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For JEE (main & Advanced)
Highlights of the Book

2020
 Chapter opener with an opening vignette related to About the Book
the topics, and contents of the chapter listed for an The book is an adaptation of the classic book Concise Inorganic
overview. Chemistry by J.D. LEE (fifth edition), which is widely used by students
 Reorganization of chapters as per JEE syllabus flow preparing for JEE. This adapted version provides a more concise and
–Chemical Bonding combined to cover ionic, covalent relevant treatment of Inorganic Chemistry as per JEE syllabus
and metallic bonding together. Chapters on s-, p-, d- requirements. The concepts are explained in a simple and
and f- block elements combined to form single chapter straightforward manner. Yet the book provides a through grounding
each, covering just the required topics. of the subject, helping students approach the examination with
 Additional chapters on Hydrolysis, Metallurgy and confidence.
Qualitative Salt Analysis for complete coverage of JEE
syllabus. New to this Edition
 Deletion of chapters not required as per syllabus – Chapter 8:
Atomic Nucleus and Spectra topics on which JEE questions are based.
 Assessment as per JEE comprising all question types – Chapter 9:
Single correct choice, Multiple correct choice, Chapter 10:
Comprehension type, Assertion-reasoning type, ü Content more precise and better-organized under Groups
Integer answer type and Matrix-match type. 13 to 18
 Useful appendices with data on abundance of ü New question sets (all types) at the end of each group
elements, their melting and boiling points, densities, ü Miscellaneous (Multi-concept) questions at the end of chapter
electronic structure, bond energies, solubilities, Exercises:
atomic weight and electrical resistivity. chapters
 Includes solved JEE Advanced 2018 Chemistry paper Includes
Solutions available at
https://www.wileyindia.com/current-year-solved-paper.
FOURTH EDITION
GET FREE www.wileyindia.com/video-lectures
ACCESS 18 hours of 52 videos lectures on key concepts of Chemistry.

Conceptual explanation designed and delivered by Top IITians
Visit us at https://www.wileyindia.com/resources/
Scan the QR code with

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to access ISBN 978-81-265-9831-1
l JEE Resources FOURTH
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JEE_Advanced_2016_Chemistry Paper.indd 34 3/6/2017 6:12:08 PM

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J.D. Lee
Concise
Inorganic Chemistry
for JEE (Main & Advanced)
@iitjeehelps
@iitjeehelps
J.D. Lee
Concise
Inorganic Chemistry
Adapted by
Sudarsan Guha
@iitjeehelps
J.D. Lee
Concise
Inorganic Chemistry
Copyright © 2019 by Wiley India Pvt. Ltd., 4436/7, Ansari Road, Daryaganj, New Delhi-110002.
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any
means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or scanning without the written permission of the publisher. This
book is an adaptation of Concise Inorganic Chemistry 5/e by J.D. Lee (ISBN: 978-81-265-1554-7). All rights remain with
respective holders.
Limits of Liability: While the publisher and the author have used their best efforts in preparing this book, Wiley and the
author make no representation or warranties with respect to the accuracy or completeness of the contents of this book, and
specifically disclaim any implied warranties of merchantability or fitness for any particular purpose. There are no warranties
which extend beyond the descriptions contained in this paragraph. No warranty may be created or extended by sales
representatives or written sales materials. The accuracy and completeness of the information provided herein and the
opinions stated herein are not guaranteed or warranted to produce any particular results, and the advice and strategies
contained herein may not be suitable for every individual. Neither Wiley India nor the author shall be liable for any loss of
profit or any other commercial damages, including but not limited to special, incidental, consequential, or other damages.
Disclaimer: The contents of this book have been checked for accuracy. Since deviations cannot be precluded entirely, Wiley
or its author cannot guarantee full agreement. As the book is intended for educational purpose, Wiley or its author shall not
be responsible for any errors, omissions or damages arising out of the use of the information contained in the book. This
publication is designed to provide accurate and authoritative information with regard to the subject matter covered. It is sold
on the understanding that the Publisher is not engaged in rendering professional services.
Trademarks: All brand names and product names used in this book are trademarks, registered trademarks, or trade names
of their respective holders. Wiley is not associated with any product or vendor mentioned in this book.
Other Wiley Editorial Offices:

John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030, USA
Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH, Pappellaee 3, D-69469 Weinheim, Germany
John Wiley & Sons Australia Ltd, 42 McDougall Street, Milton, Queensland 4064, Australia
John Wiley & Sons (Asia) Pte Ltd, 1 Fusionopolis Walk #07-01 Solaris, South Tower, Singapore 138628
John Wiley & Sons Canada Ltd, 22 Worcester Road, Etobicoke, Ontario, Canada, M9W 1L1
Fourth Edition: 2017

Reprint: 2019
ISBN: 978-81-265-9831-1
www.wileyindia.com
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Preface
Concise Inorganic Chemistry by J.D. Lee is a book widely used by students reparing for
JEE as the most comprehensive and authentic text for understanding Inorganic Chemistry.
The purpose of adaptation of this book is to provide a complete textbook of Inorganic
Chemistry that covers the entire syllabus of JEE (Main and Advanced)in proper sequence
of topics and provides in-depth explanation of topics. The use of book should give confidence
to the students to apply their knowledge to problem-solving and attempting JEE.
In this new (fourth) edition, major changes have been made in the Chapter 8: Hydrogen,
where the concept of hydrogen bonding is now explained with specific examples relevant
to JEE. Chapter 9: The s-Block Elements has been made more concise with more focus on
topics required from JEE perspective. Major changes have been made in Chapter 10: The
p-Block Elements. It is now divided into six separate parts as Group 13, Group 14, Group
15, Group 16, Group 17 and Group 18 Elements. Each part is followed by a separate set
of exercises for that particular group. Miscellaneous questions based on multiple concepts
have been placed at the end of the chapter. Apart from this new questions have been
included in the exercises at the end of most of the chapters.
I would like to acknowledge my students for their intellectual doubts and my

colleagues for their valuable arguments in various aspects of the subject. This enhanced
my understanding of the subject and helped me to teach better. I am especially indebted to
my college Belur Ram Krishna Mission, Calcutta University for teaching me ‘How to read
and learn chemistry?’ and Bansal classes where I have got the opportunity to apply my
knowledge and teach chemistry. I am thankful to my promise to make this book as ‘only one
book for Inorganic Chemistry’ engineering aspirants.
For the future also, any suggestions for the improvement of this book are welcome by
the author.
Sudarsan Guha
M. Tech. (IIT-Kanpur)
@iitjeehelps
@iitjeehelps
Note to the Student

The Joint Entrance Examination (JEE) comprises the Main and Advanced examinations,
which are essential stepping stones for all engineering aspirants. The JEE Main is focused
primarily on evaluating the conceptual strength of the students. The JEE Advanced would
further judge the ability of top performers in JEE Main to extend the conceptual strength
to application-based problem solving. For complete preparation of these prestigious
examinations, a book that is rich in conceptual strength and enriched with problem-solving
tools and assessment would serve as a one-stop solution!
Concise Inorganic Chemistry by J.D. Lee has been the definitive text for learning
Inorganic Chemistry since its first edition appeared about 45 years ago. The book captures
the fundamentals of the subject in a simple and logical framework of factual knowledge.
The description is long enough to cover the essentials, yet short enough to be interesting. Its
unparalleled approach to teaching Inorganic Chemistry is the reason why it is probably the
most favoured resource for an IIT aspirant like you today.
In collaboration with experts in JEE (Main & Advanced) coaching, the fifth edition of
the original book has now been adapted to give you the best book available in Inorganic
Chemistry for preparing for the toughest engineering entrance exam in India. This adaptation
offers the dual advantage of unmatched explanation of concepts as developed by “Master
teacher” and appropriate applications of the concepts to problem solving as developed by
an expert in this area.
Let’s walk through some of the special book features that will help you in your efforts
to take the JEE (Main & Advanced) with confidence.
A. STRUCTURE OF THE BOOK
The original book has been

reorganized in a manner to provide
1. Structure of an Atom more structured approach as per the
2. Periodic Table and Periodic Properties JEE (Main & Advanced) syllabus
3. Chemical Bonding requirement. The progression is from
4. Hydrolysis basic concepts such as Structure of
an Atom, Periodic Table and Periodic
5. Coordination Compounds
Properties and Chemical Bonding
6. Metallurgy to practical aspects of Metallurgy
7. Qualitative Salt Analysis and Qualitative Salt Analysis. This is
8. Hydrogen and its Hydrides followed by description on Hydrogen
9. The s-Block Elements and their compounds and its compounds and some
compounds and properties of s-, p- , d-
10. The p-Block Elements and their Compounds
and f-block elements.
11. The d-Block Elements and their Compounds
12. The f-Block Elements and their Compounds
@iitjeehelps
B. PEDAGOGY
CHAPTER OPENER
Each chapter starts with an
opening vignette related to the
topic, and listing of contents of
that chapter. This gives you an
overview of the chapter and
helps to identify the extent of
coverage.
CONCEPT EXPLANATION
Concepts are explained in a man-
ner easy to read and understand.
They are descriptive to the extent
required and provide reasons for
the structure, properties and reac-
tions of compounds. Many fasci-
nating applications of inorganic
compounds are also explained.
@iitjeehelps
FIGURES
The text is sprinkled with
multiple figures which pre-
sent two-dimensional rep-
resentation of compounds
and their structures. This
visual representation en-
hances understanding and
helps the student visualize
what a molecule may look
like.
TABLES
A large number of tables
capture data on structure,
properties and other such
parameters. The tabular repre-
sentation supports compara-
tive study of properties and
draws out changing trends in
them. The trends of various
properties of elements along
the periodic table are also
amply illustrated.
C. ASSESSMENT – AS PER JEE (MAIN & ADVANCED) PATTERN
Application of concepts to problem solving is the core of JEE (Main & Advanced),
so it is important to test our understanding of concepts. For the test to be effective,
the assessment technique should be comprehensive and in the context of this
book, also in resonance with the JEE Main and JEE Advanced paper pattern.
Each part of the assessment should be modeled on the actual paper pattern
because unless the student practices the JEE way, he/she will not be sufficiently
equipped to take the examination. Keeping this in mind, the assessment has been
divided into:
@iitjeehelps
SINGLE CORRECT CHOICE TYPE QUESTIONS
These are the regular mul-
tiple choice questions with
four choices provided. Only
one among the four choices
will be the correct answer.
MULTIPLE CORRECT CHOICE TYPE QUESTIONS

These are multiple choice
questions with four choices
provided. One or more of
the four choices provided
may be correct.
COMPREHENSION TYPE QUESTIONS

Comprehension-type
questions consist of a
small passage, followed
by three/four multiple
choice questions based
on it. The questions are
of single correct answer
type (with some excep-
tions).
@iitjeehelps
ASSERTION–REASONING TYPE QUESTIONS
These questions check the
analytical and reasoning
skills of the students. Two
statements are provided –
Statement I and Statement
II. The student is expected to
verify if (A) both statements
are true and if both are true,
verify if statement I follows
from statement II; (B) both
statements are true and if
both are true, verify if state-
ment II is not the correct
reasoning for statement I;
(C), (D) which of the state-
ments is untrue.
INTEGER ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS

The questions in this sec-
tion are numerical prob-
lems for which no choices
are provided. The students
are required to find the
exact answers to numeri-
cal problems which can
be one-digit or two-digit
numerals.
MATRIX–MATCH TYPE QUESTIONS

These questions are the
regular “Match the Follow-
ing” variety. Two columns
each containing 4 subdivi-
sions or first column with
four subdivisions and
second column with more
subdivisions are given and
the student should match
elements of column I to
that of column II. There can
be one or more matches.
@iitjeehelps
D. USE OF SI UNITS
SI units for energy are used throughout this edition, thus making a comparison of thermo-
dynamic properties easier. Ionization energies are quoted in kJ mol–1, rather than ionization
potentials in eV. Older data from other sources use eV and may be converted into SI units
(1 kcal = 4.184 kJ, and 1 eV = 23.06 × 4.184 kJ mol–1).
Meters are strictly the SI units for distance, and bond lengths are sometimes quoted in
nanometers (1 mm = 10–9 m). However Ångström units Å (10–10 m) are a permitted unit of
length, and are widely used by crystallographers because they give a convenient range of
numbers for bond lengths. Most bonds are between 1 and 2 Å (0.1 to 0.2 nm). Ångström
units are used throughout for bond lengths.
The positions of absorption peaks in spectra are quoted in wave numbers cm–1, because
instruments are calibrated in these units. It must be remembered that these are not SI units,
and should be multiplied by 100 to give SI units of m–1, or multiplied by 11.96 to give J mol–1.
The SI units of density are kg m–3, making the density of water 1000 kg m–3. This conven-
tion is not widely accepted, so the older units of g cm–3 are retained so water has a density
of 1 g cm–3.
In the section on magnetism both SI units and Debye units are given, and the relation
between the two is explained. For inorganic chemists who simply want to find the number
of unpaired electron spins in a transition metal ion, Debye units are much more convenient.
E. NOMENCLATURE FOLLOWED IN THE PERIODIC TABLE

