Process Writing

Process writing is a method of writing that focuses

on the steps or stages involved in producing a well-
organized and polished piece of writing. It
emphasizes planning, drafting, revising, and
editing. Here’s a breakdown of the process writing
approach:
Prewriting
Purpose: Brainstorm and organize ideas.
Techniques:
Mind mapping
Listing
Freewriting
Asking questions like Who? What? Where? When?
Why?
Drafting
Purpose: Write the first version of your text.
Focus on getting your ideas down without worrying
about grammar or structure.
Revising
Purpose: Improve the content and organization of
your writing.
Look for: Clarity and coherence, Logical flow of
ideas, Strong introductions and conclusions,
Necessary details
Editing
Purpose: Correct grammar, spelling, punctuation,
and formatting.
Check for: Sentence structure, Word choice,
Consistency in tone and style
Publishing (or Finalizing)
Purpose: Share your final draft, whether it’s a
school assignment, blog post, or professional
report.
Prewriting is the first stage in the writing process.
It involves gathering and organizing ideas before
you start writing your draft. This stage helps clarify
your thoughts and ensures your writing has a clear
focus.
Steps in Prewriting

1. Understand the Purpose

Why are you writing? Is it to inform, persuade,
entertain, or explain something?
Identify your target audience.
2. Choose a Topic For Paragraph
Select a subject that interests you and fits the
purpose of your writing.
Narrow down broad topics into specific ones to
make your writing focused. Topic should not be too
narrow or too broad.
Your paragraph must be between 5-10 sentences.
3. Brainstorm Ideas
Brainstorming is a way of gathering ideas
about a topic. When you brainstorm,
write down every idea that comes to you.
Use techniques like:
Mind Mapping: Create a visual diagram of your
ideas.
Listing: Write down everything that comes to mind
about the topic.
Freewriting: Write freely for a set time to
generate ideas without worrying about structure or
grammar. Most free writing exercise takes short
term, like 5-10 mins. It helps you fluency. When
you free write, you do need to worry about
accuracy. Don’t check your dictionary and don’t
stop if you make a mistake.
4.Editing
After you have gathered ideas, you’ll need to go
back and edit them. This is the time to choose
which ideas are the most interesting and the
most relevant to your topic. Of course, you can
still add new ideas if you think of something else
while you re-reading your list.

Paragraph is a group of sentences about a single

topic. Together the sentences of paragraph explain
the writer’s main idea about topic. In academic
writing, a paragraph is often between 5-10
sentences long. But It can be shorter or longer ,
depending on the topic.
The structure of a paragraph typically includes
three main parts: the topic sentence, supporting
sentences, and a concluding sentence. This
structure ensures the paragraph is clear, focused,
and well-organized.

Topic Sentence
Definition: It’s usually the first sentence of it, it’s
the most general one. It tells the reader what the
paragraph is about and writer’s main idea or
opinion
Supporting Sentences
Definition: Sentences that explain, expand, or
provide evidence for the topic sentence. The
purpose is Adding details, examples, or facts to
support the main idea. It Includes examples, data,
or reasons. Use transition words like firstly, for
example, in addition, moreover.
Concluding Sentence
Definition: A sentence that summarizes the
paragraph or reinforces the main idea. It brings the
paragraph to a logical end. Restate the topic in a
new way and Avoid introducing new information.

Paragraph development
Supporting sentences can be classified into
different types based on how they expand or
explain the main idea of a paragraph. These
sentences provide details, evidence, and depth to
make the topic sentence clear and convincing.

Types of Supporting Sentences

1. Examples
Specific instances or cases that illustrate the main
idea.
Purpose: To make the idea more relatable and
concrete.
2. Facts and Statistics
Verified information or numerical data to support
the main point.
Purpose: To add credibility and factual evidence.
3. Explanations
Provide reasons, causes, or processes to elaborate
on the topic. Purpose: To explain how or why
something happens.

Types of paragraph:
1.Descriptive Paragraph
A descriptive paragraph aims to create a vivid
image in the reader’s mind. It provides detailed
descriptions of a person, place, event, or object,
allowing the reader to “see” or “feel” what is being
described as though they are experiencing it
themselves. Uses adjective to describe the details
(shape,size, atmosphere, appearance etc).
Prepositions tell us how a space is organized.
Topic Sentence: Introduces what is being
described.
Supporting Sentences: Elaborate on the
features, characteristics, and qualities of the
subject using sensory details (sight, sound, smell,
taste, touch).
Concluding Sentence (optional): A final
reflection or summary of the description.
Process Paragraph
A process paragraph explains how to do something
or how something works, step by step. The goal is
to guide the reader through a process or procedure
in a clear and logical manner. The steps should be
presented in a logical sequence, often using
transition words.
Topic Sentence: Introduces the process or action
to be explained.
Supporting Sentences: Breaks down the process
into clear, ordered steps. Each step should be
described with enough detail for the reader to
follow easily.
Concluding Sentence (optional): May
summarize the process or offer final thoughts.

