Difference between Structured Programming and Object-Oriented Programming:

Structured Programming Object-Oriented Programming

It relies on concept of objects that contain data

Programs are divided into small programs or

It is all about facilitating creation of programs It is all about creating objects that usually
with readable code and reusable components. contain both functions and data.

Its main aim is to improve and increase Its main aim is to improve and increase both
quality, clarity, and development time of quality and productivity of system analysis
computer program. and design.
 It simply focuses on representing both
It simply focuses on functions and processes structure and behavior of information system
that usually work on data. into tiny or small modules that generally
combines data and process both.
It is a method of organizing, managing and It is a method in which set of objects can vary
coding programs that can give or provide dynamically and can execute just by acting
much easier modification and understanding. and reading to each other.
In this, methods are written globally and code
In this, method works dynamically, make
lines are processed one by one i.e., Run
calls as per need of code for certain time.
sequentially.
It generally follows “Top-Down Approach”. It generally follows “Bottom-Up Approach”.
It provides less flexibility and abstraction as It provides more flexibility and abstraction as
compared to object-oriented programming. compared to structured programming.
It is more difficult to modify structured It is less difficult to modify object-oriented
program and reuse code as compared to programs and reuse code as compared to
object-oriented programs. structured programs.
It gives more importance of code. It gives more importance to data.
What is Java?
❑ Java is a programming language and a platform. Java is a high level,
robust, object-oriented and secure programming language.
❑ Java was developed by Sun Microsystems (which is now the subsidiary of
Oracle) in the year 1995. James Gosling is known as the father of Java.
Before Java, its name was Oak. Since Oak was already a registered
company, so James Gosling and his team changed the name from Oak to
Java.
❑ Platform: Any hardware or software environment in which a program
runs, is known as a platform. Since Java has a runtime environment (JRE)
and API, it is called a platform.
History of JAVA
❑ James Gosling, Mike Sheridan, and Patrick Naughton initiated the Java
language project in June 1991. The small team of Sun engineers called
Green Team.
❑ Firstly, it was called "Greentalk" by James Gosling, and file extension was
.gt.
❑ Java was originally designed for small, embedded systems in electronic
appliances like set-top boxes, but it was too advanced technology for the
digital cable television industry at the time.
❑ After that, it was called Oak and was developed as a part of the project.
❑ Later, Java technology was incorporated by Netscape suited for
networking.
❑ Java was called Oak as it is a symbol of strength and chosen as a national
tree of many countries like U.S.A., France, Germany, Romania, etc.
❑ The team wanted something that reflected the essence of the technology:
revolutionary, dynamic, lively, cool, unique, and easy to spell and fun to say.
❑ In 1995, Oak was renamed as Java
• Java is an island of Indonesia where first coffee was produced (called java coffee).
❑ In 1995, Time magazine called Java one of the Ten Best Products of 1995.
❑ JDK (Java Development Kit) 1.0 released in January 23, 1996.
The Java Buzzwords / Features of Java
Simple
Java is very easy to learn, and its syntax is simple, clean and easy to
understand. According to Sun Microsystem, Java language is a simple
programming language because:
❑ Java syntax is based on C++ (so easier for programmers to learn it after
C++).
❑ Java has removed many complicated and rarely-used features, for
example, explicit pointers, operator overloading, etc.
❑ There is no need to remove unreferenced objects because there is an
Automatic Garbage Collection in Java.
Object-oriented
❑ Java is an object-oriented programming language. Everything in Java is an
object. Object-oriented means we organize our software as a combination of
different types of objects that incorporate both data and behavior.
❑ Object-oriented programming (OOPs) is a methodology that simplifies
software development and maintenance by providing some rules.
❑ Basic concepts of OOPs are:

