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Core Fundamentals Java Developers Must Know

The document outlines essential concepts for Java developers, including the internal workings of HashMap, limitations of string literals, string interning, Java Stream API, and the hashCode and equals contract. It also discusses the evolution of Java 8, the differences between abstraction and interfaces post-Java 8, the importance of SOLID principles for maintainable code, and the use of the static keyword. These topics provide a comprehensive understanding of key Java features and best practices for effective programming.

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suresh
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© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
0% found this document useful (0 votes)
3 views

Core Fundamentals Java Developers Must Know

The document outlines essential concepts for Java developers, including the internal workings of HashMap, limitations of string literals, string interning, Java Stream API, and the hashCode and equals contract. It also discusses the evolution of Java 8, the differences between abstraction and interfaces post-Java 8, the importance of SOLID principles for maintainable code, and the use of the static keyword. These topics provide a comprehensive understanding of key Java features and best practices for effective programming.

Uploaded by

suresh
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Concepts every Java Developer should aware of Author – Paras Gupta

1. Explain the Internal Working of HashMap.

HashMap is one of the most widely used data structures in Java.

Here's how it works internally:


�. ���� �����������
The hash of a key is computed using its hashCode() method to ensure that keys are distributed
efficiently across buckets.

�. ����� �����������
The index in the array (buckets) is calculated using:
����� = (� - �) & ����
Here, � is the bucket array size, and ���� is the computed hash value.

�. ������ ������
The bucket corresponding to the computed index is accessed.

�. ������ �������
If the bucket is empty, a new node is created for the key-value pair.

If a collision occurs:
Java 8 uses chaining with a linked list to store multiple nodes in the bucket.
If the bucket size exceeds 8 nodes, the linked list is converted to a balanced binary tree for
improved performance.

�. ���������
When the number of elements exceeds 75% of the bucket array size (default load
factor),HashMap resizes itself by:
Doubling the array size.
Recomputing bucket indices for existing keys.

�. ���� ���������� (���� �)


Average Case: �(�) for put, get, and remove.
Worst Case: (��� �) due to tree-based collision handling.

��� ��������:
HashMap in Java 8 is highly optimized, offering O(1) average time complexity with tree-based
collision handling for improved performance in worst-case scenarios.
Concepts every Java Developer should aware of Author – Paras Gupta

2. Brief the Limitations of String Literals in Java(And How to Fix Them!)

String literals are efficient for static and reusable text, but they’re not always the best choice.
Here’s where they fall short (and how you can fix them with StringBuilder or StringBuffer):

����������� �� ������ ��������


�������� ������ �������������
Strings in Java are immutable, meaning every modification creates a new object.
This leads to increased memory usage and reduced performance during repetitive updates.

������� ������ ������������


String literals are static and optimized at compile-time.
When strings depend on user input or runtime data, literals become inefficient as they require
creating new objects.

���������� �������������
Concatenating strings in a loop creates multiple intermediate objects, consuming more memory
and processing time.

��� ���: ��� ������������� �� ������������


StringBuilder: The faster, non-thread-safe option for single-threaded operations.
StringBuffer: The thread-safe option for multi-threaded environments.
For dynamic, repetitive, or large-scale string operations, these classes provide better
performance by modifying the same object instead of creating new ones.

��� ��������:
If your application involves frequent string modifications or dynamic construction, consider
replacing string literals with StringBuilder or StringBuffer to improve efficiency and reduce
memory overhead.
Concepts every Java Developer should aware of Author – Paras Gupta

3. Understand String Interning for Non-Literal Strings in Java.

In Java, ������ ��������� optimizes memory usage by storing a single copy of each unique
string in the ������ ����, allowing identical strings to share the same memory reference.

But what about ���-������� �������?


When strings are created dynamically (e.g., via concatenation or the new keyword), they are
stored on the ����, not the ������ ����, and are not interned automatically.