For a long time chemists have arranged the elements in groups within the periodic table in
order to relate the electronic structures of the elements to their properties, and to simplify
learning. There have been several methods of naming the groups.
A number of well known books name the main groups and the transition elements as A
and B subgroups, which dates back to the older Mendeleev periodic table of more than half
a century ago. Its disadvantages are that it may over emphasize slight similarities between
the A and B subgroups, and there are a large number of elements in Group VIII.
In earlier versions of this book the s-block and the p-block were numbered as Groups
I to VII and 0, depending on the number of electrons in the outer shell of the atoms, and
the transition elements were dealt with as triads of elements and named as the top element
in each group of three.
The IUPAC has recommended that the main groups and the transition metals should
be numbered from 1 to 18. This system has gained acceptance, and has now been adopted
throughout this book.
I II III IV V VI VII 0
IA IIA IIIB IVB VB VIB VIIB <…VIIIB…> IB IIB IIIA IVA VA VIA VIIA VIIIA
H He
Li Be B C N O F Ne
Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar
K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr
Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe
Cs Ba La Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
F. APPENDICES
Appendix A: Abundance of the elements in the earth’s crust

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F. APPENDICES
Appendix A Abundance of the elements in the Earth’s crust
Appendix B Melting points of the elements
Appendix C Boiling points of the elements
Appendix D Densities of solid and liquid elements
Appendix E Electronic structures of the elements
Some average single bond energies and some double

Appendix F
and triple bond energies
Appendix G Solubilities of main group compounds in water
Appendix H Atomic weights based on 12C= 12.000
Appendix I Values of some fundamental physical constants
Appendix J Electrical resistivity of the elements at the stated temperature
Appendix K Hardness of minerals — Mohs’ scale

@iitjeehelps
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Contents
Prefacev
Note to the Student vii
1. Structure of an Atom 1
1.1 Atoms 1
1.2 Some Important Definitions 2
1.3 Electronic Configuration of an Atom 3
Quantum numbers 4
Aufbau principle 6
Pauli exclusion principle 8
Hund’s rule 9
Stability of half-filled and fully-filled shells 13
Electronic configuration of ions 13
Nodal planes of different orbitals 15
Slater’s rule 15
Single Correct Choice Type Questions 17
Multiple Correct Choice Type Questions 20
Comprehension Type Questions 21
Assertion-Reasoning Type Questions 23
Integer Answer Type Questions 23
Matrix-Match Type Questions 24
Answers 25
2. Periodic Table and Periodic Properties 27

2.1 Periodic Table 27
Genesis of periodic classification 27
Moseley’s work 32
Modern periodic law 32
2.2 Classification of Elements Based on Electronic Configuration 33
Prediction of period and group number of an element from its electronic configuration 34
Neil Bohr’s classification 34
Naming of super heavy elements 34
2.3 Periodic Trends in Properties 35
Atomic radius 35
Ionic radius 38
Ionization energy 39
Applications of ionization energy 41
Electron affinity 41
Electronegativity 43
Lattice energy 46
Hydration energy 46
Ionic mobility 47
Assertion–Reasoning Type Questions 55
Matrix–Match Type Questions 56
Answers 56
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xvi Contents
3. Chemical Bonding 59
3.1 Attainment of a Stable Configuration 60
3.2 Types of Bonds 60
3.3 Transitions Between the Main Types of Bonding 61
Ionic bonds 61
Covalent bonds 62
Oxidation numbers 63
Coordinate bonds 63
Double and triple bonds 64
Metallic bonds and metallic structures 64
3.4 The Covalent Bond 64
The Lewis theory 64
Sidgwick–Powell theory 66
3.5 Valence Bond Theory 66
What is the essence of hybridization? 66
Features of hybrid orbitals 67
Calculation of steric number 68
3.6 Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion (Vsepr) Theory 69
Effect of lone pair 69
Effect of double bond 73
Effect of electronegativity 73
Back bonding 75
3.7 The Extent of d Orbital Participation in Molecular Bonding 79
3.8 Types of Covalent Bonds (Sigma (s ) and Pi (p ) Bonds) 80
Bridge bonding 83
3.9 Molecular Orbital Method 85
3.10 Lcao Method 85
s–s combinations of orbitals 86
s–p combinations of orbitals 87
p–p combinations of orbitals 88
p–d combinations of orbitals 89
d–d combinations of orbitals 89
Non-bonding combinations of orbitals 89
3.11 Rules for Linear Combination of Atomic Orbitals 90
3.12 Examples of Molecular Orbital Treatment for Homonuclear Diatomic Molecules 92
H+2 molecule ion 93
H2 molecule 93
+
He2 molecule ion 93
He2 molecule 94
Li2 molecule 94
Be2 molecule 94
B2 molecule 94
C2 molecule 94
N2 molecule 95
O2 molecule 95
O-2 ion 95
F2 molecule 96
3.13 Examples of Molecular Orbital Treatment for Heteronuclear Diatomic Molecules 96
NO molecule 97
CO molecule 97
3.14 Dipole Moment 98
Application of dipole moment 100
Some special cases102
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Contents xvii
3.15 The Ionic Bond 104

Radius ratio rules 104
Calculation of some limiting radius ratio values 105
3.16 Close Packing 106
3.17 Ionic Compounds of the Type AX (ZnS, NaCl, CsCl) 108
Structures of zinc sulphide 108
Sodium chloride structure 108
Caesium chloride structure 108
3.18 Ionic Compounds of the Type AX2 (CaF2, TiO2, SiO2)109
Calcium fluoride (fluorite) structure 109
Rutile structure 109
b-cristobalite (silica) structure 110
3.19 Layer Structures (Cdi2, Cdcl2, [NiAs]) 110
Cadmium iodide structure 110
Cadmium chloride structure 111
Nickel arsenide structure 111
3.20 Lattice Energy 111
3.21 Stoichiometric Defects 114
Schottky defects 115
Frenkel defects 115
3.22 Nonstoichiometric Defects 116
Metal excess 116
Metal deficiency 117
3.23 Born–Haber Cycle 118
3.24 Polarizing Power and Polarizability – Fajans’ Rules 119
Properties of ionic compounds affected by polarization 120
3.25 Melting Point of Ionic Compounds 121
3.26 Solubility of Ionic Compounds 123
Prediction of solubility order in ionic compounds 124
3.27 Electrical Conductivity and Colour 126
3.28 Acidic Nature of Oxides 127
3.29 Thermal Stability of Ionic Compounds 128
3.30 Weak Forces 128
Attractive intermolecular forces 128
Repulsive intermolecuar forces 131
Lennard–Jones potential 131
3.31 Interactions between Ions and Covalent Molecules 131
3.32 The Metallic Bond 132
Conductivity 132
Lustre 133
Malleability and cohesive force 133
Crystal structures of metals 135
Bond lengths 136
3.33 Theories of Bonding in Metals 137
Free electron theory 137
Valence bond theory 137
Molecular orbital or band theory 137
3.34 Conductors, Insulators and Semiconductors 139
Answers154
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xviii Contents
4. Hydrolysis 157
4.1 introduction 157
4.2 Hydrolysis Through SN1 Mechanism 157
4.3 Hydrolysis Through SN2 Mechanism 158
4.4 Hydrolysis Through Addition–Elimination Mechanism 162
4.5 Hydrolysis Through Addition Mechanism 163
4.6 Hydrolysis Through Redox Reaction 163
4.7 Hydrolysis Through Push–Pull Mechanism 163
4.8 Hydrolysis Through Mixed Mechanism 164
Answers 170
5. Coordination Compounds 171
5.1 Double Salts and Coordination Compounds 171
5.2 Werner’s Work 172
5.3 More Recent Methods of Studying Complexes 173
5.4 Classification of Ligands 175
5.5 Effective Atomic Number (EAN) 178
Sidgwick EAN rule 179
5.6 Shapes of d Orbitals 180
5.7 Bonding in Transition Metal Complexes 181
Valence bond theory 181
Crystal field theory 181
Molecular orbital theory 181
5.8 Valence Bond Theory 181
5.9 Crystal Field Theory 182
Octahedral complexes 183
5.10 Effects of Crystal Field Splitting 188
5.11 Tetragonal Distortion of Octahedral Complexes (Jahn-Teller Distortion) 189
5.12 Square Planar Arrangements 191
5.13 Tetrahedral Complexes 193
5.14 Magnetism 195
5.15 Extension of the Crystal Field Theory to Allow for Some Covalency 196
5.16 Nomenclature of Coordination Compounds 196
5.17 Isomerism 199
Polymerization isomerism 199
Ionization isomerism 199
Hydrate isomerism 199
Linkage isomerism 200
Coordination isomerism 200
Coordination position isomerism 201
Geometrical isomerism and optical isomerism 201
Answers 214
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Contents xix
6. Metallurgy 217
6.1 Types of Ores 218
6.2 Principal Steps in the Recovery of a Metal from its Ore 219
6.3 Concentration or Dressing of Ore 219
Gravity separation or levigation 220
Magnetic separation 220
Froth floatation or oil floatation 220
Chemical method of separation: leaching 222
6.4 Conversion of Concentrated Ore into its Oxide 222
Calcination 222
Roasting 222
6.5 Different Reduction Processes 223
Carbon reduction 223
Self reduction 224
Thermite reduction (or Goldschmidt-Thermite process) 224
Metal replacement method (Hydrometallurgy) 225
Electrolytic reduction 225
Thermal decomposition method 226
6.6 Purification or Refining of Metal 226
Thermal refining 226
Electrorefining 228
6.7 Thermodynamics of Reduction Process 229
6.8 Alloys and Amalgams 231
Classification of alloys 231
Characteristics of alloys 232
Preparation of alloys 232
Amalgam 233
6.9 Different Types of Furnaces Used in Metallurgy 233
6.10 Extraction of Silver 234
Refining of Ag 235
6.11 Extraction of Gold by Cyanide Process 235
Refining of Au 235
6.12 Extraction of Tin 236
Refining of Sn 237
6.13 Extraction of Magnesium 237
Electrolytic reduction 237
Carbon reduction process 239
Other processes 239
6.14 Extraction of Aluminium 239
Beneficiation of bauxite 240
Electrolytic reduction of pure Al2O3 242
Electrorefining of aluminium 243
6.15 Extraction of Lead 244
Carbon reduction 244
Self reduction process 246
Refining of lead 246
6.16 Extraction of Copper 246
Refining of blister copper 248
6.17 Extraction of Zinc 248
6.18 Extraction of Iron 250
Purification of iron or preparation of wrought iron 251
Steel making 252
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xx Contents

Answers 260
7. Qualitative Salt Analysis 263

Tests for Acid Radicals 264
7.1 Action of Dilute Acids 264
7.2 Tests for CO32-/Hco3- and SO32-/Hso3- Radicals 265
Distinction between carbonate and bicarbonate 266
Detection of carbonate and bicarbonate when both are present together 267
Distinction between sulphite and bisulphite 270
Some other tests for SO32- ions 270
7.3 Tests for Sulphide (S2-) Radical 272
7.4 Tests for Thiosulphate (S2o2- 3 ) Radical 273
7.5 Tests for Nitrite (No-2) Radical 275
7.6 Tests for Acetate, Formate and Oxalate Radicals 277
Specific test for acetate (cacodyl oxide test) 279
Specific test for formate (mercury (II) formate test) 279
Specific tests for oxalate 280
7.7 Tests for Halide (Cl-, Br-, I-) Radicals 280
Specific test for Cl - (chromyl chloride test) 282
Specific test for Br- and I - (layer test) 282
Other test for Br− 282
Other tests for I − 283
7.8 Tests for Nitrate (No-3) Radical 284
7.9 Tests for Sulphate (So42-) Radical 285
7.10 Tests for Borate (Bo33- ) Radical 286
7.11 Tests for Phosphate (Po43-) Radical 287
7.12 Tests for Chromate (Cro42-) and Dichromate (Cr 2o72-) Radicals 288
7.13 Tests for Permanganate (Mno-4) and Manganate (Mno42-) Radicals 290
Tests for Basic Radicals 291
7.14 Dry Tests for Basic Radicals 291
Heating effects on the dry sample 291
Flame test 293
Borax bead test 293
Sodium carbonate bead test 294
7.15 Wet Tests for Basic Radicals 294
Classification of cations (group analysis) 294
7.16 Some General Tests for Cations 296
Tests for group V cations 304
Tests for group vi and zero group cations 305
7.17 Specific Tests for Some Cations 306
Heating Effects 307
Answers 319
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Contents xxi
8. Hydrogen and the Hydrides 321

