Structure of Atom

󰗊 Click Below to Join Telegram 󰗊

Join HP Gurukul :- Click Here

 Atomic
Discovery of Electrons Structure 1885
By J.J Thomson Charge to mass ratio of Johann Balmer Derived a formula for
electrons = 1.758820 × 1011 C kg-1 mathematically predicting hydrogen spectrum
Charge on electron = 1.6022 × 10-19 C
Mass of Electron = 9.1094 × 10-31 Kg 1897
J J Thomson
Discovered Electron
Discovery of Protons
By E . Goldstein 1904
Charge on Proton = 1.6022 × 10-19 C
Mass of Proton = 1.672 × 10-17 kg J J Thomson Proposed plum pudding model

Discovery of Neutron
By E . Chadwick 1911
Charge on Neutron = O Rutherford proposed a model where positive
Mass of Neutron = 1.675 × 10-27 kg charge is at the center, and electron moves
around in a spiral path and loses energy.
 Atomic
Rutherford’s Alpha Scattering Experiment
Structure
Distance of Closest Approach

Impact Parameter

Rutherford’s Atom Model

On the basis of the results of ⍺-scattering experiments, Rutherford
suggested the following picture of the atom:
1. Atom may be regarded as a sphere of diameter 10-10 m but whole of
the positive charge and almost the entire mass of the atom is
concentrated in a small central core called nucleus having diameter
of about 10-14m.
2. The nucleus is surrounded by electrons. In other words, the
electrons are spread over the remaining part of the atom leaving
plenty of empty space in the atom.
 Atomic HYDROGEN SPECTRUM
Structure BOHR’S MODEL
Niels Bohr proposed a model for the hydrogen atom that explained the spectrum of
the hydrogen atom. The Bohr model was based on the following assumptions.
● The electron in a hydrogen atom travels around the nucleus in a circular orbit.
● The energy of the electron in an orbit is proportional to its distance from the
DIFFERENT SERIES nucleus. The further the electron is from the nucleus, the more energy it has.
● Only a limited number of orbits with certain energies are allowed. In other
LYMAN SERIES words, the orbits are quantized.
nf = 1 ● The only orbits that are allowed are those for which the angular momentum of
ni = 2, 3, 4, 5, … the electron is an integral multiple of Planck’s constant divided by 2𝜋,
ULTRAVIOLET
● Light is absorbed when an electron jumps to a higher energy orbit and emitted
when an electron falls into a lower energy orbit.
BALMER SERIES
● The energy of the light emitted or absorbed is exactly equal to the difference
nf = 2
PASCHEN SERIES between the energies of the orbits
ni = 3, 4, 5, 6, …
nf = 3 VISIBLE ● When electron in an excited atom comes back from higher energy level (n2) to
ni = 4, 5, 6, 7, … lower energy level (n1) then it emits a photon, having energy equal to
INFRARED difference in energy levels.
PFUND SERIES
BRACKETT SERIES nf = 5 ●
nf = 4 ni = 6, 7, …
ni = 5, 6, 7, … FAR INFRARED
HUMPHREY SERIES
nf = 6
ni = 7, 8, …
FAR INFRARED
 Atomic Filling of orbitals in an atom
Structure The Aufbau Principle: Electrons must completely fill the atomic orbitals of a
given energy level before occupying an orbital associated with a higher
energy level. Electrons occupy orbitals in the increasing order of orbital
QUANTUM NUMBER - THE ELECTRON’S ADDRESS energy level.
Pauli’s exclusion principle: States that no two electrons can have equal
Quantum Number values for all four quantum numbers. Consequently, each subshell of an
orbital can accommodate a maximum of 2 electrons and both these
Principal Quantum Number (n) : electrons must have opposite spins.
Represents the orbit number in an
Hund’s rule of maximum multiplicity: All the subshells in an orbital must
atom. It is denoted by letter ‘n’.
be singly occupied before any subshell is doubly occupied. Furthermore, the
spin of all the electrons in the singly occupied subshells must be the same
Azimuthal quantum number (l) :
(in order to maximize the overall spin).
Represents the shape of an orbital in
atom. It is denoted by letter ‘l’ and its
value vary from 0 to ‘n’. Schrodinger Wave Equation
Magnetic Quantum Number (ml) :
Represents the orientation of an
orbital in the space. It is denoted by
letter ‘ml’ and its value vary from y’ to ● Solving Schrodinger’s equation gives E and Ψ.
‘-l’. ● Ψ represents atomic orbital and contains all dynamic information.
Spin Quantum Number (ms) : ● Ψ is made of radial component Ψ(r) and angular component Ψ(θ, φ).
Represents the spin of an electron. It ● |Ψ|2 represents probability density.
is denoted by m1 and each electron ● |Ψ(r)|2 represents radial probability density.
has an orbital either ½ or -½. ● 4𝜋r2|Ψ(r)|2 represents radial probability distribution function.
● Curves of radial probability gives idea about shape of orbitals.
● Node is a point where |Ψ|2 = 0.
 Atomic Important Relations
Structure
Rydberg Equation:

Bohr’s Model

Photoelectric effect
Energy of incident radiation =
Work Function + Kinetic Energy Velocity of electron,
h𝜈 = h𝜈0 + ½mv2
hc/λ = hc/λ0 + ½mv2 Radius of orbit

Photoelectric effect
De Broglie wavelength
(v0 = Threshold frequency)
● The different formulas for
wavelength are
de-Broglie equation:
λ = h/mv
λ = h/√(2mKE)
λ = h/√(2meV) Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle:
λ (in Å) = 12.3/ (for an electron)
Join HP Gurukul :- Click Here