International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD)

Volume 8 Issue 6, Nov-Dec 2024 Available Online: www.ijtsrd.com e-ISSN: 2456 – 6470

IoT-Based Weather Tracker with Data Logging Systems

Samrat Dutta
Student, M.Sc. Computer Science, Department of Computer Science and Engineering,
University of Calcutta, Kolkata, West Bengal, India

ABSTRACT How to cite this paper: Samrat Dutta

Weather data is crucial for analysing and predicting natural "IoT-Based Weather Tracker with Data
calamities. Accurate weather data collected over large areas with Logging Systems" Published in
precision can help not only in predicting rainfall, storms, etc. but also International
Journal of Trend in
aid farmers in planning the watering of their crops. This data is vital
Scientific Research
for weather stations, meteorological departments, aviation, marine and Development
industries, and the agricultural industry. The proposed project (ijtsrd), ISSN:
consists of two modules created with sensors and microcontrollers: a 2456-6470,
Weather Tracker Transmitter (WTT) module and a Weather Tracker Volume-8 | Issue-6, IJTSRD72710
Receiver (WTR) module. The WTT collects various real-time December 2024,
weather data, such as temperature, humidity, air pressure, pp.871-885, URL:
precipitation, altitude, GPS data, latitude, and longitude, and www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd72710.pdf
transmits this data wirelessly to the WTR module using 2.4GHz radio
waves. The project aims to collect weather data over large areas with Copyright © 2024 by author (s) and
International Journal of Trend in
very high precision using the WTT module, transmit it wirelessly to
Scientific Research and Development
the WTR module, and provide this data in a CSV file stored on an SD Journal. This is an
card for future analysis and prediction. The project also uploads the Open Access article
collected data to a server for visualisation on mobile and web distributed under the
applications. Compared to other devices, this system is capable of terms of the Creative Commons
collecting real-time weather data over very large distances, with up to Attribution License (CC BY 4.0)
3,124 WTT modules. These modules could be spread over a 7 km (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0)
radius from the WTR module to collect weather and other
environmental data.
KEYWORDS: IoT, Data Logging, Weather, Microcontrollers,
BME280 Sensor, NEO-6M GPS

1. INTRODUCTION
1.1. Domain Description Manual observations are also taken into consideration
The weather has always had a significant influence on [3, 4].
people's lives, shaping their cultures, habits, attitudes, All these collected data are then sent to
behaviours, and environments in general. Weather
meteorological centres, where various computer
monitoring traditionally relies on ground-based models are used to analyse the data and predict
weather stations equipped with both mechanical and weather conditions. These predictions are based on an
digital sensors. These stations use thermometers, understanding of historical data and are often very
barometers, hygrometers, anemometers, wind vanes, accurate, although they sometimes fail. Once the
and rain gauges. Weather balloons, filled with helium, predictions are made, they are disseminated to the
are launched into the atmosphere to collect weather public through various channels, including television,
data and carry similar instruments. Additional radio, internet websites, and more [1, 5]. The entire
methods for collecting traditional weather data process of determining whether it will be a cloudy or
include satellites, weather radars, and more. While sunny day, or whether there will be any chances of
these methods are effective and accurate, precipitation, involves a complex journey. It starts
they come with high installation and maintenance with collecting data using the aforementioned
costs. Among the various weather parameters, the
methods, organising it, and transmitting it to the
most important ones affecting our daily lives are meteorological centres. There, the data is analysed,
temperature, humidity, air pressure, precipitation, and and predictions are made and then communicated to
altitude. Collecting these data with precision leads to the public.
more accurate predictions of future weather events.