8.1 Electronic Structure 321
8.2 Position in the Periodic Table 322
8.3 Abundance of Hydrogen 322
8.4 Preparation of Hydrogen 322
8.5 Properties of Molecular Hydrogen 323
Physical properties 323
Chemical properties 323
Use of hydrogen as fuel 324
8.6 Isotopes of Hydrogen 325
8.7 Ortho and Para Hydrogen 326
8.8 Hydrides 327
Ionic or salt-like hydrides 327
Covalent hydrides 328
Metallic (or interstitial) hydrides 329
Intermediate hydrides 330
8.9 The Hydrogen Ion 330
8.10 Hydrogen Bonding 330
Intermolecular hydrogen bonding 331
Intramolecular hydrogen bonding 334
Strength of hydrogen bonding 337
Extent of hydrogen bonding 338
Special cases of hydrogen bonding 338
Answers 343
9. The s-Block Elements and their Compounds 345
Group 1 – The Alkali Metals 346
9.1 General Properties 346
Electronic structure 346
Size of atoms and ions 346
Density 346
Electronegativity and bond type 347
9.2 Structures of the Metals, Hardness and Cohesive Energy 348
Melting and boiling points 348
9.3 Flame Colours and Spectra 349
9.4 Colour of Compounds 349
9.5 Chemical Properties 350
Reaction with water 350
Reaction with air 351
Reaction with dinitrogen 351
9.6 Oxides, Hydroxides, Peroxides and Superoxides 351
Reaction with air 351
Normal oxides – monoxides 351
Hydroxides 351
Peroxides and superoxides 352
9.7 Sulphides 353
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xxii Contents
9.8 Oxosalts – Carbonates, Bicarbonates, Nitrates, Nitrites and Sulphates 354

9.9 Halides and Polyhalides 355
9.10 Hydrides 355
9.11 Solubility and Hydration 356
9.12 Solutions of Metals in Liquid Ammonia 358
9.13 Compounds with Carbon 359
9.14 Complexes, Crowns and Crypts 359
9.15 Biological Importance 361
9.16 Differences between Lithium and the Other Group 1 Elements 361
9.17 Preparation of Sodium Hydroxide 363
9.18 Electrolytic Processes 363
Diaphragm cell 363
Mercury cathode cell 364
9.19 Preparation of Sodium Carbonate 365
9.20 The Solvay (or Ammonia – Soda) Process 365
Group 2 – The Alkaline Earth Elements 365
Electronic structure 366
Electronegativity 367
Hydration energies 367
Solubility and lattice energy 368
Solutions of the metals in liquid ammonia 368
9.22 Anomalous Behaviour of Beryllium 369
9.23 Chemical Properties 370
Reaction with water 370
9.24 Hydroxides 371
9.25 Hardness of Water 371
9.26 Reaction with Acids and Bases 372
9.27 Oxides and Peroxides 372
9.28 Sulphates 374
9.29 Nitrates 374
9.30 Hydrides 375
9.31 Halides 375
9.32 Nitrides 376
9.33 Carbides 376
9.34 Complexes 377
9.35 Biological Role of Mg2+ and Ca2+ 379
9.36 Differences between Beryllium and the Other Group 2 Elements 379
Answers 384
10. The p-Block Elements and their Compounds 387
Part 1: The Group 13 Elements 388
10.1 Oxidation States and Types of Bonds 388
The (+III) oxidation state 388
The (+I) oxidation state – the ‘inert pair effect’ 388
Melting points, boiling points and structures 389
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Contents xxiii

Electropositive character 390
10.3 Preparation of Boron 391
10.4 Reactions of Boron 392
10.5 Reactions of the Other Elements 392
Reaction with water and air 393
Reaction with acids and alkalis 393
Reaction with dioxygen 393
Reaction with the halogens and sulphate 393
Alums 394
Cement 394
10.6 Compounds of Boron and Oxygen 394
Boron sesquioxide and the borates 394
Acidic properties of H3BO3 or B(OH)3 395
Structures of borates 396
Borax 397
Sodium peroxoborate 398
Qualitative analysis of boron compounds 398
Fluoboric acid 399
10.7 The Other Group 13 Oxides 399
Preparation of Al2O3 399
Amphoteric behaviour – aluminates 399
10.8 Tetrahydridoborates (Borohydrides) 399
10.9 Halides 401
Trihalides 401
Dihalides 403
10.10 Complexes 403
10.11 Differences Between Boron and the Other Elements (Anomalous Behaviour of Boron) 403
10.12 Boron Hydrides 404
Compounds known 404
Preparation 404
10.13 Reactions of the Boranes 405
Hydroboration 405
Reaction with ammonia 406
Some other reactions of boranes 408
10.14 Structures of the Boranes 408
10.15 Organometallic Compounds 408
Answers 411
10.16 Structure and Allotropy of the Elements 413
10.17 Differences Between Carbon, Silicon and the Remaining Elements 415
10.18 Physical Properties 415
Covalent radii 415
Melting points 416
Metallic and non-metallic character 416
Four-covalent compounds 416
10.19 Chemical Reactivity 416
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xxiv Contents
Inert pair effect 417

10.20 Carbides 417
Salt-like carbides 417
Interstitial carbides 418
Covalent carbides 418
10.21 Oxygen Compounds of Carbon 418
Carbon monoxide CO 418
Carbon dioxide CO2 421
Carbon suboxides 422
10.22 Carbonates 423
10.23 Sulphides of Carbon 423
10.24 Oxides of Silicon 424
10.25 Oxides of Tin and Lead 425
Oxides of Tin 425
Oxides of Lead 426
10.26 Silicates 428
Occurrence in the Earth’s crust 428
Soluble silicates 428
10.27 Classification of Silicates 429
Orthosilicates (neso-silicates) 429
Pyrosilicates (soro-silicates, disilicates) 429
Cyclic silicates 429
Chain silicates 430
Sheet silicates (phyllo-silicates) 431
Three-dimensional silicates 432
10.28 Glass 433
10.29 Organosilicon Compounds and the Silicones 434
Organosilicon compounds 434
Preparation of organosilicon compounds 434
Silicones 434
10.30 Hydrides of Silicon 437
10.31 Complexes 438
10.32 Internal p Bonding Using d Orbitals 439
10.33 Halides 440
Tetrahalides 440
Catenated halides 442
Dihalides 443
10.34 Organic Derivatives 443
Answers 446
10.35 General Properties and Structures of the Elements 448
Nitrogen 448
Phosphorus 449
Bond type 449
Metallic and non-metallic character 450
Reactivity 450
10.36 Hydrides 451
Ammonia NH3 451
Phosphine PH3 452
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Contents xxv
Arsine AsH3, stibine SbH3 and bismuthine BiH3 453

Structure of the hydrides 453
Donor properties 454
Hydrazine N2H4 454
Hydroxylamine NH2OH 456
10.37 Liquid Ammonia as a Solvent 457
10.38 Hydrogen Azide and the Azides 458
10.39 Nitrogen Fixation 459
Cyanamide process 459
Haber–Bosch process 460
10.40 NPK Fertilizers 461
Urea 461
Phosphate fertilizers 461
10.41 Halides 462
Trihalides 462
Pentahalides 463
10.42 Oxides of Nitrogen 465
Nitrous oxide N2O 465
Nitric oxide NO 465
Nitrogen sesquioxide N2O3 466
Nitrogen dioxide NO2 and dinitrogen tetroxide N2O4 467
Dinitrogen pentoxide N2O5 468
10.43 Oxoacids of Nitrogen 468
Nitrous acid HNO2 468
Nitric acid HNO3 469
10.44 Oxides of Phosphorus 472
Trioxides 472
Pentoxides 473
10.45 Oxoacids of Phosphorus 474
The phosphoric acid series 474
The phosphorous acid series 477
Major uses of phosphates 478
Answers 482
Part 4: The Group 16 Elements – Chalcogens 483
Electronic structure and oxidation states 483
Acid rain and SO2 484
Uses of sulphur 484
10.47 Structure and Allotropy of the Elements 484
Oxygen 484
Ozone 484
Sulphur 487
10.49 Chemical Reactivity 488
Oxidation states (+II), (+IV) and (+VI) 488
Bond lengths and pp – dp bonding 489
Differences between oxygen and the other elements 489
10.50 General Properties of Oxides 489
Classification based on structure 489
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xxvi Contents
Classification based on chemical properties 490

10.51 Oxides of Sulphur 491
Dioxide SO2 491
Trioxide SO3 493
10.52 Oxoacids of Sulphur 494
Sulphurous acid 495
Sulphuric acid series 496
Thionic acid series 499
Peroxoacid series 499
10.53 Oxohalides 500
Thionyl compounds 500
Sulphuryl compounds 500
10.54 Hydrides 501
Water 501
Other hydrides 503
Peroxides and polysulphides 503
Hydrogen peroxide 504
10.55 Halides 507
Answers 512
Part 5: The Group 17 Elements – The Halogens 513
10.56 Extraction and Uses of the Elements 514
Fluorine 514
Chlorine 515
Bromine 516
Iodine 517
Type of bonds formed and oxidation states 518
Melting and boiling points 519
Bond energy in X2 molecules 519
Oxidizing power 520
10.58 Reaction with Water 521
10.59 Reactivity of the Elements 522
10.60 Hydrogen Halides HX 523
HF 524
HCl 524
HBr and HI 525
10.61 Halides 527
Ionic halides 527
Molecular (covalent) halides 527
Bridging halides 528
10.62 Halogen Oxides 528
Oxygen difluoride OF2 528
Dioxygen difluoride O2F2 528
Dichlorine monoxide Cl2O 528
Chlorine dioxide ClO2 530
Chlorine perchlorate Cl · ClO4 530
Dichlorine hexoxide Cl2O6 531
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Contents xxvii
Dichlorine heptoxide Cl2O7 531

10.63 Oxoacids 531
Hypohalous acids HOX 532
Halous acids HXO2 533
Halic acids HXO3 533
Perhalic acids HXO4 534
Strength of the oxoacids 534
10.64 Interhalogen Compounds 535
AX, AX3 and AX5 compounds 535
10.65 Polyhalides 536
10.66 Pseudohalogens and Pseudohalides 537
Answers 541
Part 6: The Group 18 Elements – Noble Gases 542
10.67 Occurrence and Recovery of the Elements 542
10.68 Uses of the Elements 542
10.70 Special Properties of Helium 543
10.71 Chemical Properties of the Noble Gases 543
Molecular ions formed under excited conditions 544
Clathrate compounds 544
10.72 Chemistry of Xenon 544
Xenon fluoride complexes 546
10.73 Structure and Bonding in Xenon Compounds 547
XeF2 548
XeF4 549
XeF6 549
10.74 Structures of Some Xenon Compounds 550
Answers 553
Miscellaneous Questions 553
Answers 559
11. The d-Block Elements and some of their Compounds 561
11.1 Variable Oxidation State 562
Stability of the various oxidation states 563
11.2 Complexes 563
11.3 Size of Atoms and Ions 564
11.4 Density 564
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xxviii Contents
11.5 Melting and Boiling Points 565

11.6 Reactivity of Metals 565
11.7 Ionization Energies 565
11.8 Colour 566
Polarization 566
Incompletely filled d or f shell 566
11.9 Magnetic Properties 567
11.10 Catalytic Properties 568
11.11 Nonstoichiometry 568
11.12 Abundance 568
11.13 Chromate and Dichromate 569
Preparation 569
Properties 569
11.14 Manganate and Permanganate 570
Preparation 570
Properties 570
11.15 Silver and its Compounds 571
Silver nitrate (AgNO3) 572
11.16 Zinc Compounds 573
Zinc oxide (ZnO) 573
Zinc chloride (ZnCl2) 574
Zinc sulphate (ZnSO4) 575
11.17 Copper Compounds 575
Copper oxide (CuO) 575
Copper chloride (CuCl2) 576
Copper sulphate (CuSO4) 576
11.18 Iron Compounds 577
Iron sulphate (FeSO4.7H2O) 577
Iron oxide (FeO) 578
Iron chloride (FeCl2) 578
Answers 583
12. The f-Block Elements and their Properties 585