��� �����() ������


The ������() method is used to explicitly add non-literal strings to the ������ ����.
If the string ������� ������, it returns the pooled reference.
If not, it adds the string to the pool and returns the reference.

��� ��� ������ ���������?


������ ������������: Reuses identical strings, reducing memory usage.
�����������: Enables faster comparisons using ��������� �������� (==).
��������� ������������: Ideal for ������� ����, handling ����� ��������, or managing
���������� �������.
Concepts every Java Developer should aware of Author – Paras Gupta

4. Level up with Java Stream API

The ������ ���, introduced in Java 8, transforms data processing with ����������� ���
���������� �����������.

��� �����:
���� ������, Streams ���’� �� ������.

������� �� ���(most common used):


���( ): Transform elements.
�����( ): Remove unwanted data.
�����( ): Sort elements.
������( ): Perform actions (e.g., print).

������ ���������� (e.g., ������.���::������) reduce boilerplate.

����� �������:
�������� ���� �������:
Flexible for custom data.
Slight overhead.

�������� ���� ���� ����������:


Efficient with collections.
Overuse affects readability.

Takeaway:
The ������ ��� is perfect for ����� �������� and �������� ����������.
Use ��( ), ������( ), and ������ ���������� for clean, modern Java code.
Concepts every Java Developer should aware of Author – Paras Gupta

5. HashCode and Equals Contract

In Java, the relationship between hashCode and equals is critical for the proper functioning of
hash-based collections like HashMap and HashSet.

Let’s break it down!

��� ��������:
If two objects are equal (equals()), they must have the same hashCode().
Ensures objects are stored in the same bucket in hash-based collections.

If two objects are not equal (equals()), their hashCode() doesn’t need to differ.
However, different hashCode() values improve performance by minimizing hash collisions.

Consistency matters!
The hashCode value should remain unchanged as long as the object’s state (used in equality)
does not change.

������ ������ �� �����:


Overriding equals() but not hashCode() can break collections like HashMap.
Using mutable fields in hashCode() or equals() leads to unpredictable behavior.

���: Use IDE-generated methods or Objects.hash() to ensure consistency.


Concepts every Java Developer should aware of Author – Paras Gupta

6. lambdas in Java are "syntactic sugar" for anonymous inner classes". Right or Wrong?

This misconception arises because both lambdas and anonymous inner classes allow inline
implementation of functional interfaces. Developers often focus on their similar functionality
and overlook the significant differences under the hood.

However, ������� ��� ���� ���� ���� ���� ��������� �����! Here's why:

1. �� �������� ����� �����: Lambdas don’t generate new .class files like anonymous inner
classes. Instead, they are implemented dynamically at runtime using the invokedynamic
instruction.

2. ��������� �����������: By leveraging the LambdaMetafactory, lambdas avoid the memory


and performance overhead of creating new classes for each instance.

3. �������� ���������: Lambdas efficiently capture variables from their enclosing scope
(effectively final variables), unlike anonymous inner classes that require explicit references.

4. ��������� ��������: The bytecode for lambdas is lightweight, relying on dynamic method
invocation, which makes them faster and reduces boilerplate.

5. ���������� ����������� �����: Lambdas seamlessly integrate with the Streams API and
other functional constructs, enabling concise, declarative, and modern Java programming.

��, ��� ������� ���� ��������� �����?


While they make code more concise like syntactic sugar, their internal mechanics and
optimizations prove they are a major evolution in Java!

What’s your take on lambdas? Have they transformed the way you write Java code?
Concepts every Java Developer should aware of Author – Paras Gupta

7. Explain Why Java 8 is a Milestone in Java's Evolution.

Java 8 transformed Java into a hybrid paradigm language by introducing functional programming
capabilities.

Here are the key features that make it a game-changer:

������ �����������
Enabled writing concise and inline functions, reducing boilerplate code.

���������� ����������
Introduced @FunctionalInterface for single-method interfaces like Runnable and Comparator.

������ ���
Allowed declarative and parallel processing of collections with operations like filter(), map(), and
reduce().

