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Artificial neural networks-optimization

Artificial neural networks (ANN) are computational models that learn from complex data using layers of interconnected neurons. The learning process involves adjusting synaptic weights to minimize a cost function, often using optimization algorithms like gradient descent, which has limitations that advanced techniques aim to address. Techniques such as momentum, learning rate scheduling, and adaptive learning rates enhance gradient descent, with optimizers like Adam and RMSprop providing effective solutions for training neural networks.

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2 views

Artificial neural networks-optimization

Artificial neural networks (ANN) are computational models that learn from complex data using layers of interconnected neurons. The learning process involves adjusting synaptic weights to minimize a cost function, often using optimization algorithms like gradient descent, which has limitations that advanced techniques aim to address. Techniques such as momentum, learning rate scheduling, and adaptive learning rates enhance gradient descent, with optimizers like Adam and RMSprop providing effective solutions for training neural networks.

Uploaded by

jrn.begum
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Artificial neural networks (ANN) are computational

models inspired by the functioning of the human brain,


capable of learning from complex, nonlinear data. A neural
network is composed of elementary units called neurons,
which receive input signals from other units or external
sources, process them via an activation function and
transmit them as output to other units. Neurons are
organized into layers, which can be of three types: input
layer, hidden layer and output layer. The input layer
receives the data to be analyzed, the hidden layer performs
the processing operations, and the output layer returns the
learning results. A neural network can have one or more
hidden layers, depending on its complexity.
The learning process of a neural network consists of
modifying the synaptic weights, i.e. the numerical values
that regulate the intensity of the connection between two
neurons. The goal is to minimize a cost function, which
measures the discrepancy between the desired output and
the actual output of the network. To do this, optimization
algorithms are used, which update the synaptic weights
according to the gradient of the cost function with respect to
the weights themselves. The gradient indicates the direction
and direction of the maximum slope of the function, and
therefore the opposite direction to that in which it must move
to reach the minimum. An example of an optimization
algorithm is the gradient descent (GD), which calculates
the gradient on all training data and updates the weights with
a step proportional to the negative gradient.
However, gradient descent has some disadvantages,
including:

 The need to choose a fixed value for the learning


rate, which can affect the speed and quality of
convergence.
 Sensitivity to data noise, which can cause
oscillations or deviations from the global minimum.

 The difficulty in treating non-convex functions or


with many local minimums.

For these reasons, more advanced optimization


techniques have been developed, which we will try to
illustrate in the next paragraphs.

Techniques for improving gradient descent

In neural network optimization, there are several techniques


aimed at improving gradient descent, the fundamental
algorithm for training models. The goal is to make
convergence faster and more stable, avoiding problems such
as local minimum and gradient instability.
Some of the most common techniques to improve gradient
descent include:

 Momentum: Adding a momentum term to the


weight update helps to break local lows and
accelerates convergence. The momentum term
tracks the accumulation of past gradients and
influences the current update based on this historical
information.

 Learning Rate Scheduling: consists of dynamically


changing the learning rate during training. This can
be done by gradually reducing the rate of learning
over the ages or in response to certain conditions,
such as a plateau in the loss function. An example of
a scheduling algorithm is ReduceLROnPlateau,
which reduces the learning rate when model
improvement stops.
 Adaptive Learning Rate: This technique adjusts the
learning rate based on the gradients calculated for
weights. For example, the AdaGrad algorithm adapts
the learning rate to each weight based on their
gradient history, reducing the rate for weights that
receive higher updates and vice versa.

 Batch Normalization: Batch normalization is a


technique that normalizes the input values of each
training batch, ensuring an average of zero and a
standard deviation of one. This stabilizes data
distribution and accelerates convergence.

 Weight Initialization: a correct initialization of the


weights of neurons is essential for an effective
descent of the gradient. A good practice is to select
random initializations of weights that satisfy certain
properties, such as limited variance and update
symmetry.

Optimizers :

 Adam: A widely used optimizer, combining adaptive


momentum and learning rate refresh. It is effective in
most neural model training problems.

 RMSprop: a useful optimizer to deal with problems


with dispersed gradients. Adapt the learning rate for
weights based on their gradient history.

 SGD (Stochastic Gradient Descent): a basic


optimizer that can be effective with a properly
regulated learning rate. It is based on gradient
estimation using a random subset of the training
data.
These techniques can be combined and adapted according to
the specific needs of model training, allowing for more
efficient and stable gradient descent during neural network
optimization.

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