12.1 Lanthanoids 585
Properties of lanthanoids and their ions 586
Uses of lanthanoids 588
12.2 Actinoids 588
Properties of actinoids and their ions 589
Uses of actinoids 589
12.3 Comparison between Lanthanoids and Actinoids 590
Similarities 590
Differences 590
Answers 591
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Contents xxix
Appendices593–612
Appendix A Abundance of the Elements in the Earth’s Crust 593
Appendix B Melting Points of the Elements 595
Appendix C Boiling Points of the Elements 596
Appendix D Densities of the Solid and Liquid Elements 597
Appendix E Electronic Structures of the Elements 598
Appendix F Some Average Single Bond Energies and Some Double and
Triple Bond Energies 602
Appendix G Solubilities of Main Group Compounds in Water 603
Appendix H Atomic Weights Based on 12 C = 12.000 605
Appendix I Values of Some Fundamental Physical Constants 607
Appendix J Electrical Resistivity of the Elements at the Stated Temperature 608
Appendix K Hardness of Minerals – Mohs’ Scale 610
JEE (Advanced) Paper P1

JEE (Main) Papers P1
Index I1
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1
Structure of an
Shells Possible subshells
n=1 1s
n=2 2s 2p
Atom n=3
n=4
3s
4s
3p
4p
3d
4d 4f
n=5 5s 5p 5d 5f 5g
n=6 6s 6p 6d 6f 6g
n=7 7s 7p
n=8 8s 8p
1.1 | ATOMS Sequence of filling of

An atom is the smallest entity of an element which retains energy levels.
all of its properties. It consists of several stable and unstable
fundamental particles. The examples of stable particles are
neutron, proton and electron and those of unstable particles
are meson, positron, neutrino, antineutrino and antiproton.
The fundamental stable particles are of interest to us here.
The characteristics of the stable fundamental particles that
make up the atom are listed in Table 1.1. Contents
All atoms consist of a central nucleus surrounded by one
or more electrons in orbitals. The nucleus always contains pro- 1.1 Atoms
tons and all nuclei heavier than hydrogen contain neutrons 1.2 Some Important Definitions
too (Figure 1.1). 1.3 Electronic Configuration of
The protons and neutrons together make up most of the an Atom
mass of an atom. Both protons and neutrons are particles of
unit mass, but a proton has one positive charge and a neutron
is electrically neutral (i.e. carries no charge).
An atom is represented as Z X A, where A is the mass
number (i.e. n + p) and Z is the atomic number (i.e. p or e).
Extra nuclear part

(place of electrons)
Nucleus
(place for neutron and proton)
Figure 1.1 Structure of an atom.
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2 Chapter 1 Structure of an Atom
Table 1.1 Characteristics of fundamental particles of an atom

Name of Discovery Mass Nature of Amount of Radius Presence in the
particle charge charge atom
Electron (e) J.J. Thomson, 0.000548 amu Negatively −1.602 × 10–19C — Outside the
(−1e0) 1897 charged nucleus of an
or or
atom
9.12 × 10–28g −4.8 × 10–10esu
or
9.12 × 10–31kg
(1/1837 th of
H atom)
Proton (p) E. Rutherford, 1.0076 amu Positively +1.602 × 10–19C 1.2 × 10–12 cm Inside the nucleus
(1H1) 1911 charged of an atom
or
1.6725 × 10–24g or
or
1.6725 × 10–27kg +4.8 × 10–10esu
Neutron (n) J. Chadwick, 1.0089 amu Neutral 0 1.2 × 10–12cm Inside the nucleus
(0n1) 1932 of an atom
or
1.675 × 10–24g
or
1.675 × 10–24kg
1.2 | SOME IMPORTANT DEFINITIONS

Some important definitions related to atomic structure of atoms are described as follows:
1. Isotopes: Elements having the same atomic number but different mass number are known as isotopes.
For example,
a. 1 H 1 , 1 D2 and 1 T 3
b. 8 O16 , 8 O18
c. 6 C 12 , 6 C 14
d. 17 Cl 35 , 17 Cl 37
2. Isobars: Elements having the same mass number but different atomic number are known as isobars.
For example,
40 40
a. 18 Ar and 20 Ca
b. 6 C 14 and 7 N14
3. Isotones: Elements having the same number of neutrons are known as isotones. For example,
a. 12 Mg 24 and 11 Na 23
b. 9 F 19 and 8 O18
c. 6 C 14 and 8 O16
d. 15 P 31 and 16 S 32
4. Isodiaphers: Elements having the same value of isotopic excess are known as isodiaphers, where isoto-
pic excess = (A – 2Z). For example,
a. 15 P 31 , 17 Cl 35 , 11 Na 23 , 3 Li 7 , 13 Al 27 , 19 K 39 , 9 F 19 , all have isotopic excess of (A – 2Z) = 1.
b. 6 C 14 , 8 O18 , 1 T 3 , 24 Cr 50, all have isotopic excess of (A − 2Z) = 2.
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c. 17 Cl 37 and 21Sc 45, both have isotopic excess of (A − 2Z) = 3.

52 56
d. 24 Cr and 26 Fe , both have isotopic excess of (A − 2Z) = 4.
5. Isoelectronic species: The species having the same number of electrons are known as isoelectronic spe-
cies. (It may be an atom, ion or a molecule.) For example,
a. C 4- , N 3- , O2- , F- , Ne, Na + , Mg 2+ , Al 3+
b. Si 4− , P 3 − , S 2 − , Cl − , Ar, K + , Ca 2 + , Sc 3+
c. H 2 S, HCl, Ar, SH −
d. NH 2− , NH 3 , CH 4 , H 2 O, OH − , NH +4 , OH − , NH 2 −
 Ni (CO)4 ], [ Co (CO)4  ,  Fe (CO)4  ,  Fe (CO)2 ( NO)2 
− 2−
e.
f. CO23 − , NO−3 , BO33−
g. SiO44 − , PO34− , SO24 − , ClO4−

Now-a-days the definition of isoelectronic species is also observed to extend to include the species
having the same number of valence shell electrons (described later in the section on Classification of
elements as s, p, d and f-block elements). For example, the following species can also be considered
isoelectronic because they have the same number of valence shell electrons:
a. ClO4− , BrO4− , IO4−

b. PO34 − , AsO34 − , SbO34 −
c. SO24 − , SeO24 − , TeO24 −
d. NOCl, NO2− , NOBr
e. NO2 Cl, NO2 Br, NO3−
6. Isosters: Species that are isoelectronic as well as consist of the same number of atoms are known as
isosters. For example,
a. CH 4 , NH +4
b. CO23 − , NO−3 , BO33−
c. NH 2− , H 2 O
d. SiO44 − , PO34− , SO24 − , ClO4−
1.3 | ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATION OF AN ATOM

To define the position of an electron in an atom, the following terms need to be defined:
1. Orbital: It is defined as the space occupied by the electrons around the nucleus of an atom where the
probability of finding an electron is the maximum.
2. Quantum numbers: These are the parameters required to characterize an orbital or an electron. There
are four different quantum numbers which are named as follows:
a. Principal quantum number (denoted by n)
b. Azimuthal quantum number (denoted by l)
c. Magnetic quantum number (denoted by m or ml)
d. Spin quantum number (denoted by s or ms).
An orbital can be described by the first three quantum numbers, that is, n, l and m, while the description of
an electron requires all four quantum numbers, that is, n, l, m and s.
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Quantum numbers
The characteristic features of the four quantum numbers are described as follows:
1. Principal quantum number (n): This quantum number indicates the distance of an electron from the
nucleus. It can have values of 1, 2, 3, 4 … up to ∞. As the value of n increases, the distance of the electron/
orbital from the nucleus increases as well as the energy of the electron increases.
Principal quantum numbers having different values of n are also considered as different energy
shells which are represented as follows:
n 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 …∞
Energy shells K L M N O P Q
2. Azimuthal quantum number (l): This quantum number indicates the shape of an orbital (not of elec-
tron) and can have values from 0 to (n–1) for a particular value of n. For example, for n = 5, the value
of l are 0, 1, 2, 3, 4.
Each value of l indicates the sub-energy level or subshell within the particular shell or energy level,
which are denoted as follows:
l 0 1 2 3 4
Subshell or sub-energy level s p d f g
Note: The notations for the sub-energy levels come from the spectroscopic terms that were used to

describe the atomic spectra and have the following full form:
s → sharp f → fundamental
p → principal
g → generalized
d → diffused
These subshells have different shapes which are depicted in Table 1.2.
Table 1.2 The shapes of subshells

Subshell Shape Description
s-orbital Spherically symmetrical
p-orbital Dumbbell shaped
or
(Continued)
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Table 1.2 (Continued)

Subshell Shape Description
d-orbital Double dumbbell shaped
Note:
(i) f and g subshells are of complicated shape and beyond the scope of syllabus.

(ii) These shapes of subshells are not experimentally observed as these are the 3D – plots of solution
of Schrödinger wave equation which is not part of the syllabus for JEE.
3. Magnetic quantum number (m or ml): This quantum number indicates the possible orientations of
an orbital in space. The value of m for a particular value of l varies from +l to –l including zero. For
example,
Value of l (for n = 4) Possible values of m Total possible values

0 0 1
1 +1, 0, –1 3
2 –2, –1, 0, +1, +2 5
3 –3, –2, –1, 0, +1, +2, +3 7

The different values of m for a particular value of l gives the possible orientations of the corresponding
orbital in space. Each possible orientation is considered as a particular orbital.
a. s-subshell consists of one orbital that is known as s-orbital.

b. p-subshell consists of three orbitals that are known as px, py and pz orbitals which are lying along the
respective axis (Figure 1.2).
z z z
x x x
y y y
px py
pz
Figure 1.2 Orientation of three p-orbitals.
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c. d-subshell consists of five orbitals that are known as dxy dyz, dxz, dx2 − y2 and dz2 which are shown in
Figure 1.3.
y z z
x x y
dxy dxz dyz

y z
y
x x
dx 2 −y2 dz2
Figure 1.3 Orientation of five d-orbitals.
Note:
(i) dxy, dyz, dxz orbitals are known as non-axial d-orbitals because the lobes of the orbitals are not
available along the axis.

(ii) dx −y and dz are known as axial d-orbitals because the lobes of oribtals are along the axis.
2 2 2
4. Spin Quantum Number (s or ms): It is the quantum number which is required to describe an electron
only (not the orbital) and it characterizes the spin of an electron. An electron is not only moving
around the nucleus but also spinning about its own axis. It may spin either clockwise or anticlockwise.
a. The possible values of spin quantum number are +1/2 and −1/2, but it is not fixed, that is, if the value
of s is +1/2 for clockwise spinning, then the value of s is −1/2 for anticlockwise and vice-versa. Also,
the electrons present in parallel spin must have the same spin value, for example,
or
s = −1 2 −1 2 −1 2
or
s = +1/2 +1/2 +1/2
or
Aufbau principle
The electrons are filled up in the empty orbitals of an atom from the lowest energy orbital to the higher
energy orbital. The energy sequence of empty orbitals is given in Figure 1.4, in which the energy of the
subshells increases along the directions of arrow.
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Shells Possible subshells
n=1 1s
n=2 2s 2p
n=3 3s 3p 3d
n=4 4s 4p 4d 4f
n=5 5s 5p 5d 5f 5g
n=6 6s 6p 6d 6f 6g
n=7 7s 7p
n=8 8s 8p
Figure 1.4 Sequence of filling of energy levels.
Alternatively, the above energy sequence or the energy comparison between any two subshells can be
established very easily on the basis of (n + l) rule which is stated as follows:
1. Smaller the value of (n + l) for a particular subshell smaller will be its energy.
2. If for two subshell, the (n + l) value is the same then the subshell having higher value of n will have
higher energy. For example,
for 3d ⇒ n + l = 3 + 2 = 5
 same
and for 4 p ⇒ n + l = 4 + 1 = 5
Between the two, 4p has higher energy as compared to that of 3d.
Let us compare the energy of the following subshells according to (n + l) rule:
5p, 4s, 4d, 3d, 4f, 6s
Based on the (n + l) rule, we have
Subshell (n + l )
5p 5+1=6
4s 4+0=4
4d 4+2=6
3d 3+2=5
4f 4+3=7
6s 6+0=6
Hence the energy order will be: 4 f > 6 s > 5 p > 4d > 3d
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Pauli exclusion principle