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1.2. Motivation and Scope of Work monitoring (temperature, humidity, rainfall,
In earlier times, people used manual methods to atmospheric pressure) via NodeMCU and Arduino
understand the weather and collect data. Farming IDE. Data is transmitted to the cloud via serial
practices, in particular, were based on traditional monitor and IP address, visualised on a web server
knowledge and repeated at regular intervals. using HTTP protocol. This setup offers universal
access to weather data, aiding informed decision-
However, weather patterns change annually,
making with publicly available, accurate information.
necessitating updated practices. Accurate real-time
The system aims to enhance weather monitoring in
data collection is essential for making informed
Gorakhpur, surpassing traditional methods in
decisions, which is challenging with both expensive
performance and accessibility.
methods and cheap manual methods [1]. Achieving
the right balance is the goal of the Weather Tracker The authors in [2], proposed a smart weather
with Data Logging project. Today, many digital reporting system that leverages web-based climate
sensors can collect the aforementioned weather data parameter monitoring, allowing users to directly
with high accuracy and at a low cost. By combining access real-time weather details without relying on a
these sensors with microcontrollers—integrated weather forecasting agency. It integrates temperature,
circuits designed to govern specific operations in humidity, and rainfall sensors to monitor and report
embedded systems—we can collect weather data, weather statistics continuously. The system utilises
transmit it to a base station, and process it. The sensors to gather data, which is processed by a
collected data is often used for prediction through microcontroller and transmitted to an online web
machine learning, requiring an organised format. This server via Wi-Fi for live updates. Users can set alerts
can be achieved by saving the data into a CSV file. for specific conditions, receiving notifications if
Microcontrollers enable the collection, transmission, weather parameters exceed predefined values.
and storage of weather data in CSV files on SD cards, Additionally, the system includes a soil moisture
which can be very useful to those needing weather monitoring feature that updates moisture levels and
and environmental data. The Internet of Things (IoT) charts on platforms like ThingSpeak, offering an
is also beneficial when integrated with the system. A efficient IoT-based solution for weather reporting and
microcontroller like the ESP32, which has a built-in soil monitoring.
WiFi module, leverages IoT capabilities. IoT makes The authors in [3], proposed a system that is an
virtually everything "smart" by enhancing aspects of advanced IoT-based solution for weather monitoring,
our lives through the power of data collection, AI offering real-time data accessibility over a wide
algorithms, and networks. The IoT process begins range. It monitors various weather and climate
with devices themselves, such as smartphones, parameters such as temperature, humidity, wind
smartwatches, and electronic appliances like TVs and speed, moisture, light intensity, UV radiation, and
washing machines, which communicate with the IoT
carbon monoxide levels using multiple sensors. Data
platform (Smith, 2021) [9]. IoT allows the collected from these sensors is transmitted to a web page where
data to be uploaded to a web server and visualised it is displayed as graphical statistics, accessible
through mobile or web applications from anywhere in globally and useful for future reference. An
the world. This enables the automation of many tasks accompanying mobile app provides alerts for sudden
based on real-time data collection.
weather changes. For complex weather forecasts,
These collected data can help farmers understand beyond sensor capabilities, an API analyses sensor
when to water their crops more or less, predict data to predict outcomes accurately and can be
precipitation levels, and much more. Fields such as accessed anytime and anywhere. The system's
weather forecasting, disaster management, energy compact design with minimal moving parts ensures
management, military operations, transportation, low maintenance and its energy-efficient components
construction, research, and education, among others, can be solar-powered, making it cost-effective
can benefit from the collected data. This is a cheaper compared to existing solutions. This system promises
and quicker solution compared to traditional methods significant benefits for meteorological departments,
for providing useful and accurate weather data. weather stations, aviation, marine industries, and
agriculture, enhancing monitoring capabilities across
2. Background of Existing Literature
The authors in [1], proposed a system that addresses various sectors.
the challenge of understanding live environmental The authors in [4], proposed a project that leverages
conditions using IoT-based real-time weather IoT technology to develop a weather monitoring and
monitoring in the Gorakhpur Region. It employs a reporting system aimed at enhancing the accuracy and
client-server architecture with two-tiered sensor reliability of weather data. Using sensors and IoT

