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ID3 Algorithm

The ID3 algorithm, developed by Ross Quinlan, is a decision tree generation method that uses a top-down greedy approach to select attributes based on information gain. While it produces understandable prediction rules and fast, short trees, it can suffer from overfitting and is less effective with continuous data. The algorithm involves calculating entropy, selecting the best attribute, and recursively building the tree until all data is classified.

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3 views

ID3 Algorithm

The ID3 algorithm, developed by Ross Quinlan, is a decision tree generation method that uses a top-down greedy approach to select attributes based on information gain. While it produces understandable prediction rules and fast, short trees, it can suffer from overfitting and is less effective with continuous data. The algorithm involves calculating entropy, selecting the best attribute, and recursively building the tree until all data is classified.

Uploaded by

mstdsproject2023
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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ID3 Algorithm:

ID3 stands for Iterative Dichotomiser 3 . This Algorithm is used to generate a decision tree.
The ID3 algorithm was invented by Ross Quinlan. Quinlan was a computer science researcher
in data mining, and decision theory.
ID3 employs top-down induction of decision tree. Attribute selection is the fundamental step to
construct a decision tree.
ID3 employs a top-down greedy search through the space of possible decision trees.
The algorithm is called greedy because the highest values are always picked first and there is no
backtracking.
The steps in ID3 algorithm are as follows:
1.Calculate entropy for dataset.
2.For each attribute/feature.
2.1. Calculate entropy for all its categorical values.
2.2. Calculate information gain for the feature.
3.Find the feature with maximum information gain.
4.Repeat it until we get the desired tree.
characteristics of ID3 algorithm:
1.ID3 uses a greedy approach that's why it does not guarantee an optimal solution; it can get
stuck in local optimums.
2.ID3 can overfit to the training data (to avoid overfitting, smaller decision trees should be
preferred over larger ones).
3.This algorithm usually produces small trees, but it does not always produce the smallest
possible tree.
4.ID3 is harder to use on continuous data (if the values of any given attribute is continuous, then
there are many more places to split the data on this attribute, and searching for the best value to
split by can be time consuming).
Algorithm:

Algorithm:
•Create a root node for the tree

• If all examples are positive, Return the single-node tree Root, with label = +.
• If all examples are negative, Return the single-node tree Root, with label = -.
• If number of predicting attributes is empty, then Return the single node tree Root, with
label = most common value of the target attribute in the examples.
•Else

– A = The Attribute that best classifies examples.


– Decision Tree attribute for Root = A.
– For each possible value, vi, of A,
• Add a new tree branch below Root, corresponding to the test A = vi.
• Let Examples(vi), be the subset of examples that have the alue vi for A
• If Examples(vi) is empty
– Then below this new branch add a leaf node with label = most common target value in the
examples
• Else below this new branch add the subtree ID3 (Examples(vi),
Target_Attribute, Attributes – {A})
• End
• Return Root

Advantage of ID3:
• Understandable prediction rules are created from the training data.
• Builds the fastest tree.
• Builds a short tree.
• Only need to test enough attributes until all data is classified.
• Finding leaf nodes enables test data to be pruned, reducing number of tests.
Disadvantage of ID3:
• Data may be over-fitted or overclassified, if a small sample is tested.
• Only one attribute at a time is tested for making a decision.
• Classifying continuous data may be computationally expensive, as many trees must be
generated to see where to break the continuity.
Formalizing the Learning Problem:
As you’ve seen, there are several issues that we must take into account when formalizing the
notion of learning.
• The performance of the learning algorithm should be measured on unseen “test” data.
• The way in which we measure performance should depend on the problem we are trying to
solve.
• There should be a strong relationship between the data that our algorithm sees at training time
and the data it sees at test time.
Loss function:

In order to accomplish this, let’s assume that someone gives us a loss function, of two
arguments. The job of ` is to tell us how “bad” a system’s prediction is in comparison to the truth.
In particular, if y is the truth and yˆ is the system’s prediction, then is a measure of error.
For three of the canonical tasks discussed above, we might use the following loss functions:

Note that the loss function is something that you must decide on based on the goals of learning.

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