We have seen that three quantum numbers n, l and m are needed to define an orbital. Each orbital may
hold up to two electrons, provided they have opposite spins. Thus, an extra quantum number is required to
define the spin of an electron in an orbital. Thus four quantum numbers are needed to define the energy of
an electron in an atom.
The Pauli’s exclusion principle states that no two electrons in one atom can have the same values of
all four quantum numbers or an orbital in a subshell can accommodate a maximum of two electrons of
opposite spin.
Based on the above rule, the number of electrons which can be accommodated in each main energy
level can be calculated by permuting the quantum numbers, as shown in Table 1.3.
Table 1.3 Maximum number of electrons in a shell

Shell number Possible values Possible values Possible number Possible number Maximum
n (Principal of l (designated of m (Magnetic of orbitals in a of orbitals in a number of
quantum subshell) quantum subshell shell electrons present
number) number) in a shell
1 0(1s) 0 1 1 2
2 0(2s) 0 1 4 8
1(2p) +1 3
0
–1
3 0(3s) 0 1 9 18
1(3p) +1 3
0
–1
2(3d) +2 5
+1
0
–1
–2
4 0(4s) 0 1 16 32
1(4p) +1 3
0
–1
2(4d) +2 5
+1
0
–1
–2
(Continued)
Chapter 01.indd 8 3/2/2017 12:56:32 PM

@iitjeehelps
Table 1.3 (Continued)

Shell number Possible values Possible values Possible number Possible number Maximum
n (Principal of l (designated of m (Magnetic of orbitals in a of orbitals in a number of
quantum subshell) quantum subshell shell electrons present
number) number) in a shell
3(4f) +3 7
+2
+1
0
–1
–2
–3
So on…
Note:
(i) The number of orbitals present in a subshell is (2l + 1).
(ii) The total number of electrons present in a subshell is 2(2l + 1).
(iii) Total number of orbitals present in a shell is n2.
(iv) Total number of electron present in a shell is 2n2.
Based on the above rules, let us find the number of subshell, orbitals and maximum number of electrons
that can be accommodated in R shell.
Shell K L M N O P Q R
n= 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Hence, for R shell, n = 8.

The number of subshell = 8 (i.e. 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7).
The number of orbitals in this shell = 82 = 64.
The maximum number of electrons that can be accommodated in this shell = 2n2 = 2 × 64 = 128.
Hund’s rule
According to this rule, the degenerate orbitals (i.e. orbitals having same energy) will be filled by one electron
each having same spin and then only pairing of electrons will take place. Alternatively, the filling up of
electron in the degenerate orbitals will take place in such a way that the multiplicity (M) value will be maximum
where M is defined as follows:
M = 2 | S | +1
where S = total spin value of all electrons in degenerate orbitals.
For example, consider the nitrogen atom; the electronic distribution is shown as follows:
7 N : 1s2 2s2 2p3 M = 2|S| + 1
(correct) S = 1/2 + 1/2 + 1/2 = 3/2 M=4
(wrong) S = + 1/2 − 1/2 −1/2 = −1/2 M=2
(correct) S = − 1/2 − 1/2 − 1/2 = − 3/2 M =4
(wrong) S = + 1/2 − 1/2 + 1/2 = 1/2 M = 2
Chapter 01.indd 9 3/2/2017 12:56:35 PM

@iitjeehelps
Using all the above discussed rules, that is, Aufbau principle, Pauli’s exclusion principle and Hund’s
rule, the electronic configuration of different elements can be written. For example,
12 Mg : 1s 2 2s2 2 p6 3s 2
31 Ga : 1s 2 2s2 2 p6 3s 2 3 p6 4s2 3d 10 4 p1
The electronic configuration of all the known elements is given in Table 1.4.
Table 1.4 Electronic configurations of elements
Element Atomic Subshells
number (Z ) Is 2s 2p 3s 3p 3d 4s 4p 4d 4f 5s 5p 5d 5f 6s 6p 6d 7s
H 1 1
He 2 2
Li 3 2 1
Be 4 2 2
B 5 2 2 1
C 6 2 2 2
N 7 2 2 3
O 8 2 2 4
F 9 2 2 5
Ne 10 2 2 6
Na 11 2 2 6 1
Mg 12 2 2 6 2
A1 13 2 2 6 2 1
Si 14 2 2 6 2 2
P 15 2 2 6 2 3
S 16 2 2 6 2 4
Cl 17 2 2 6 2 5
Ar 18 2 2 6 2 6
K 19 2 2 6 2 6 1
Ca 20 2 2 6 2 6 2
Sc 21 2 2 6 2 6 1 2
Ti 22 2 2 6 2 6 2 2
V 23 2 2 6 2 6 3 2
Cr* 24 2 2 6 2 6 5 1
Mn 25 2 2 6 2 6 5 2
Fe 26 2 2 6 2 6 6 2
Co 27 2 2 6 2 6 7 2
Ni 28 2 2 6 2 6 8 2
Cu* 29 2 2 6 2 6 10 1
Zn 30 2 2 6 2 6 10 2
Ga 31 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 1
Ge 32 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 2
As 33 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 3
Se 34 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 4
(Continued)
Chapter 01.indd 10 3/2/2017 12:56:36 PM

@iitjeehelps

Br 35 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 5
Kr 36 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6
Rb 37 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 1
Sr 38 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 2
Y 39 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 1 2
Zr 40 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 2 2
Nb* 41 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 4 1
Mo* 42 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 5 1
Tc 43 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 5 2
Ru* 44 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 7 1
Rh* 45 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 8 1
Pd* 46 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 10 0
Ag* 47 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 10 1
Cd 48 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 10 2
In 49 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 10 2 1
Sn 50 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 10 2 2
Sb 51 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 10 2 3
Te 52 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 10 2 4
I 53 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 10 2 5
Xe 54 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 10 2 6
Cs 55 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 10 2 6 1
Ba 56 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 10 2 6 2
La* 57 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 10 2 6 1 2
Ce* 58 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 10 2 2 6 2
Pr 59 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 10 3 2 6 2
Nd 60 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 10 4 2 6 2
Pm 61 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 10 5 2 6 2
Sm 62 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 10 6 2 6 2
Eu 63 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 10 7 2 6 2
Gd* 64 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 10 7 2 6 1 2
Tb 65 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 10 9 2 6 2
Dy 66 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 10 10 2 6 2
Ho 67 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 10 11 2 6 2
Er 68 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 10 12 2 6 2
Tm 69 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 10 13 2 6 2
Yb 70 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 10 14 2 6 2
Lu 71 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 10 14 2 6 1 2
Hf 72 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 10 14 2 6 2 2
Ta 73 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 10 14 2 6 3 2
W 74 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 10 14 2 6 4 2
Rc 75 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 10 14 2 6 5 2
(Continued)
Chapter 01.indd 11 3/2/2017 12:56:36 PM

@iitjeehelps

Os 76 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 10 14 2 6 6 2
Ir 77 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 10 14 2 6 7 2
Pt* 78 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 10 14 2 6 9 1
Au* 79 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 10 14 2 6 10 1
Hg 80 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 10 14 2 6 10 2
Tl 81 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 10 14 2 6 10 2 1
Pb 82 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 10 14 2 6 10 2 2
Bi 83 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 10 14 2 6 10 2 3
Po 84 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 10 14 2 6 10 2 4
At 85 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 10 14 2 6 10 2 5
Rn 86 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 10 14 2 6 10 2 6
Fr 87 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 10 14 2 6 10 2 6 1
Ra 88 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 10 14 2 6 10 2 6 2
Ac 89 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 10 14 2 6 10 2 6 1 2
Th 90 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 10 14 2 6 10 2 6 2 2
Pa 91 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 10 14 2 6 10 2 2 6 1 2
U 92 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 10 14 2 6 10 3 2 6 1 2
Np 93 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 10 14 2 6 10 4 2 6 2
Pu 94 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 10 14 2 6 10 6 2 6 2
Am 95 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 10 14 2 6 10 7 2 6 1 2
Cm 96 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 10 14 2 6 10 7 2 6 1 2
Bk 97 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 10 14 2 6 10 8 2 6 2
Cf 98 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 10 14 2 6 10 10 2 6 2
Es 99 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 10 14 2 6 10 11 2 6 2
Fm 100 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 10 14 2 6 10 12 2 6 2
Md 101 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 10 14 2 6 10 13 2 6 2
No 102 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 10 14 2 6 10 14 2 6 2
Lr 103 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 10 14 2 6 10 14 2 6 1 2
Rf 104 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 10 14 2 6 10 10 2 6 2 2
Db 105 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 10 14 2 6 10 11 2 6 3 2
Sg 106 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 10 14 2 6 10 12 2 6 4 2
Bh 107 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 10 14 2 6 10 13 2 6 5 2
Hs 108 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 10 14 2 6 10 14 2 6 6 2
Mt 109 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 10 14 2 6 10 14 2 6 7 2
Ds 110 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 10 14 2 6 10 14 2 6 8 2
Rg** 111 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 10 14 2 6 10 14 2 6 10 1
The (*) marked elements are those for which the Aufbau principle is not strictly followed.
Elements beyond the (**) marked element are also known. The elements with atomic numbers 112,
114 and 116 have been discovered and assigned official IUPAC names copernicium, fleuorium and
livermorium, respectively. The elements with atomic numbers 113, 115, 117 and 118 are yet to be
discovered.
Chapter 01.indd 12 3/2/2017 12:56:37 PM

@iitjeehelps
Stability of half-filled and fully-filled shells

Some of the exceptions in the elements, for which the electronic configuration does not follow the Aufbau
principle, are:
44 Ru : [Kr] 5s1 4d 7
29 Cu : [Ar] 4 s1 3d 10 45 Rh : [Kr] 5s1 4d 8
47 Ag : [Kr] 5s1 4d 10 46 Pd : [Kr] 5s 0 4d 10
79 Au : [X e] 4 f 14 6s1 5d 10 78 Pt : [Xe] 6s1 4 f 14 5d 9

24Cr : [Ar] 4 s1 3d 5 57 La : [Xe] 6 s 2 5d 1 4 f 0

42 Mo : [Kr] 5s1 4d 5 89 Ac : [Rn] 7 s 2 6d 1 4 f 0
41 Nb : [Kr] 5s1 4d 4 90 Th : [Rn] 7s 2 6d 2 5 f 0

Several above violations of Aufbau principle can be explained on the basis of achieving either half-
filled or fully-filled configurations of a subshell which are relatively more stable. The extra stability of half-
filled and fully-filled configurations can be attributed to the following reasons:
1. The symmetry leads the stability (as the rule of nature).
2. The exchange energy is more for half-filled and fully-filled electronic configuration. For example, con-
sider the electronic configuration shown in Figure 1.5, in which the possible exchange of positions of
electrons is depicted.
4 + 3 + 2 + 1 = 10
Figure 1.5 Possible exchanges of positions.
After exchanging the position between any two electrons, it gives the same configuration. During this
exchange of position of electrons, some amount of energy is released which is known as exchange energy.
More number of exchanges causes release of more energy.
For the above case (i.e. d5 configuration), the total number of possible exchanges is ten. Similarly for d10
configuration, the total number of possible exchanges will be (10 + 10) = 20, (only two electron of same spin
are allowed to exchange their position). Hence, ten exchanges are possible for 5 electrons having +1/2 spin
and another ten exchanges are possible for five electrons having −1/2 spin. Hence fully-filled configuration
is more stable as compared to half-filled configuration.
Electronic configuration of ions

(Recommended for study after covering Chapter 2)
1. For an anion:
A +
e
→ A − +
e
→ A2−
If the atomic number of an atom A is Z, then total number of electrons in A– is (Z+ 1) and in A2− is

(Z + 2). Hence, to arrive at the electronic configuration, count the total number of electrons in the
anion and fill them in the empty orbital available in that element. For example, consider N 3− :

Total number of electrons = 7 + 3 = 10.
The electronic configuration is: 1s2 2s2 2p6.