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devices, the system collects real-time data on weather temperature, humidity, moisture, and rainfall levels. It
conditions like temperature and humidity. This data is addresses the limitations of SMS-based systems,
then analysed to generate precise weather reports, which are restricted in the number of recipients and
crucial for sectors such as agriculture, aviation, and increase in time with more recipients. This system
disaster management. The goal of this real-time allows scientists and analysts worldwide to monitor
weather monitoring system is to provide timely and specific environments like volcanoes or rainforests
accurate information via web and mobile dashboards, remotely and access weather data instantly from any
empowering users to make informed decisions based location via web platforms.
on current weather conditions. The authors in [9], proposed a system that utilises IoT
The authors in [5], developed a cost-effective weather technology to collect, analyse, and distribute real-time
monitoring device using an Arduino Mega 2560 weather data efficiently. It deploys interconnected
microcontroller and various sensors, equipped with a sensors across diverse locations to monitor
real-time data logger and an LCD display. The system parameters like temperature, humidity, air pressure,
offers an on-device display, compact size, and rainfall. Data from these sensors is transmitted to
affordability, flexibility, portability, and ease of a central hub for processing using microcontrollers
operation. It aims to provide meteorological and wireless communication modules. Advanced
measurements effectively and is suitable for small- algorithms ensure data accuracy and quality, which
scale users such as farmers, travellers, aircraft are accessible via a user-friendly web application and
personnel, researchers, and institutions. The data mobile interface. The system supports scalability and
collected by the device showed good agreement with remote management through cloud-based
established sources, ensuring reliable weather architecture, providing reliable weather information
information for monitoring, analysis, and forecasting. and alerts to users globally.
Ultimately, the device aims to mitigate climate- The authors in [10], proposed a system that
induced disasters by providing accessible and revolutionises weather data collection and utilisation
accurate climate data to its users. across industries like aviation, agriculture, and
The author in [6], proposed a weather monitoring disaster management offering real-time data that
system to track dynamic climatic conditions, improves decision-making with accuracy and cost-
collecting data essential for weather forecasting and effectiveness compared to manual methods. Farmers
understanding local environmental changes. This data can optimise crop management, while industries plan
is valuable for studying global climate trends and can safer routes and disaster agencies prepare for extreme
be applied across diverse fields such as mining, events. Despite benefits, challenges include data
geology, agriculture, and meteorology. The project security risks due to wireless communication and the
focuses on developing a simple IoT-based weather maintenance needs of sensors exposed to harsh
monitoring system using Particle Photon, an Arduino- conditions, which require regular upkeep and
compatible IoT board. Developers register the Photon calibration. Addressing these ensures reliable data for
board on the Particle website, write and deploy code informed decision-making and scientific research on
using Particle's Web IDE, and wirelessly upload it to weather patterns and climate change.
the board via the Particle cloud service. This system The descriptions above effectively illustrate the
monitors temperature and humidity, providing real- integration of sensors, microcontrollers, and IoT to
time data and operational insights based on create a cost-effective, reliable, and accurate weather
programmed instructions. monitoring system. Project Weather Tracker
The author in [7], proposed a system that is an introduces an additional feature: the capability to
advanced IoT-based solution for monitoring and deploy multiple Weather Tracker Transmitter (WTT)
displaying weather conditions globally. Using modules. This enhancement sets it apart by enabling
Internet of Things technology, it connects various data collection across a wide 6km radius, significantly
sensors and devices to the Internet, enabling real-time increasing its utility. Furthermore, the integration of
monitoring and control of environmental factors such GPS allows precise mapping of latitude and longitude
as temperature, humidity, light intensity, and CO values for each data collector module, facilitating
levels. Sensor data is transmitted to a web page where detailed geographical analysis. Collecting weather
it is graphically represented, providing accessible data wirelessly over a span of 6km with GPS
updates from anywhere in the world. coordinates will enable us to analyse the data with
much greater accuracy, leading to more precise
The authors in [8], proposed a project that offers real-
predictions.
time reporting of weather conditions, including

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3. Technical Details
3.1. Software Components Required
Name Description
Arduino IDE Courtesy:
To program the microcontrollers Atmega328p and ESP32
https://www.arduino.cc/en/software
To create the circuit schematics for the transmitter and
EasyEDA Courtesy: https://easyeda.com/
receiver
draw.io To create flowcharts and block diagrams
Fusion 360 It is used for CAD. It generates ‘stl’ files of the 3D models.
(Student Version) The enclosures of the modules are made using this software.
PrushaSlicer Courtesy: It is used to generate the g-code from the ‘stl’ files for the
https://www.prusa3d.com/ 3D printer
3.2. Libraries and Packages Required
Name Description
Communication
a. Wire.h These libraries are responsible for the communication between the sensor
b. SPI.h modules and wireless transceiver modules using SPI, Serial and I2C
c. RF24.h protocols. The Software Serial library is used to convert normal GPIO pins
d. SD.h into Serial Tx and Rx pins for Serial communication.
e. SoftwareSerial.h
Sensor
a. Adafruit_Sensor.h These libraries are responsible for the data interpretation and conversion of
b. Adafruit_BME280.h raw data into necessary units from the BME280 sensor and GPS Module.
c. TinyGPSPlus.h
WiFi These libraries are responsible for establishing a connection between the
a. WiFi.h ESP32 microcontroller and the Internet using WiFi in order to upload data to
b. WiFiClient.h the Blynk Server. They also host an access point for choosing the WiFi router
c. WifiManager.h to connect.
Blynk Server This library is responsible for uploading and downloading data from the
a. BlynkSimpleEsp32.h Blynk Server.
Display This library is responsible for connecting to the LCD modules with their I2C
a. LiquidCrystal_I2C.h bus addresses and helping to print the text and custom characters in them.
Memory This library is used to manage the EEPROM of the microcontroller to store
a. EEPROM.h SSID, Passwords, and other crucial data
3.3. Hardware Needed
Name Description Specification
Arduino Nano Operating Voltage (logic
Arduino is a development board that uses the level): 5V
Courtesy: ATmegs328 microcontroller unit. It can be
8 analog input ports: A0 ~ A7
https://www.alld programmed using the inbuilt CH340 chip via USB
atasheet.com/dat protocol. It is a low-cost MCU that has ADC and 14 Digital input/output ports:
asheet- plenty of GPIO pins. It also offers inbuilt protocols Tx, Rx, D2 ~ D13
pdf/pdf/142564 like SPI, UART and I2C. It operates on 5v and has an 1 pair of TTL level serial
1/ATMEL/AT internal oscillator of 8Mhz and an external crystal transceiver ports Rx/Tx
MEGA328P.ht oscillator is used of 16MHz.
ml Using Atmega328P MCU
ESP32 The ESP32 is an MCU that comes with built-in WiFi Operating voltage: 2.3v ~ 3.6v
and Bluetooth. It has a total of 3 cores, out of which Operating current: 80mA
Courtesy: one is an efficiency core. The WiFi tasks are handled
https://www.alld by Core 0 and the programs written are executed in Clock Frequency: 80 ~ 240
atasheet.com/dat Core 1. It has an adjustable clock frequency of 80 to MHz
asheet- 240 MHz. ESP32S has a set of peripherals, ranging Flash memory: 4MB
pdf/pdf/124300 from capacitive touch sensors, hall sensors, low-
3/ESPRESSIF/E noise sense amplifiers, and communication protocols Data Rate: 54 Mbps