Opinion Paragraph
An opinion paragraph is written to express the
writer’s personal views or feelings on a particular
topic. It is supported by reasons, examples, or
evidence that justifies the opinion. The purpose is
to persuade the reader to agree with the viewpoint
or at least understand the reasoning behind it.
Avoid unnecessary information, focusing only on
the key steps of the process. The writer should
state their opinion directly. Use specific examples,
facts, or personal experiences to justify the
opinion.
Topic Sentence: Clearly states the writer’s
opinion or viewpoint on a topic.
Supporting Sentences: Provide reasons,
explanations, or evidence that support the opinion.
Concluding Sentence (optional): Reaffirms the
opinion or provides a call to action.

Comparison and Contrast Paragraph

This type of paragraph compares two or more
subjects by highlighting their similarities and/or
differences. Contrast- discuss how two people,
places or things are different. The goal is to help
the reader understand how the subjects relate to
each other, either by showing how they are alike or
by pointing out their distinct characteristics.
Another way to compare is to talk about
advantages or disadvantages of topic.
Topic Sentence: States the focus of the
comparison or contrast (e.g., comparing two things
or contrasting their differences).
Supporting Sentences: Provide detailed
comparisons or contrasts using specific
characteristics, features, or aspects of the subjects
Concluding Sentence (optional): Summarizes
the main points or makes a final observation.
Comparison/Contrast Words: Use words like
similarly, likewise, and both ,too ,
neither..Nor, as+adj+as (for comparisons),
and however, in contrast, different from, not
same as, adj+er+ than, more//less+ adj+than
on the other hand (for contrasts).

Problem and Solution Paragraph

A problem and solution paragraph identifies an
issue and offers one or more solutions to address
it. The goal is to raise awareness of the problem
and suggest practical ways to resolve it. The
problem should be explained in detail, providing
the reader with a solid understanding of its
importance. Solutions should be feasible and
actionable, offering realistic ways to resolve the
problem. The first conditional is a useful way to talk
about both problems and solutions
Topic Sentence: Introduces the problem or issue.
Supporting Sentences: Detail the problem and
its implications, and then offer one or more
solutions.
Concluding Sentence (optional): May reinforce
the importance of solving the problem or provide a
call to action.

What is an essay?
An essay is a group of paragraphs written about a
single topic and a central main idea. It must have
at least 3 paragraphs, but a five paragraph essay is
a common length is a common length for academic
writing. It typically follows a structured format to
ensure clarity and coherence in presenting ideas.
The structure helps organize the content logically,
making it easier for readers to follow the writer’s
argument or narrative. Here’s an outline of the
basic structure of an essay:
1. Introduction
The introduction sets the stage for the essay,
providing background information and presenting
the main topic or argument. It should capture the
reader’s attention and lead into the main content
of the essay. It explains the topic with general
ideas. It has thesis statement. It’s usually between
5-10 sentences
Thesis Statement: A clear and concise statement
of the main point or argument of the essay. It
outlines the purpose of the essay and what the
reader can expect. The thesis is often one sentence
that summarizes the main idea. It usually comes at
or near the end of the introductory paragraph. It
gives an idea that can be discussed and explained
with supporting ideas. It’s gives author’s opinion
about the topic.
2.The main body
The body of the essay presents the main points
that support and explain the thesis. Each
paragraph should focus on one specific idea or
argument and provide evidence or examples to
back it up.
 3. Conclusion
The conclusion summarizes the main points of the
essay and restates the thesis. It wraps up the
discussion and leaves the reader with a final
thought or call to action. Summarize the main
argument or point of the essay, but in different
words. Briefly highlight the key points made in the
body paragraphs.

What is an outline?
Outlining an essay is an essential step in the
writing process, as it helps organize your ideas and
ensures your essay has a clear structure. An
outline serves as a roadmap, guiding you through
the writing process and helping you stay focused
on the main points. It begins with thesis statement
of essay and ends with the conclusion.
Benefits of Creating an Outline:
1.Organizes Thoughts: Helps you organize
your main ideas and supporting details
logically before you begin writing.
2.Saves Time: Prevents writer’s block and
confusion during the writing process, as you
already know the structure of your essay.
3.Improves Focus: keeps you focused on the
main argument or purpose of the essay,
ensuring all points are relevant to the thesis.
4.Strengthens Argument: A clear outline
ensures that each body paragraph effectively
supports the thesis and contributes to the
overall argument.

Unity and coherence are essential principles in

writing that ensure an essay or paragraph is clear,
focused, and easy for the reader to follow. While
unity refers to the connection of all ideas to a
single topic and focus of an idea, coherence relates
to how smoothly the ideas are connected and flow
together.
 Unity in writing means that every sentence or
idea in a paragraph or essay supports and
develops the main idea (typically introduced in the
topic sentence or thesis statement). The paragraph
or essay should stay focused on a single idea or
argument. Only way to keep unity in an essay is to
edit the outline for ideas that are not relevant to
the thesis statement or topic statement.

Coherence refers to the logical flow of ideas in a

paragraph or essay. The ideas should be connected
in a way that makes sense to the reader, and there
should be smooth transitions between sentences
and paragraphs.
Use Transition Words/Devices: Words like first,
next, however, therefore, in addition, and for
example help guide the reader through the flow of
ideas.
Pronouns and Substitutes: Use pronouns (he,
she, it, they) or synonyms to avoid repeating the
same nouns and to keep ideas connected.