Chapter 01.indd 13 3/8/2019 2:19:16 PM

@iitjeehelps
2. For cation:
M −
e
→ M + −
e
→ M 2+
M −
xe
→M x+
Hence, the total number of electrons in Mx+ is = Z− x where Z is the atomic number of M.
Then write the electronic configuration as usual if M is an element of s-block or p-block.
But if M is an element of d-block or f-block, then write the electronic configuration of the respective
element M first and then remove the x number of electrons from ns, then from (n – 1)d and then from
(n – 2)f orbital gradually. For example, consider Fe and Cu ions for d-block elements.
(i)
Fe : [Ar]3d 6 4s 2
26
Fe2+ : [Ar]3d 6 4s 0 or [Ar] 3d 6

Fe3+ : [Ar] 3d 5 4 s 0 or [Ar]3d 5
(ii)
Cu : [Ar] 3d 10 4 s1
29
Cu+ : [Ar] 3d 10 4 s 0
Cu 2+ : [Ar] 3d 9
Similarly for f-block elements, consider the example of Gd.

Gd
64 : [Xe]4f 7 5d 1 6s 2
Gd 2+ : [Xe]4f 7 5d 1 6s 0
Gd 3+ : [Xe]4f 7 5d 0 6s 0
Gd 4+ : [Xe]4 f 6 5d 0 6 s 0
Following the Hund’s rule, after obtaining the electronic configuration, the number of unpaired electrons
(if any) can be calculated for any element or ion. From the number of unpaired electrons, it can further
be predicted if the species is paramagnetic or diamagnetic. If we assume that the magnetic moment arises
entirely from unpaired electron spins, then the spin only magnetic moment value can be calculated using
the following formula:
Spin only magnetic moment ( mS ) = n(n + 2) BM
where n is the number of unpaired electrons present in the species. Spin only magnetic moment is also
referred to as magnetic momentm for convenience sake.
1. Paramagnetic: The substance consisting of unpaired electron(s) (either one or more) is known as para-
magnetic and it is attracted by the magnetic field. Paramagnetic substances are coloured in general.
2. Diamagnetic: The substance consisting of no unpaired electron is known as diamagnetic and it is
repelled by the magnetic field. Diamagnetic substances are generally colourless.
Let us predict the magnetic behaviour of ions based on their electronic configurations. For example, con-
sider Mn2+, the electronic configuration is:
Mn : [Ar] 3d 5 4s2
Mn 2+ : [Ar] 3d 5 or
The electronic configuration shows the presence of five unpaired electrons, hence it is paramagnetic and
the magnetic moment (mS) is
mS = 5 ( 5 + 2 ) BM
= 35 B.M = 5.92 BM
Chapter 01.indd 14 3/2/2017 12:56:43 PM

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THE WIDOW IN THE BYE STREET

THE END
Some of life’s sad ones are too strong to die,
Grief doesn’t kill them as it kills the weak,
Sorrow is not for those who sit and cry
Lapped in the love of turning t’other cheek,
But for the noble souls austere and bleak
Who have had the bitter dose and drained the cup
And wait for Death face fronted, standing up.
As the last man upon the sinking ship,

Seeing the brine creep brightly on the deck,
Hearing aloft the slatting topsails rip,
Ripping to rags among the topmast’s wreck,
Yet hoists the new red ensign without speck,
That she, so fair, may sink with colours flying,
So the old widowed mother kept from dying.
She tottered home, back to the little room

It was all over for her, but for life;
She drew the blinds, and trembled in the gloom;
“I sat here thus when I was wedded wife;
Sorrow sometimes, and joy; but always strife.
Struggle to live except just at the last,
O God, I thank Thee for the mercies past.
Harry, my man, when we were courting; eh ...
The April morning up the Cony-gree.
How grand he looked upon our wedding day.
‘I wish we’d had the bells,’ he said to me;
And we’d the moon that evening, I and he,
And dew come wet, oh, I remember how,
And we come home to where I’m sitting now.
And he lay dead here, and his son was born here;
He never saw his son, his little Jim.
And now I’m all alone here, left to mourn here,
And there are all his clothes, but never him.
He’s down under the prison in the dim,
With quicklime working on him to the bone
With quicklime working on him to the bone,
The flesh I made with many and many a groan.
And then he ran so, he was strong at running,

Always a strong one, like his dad at that.
In summertimes I done my sewing sunning,
And he’d be sprawling, playing with the cat.
And neighbours brought their knitting out to chat
Till five o’clock; he had his tea at five;
How sweet life was when Jimmy was alive.”
And sometimes she will walk the cindery mile,

Singing, as she and Jimmy used to do,
Singing “The parson’s dog lep over a stile,”
Along the path where water lilies grew.
The stars are placid on the evening’s blue,
Burning like eyes so calm, so unafraid.
On all that God has given and man has made.
Burning they watch, and mothlike owls come out,

The redbreast warbles shrilly once and stops;
The homing cowman gives his dog a shout,
The lamps are lighted in the village shops.
Silence; the last bird passes; in the copse
The hazels cross the moon, a nightjar spins,
Dew wets the grass, the nightingale begins.
Singing her crazy song the mother goes,

Singing as though her heart were full of peace,
Moths knock the petals from the dropping rose,
Stars make the glimmering pool a golden fleece,
The moon droops west, but still she does not cease,
The little mice peep out to hear her sing,
Until the inn-man’s cockerel shakes his wing.
And in the sunny dawns of hot Julys,

The labourers going to meadow see her there.
R bbi th l t f th i h
Rubbing the sleep out of their heavy eyes,
They lean upon the parapet to stare;
They see her plaiting basil in her hair,
Basil, the dark red wound-wort, cops of clover,
The blue self-heal and golden Jacks of Dover.
Dully they watch her, then they turn to go
To that high Shropshire upland of late hay;
Her singing lingers with them as they mow,
And many times they try it, now grave, now gay,
Till, with full throat, over the hills away,
They lift it clear; oh, very clear it towers
Mixed with the swish of many falling flowers.
Selections from
DAUBER
THE SETTING OF THE WATCH
Darker it grew, still darker, and the stars

Burned golden, and the fiery fishes came.
The wire-note loudened from the straining spars;
The sheet-blocks clacked together always the same;
The rushing fishes streaked the seas with flame,
Racing the one speed noble as their own:
What unknown joy was in those fish unknown!
Names in the darkness passed and voices cried;

The red spark glowed and died, the faces seemed
As things remembered when a brain has died,
To all but high intenseness deeply dreamed.
Like hissing spears the fishes’ fire streamed,
And on the clipper rushed with tossing mast,
A bath of flame broke round her as she passed.
The watch was set, the night came, and the men
Hid from the moon in shadowed nooks to sleep,
Bunched like the dead; still, like the dead, as when
Plague in a city leaves none even to weep.
The ship’s track brightened to a mile-broad sweep;
The mate there felt her pulse, and eyed the spars:
South-west by south she staggered under the stars.
THE WATCH BELOW

Down in his bunk the Dauber lay awake
Thinking of his unfitness for the sea.
Each failure, each derision, each mistake,
There in the life not made for such as he;
A morning grim with trouble sure to be,
A noon of pain from failure, and a night
Bitter with men’s contemning and despite.
This in the first beginning, the green leaf,

Still in the Trades before bad weather fell;
What harvest would he reap of hate and grief
When the loud Horn made every life a hell?
When the sick ship lay over, clanging her bell,
And no time came for painting or for drawing,
But all hands fought, and icy death came clawing?
The green bunk curtains moved, the brass rings clicked,

The Cook cursed in his sleep, turning and turning,
The moonbeam’s moving finger touched and picked,
And all the stars in all the sky were burning.
“This is the art I’ve come for, and am learning,
The sea and ships and men and travelling things.
It is most proud, whatever pain it brings.”
He leaned upon his arm and watched the light

Sliding and fading to the steady roll;
This he would some day paint, the ship at night,
And sleeping seamen tired to the soul;
The space below the bunks as black as coal,
Gleams upon chests, upon the unlit lamp,
The ranging door-hook, and the locker clamp.
This he would paint, and that, and all these scenes,

And proud ships carrying on, and men their minds,
And blues of rollers toppling into greens,
And shattering into white that bursts and blinds,
g ,
And scattering ships running erect like hinds,
And men in oilskins beating down a sail
High on the yellow yard, in snow, in hail,
With faces ducked down from the slanting drive

Of half-thawed hail mixed with half-frozen spray,
The roaring canvas, like a thing alive,
Shaking the mast, knocking their hands away,
The foot-ropes jerking to the tug and sway,
The savage eyes salt-reddened at the rims,
And icicles on the south-wester brims.
And sunnier scenes would grow under his brush,

The tropic dawn with all things dropping dew,
The darkness and the wonder and the hush,
The insensate grey before the marvel grew;
Then the veil lifted from the trembling blue,
The walls of sky burst in, the flower, the rose,
All the expanse of heaven a mind that glows.
He turned out of his bunk; the Cook still tossed,

One of the other two spoke in his sleep,
A cockroach scuttled where the moonbeam crossed;
Outside there was the ship, the night, the deep.
“It is worth while,” the youth said; “I will keep
To my resolve, I’ll learn to paint all this.
My Lord, my God, how beautiful it is!”
Outside was the ship’s rush to the wind’s hurry,

A resonant wire-hum from every rope,
The broadening bow-wash in a fiery flurry,
The leaning masts in their majestic slope,
And all things strange with moonlight: filled with hope
By all that beauty going as man bade,
He turned and slept in peace. Eight bells were made.
THE HORN
Even now they shifted suits of sails; they bent
The storm-suit ready for the expected time;
The mighty wester that the Plate had lent
Had brought them far into the wintry clime.
At dawn, out of the shadow, there was rime,
The dim Magellan Clouds were frosty clear,
The wind had edge, the testing-time was near.
And then he wondered if the tales were lies

Told by old hands to terrify the new,
For, since the ship left England, only twice
Had there been need to start a sheet or clew,
Then only royals, for an hour or two,
And no seas broke aboard, nor was it cold.
What were these gales of which the stories told?
The thought went by. He had heard the Bosun tell

Too often, and too fiercely, not to know
That being off the Horn in June is hell:
Hell of continual toil in ice and snow,
Frostbitten hell in which the westers blow
Shrieking for days on end, in which the seas
Gulf the starved seamen till their marrows freeze.
Such was the weather he might look to find,

Such was the work expected: there remained
Firmly to set his teeth, resolve his mind,
And be the first, however much it pained,
And bring his honour round the Horn unstained,
And win his mates’ respect; and thence, untainted,
Be ranked as man however much he painted.
He drew deep breath; a gantline swayed aloft

A lower topsail, hard with rope and leather,
Such as men’s frozen fingers fight with oft
Below the Ramirez in Cape Horn weather.
p
The arms upon the yard hove all together,
Lighting the head along; a thought occurred
Within the painter’s brain like a bright bird:
That this, and so much like it, of man’s toil,

Compassed by naked manhood in strange places,
Was all heroic, but outside the coil
Within which modern art gleams or grimaces;
That if he drew that line of sailors’ faces
Sweating the sail, their passionate play and change,
It would be new, and wonderful, and strange.
That that was what his work meant; it would be

A training in new vision, a revealing
Of passionate men in battle with the sea,
High on an unseen stage, shaking and reeling;
And men through him would understand their feeling,
Their might, their misery, their tragic power,
And all by suffering pain a little hour;
High on the yard with them, feeling their pain,

Battling with them; and it had not been done.
He was a door to new worlds in the brain,
A window opening letting in the sun,
A voice saying, “Thus is bread fetched and ports won,
And life lived out at sea where men exist
Solely by man’s strong brain and sturdy wrist.”
So he decided, as he cleaned his brasses,

Hearing without, aloft, the curse, the shout
Where the taut gantline passes and repasses,
Heaving new topsails to be lighted out.
It was most proud, however self might doubt,
To share man’s tragic toil and paint it true.
He took the offered Fate: this he would do.
That night the snow fell between six and seven

That night the snow fell between six and seven,
A little feathery fall so light, so dry,
An aimless dust out of a confused heaven,
Upon an air no steadier than a sigh;
The powder dusted down and wandered by
So purposeless, so many, and so cold,
Then died, and the wind ceased and the ship rolled.
Rolled till she clanged, rolled till the brain was tired,
Marking the acme of the heaves, the pause
While the sea-beauty rested and respired,
Drinking great draughts of roller at her hawse.
Flutters of snow came aimless upon flaws.
“Lock up your paints,” the Mate said, speaking light:
“This is the Horn; you’ll join my watch to-night!”
THE SOUTH-WEST WIND

All through the windless night the clipper rolled
In a great swell with oily gradual heaves
Which rolled her down until her time-bells tolled,
Clang, and the weltering water moaned like beeves.
The thundering rattle of slatting shook the sheaves,
Startles of water made the swing ports gush,
The sea was moaning and sighing and saying “Hush!”
It was all black and starless. Peering down

Into the water, trying to pierce the gloom,
One saw a dim, smooth, oily glitter of brown
Heaving and dying away and leaving room
For yet another. Like the march of doom
Came those great powers of marching silences;
Then fog came down, dead-cold, and hid the seas.
They set the Dauber to the foghorn. There

He stood upon the poop, making to sound
Out of the pump the sailors’ nasal blare,
Listening lest ice should make the note resound.
She bayed there like a solitary hound
Lost in a covert; all the watch she bayed.
The fog, come closelier down, no answer made.
Denser it grew, until the ship was lost.