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SP32.html like SPI, UART, and I²C. In addition, this module SRAM Memory: 512KB
can also support data rates up to 150Mbps. Antenna Type: PCB antenna
Operating Voltage: 1.8v ~ 5v
Interface: I2C (3.4MHz)
The BME280 sensor is a versatile and precise chip
initially developed for advanced smartphone Operating Range
applications. It offers comprehensive weather data Temperature: -40 ~ 85 °C
BME 280
capabilities through an I2C interface, allowing for Humidity: 0-100%
accurate local weather predictions. Alongside
Courtesy: Pressure: 300-1100 hPa
measuring pressure and temperature with high
https://www.alld
accuracy, the BME280 also includes humidity- Resolution:
atasheet.com/dat
sensing capabilities. It supports both I2C and SPI
asheet- Temperature: +-1°C
interfaces, accommodating various connectivity
pdf/pdf/113206
needs with options for 3- or 4-wire SPI Humidity: +-3%
0/BOSCH/BME
configurations. The sensor's integration on PCB
280.html Pressure: +-1Pa
ensures reliability and ease of use in diverse
environmental monitoring and forecasting I2C Address:
applications.
SDO LOW => 0x76
SDO HIGH => 0x77
The NEO-6M GPS module is a high-performance
GPS receiver featuring a built-in 25 x 25 x 4mm
ceramic antenna, ensuring robust satellite signal Channels: 50
NEO-6M GPS
acquisition capabilities. It includes power and signal GPS L1 frequency, C/A Code
indicators for monitoring module status, and a data
Courtesy: SBAS: WAAS, EGNOS,
backup battery preserves information during
https://content.u MSAS
accidental power loss. With 3mm mounting holes, it
blox.com/sites/d
facilitates easy assembly on aircraft, enabling stable Main Chip: NEO-6M
efault/files/
flight operations such as fixed-position hovering,
products/ Sensitivity: -160 ~ 156 dBm
automatic return-to-home, and waypoint navigation.
documents/
Alternatively, it can be used in smart robot cars for Navigation Update Rate: 5Hz
NEO-
automated return or navigation to specific Avg Cold Start Time: 27 s
6_DataSheet_%
destinations, enhancing its utility in autonomous
28GPS.G6-HW- Warm Start Time: 27 s
applications. Key specifications include a default
09005%29.pdf
baud rate of 9600, module dimensions of 23mm x Maximum Speed: 500 m/s
30mm, antenna size of 12 x 12mm, and a 20mm
cable.
The DS3231 RTC module is a precise and cost-
effective real-time clock (RTC) featuring a built-in
10-bit temperature sensor with a resolution of Operating Voltage: 2.7 ~ 5.5v
DS3231 RTC
0.25°C. It utilises an integrated temperature- Battery: 2032 Coin Battery.
compensated crystal oscillator (TCXO) and crystal,
Courtesy: I2C interface
ensuring high accuracy over time. The module
https://www.alld
includes a battery input to maintain accurate Fast (400kHz) I2C Interface.
atasheet.com/
timekeeping even during power interruptions. By
datasheet- EEPROM:
integrating the crystal resonator, the device achieves
pdf/pdf/254832/ AT24C32 32Kbit Serial I2C.
enhanced long-term accuracy while simplifying
MAXIM/DS323
manufacturing processes due to reduced component 10 bit, ±3°C Accuracy and
1.html ]
count. The DS3231 RTC module is available in 0.25C resolution.
commercial and industrial temperature ranges and is
housed in a 16-pin, 300-mil SO package.
NRF24L01 This transceiver module operates on 2.4GHz radio Operating speeds: 2Mbps,
waves, enabling half-duplex communication. It
GFSK modulation efficiency,
Courtesy: operates at 3.3 volts and features both low and high
Anti-interference ability,
http://api.supply power modes. The module offers a range of