������� ������� �� ����������


Enabled interfaces to have concrete method implementations for API evolution without
breaking backward compatibility.

������ ����������
Simplified reusing existing methods as lambdas using :: syntax.

�������� �����
Addressed NullPointerException by providing a safer way to handle null values.

Impact:
Java 8 modernized the language, making it concise, functional, and efficient for modern
application development.
Concepts every Java Developer should aware of Author – Paras Gupta

8. Explain the difference between abstraction and interface post-Java8.

Yes, after Java 8, interfaces gained more capabilities, narrowing the gap between abstract
classes and interfaces.

����������� �� ���������: ����'� ��� ����� ���� �?

������� ������� �� ����������


Interfaces now allow default implementations, making them backward compatible.
��� ����: Add new functionality to existing interfaces without breaking existing code.

������ ������� �� ����������


Static methods in interfaces belong to the interface itself.
��� ����: Utility methods relevant to the interface.

������� ������� �� ���������� (Java 9+)


Interfaces can define private methods for code reuse internally.
��� ����: Reduce code duplication in default or static methods.

���� ����������� ���� ������:


������������: Only abstract classes can have them.
�����: Abstract classes can hold instance variables; interfaces allow only static final constants.
�������� �����������: Interfaces support it; abstract classes do not.

���� �� ������?
Use �������� ������� for shared state/behavior or "base class" structures.
Use ���������� for defining contracts or when multiple inheritance is needed.
Modern Java has blurred the lines, but your use case defines the choice!
Concepts every Java Developer should aware of Author – Paras Gupta

9. Want code that’s easier to maintain, scales effortlessly, and is a joy to work on?

Start with SOLID principles!

The SOLID principles are a game-changer for writing clean, maintainable, and extensible object-
oriented software.

Here’s a quick guide to help you build robust systems:


� - Single Responsibility Principle (SRP):
Each class should do only one thing and have one reason to change.
Tip: Break large classes into smaller ones, each handling a single responsibility.

� - Open/Closed Principle (OCP):


Classes should be open for extension but closed for modification.
Tip: Use abstraction (e.g., interfaces) and inheritance to add functionality without touching
existing code.

� - Liskov Substitution Principle (LSP):


Subtypes must be usable without altering the behavior of the program.
Tip: Avoid overriding base class methods in a way that changes expected functionality. Test with
the base type!

� - Interface Segregation Principle (ISP):


Clients should not be forced to depend on methods they don’t use.
Tip: Design smaller, specific interfaces rather than large, monolithic ones.

� - Dependency Inversion Principle (DIP):


Depend on abstractions, not concrete implementations.
Tip: Leverage dependency injection to decouple high-level modules from low-level ones.

Why SOLID Matters:


✔Makes code cleaner and easier to understand.
✔Reduces bugs and simplifies testing.
✔Encourages better team collaboration by improving structure.
✔Prepares your project for future growth and change.
Concepts every Java Developer should aware of Author – Paras Gupta

10. Explain the static Keyword in Java.

Understanding the static Keyword in Java – Key Use Cases & Tips �

1.Static Variables
A single copy of the variable is shared across all objects of the class.
Use Case: Tracking shared information like the number of objects created.
Point to Remember:
static variables can be used in any method (static or non-static).
Non-static variables cannot be accessed inside static methods — it will throw a compile-time
error.

2.Static Methods
Can be called without creating an object.
Use Case: Frequently used utility methods like mathematical calculations or string utilities.
Point to Remember:
The keywords this and super cannot be used inside static methods since they rely on object
instances.

3.Static Blocks
Executed once when the class is loaded into memory.
Use Case: Initializing static variables or loading configurations before any method runs.
Point to Remember:
Static blocks execute even before the main() method.
Useful for pre-loading configurations or setting up constants.

Advantages of Static
Saves Memory: Only one copy exists for the class.
Easy Access: No need to create objects to access static members.
Boosts Performance: Perfect for frequently accessed utilities like constants or helpers.
Thank You

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