The elemental hid her; she was merged
In mufflings of dark death, like a man’s ghost,
New to the change of death, yet thither urged.
Then from the hidden waters something surged—
Mournful, despairing, great, greater than speech,
A noise like one slow wave on a still beach.
Mournful, and then again mournful, and still

Out of the night that mighty voice arose;
The Dauber at his foghorn felt the thrill.
Who rode that desolate sea? What forms were those?
Mournful, from things defeated, in the throes
Of memory of some conquered hunting-ground,
Out of the night of death arose the sound.
“Whales!” said the mate. They stayed there all night long
Answering the horn. Out of the night they spoke,
Defeated creatures who had suffered wrong,
But were still noble underneath the stroke.
They filled the darkness when the Dauber woke;
The men came peering to the rail to hear,
And the sea sighed, and the fog rose up sheer.
So the night past, but then no morning broke—

Only a something showed that night was dead.
A sea-bird, cackling like a devil, spoke,
And the fog drew away and hung like lead.
Like mighty cliffs it shaped, sullen and red;
Like glowering gods at watch it did appear,
And sometimes drew away, and then drew near.
Like islands, and like chasms, and like hell,

But always mighty and red, gloomy and ruddy,
Shutting the visible sea in like a well;
Slow heaving in vast ripples, blank and muddy,
Where the sun should have risen it streaked bloody.
The day was still-born; all the sea-fowl scattering
Splashed the still water, mewing, hovering, clattering.
Then Polar snow came down little and light,

Till all the sky was hidden by the small,
Most multitudinous drift of dirty white
Tumbling and wavering down and covering all;
Covering the sky, the sea, the clipper tall,
Furring the ropes with white, casing the mast,
Coming on no known air, but blowing past.
And all the air seemed full of gradual moan

And all the air seemed full of gradual moan,
As though in those cloud-chasms the horns were blowing
The mort for gods cast out and overthrown,
Or for the eyeless sun plucked out and going.
Slow the low gradual moan came in the snowing;
The Dauber felt the prelude had begun.
The snowstorm fluttered by; he saw the sun
Show and pass by, gleam from one towering prison
Into another, vaster and more grim,
Which in dull crags of darkness had arisen
To muffle-to a final door on him.
The gods upon the dull crags lowered dim,
The pigeons chattered, quarrelling in the track.
In the south-west the dimness dulled to black.
Then came the cry of “Call all hands on deck!”

The Dauber knew its meaning; it was come:
Cape Horn, that tramples beauty into wreck,
And crumples steel and smites the strong man dumb.
Down clattered flying kites and staysails: some
Sang out in quick, high calls; the fairleads skirled,
And from the south-west came the end of the world.
WE THEREFORE COMMIT OUR BROTHER.

Night fell, and all night long the Dauber lay
Covered upon the table; all night long
The pitiless storm exulted at her prey,
Huddling the waters with her icy thong.
But to the covered shape she did no wrong.
He lay beneath the sailcloth. Bell by bell
The night wore through; the stars rose, the stars fell.
Blowing most pitiless cold out of clear sky

The wind roared all night long; and all night through
The green seas on the deck went washing by,
Flooding the half-deck; bitter hard it blew.
But little of it all the Dauber knew;
The sopping bunks, the floating chests, the wet,
The darkness, and the misery, and the sweat.
He was off duty. So it blew all night,

And when the watches changed the men would come
Dripping within the door to strike a light
And stare upon the Dauber lying dumb,
And say, “He come a cruel thump, poor chum.”
Or, “He’d a-been a fine big man”; or, “He ...
A smart young seaman he was getting to be.”
Or, “Damn it all, it’s what we’ve all to face!...

I knew another fellow one time ...” then
Came a strange tale of death in a strange place
Out on the sea, in ships, with wandering men.
In many ways Death puts us into pen.
The reefers came down tired and looked and slept.
Below the skylight little dribbles crept.
Along the painted woodwork, glistening, slow,

Following the roll and dripping, never fast,
But dripping on the quiet form below,
Like passing time talking to time long past.
p g g gp
And all night long “Ai, ai!” went the wind’s blast,
And creaming water swished below the pale,
Unheeding body stretched beneath the sail.
At dawn they sewed him up, and at eight bells

They bore him to the gangway, wading deep,
Through the green-clutching, white-toothed water-hells
That flung his carriers over in their sweep.
They laid an old red ensign on the heap,
And all hands stood bare-headed, stooping, swaying,
Washed by the sea while the old man was praying
Out of a borrowed prayer-book. At a sign

They twitched the ensign back and tipped the grating.
A creamier bubbling broke the bubbling brine.
The muffled figure tilted to the weighting;
It dwindled slowly down, slowly gyrating.
Some craned to see; it dimmed, it disappeared;
The last green milky bubble blinked and cleared.
“Mister, shake out your reefs,” the Captain called.

“Out topsail reefs!” the Mate cried; then all hands
Hurried, the great sails shook, and all hands hauled,
Singing that desolate song of lonely lands,
Of how a lover came in dripping bands,
Green with the wet and cold, to tell his lover
That Death was in the sea, and all was over.
Fair came the falling wind; a seaman said

The Dauber was a Jonah; once again
The clipper held her course, showing red lead,
Shattering the sea-tops into golden rain.
The waves bowed down before her like blown grain;
Onwards she thundered, on; her voyage was short,
Before the tier’s bells rang her into port.
Cheerly they rang her in those beating bells

Cheerly they rang her in, those beating bells,
The new-come beauty stately from the sea,
Whitening the blue heave of the drowsy swells,
Treading the bubbles down. With three times three
They cheered her moving beauty in, and she
Came to her berth so noble, so superb;
Swayed like a queen, and answered to the curb.
Then in the sunset’s flush they went aloft,

And unbent sails in that most lovely hour,
When the light gentles and the wind is soft,
And beauty in the heart breaks like a flower.
Working aloft they saw the mountain tower,
Snow to the peak; they heard the launchmen shout;
And bright along the bay the lights came out.
And then the night fell dark, and all night long
The pointed mountain pointed at the stars,
Frozen, alert, austere; the eagle’s song
Screamed from her desolate screes and splintered scars.
On her intense crags where the air is sparse
The stars looked down; their many golden eyes
Watched her and burned, burned out, and came to rise.
Silent the finger of the summit stood,

Icy in pure, thin air, glittering with snows.
Then the sun’s coming turned the peak to blood,
And in the rest-house the muleteers arose.
And all day long, where only the eagle goes,
Stones, loosened by the sun, fall; the stones falling
Fill empty gorge on gorge with echoes calling.
Selections from
THE DAFFODIL FIELDS.

I
Between the barren pasture and the wood
There is a patch of poultry-stricken grass,
Where, in old time, Ryemeadows’ Farmhouse stood,
And human fate brought tragic things to pass.
A spring comes bubbling up there, cold as glass,
It bubbles down, crusting the leaves with lime,
Babbling the self-same song that it has sung through time.
Ducks gobble at the selvage of the brook,

But still it slips away, the cold hill-spring,
Past the Ryemeadows’ lonely woodland nook
Where many a stubble gray-goose preens her wing,
On, by the woodland side. You hear it sing
Past the lone copse where poachers set their wires,
Past the green hill once grim with sacrificial fires.
Another water joins it; then it turns,

Runs through the Ponton Wood, still turning west,
Past foxgloves, Canterbury bells, and ferns,
And many a blackbird’s, many a thrush’s nest;
The cattle tread it there; then, with a zest
It sparkles out, babbling its pretty chatter
Through Foxholes Farm, where it gives white-faced cattle water.
Under the road it runs, and now it slips

Past the great ploughland, babbling, drop and linn,
To the moss’d stumps of elm trees which it lips,
And blackberry-bramble-trails where eddies spin.
Then, on its left, some short-grassed fields begin,
Red-clayed and pleasant, which the young spring fills
With the never-quiet joy of dancing daffodils.
There are three fields where daffodils are found;

The grass is dotted blue-gray with their leaves;
Their nodding beauty shakes along the ground
Up to a fir-clump shutting out the eaves
p p g
Of an old farm where always the wind grieves
High in the fir boughs, moaning; people call
This farm The Roughs, but some call it the Poor Maid’s Hall.
There, when the first green shoots of tender corn

Show on the plough; when the first drift of white
Stars the black branches of the spiky thorn,
And afternoons are warm and evenings light,
The shivering daffodils do take delight,
Shaking beside the brook, and grass comes green,
And blue dog-violets come and glistening celandine.
And there the pickers come, picking for town

Those dancing daffodils; all day they pick;
Hard-featured women, weather-beaten brown,
Or swarthy-red, the colour of old brick.
At noon they break their meats under the rick.
The smoke of all three farms lifts blue in air
As though man’s passionate mind had never suffered there.
And sometimes as they rest an old man comes,

Shepherd or carter, to the hedgerow-side,
And looks upon their gangrel tribe, and hums,
And thinks all gone to wreck since master died;
And sighs over a passionate harvest-tide
Which Death’s red sickle reaped under those hills,
There, in the quiet fields among the daffodils.
THE RIVER.
The steaming river loitered like old blood
On which the tugboat bearing Michael beat,
Past whitened horse bones sticking in the mud.
The reed stems looked like metal in the heat.
Then the banks fell away, and there were neat;
Red herds of sullen cattle drifting slow.
A fish leaped, making rings, making the dead blood flow.
Wormed hard-wood piles were driv’n in the river bank,

The steamer threshed alongside with sick screws
Churning the mud below her till it stank;
Big gassy butcher-bubbles burst on the ooze.
There Michael went ashore; as glad to lose
One not a native there, the Gauchos flung
His broken gear ashore, one waved, a bell was rung.
The bowfast was cast off, the screw revolved,

Making a bloodier bubbling; rattling rope
Fell to the hatch, the engine’s tune resolved
Into its steadier beat of rise and slope;
The steamer went her way; and Michael’s hope
Died as she lessened; he was there alone.
The lowing of the cattle made a gradual moan.
He thought of Mary, but the thought was dim;

That was another life, lived long before.
His mind was in new worlds which altered him.
The startling present left no room for more.
The sullen river lipped, the sky, the shore
Were vaster than of old, and lonely, lonely.
Sky and low hills of grass and moaning cattle only.
THE RETURN.
Soon he was at the Foxholes, at the place
Whither, from over sea, his heart had turned
Often at evening-ends in times of grace.
But little outward change his eye discerned;
A red rose at her bedroom window burned,
Just as before. Even as of old the wasps
Poised at the yellow plums; the gate creaked on its hasps
And the white fantails sidled on the roof

Just as before; their pink feet, even as of old,
Printed the frosty morning’s rime with proof.
Still the zew-tallat’s thatch was green with mould;
The apples on the withered boughs were gold.
Men and the times were changed: “And I,” said he,
“Will go and not return, since she is not for me.
“I’ll go, for it would be a scurvy thing

To spoil her marriage, and besides, she cares
For that half-priest she married with the ring.
Small joy for me in seeing how she wears,
Or seeing what he takes and what she shares.
That beauty and those ways: she had such ways,
There in the daffodils in those old April days.
So with an impulse of good will he turned,

Leaving that place of daffodils; the road
Was paven sharp with memories which burned;
He trod them strongly under as he strode.
At the Green Turning’s forge the furnace glowed;
Red dithying sparks flew from the crumpled soft
Fold from the fire’s heart; down clanged the hammers oft.
That was a bitter place to pass, for there

Mary and he had often, often stayed
To watch the horseshoe growing in the glare.
It was a tryst in childhood when they strayed.
y y y
There was a stile beside the forge; he laid
His elbows on it, leaning, looking down.
The river-valley stretched with great trees turning brown.
Infinite, too, because it reached the sky,

And distant spires arose and distant smoke;
The whiteness on the blue went stilly by;
Only the clinking forge the stillness broke.
Ryemeadows brook was there; The Roughs, the oak
Where the White Woman walked; the black firs showed
Around the Occleve homestead, Mary’s new abode.
A long, long time he gazed at that fair place,

So well remembered from of old; he sighed.
“I will go down and look upon her face,
See her again, whatever may betide.
Hell is my future; I shall soon have died,
But I will take to hell one memory more;
She shall not see nor know; I shall be gone before;
“Before they turn the dogs upon me, even.