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frame.com/v1/t? approximately 900 to 1000 meters in open spaces and 125 Channels, Multi-point
d=50d38f4ap&p can transmit data packets of up to 32 bytes at once. communication
=NRF24L01PT This module is also capable of actively listening to 6
Frequency hopping to meet the
&s=NRF24L01 other modules at once. communication needs
&h=cdt7BwbtjC
VJ5X9DbLSWg Built-in hardware CRC error
&currency=&h_ detection
crc=6617936e4 Low-power 1.9 ~ 3.6V, only
8d6bff5655932f 1uA on Power down mode
71d018833
The Micro SD Card Reader Module, or Micro SD
Adapter, supports dual I/O voltages and facilitates Supports:
seamless data transfer with standard SD cards. It is Micro SD Card (<=2G), Micro
compatible with Arduino and other microcontrollers SDHC card (<=32G) (high-
through a pinout that supports the SPI interface, speed card)
Micro SD Card enabling connectivity with any SD card. The module
Operating voltage:
Reader Module operates with either 5V or 3.3V, making it suitable
for Arduino UNO/Mega. Common applications 3.3 or 5.5v
include data logging, audio, video, and graphics. Its Communication:
six pins include GND, VCC, MISO, MOSI, SCK for
SPI bus, and CS for chip select, along with a built-in Standard SPI interface.
3.3V regulator for stable Micro SD card operation.
Model: GM2004A
The 20×4 character Y-B LCD display module is a
versatile device known for its compact size and clear Resolution:
contrast, featuring a grid of 20×4 characters. Using LCD1: 20×4
Y-B technology ensures enhanced visibility from
20x4 Character LCD2: 16x2
multiple viewing angles. With 80 characters per
Y-B LCD
screen, it provides ample space to display data Operating Temperature:
Display Module
effectively. This module is widely used in electronic
projects, instrumentation, and industrial applications, -20 to 70 °C
offering reliable and informative visual output for No. of Pins: 16
diverse purposes.
Controller: SPLC780D
Both the transmitter and receiver modules are made Output Voltage: 9v or 12 v
9v or 12v Power Regulated DC
such that they can be powered with a 9-volt to 12-
Adapter
volt power supply Current: 1A
Connecting
Wires and All the connections are made with 22 to 28 AWG Wire AWG: 22 to 28
Soldering multithreaded wires
Station
PLA is polymerised lactic acid. It is very common Diameter: 1.75
PLA Filament
and easy to print 3D printing filament. Printing Temperature: 220 °C
Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM) is a popular type
of 3D printing technology known for its accessibility Build Volume:
and versatility. It works by melting thermoplastic 220 x 220 x 250 mm
filaments, such as PLA or ABS, and extruding them
layer by layer through a heated nozzle onto a build Print Accuracy: ±0.1 mm
3D Printer
platform. This process allows for the creation of Layer Thickness:
[Creality Ender
complex geometries and functional prototypes with 0.1 - 0.4 mm
3 S1 Pro ]
ease. FDM 3D printers are widely used in industries
ranging from engineering and product development Filament Diameter: 1.75 mm
to education and hobbyist applications due to their Print Speed: Up to 180 mm/s
affordability, relatively simple operation, and
capability to produce robust parts.

