSE PROCESS FRACTURE
 OBLIQUE FRACTURE
 COMMINUTED FRACTURE

CAUSES OF FRACTURE
 In Such Sports Event Where There Is A High Impact.
 Traumatic, Forceful And Unnatural Movements.
 Prolonged Long Distance Walking Or Running.
 Sudden Fall On Hard Surface.
 Direct Strike Or Hit With Any Solid Sports Equipment.
 Osteoporosis
SIMPLE FRACTURE COMPOUND FRACTURE
• It is fracture of the bone only, • It is a fracture in which there is an open
without damage to the surrounding wound or break in the skin near the site
tissues or breaking of the skin. of the broken bone.

COMPLICATED FRACTURE GREENSTICK FRACTURE

• COMPLICATED FRACTURE structures • A small crack in the bone. This can occur
surrounding the fracture are in children, because their bones are
injured. There may be damage to more flexible that an adult’s bones
the veins, arteries or nerves • Treatment - Removable splints result in
better outcomes than casting in children
STRESS FRACTURE COMMINUTED FRACTURE
• A tiny crack in a bone caused by • A comminuted fracture is when the
repetitive stress or force, often from bone breaks into several pieces
overuse.
• When Bone Is Broken Into Three Or
• Forces that can cause a stress fracture More Pieces. Common In Cycle Race And
could include repeatedly jumping up Motorcycle Races.
and down or running long distances.
• Treatment - An X-ray is important for
• Treatment - Rest, cold therapy ice diagnosing of the condition. An open
packs, cold compresses, apply ice to the reduction when the bone fragments
injured area, anti- inflammatory are jammed-together using surgical
medications such as Ibuprofen, aspirin etc nails, wire plates etc. is required for
and a recovery time of 6 to 8 weeks is comminuted fracture
required for healing.
 IMPACTED FRACTURE OBLIQUE FRACTURE
• An impacted fracture occurs when • Oblique Bone Fracture Occurs When
the broken ends of the bone are The Bone Is Broken Diagonally To The
jammed together by the force of the Axis Of Bone, Mostly These Fracture
injury. Occur In A Long Bones Of Our Body
Treatment Treatment
• Therefore, a sling or a splint may be • It depends upon the severity of the
required to keep the broken bones in crack or break. Anti- inflammatory
place, so that movement of the sharp medication, reduction (Resetting the
ends of the broken bone is prevented. bone) can also help to some extent.
This is essential to prevent further
damage to the bone

TRANSVERSE FRACTURE
TRANSVERSE PROCESS FRACTURE • A transverse fracture occurs when a
• Brake in one of the bones of spine or bone breaks at a 90-degree angle to the
a part of it. It is shaped like a wing. long axis of the bone
Most probably these injuries occur in
the thoracic spine or lumbar spine
 JOINT INJURIES
• A joint dislocation occurs when there is an abnormal separation in the joint, where two or more bones
meet.
• Partial dislocation is referred as a subluxation.

TYPE OF DISLOCATION/ LUXATION

• Dislocation of lower jaw
• Dislocation of shoulder joint
• Dislocation of hip joint
• Dislocation of wrist
 DISLOCATION OF LOWER JAW DISLOCATION OF WRIST
• Occurs when chin strikes to another • A sportsperson who participates in a
object. sports or game in which he may fall,
• May also occur when mouth is runs the risk of getting a dislocated
opened excessively. wrist. A miscalculated landing can also
cause a dislocated wrist. In fact, it
generally occurs to the person who
use his hand to break his fall.

DISLOCATION OF SHOULDER JOINT DISLOCATION OF HIP JOINT

• Shoulder joint is a ball-&-socket joint. • Occurs By Putting Maximum Strength
• Occurs due to sudden jerk or a fall on hard Spontaneously.
surface. • End Of The Femur Is Displaced From
• The end of humerus comes out from the The Socket.
socket
CAUSES OF SPORTS INJURIES PREVENTION OF SPORTS INJURIES

 Improper conditioning  Proper warming-up

 Improper warming-up  Proper conditioning
 Unscientific way of training  Balanced diet
 Lack of fitness  Playing surface and environment
 Nutritional inadequacy  Proper knowledge of sports skills
 Lack of sports facilities  Use of protective equipment
 Injudicious officiating  Proper sports facilities
 No use of protective equipment  Unbiased officiating
 Practice during the stage of  Dont’do overtraining
fatigue  Use of proper technique
 Pressure of competition  Obeying the rules
 Carelessness during the game  Proper cooling down
 Improper sports equipment
 Overuse of muscle
TREATMENT OF DISLOCATION TREATMENT OF FACTURES
• Call Medical Help Immediately. • Try To Locate The Fracture By Touching
• Don’t Try To Move The Joint Or To Gently .
Place • Don’t Move Fractured Limb.
• Use Splints And Bandages To Keep The
It Back In The Socket. Fractured Limb Stable.
• Keep Ice On The Spot Of Dislocation To • In Case Of Compound Fracture Don’t
Control Swelling. Wash The Wound.
• Sling Or Splint The Affected Joint Into • Use Dry And Disinfectant Bandages.
Fixed Position. • For Vertebrae Fracture, Athlete Should Be
• Immobilize The Affected Limb Lifted Carefully(avoiding Bending ,Twisting
By Bandage. Etc.) To The Hospital.
• Athlete Should Be Taken To Hospital On • For Ribs Fracture, Immobilizing
Bandage Should Be Applied As It
Stretcher. Reduces Further Damage.
• Medication • For Femur Fracture, Anaesthesia Should
• Manipulation (doctor fix the joint) Be Given And Affected Leg Should Be
• Rest Immobilized.
• Rehabilitation
• Surgery