I do not mean to speak; but only see.
Even the devil gets a peep at heaven;
One peep at her shall come to hell with me;
One peep at her, no matter what may be.”
He crossed the stile and hurried down the slope.
Remembered trees and hedges gave a zest to hope.
* * * *
A low brick wall with privet shrubs beyond
Ringed in The Roughs upon the side he neared;
Eastward some bramble bushes cloaked the pond;
Westward was barley-stubble not yet cleared.
He thrust aside the privet boughs and peered.
The drooping fir trees let their darkness trail
Black like a pirate’s masts bound under easy sail.
The garden with its autumn flowers was there;

The garden with its autumn flowers was there;
Few that his wayward memory linked with her.
Summer had burnt the summer flowers bare,
But honey-hunting bees still made a stir.
Sprigs were still bluish on the lavender,
And bluish daisies budded, bright flies poised;
The wren upon the tree-stump carolled cheery-voiced.
He could not see her there. Windows were wide,

Late wasps were cruising, and the curtains shook.
Smoke, like the house’s breathing, floated, sighed;
Among the trembling firs strange ways it took.
But still no Mary’s presence blessed his look;
The house was still as if deserted, hushed.
Faint fragrance hung about it as if herbs were crushed.
Fragrance that gave his memory’s guard a hint

Of times long past, of reapers in the corn,
Bruising with heavy boots the stalks of mint,
When first the berry reddens on the thorn.
Memories of her that fragrance brought. Forlorn
That vigil of the watching outcast grew;
He crept towards the kitchen, sheltered by a yew.
The windows of the kitchen opened wide.

Again the fragrance came; a woman spoke;
Old Mrs. Occleve talked to one inside.
A smell of cooking filled a gust of smoke.
Then fragrance once again, for herbs were broke;
Pourri was being made; the listener heard
Things lifted and laid down, bruised into sweetness, stirred.
While an old woman made remarks to one

Who was not the beloved: Michael learned
That Roger’s wife at Upton had a son,
And that the red geraniums should be turned;
A hen was missing, and a rick was burned;
Our Lord commanded patience; here it broke;
The window closed, it made the kitchen chimney smoke.
Steps clacked on flagstones to the outer door;

A dairymaid, whom he remembered well,
Lined, now, with age, and grayer than before,
Rang a cracked cow-bell for the dinner-bell.
He saw the dining-room; he could not tell
If Mary were within: inly he knew
That she was coming now, that she would be in blue.
Blue with a silver locket at the throat,

And that she would be there, within there, near,
With the little blushes that he knew by rote,
And the gray eyes so steadfast and so dear,
The voice, pure like the nature, true and clear,
Speaking to her belov’d within the room.
The gate clicked, Lion came: the outcast hugged the gloom,
Watching intently from below the boughs,

While Lion cleared his riding-boots of clay,
Eyed the high clouds and went within the house.
His eyes looked troubled, and his hair looked gray.
Dinner began within with much to say.
Old Occleve roared aloud at his own joke.
Mary, it seemed, was gone; the loved voice never spoke.
Nor could her lover see her from the yew;

She was not there at table; she was ill,
Ill, or away perhaps—he wished he knew.
Away, perhaps, for Occleve bellowed still.
“If sick,” he thought, “the maid or Lion will
Take food to her.” He watched; the dinner ended.
The staircase was not used; none climbed it, none descended.
“Not here,” he thought; but wishing to be sure,

He waited till the Occleves went to field,
Then followed, round the house, another lure,
Using the well-known privet as his shield.
He meant to run a risk; his heart was steeled.
He knew of old which bedroom would be hers;
He crouched upon the north front in among the firs.
The house stared at him with its red-brick blank,

Its vacant window-eyes; its open door,
With old wrought bridle ring-hooks at each flank,
Swayed on a creaking hinge as the wind bore.
Nothing had changed; the house was as before,
The dull red brick, the windows sealed or wide:
“I will go in,” he said. He rose and stepped inside.
None could have seen him coming; all was still;

He listened in the doorway for a sign.
Above, a rafter creaked, a stir, a thrill
Moved, till the frames clacked on the picture line.
“Old Mother Occleve sleeps, the servants dine,”
He muttered, listening. “Hush.” A silence brooded.
Far off the kitchen dinner clattered; he intruded.
Still, to his right, the best room door was locked.

Another door was at his left; he stayed.
Within, a stately timepiece ticked and tocked
To one who slumbered breathing deep; it made
An image of Time’s going and man’s trade.
He looked: Old Mother Occleve lay asleep,
Hands crossed upon her knitting, rosy, breathing deep.
He tiptoed up the stairs which creaked and cracked.

The landing creaked; the shut doors, painted gray,
Loomed, as if shutting in some dreadful act.
The nodding frames seemed ready to betray.
The east room had been closed in Michael’s day,
Being the best; but now he guessed it hers;
The fields of daffodils lay next it past the firs
The fields of daffodils lay next it, past the firs.
Just as he reached the landing, Lion cried,

Somewhere below, “I’ll get it.” Lion’s feet
Struck on the flagstones with a hasty stride,
“He’s coming up,” thought Michael, “we shall meet,”
He snatched the nearest door for his retreat,
Opened with thieves’ swift silence, dared not close,
But stood within, behind it. Lion’s footsteps rose,
Running two steps at once, while Michael stood,

Not breathing, only knowing that the room
Was someone’s bedroom smelling of old wood,
Hung with engravings of the day of doom.
The footsteps stopped; and Lion called, to whom?
A gentle question, tapping at a door,
And Michael shifted feet, and creakings took the floor.
The footsteps recommenced, a door-catch clacked;

Within an eastern room the footsteps passed.
Drawers were pulled loudly open and ransacked,
Chattels were thrust aside and overcast.
What could the thing be that he sought? At last
His voice said, “Here it is.” The wormèd floor
Creaked with returning footsteps down the corridor.
The footsteps came as though the walker read,

Or added rows of figures by the way;
There was much hesitation in the tread;
Lion seemed pondering which, to go or stay;
Then, seeing the door, which covered Michael, sway,
He swiftly crossed and shut it. “Always one
For order,” Michael muttered; “Now be swift, my son.”
The action seemed to break the walker’s mood;

The footsteps passed downstairs, along the hall,
Out at the door and off towards the wood.
“Gone ” Michael muttered “Now to hazard all ”
Gone, Michael muttered. Now to hazard all.
Outside, the frames still nodded on the wall.
Michael stepped swiftly up the floor to try
The door where Lion tapped and waited for reply.
It was the eastmost of the rooms which look

Over the fields of daffodils; the bound
Scanned from its windows is Ryemeadows brook,
Banked by gnarled apple trees and rising ground.
Most gently Michael tapped; he heard no sound,
Only the blind-pull tapping with the wind;
The kitchen-door was opened; kitchen-clatter dinned.
A woman walked along the hall below,

Humming; a maid, he judged; the footsteps died,
Listening intently still, he heard them go,
Then swiftly turned the knob and went inside.
The blind-pull at the window volleyed wide;
The curtains streamed out like a waterfall;
The pictures of the fox-hunt clacked along the wall.
No one was there; no one; the room was hers.

A book of praise lay open on the bed;
The clothes-press smelt of many lavenders,
Her spirit stamped the room; herself was fled.
Here she found peace of soul like daily bread,
Here, with her lover Lion; Michael gazed;
He would have been the sharer had he not been crazed.
He took the love-gift handkerchief again;

He laid it on her table, near the glass,
So opened that the broidered name was plain;
“Plain,” he exclaimed, “she cannot let it pass.
It stands and speaks for me as bold as brass.
My answer, my heart’s cry, to tell her this,
That she is still my darling; all she was she is.
“S h ill k tl t th t h
“So she will know at least that she was wrong,
That underneath the blindness I was true.
Fate is the strongest thing, though men are strong;
Out from beyond life I was sealed to you.
But my blind ways destroyed the cords that drew;
And now, the evil done, I know my need;
Fate has his way with those who mar what is decreed.
“And now, good-bye.” He closed the door behind him,

Then stept, with firm swift footstep down the stair,
Meaning to go where she would never find him;
He would go down through darkness to despair.
Out at the door he stept; the autumn air
Came fresh upon his face; none saw him go.
“Good-bye, my love,” he muttered; “it is better so.”
Soon he was on the high road, out of sight

Of valley and farm; soon he could see no more
The oast-house pointing finger take the light
As tumbling pigeons glittered over; nor
Could he behold the wind-vane gilded o’er,
Swinging above the church; the road swung round.
“Now, the last look,” he cried: he saw that holy ground.
“Good-bye,” he cried; he could behold it all,

Spread out as in a picture; but so clear
That the gold apple stood out from the wall;
Like a red jewel stood the grazing steer.
Precise, intensely coloured, all brought near,
As in a vision, lay that holy ground.
“Mary is there,” he moaned, “and I am outward bound.
“I never saw this place so beautiful,

Never like this. I never saw it glow.
Spirit is on this place; it fills it full.
So let the die be cast; I will not go.
But I will see her face to face and know
From her own lips what thoughts she has of me;
And if disaster come: right; let disaster be.”
Back, by another way, he turned. The sun

Fired the yew-tops in the Roman woods.
Lights in the valley twinkled one by one,
The starlings whirled in dropping multitudes.
Dusk fingered into one earth’s many moods,
Back to The Roughs he walked; he neared the brook;
A lamp burned in the farm; he saw; his fingers shook.
He had to cross the brook, to cross a field

Where daffodils were thick when years were young.
Then, were she there, his fortunes should be sealed.
Down the mud trackway to the brook he swung;
Then while the passion trembled on his tongue,
Dim, by the dim bridge-stile, he seemed to see
A figure standing mute; a woman—it was she.
She stood quite stilly, waiting for him there.

She did not seem surprised; the meeting seemed
Planned from all time by powers in the air
To change their human fates; he even deemed
That in another life this thing had gleamed,
This meeting by the bridge. He said, “It’s you.”
“Yes, I,” she said, “who else? You must have known; you knew
“That I should come here to the brook to see,

After your message.” “You were out,” he said.
“Gone, and I did not know where you could be.
Where were you, Mary, when the thing was laid?”
“Old Mrs. Cale is dying, and I stayed
Longer than usual, while I read the Word.
You could have hardly gone.” She paused, her bosom stirred.
“Mary, I sinned,” he said. “Not that, dear, no,”

She said; “but, oh, you were unkind, unkind,
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Note to the Student

A. STRUCTURE OF THE BOOK

The original book has been

C. ASSESSMENT – AS PER JEE (MAIN & ADVANCED) PATTERN

MULTIPLE CORRECT CHOICE TYPE QUESTIONS

COMPREHENSION TYPE QUESTIONS

INTEGER ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS

MATRIX–MATCH TYPE QUESTIONS

E. NOMENCLATURE FOLLOWED IN THE PERIODIC TABLE

Appendix A: Abundance of the elements in the earth’s crust

Appendix A Abundance of the elements in the Earth’s crust

Appendix B Melting points of the elements

Appendix C Boiling points of the elements

Appendix D Densities of solid and liquid elements

Appendix E Electronic structures of the elements

Some average single bond energies and some double

Appendix G Solubilities of main group compounds in water

Appendix H Atomic weights based on 12C= 12.000

Appendix I Values of some fundamental physical constants

Appendix J Electrical resistivity of the elements at the stated temperature

Appendix K Hardness of minerals — Mohs’ scale

2. Periodic Table and Periodic Properties 27

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3.15 The Ionic Bond 104

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Comprehension Type Questions 256

7. Qualitative Salt Analysis 263

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8. Hydrogen and the Hydrides 321

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9.8 Oxosalts – Carbonates, Bicarbonates, Nitrates, Nitrites and Sulphates 354

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Size of atoms and ions 390

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Inert pair effect 417

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3.15 The Ionic Bond 104