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4. Methodology The level is limited to 5 due to the 15-bit addressing.
4.1. Working of the Project Weather Tracker Consequently, there can be a total of 55 = 3,125
with Data Logging: modules, with 1 being the receiver and the remaining
The project consists of two main components: a series 3,124 being transmitters. An individual NRF24L01
of transmitter devices called WTT and one receiver has a range of 1000 meters in open space therefore
device called WTR. The WTT device collects various with a level of 5, we can have these 3,125 modules
weather data such as temperature, air pressure, spread over a radius of 8 kilometers.
precipitation, and humidity using the BME280 sensor 4.3. Weather Tracker Transmitter (WTT)
via the I2C protocol. The altitude is calculated using
the barometric formula and the air pressure along
with pressure at sea level. Additionally, GPS data like
latitude and longitude is captured using the NEO-6M
module, and a data packet is created after validating
its correctness. This packet with the transmitter’s
unique ID is then sent to the NRF24L01 transceiver
module using the SPI protocol. The transmitter has
the NRF24L01 configured to act solely as a
transmitter with a unique address for identification
within the network. This data is then transmitted to
the allocated receiver and eventually reaches the
receiver at the root of the network tree.
Upon receiving the packet, the WTR device validates
its correctness and processes the data. The distance
between the transmitter and the receiver is calculated
using the Haversine formula. This data is displayed Figure 2.1: Weather Tracker Transmitter
on two LCD screens and also sent to the Blynk server (WTT) module circuit schematic (Courtesy:
for visualisation through mobile and web EasyEDA)
applications. The data is also logged into an SD card
into a CSV file for future analysis. Additionally, the Algorithm (WTT Module):
receiver module includes an RTC module that keeps Step 1: Initialise the BME280 sensor and establish the
track of time even when the power is off. I2C connection at address 0x76.
4.2. NRF24L01 Network Step 2: Initialise the NEO-6M GPS modules and wait
till Satellites are visible [if we do not find any
satellites, we proceed to the next step by trying to
establish a Satellite connections.]
Step 3: Read relative humidity, temperature and air
pressure from the BME280 sensor using the I2C
protocol. Read the precipitation status using the rain
sensor. Read latitude, longitude and satellite count
from the NEO-6M module using Serial protocol
(baud rate 9600)
Step 4: Calculate altitude using the current air
Figure 1: NRF24L01 Network pressure and pressure at sea level.
The NRF24L01 can actively listen to up to six other
NRF24L01 modules in either transmitter or receiver Step 5: Create a data packet and store all the above
mode using its six pipes. In our project, there is only data.
one receiver and multiple transmitters, with all nodes Step 6: Transmit the data packet to the NRF24L01
except the root configured as transmitters. Therefore, module using the SPI protocol.
the root node can actively listen to up to six
transmitters, and each of these transmitters can listen Step 7: After one successful transmission of data,
to up to five other transmitters further down the tree. repeat from step 3.

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Algorithm (WTR Module):
Step 1: Initialise the NEO-6M GPS modules and wait
till Satellites are visible [if we do not find any
satellites, we proceed to the next step by trying to
establish a Satellite connections.]
Step 2: Initialise the LCD modules
Step 3: Initialise the SD card module and if there is
no ‘data.csv’ file present, create one.
Step 4: Establish a connection to the WiFi router
using the last saved SSID and Password from the
EEPROM
Step 5: If the connection to the WiFi is not successful,
Figure 2.2: Weather Tracker Transmitter then host an access point for the user to connect to a
(WTT) flow chart (Courtesy: Draw.io) new WiFi router or available networks for the
Internet.
4.4. Altitude Calculation using the Barometric
Formula Step 6: Establish a connection to the Blynk Server [if
We can use the barometric formula to calculate we are unable to do so after a few tries, we proceed to
altitude using the current air pressure. The formula the next step but we keep trying to establish the
relates the pressure at a given altitude to the pressure connection afterwards too]
at sea level, the temperature, and other constants. A Step 7: Listen to the radio for incoming data packets.
simplified version of the barometric formula for
calculating altitude in meters is Step 8: When data packets are received, process them
h = L/T0 * (1 − (P0/P) R*L/g*M) and check if they are valid or not.
h is the altitude in meters Step 9: If data packets are corrupted, go to step 4.
T0 is the standard temperature at sea level in Kelvin, Step 10: Calculate the distance between the latitude
typically 288.15 K and longitudes of the transmitter and the receiver’s
latitude and longitude using the Haversine formula if
L is the temperature lapse rate in the atmosphere,
GPS data is valid.
typically 0.0065 K/m
Step 11: Display all the received data on the LCD
P is current air pressure, in Pascal
screens.
P0 is standard sea level pressure, 101325 Pascals
Step 12: If it is time to log data into the SD card, then
R is universal gas constant, 8.3144598 J/(mol·K) send this data packet to the SD card module using SPI
g is the acceleration due to gravity, 9.80665 m/s² protocol and append the data to the ‘data.csv’ file
M is molar mass of Earth's air, 0.0289644 kg/mol Step 13: Send all these data to the Blynk Server if the
4.5. Weather Tracker Receiver (WTR) connection is established.
Step 14: Look for any button presses. If found then
display the settings menu to allow the user to
configure the device.
Step 15: Routine check to ensure all modules are still
connected to the Receiver and are working. Go to step
7.

