Core Fundamentals Java Developers Must Know
Core Fundamentals Java Developers Must Know
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The index in the array (buckets) is calculated using:
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Here, � is the bucket array size, and ���� is the computed hash value.
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The bucket corresponding to the computed index is accessed.
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If the bucket is empty, a new node is created for the key-value pair.
If a collision occurs:
Java 8 uses chaining with a linked list to store multiple nodes in the bucket.
If the bucket size exceeds 8 nodes, the linked list is converted to a balanced binary tree for
improved performance.
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When the number of elements exceeds 75% of the bucket array size (default load
factor),HashMap resizes itself by:
Doubling the array size.
Recomputing bucket indices for existing keys.
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HashMap in Java 8 is highly optimized, offering O(1) average time complexity with tree-based
collision handling for improved performance in worst-case scenarios.
Concepts every Java Developer should aware of Author – Paras Gupta
String literals are efficient for static and reusable text, but they’re not always the best choice.
Here’s where they fall short (and how you can fix them with StringBuilder or StringBuffer):
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Concatenating strings in a loop creates multiple intermediate objects, consuming more memory
and processing time.
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If your application involves frequent string modifications or dynamic construction, consider
replacing string literals with StringBuilder or StringBuffer to improve efficiency and reduce
memory overhead.
Concepts every Java Developer should aware of Author – Paras Gupta
In Java, ������ ��������� optimizes memory usage by storing a single copy of each unique
string in the ������ ����, allowing identical strings to share the same memory reference.
The ������ ���, introduced in Java 8, transforms data processing with ����������� ���
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���� ������, Streams ���’� �� ������.
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Flexible for custom data.
Slight overhead.
Takeaway:
The ������ ��� is perfect for ����� �������� and �������� ����������.
Use ��( ), ������( ), and ������ ���������� for clean, modern Java code.
Concepts every Java Developer should aware of Author – Paras Gupta
In Java, the relationship between hashCode and equals is critical for the proper functioning of
hash-based collections like HashMap and HashSet.
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If two objects are equal (equals()), they must have the same hashCode().
Ensures objects are stored in the same bucket in hash-based collections.
If two objects are not equal (equals()), their hashCode() doesn’t need to differ.
However, different hashCode() values improve performance by minimizing hash collisions.
Consistency matters!
The hashCode value should remain unchanged as long as the object’s state (used in equality)
does not change.
6. lambdas in Java are "syntactic sugar" for anonymous inner classes". Right or Wrong?
This misconception arises because both lambdas and anonymous inner classes allow inline
implementation of functional interfaces. Developers often focus on their similar functionality
and overlook the significant differences under the hood.
However, ������� ��� ���� ���� ���� ���� ��������� �����! Here's why:
1. �� �������� ����� �����: Lambdas don’t generate new .class files like anonymous inner
classes. Instead, they are implemented dynamically at runtime using the invokedynamic
instruction.
3. �������� ���������: Lambdas efficiently capture variables from their enclosing scope
(effectively final variables), unlike anonymous inner classes that require explicit references.
4. ��������� ��������: The bytecode for lambdas is lightweight, relying on dynamic method
invocation, which makes them faster and reduces boilerplate.
5. ���������� ����������� �����: Lambdas seamlessly integrate with the Streams API and
other functional constructs, enabling concise, declarative, and modern Java programming.
What’s your take on lambdas? Have they transformed the way you write Java code?
Concepts every Java Developer should aware of Author – Paras Gupta
Java 8 transformed Java into a hybrid paradigm language by introducing functional programming
capabilities.
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Enabled writing concise and inline functions, reducing boilerplate code.
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Introduced @FunctionalInterface for single-method interfaces like Runnable and Comparator.
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Allowed declarative and parallel processing of collections with operations like filter(), map(), and
reduce().
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Simplified reusing existing methods as lambdas using :: syntax.
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Addressed NullPointerException by providing a safer way to handle null values.
Impact:
Java 8 modernized the language, making it concise, functional, and efficient for modern
application development.
Concepts every Java Developer should aware of Author – Paras Gupta
Yes, after Java 8, interfaces gained more capabilities, narrowing the gap between abstract
classes and interfaces.
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Use �������� ������� for shared state/behavior or "base class" structures.
Use ���������� for defining contracts or when multiple inheritance is needed.
Modern Java has blurred the lines, but your use case defines the choice!
Concepts every Java Developer should aware of Author – Paras Gupta
9. Want code that’s easier to maintain, scales effortlessly, and is a joy to work on?
The SOLID principles are a game-changer for writing clean, maintainable, and extensible object-
oriented software.
Understanding the static Keyword in Java – Key Use Cases & Tips �
1.Static Variables
A single copy of the variable is shared across all objects of the class.
Use Case: Tracking shared information like the number of objects created.
Point to Remember:
static variables can be used in any method (static or non-static).
Non-static variables cannot be accessed inside static methods — it will throw a compile-time
error.
2.Static Methods
Can be called without creating an object.
Use Case: Frequently used utility methods like mathematical calculations or string utilities.
Point to Remember:
The keywords this and super cannot be used inside static methods since they rely on object
instances.
3.Static Blocks
Executed once when the class is loaded into memory.
Use Case: Initializing static variables or loading configurations before any method runs.
Point to Remember:
Static blocks execute even before the main() method.
Useful for pre-loading configurations or setting up constants.
Advantages of Static
Saves Memory: Only one copy exists for the class.
Easy Access: No need to create objects to access static members.
Boosts Performance: Perfect for frequently accessed utilities like constants or helpers.
Thank You