1) Object 4) Polymorphism
2) Class 5) Abstraction
3) Inheritance 6) Encapsulation
Platform Independent
❑ Java is platform independent because it is different from other languages
like C, C++, etc. which are compiled into platform specific machines while
Java is a write once, run anywhere language.
❑ There are two types of platforms software-based and hardware-based. Java
provides a software-based platform.
❑ The Java platform differs from most other platforms in the sense that it is a
software-based platform that runs on top of other hardware-based platforms.
❑ It has two components:
1. Runtime Environment
2. API(Application Programming Interface)
❑ Java code can be executed on multiple platforms, for
example, Windows, Linux, Sun Solaris, Mac/OS, etc. Java
code is compiled by the compiler and converted into
bytecode. This bytecode is a platform-independent code
because it can be run on multiple platforms, i.e., Write Once
and Run Anywhere (WORA).
Secured
❑ Java is best known for its security. With Java, we can develop
virus-free systems.
❑ Java is secured because:
o No explicit pointer
o Java Programs run inside a virtual machine sandbox
❑ Classloader: Classloader in Java is a part of the Java Runtime
Environment (JRE) which is used to load Java classes into the Java
Virtual Machine dynamically. It adds security by separating the
package for the classes of the local file system from those that are
imported from network sources.
❑ Bytecode Verifier: It checks the code fragments for illegal code that
can violate access rights to objects.
❑ Security Manager: It determines what resources a class can access
such as reading and writing to the local disk.

Java language provides these securities by default. Some security can also be
provided by an application developer explicitly through SSL, JAAS,
Cryptography, etc.
Robust
The English mining of Robust is strong. Java is robust because:
❑ It uses strong memory management.
❑ There is a lack of pointers that avoids security problems.
❑ Java provides automatic garbage collection which runs on the Java
Virtual Machine to get rid of objects which are not being used by a
Java application anymore.
❑ There are exception handling and the type checking mechanism in
Java. All these points make Java robust.
Architecture-neutral
❑ Java is architecture neutral because there are no implementation
dependent features, for example, the size of primitive types is fixed.
❑ In C programming, int data type occupies 2 bytes of memory for
32-bit architecture and 4 bytes of memory for 64-bit architecture.
However, it occupies 4 bytes of memory for both 32 and 64-bit
architectures in Java.
Portable
❑ Java is portable because it facilitates you to carry the Java bytecode
to any platform.
❑ It doesn't require any implementation.
High-performance
❑ Java is faster than other traditional interpreted programming
languages because Java bytecode is "close" to native code.
❑ It is still a little bit slower than a compiled language (e.g., C and
C++). Java is an interpreted language that is why it is slower than
compiled languages, e.g., C, C++, etc.
Distributed
❑ Java is distributed because it facilitates users to create distributed
applications in Java.
❑ RMI and EJB are used for creating distributed applications.
❑ This feature of Java makes us able to access files by calling the
methods from any machine on the internet.
Multi-threaded
❑ A thread is like a separate program, executing concurrently. We can
write Java programs that deal with many tasks at once by defining
multiple threads.
❑ The main advantage of multi-threading is that it doesn't occupy
memory for each thread. It shares a common memory area. Threads
are important for multi-media, Web applications, etc.
Dynamic
❑ Java is a dynamic language. It supports the dynamic loading of
classes.
❑ It means classes are loaded on demand. It also supports functions
from its native languages, i.e., C and C++.
❑ Java supports dynamic compilation and automatic memory
management (garbage collection).
Comments:
The Java comments are the statements in a program that are not executed by the compiler
and interpreter.
Why do we use comments in a code?
❑ Comments are used to make the program more readable by adding the details of the
code.
❑ It makes easy to maintain the code and to find the errors easily.
❑ The comments can be used to provide information or explanation about the variable,
method, class, or any statement.
❑ It can also be used to prevent the execution of program code while testing the
alternative code.
Types of Java Comments
There are three types of comments in Java.
1. Single Line Comment
2. Multi Line Comment
3. Documentation Comment
1. Single Line Comment
▪ The single-line comment is used to comment only one line of the code.
It is one of the widely used and easiest way of commenting the
statements.
▪ Single line comments starts with two forward slashes (//). Any text after
// is not executed by Java.

Syntax:
//This is single line comment
Example: Single Line Comments
2. Multi Line Comment
▪ The multi-line comment is used to comment multiple lines of code.
▪ It can be used to explain a complex code snippet or to comment
multiple lines of code at a time (as it will be difficult to use single-line
comments there).
▪ Multi-line comments are placed between /* and */. Any text between /*
and */ is not executed by Java.

Syntax:
/*
This
is
multi line
comment
*/
Example: Multi Line Comments
3. Documentation Comment
▪ Documentation comments are usually used to write large programs for a
project or software application as it helps to create documentation API.
▪ These APIs are needed for reference, i.e., which classes, methods, arguments,
etc., are used in the code.
▪ To create documentation API, we need to use the javadoc tool. The
documentation comments are placed between /** and */.

Syntax:
/**
*
*We can use various tags to depict the parameter
*or heading or author name
*We can also use HTML tags
*
*/