Figure 3.1: Weather Tracker Receiver circuit

schematic (Courtesy: EasyEDA)

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 International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development @ www.ijtsrd.com eISSN: 2456-6470

Figure 4.2: Transmitter Enclosure (Body) after

3D Printing [ 3D Printer used: Ender 3 S1 Pro ]
Dimension: 104mm x 104mm x 2mm
Figure 3.2: Weather Tracker Receiver flow
chart (Courtesy: Draw.io)
4.6. Haversine Formula for Distance Calculation
The Haversine formula is used to calculate the great-
circle distance between two points on the surface of a
sphere given their latitudes and longitudes. This
formula is beneficial for calculating distances on the
Earth. The formula is:
a = sin2(Δϕ/2) + cos(ϕ1) * cos(ϕ2) * sin2(Δλ/2)
c = 2 * atan2 (√a, √(1−a)) Figure 5.1: Transmitter Enclosure (Body) [CAD
software: Fusion 360 (Student Version)]
d=R*c
Φ1 and Φ2 are the latitudes of the two points in
radians.
λ1 and λ2 are the longitudes of the two points in
radians.
Δϕ = ϕ2 − ϕ1 is the difference in latitude.
Δλ = λ2 − λ1 is the difference in longitude.
R is the Earth's radius (mean radius =
6,371 km).
d is the distance.
4.7. Transmitter’s enclosure Figure 5.2: Transmitter Enclosure (Lid) after 3D
Dimension: 104mm x 104mm x 33mm Printing [ 3D Printer used: Ender 3 S1 Pro ]
4.8. Receiver’s enclosure
Dimension: 150mm x 110mm x 42.2mm

Figure 4.1: Transmitter Enclosure (Body) [CAD

software: Fusion 360 (Student Version)]
Figure 6.1: Receiver Enclosure (Body) [CAD
software: Fusion 360 (Student Version)]

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 International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development @ www.ijtsrd.com eISSN: 2456-6470
providing farmers with user-friendly weather updates.
The transmitter device can even be installed into hot-
air balloons to collect weather data, with the logged
CSV file subsequently used for weather analysis.
5.2. Data Logger for Remote Exploration Robots
The transmitter module is designed to support
multiple sensor modules, which can be connected
using a simple one-wire protocol, I2C, SPI, or a serial
bus. This makes adding more sensors to the device
straightforward. Thus, the transmitter can be used
inside a robot that explores environments inaccessible
Figure 6.2: Receiver Enclosure (Body) after 3D to humans, collecting data and logging it onto an SD
Printing [ 3D printer used: Ender 3 S1 Pro ] card for future analysis.
Dimension: 150mm x 110mm x 2mm 5.3. Telemetry for drones and rockets
The transmitter can also be configured as a telemetry
device, transmitting critical data from a drone or
rocket to a base station. This includes parameters
such as temperature, altitude, and more. By
integrating this device into the vehicle, it can transmit
data while in motion. The GPS functionality helps
track the vehicle's location and velocity, ensuring
comprehensive monitoring.
5.4. Factories for monitoring different stages of
Figure 7.1: Receiver Enclosure (Lid) [CAD manufacturing
software: Fusion 360 (Student Version)] The transmitter can accurately measure temperature,
humidity, and air pressure—three critical parameters
for maintaining optimal conditions in factories to
ensure product quality. This device can be installed in
multiple locations both inside and outside the factory.
The collected data is sent to a receiver, logged onto
an SD card, and uploaded to a server. Automated
tasks, such as controlling the air conditioner,
humidifier, or heater, can be performed based on this
data to maintain a consistent environment, regardless
of external conditions.
6. Result and Discussions

Figure 7.2: Receiver Enclosure (Lid) after 3D

Printing [ 3D Printer used: Ender 3 S1 Pro ]
5. Applications
5.1. Weather Prediction
The collected data can be used for predicting weather
conditions, such as precipitation, by utilising historical
data. Numerous machine learning algorithms can be
employed to achieve this. These predictions can be
utilised for weather forecasting or as part of a home
automation system to activate an alarm when it is
about to rain. Installing additional sensors like a UV
index sensor and instruments such as an anemometer
can aid in gathering more weather data for prediction Figure 8.1: The Transmitter Circuit built into the
purposes. Moreover, the data can be advantageous in 3D Printed enclosure
fields like agriculture, automating crop irrigation and

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Figure 10.1: The Transmitter Device (WTT)

In Figure 10.1, the transmitter device is turned on, and
the red light indicates that it is searching for satellites.
When enough satellites are found to provide valid
Figure 8.2: The Transmitter (WTT) after GPS data, the red light will turn off. The temperature,
assembly humidity, air pressure, altitude, and precipitation data
are not transmitted via radio for the first 27 seconds,
as the device waits for the GPS connection to be
established. Once the connection is established, or
after 27 seconds have passed, the radio module is
activated, and the data are sent wirelessly to the
receiver module. The PCB connected to the
transmitter device is the precipitation sensor. When it
rains, water droplets on the PCB short the copper
traces, causing a voltage change. This change is
amplified by the operational amplifier module and
Figure 9.1: The Receiver Circuit built into the 3D detected as rainfall.
Printed enclosure

Figure 10.2: The Transmitter Device after

establishing a successful GPS connection

Figure 9.2: The Receiver Circuit (WTR) after Figure 11.1: The Receiver Device (WTR)
assembly

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 International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development @ www.ijtsrd.com eISSN: 2456-6470
In Figure 10, the receiver device is switched on and In Figure 12, when it rains, the receiver device
begins searching for available satellites. It will wait replaces the distance information with the text
for 27 seconds, as the cold start time for the NE0-6M "Raining." Measuring rainfall in millimetres is not
module is 27 seconds. If sufficient satellites are found possible with basic sensors, so in the CSV file, 0.0 is
within this period to provide valid GPS data, the recorded when there is no rainfall, and 1.1 is recorded
device processes the data and waits for radio signals during rainfall in the precipitation column.
from the transmitter modules (WTT). The red light on When the receiver module detects that the transmitter
the device indicates valid GPS data. Once the device device is sending data packets via radio and verifies
acquires enough GPS data, the red light turns off. their validity, only then is the data recorded onto the
SD card in a CSV file. If the transmitter module is
unable to establish a GPS connection even after the
27-second delay for a cold start, the latitude,
longitude, and distance are recorded as 0.0, 0.0, and -
1, respectively. If only the receiver device is unable to
establish a GPS connection, the distance is recorded as
-1, indicating it is invalid.

Figure 11.2: The Receiver Device after

establishing a successful connection with the
Transmitter and GPS
The models were placed on the roof of a building to
collect all the data. The transmitter device (WTT) and
the receiver device (WTR) were positioned
approximately 2 metres apart. In Figure 11.2
Figure 13.1: The Transmitter (WTT) and
‘Lat’ means Latitude of the Transmitter Device
Receiver (WTR) module set at a distance of
‘Lng’ means Longitude of the Transmitter Device approximately 2 meters
‘T’ means the temperature in Celcius
‘H’ means Relative Humidity in %
‘A’ means altitude above sea level
‘P’ means air pressure in hectopascals
‘D’ means the distance between the Transmitter
and Receiver devices.

Figure 13.2: The Transmitter (WTT) and

Receiver (WTR) module set at a distance of
approximately 2 meters

Figure 12: The Receiver device when there is

rainfall.

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Figure 14.3: The Web Dashboard

Figure 15: The ‘data.csv’ file recorded in the SD

card during the measurements taken above
Discussions:
The Weather Tracker project can collect data from
multiple geographic locations and report all the
collected data to a single receiver device for logging
Figure 14.1: The Mobile Application Dashboard into a CSV file. This approach provides the advantage
when it’s not raining of more accurate weather predictions, as it considers
data from a larger area rather than a single point. In
other references [1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 12], the proposed
systems are capable of collecting data from only one
device in one location. Having only one data-
collecting device, with the display and SD card
module integrated into the same device, requires the
operator to physically access the device, making the
installation inefficient. In this project, multiple tracker
devices can be installed on towers and rooftops,
eliminating the need for someone to be physically
present near the transmitter devices. Additionally,
implementing GPS allows the user to understand the
collected data better, as the latitude and longitude can
later be used to pinpoint the exact locations from
which the data were collected. The LCD offers a
'Menu' option that allows the user to change various
settings and configure the device. The receiver device
can also connect to any available WiFi signals with
known passwords. This project proposes the cheapest
and most efficient way of collecting weather and other
environmental data.
The transmitter device uses the ATmega328p
microcontroller, which represents data in 8-bit.
Therefore, the heavy calculations that the MCU needs
to perform could yield better results if floating point
numbers were represented with more bits.
Additionally, the antenna used is omnidirectional,
Figure 14.2: The Mobile Application Dashboard which is suitable for sending radio waves in a straight
when it’s raining linear path from the transmitter to the receiver.

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 International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development @ www.ijtsrd.com eISSN: 2456-6470
However, if the transmitter devices are installed in integrating machine learning capabilities by
regions where the transmitter antenna does not modifying the receiver with a Raspberry Pi or similar
directly point to the receiver, connection issues can device will enable autonomous data processing and
occur. This can be resolved by using a skew planar or weather prediction. Lastly, developing PCBs for both
a cloverleaf antenna. The transmitter device is transmitter and receiver circuits will ensure secure
powered by a 12V adapter, which is not ideal and can soldering of components, reducing the risk of loose
be replaced with a solar rechargeable battery system. connections, short circuits, or data loss, thus
enhancing overall system reliability and longevity.
Other models that could be used to achieve the same
results include satellite models, weather stations, References
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