Module - 1

Introduction to
Python with Data
Structure
Units for Discussion

Introduction to
Python Basics
Python Advance Data Structure
and Algorithms
using Python

Unit - 1 Unit - 2 Unit - 3

 Unit - 1

Python Basics
 DISCLAIMER
The content is curated from online/offline resources
and used for educational purpose only.
Learning Objectives
You'll learn in this unit
• Introduction to Python Programming Language
• Python IDE, different types of IDEs in Python
• Anaconda installation on windows/Linux
• Overview of Jupyter notebook
• Python variables
• Python built-in Data Types
• Operators in Python
• Different Data Structure
• Setting up Virtual Environment

Source :
www.freepik.com/
 How does a computer program work?

• A program makes a computer usable. Without a program, a computer, even the most powerful one, is
nothing more than an object. Similarly, without a player, a piano is nothing more than a wooden box.
• Computers are able to perform very complex tasks, but this ability is not innate. A computer's nature is
quite different.
• It can execute only extremely simple operations. For example, a computer cannot understand the value
of a complicated mathematical function by itself, although this isn't beyond the realms of possibility in
the near future.
• Contemporary computers can only evaluate the results of very fundamental operations, like adding or
dividing, but they can do it very fast and can repeat these actions virtually any number of times.
Natural languages vs. programming languages

Aspect Natural Language Programming Language

Definition A language used by humans for everyday A formal language comprising a set of
communication. instructions used to produce various kinds of
output, typically used to program computers.

Structure Flexible, often ambiguous, relies on Rigid, strictly defined syntax and grammar
context and grammar
Usage Human communication Writing software, algorithms, and controlling
hardware
Complexity Highly complex with a vast vocabulary and Simpler, with a limited set of keywords and rules
rules
Error Handling Humans can often infer meaning from Requires explicit error handling and debugging
context and correct errors
Processing Processed by the human brain Processed by computers using compilers or
interpreters
Error High, humans can understand and adapt Low, syntax errors must be corrected for the
Tolerance to errors program to run
Machine language vs. high-level language

Machine Language High- Level Language

• Alphabet of machine language • Bridge between humans and computers
• Simplest set of symbols for commands • More complex than machine language,
• Computer's mother tongue simpler than natural language
• Uses readable symbols, words, and
conventions
• Enables complex commands
• Source code written in high-level languages
• Source file contains the source code
Why Do We Need To Learn Python?

Source :
Reference
What is Python?
Interpretation vs Compilation

Interpretation:
• The process where the source code is
translated and executed line by line by an
interpreter at runtime, without producing a
separate machine code file.
• Examples include Python, JavaScript...

Compilation:
• The process where the entire source code is
translated into machine code before execution.
This machine code is typically stored in an
executable file.
• Examples include C, C++...

Source :
Reference
Key Differences
Translation Process:
• Compiled Languages: The compiler translates the whole program at once, creating an executable.
• Interpreted Languages: The interpreter translates and executes code line by line.

Execution Speed:
• Compiled Languages: Generally faster because the entire program is translated into machine code ahead of
time.
• Interpreted Languages: Slower due to line-by-line translation during execution.

Error Detection:
• Compiled Languages: Errors are detected at compile-time, before execution.
• Interpreted Languages: Errors are detected at runtime, potentially causing failures during execution.

Portability:
• Compiled Languages: Less portable because the compiled code is platform-specific.
• Interpreted Languages: More portable since the source code is interpreted by platform-specific interpreters.
Advantages Of Python

• Presence of third-party modules.

• Extensive support libraries
• Open source and large active community base
• Versatile, easy to read, learn and write
• User-friendly data structures ​(dict, tuple, set, list
etc.)
• High-level language
• Dynamically typed language
• Object-oriented and procedural programming
language
• Portable and interactive
• Ideal for prototypes – provide more functionality
with less coding
Applications of Python

Source :
Reference
What Is IDE, Different Types Of Ides In Python

IDE stands for Integrated Development

Environment. IDE is a software package that consists
of several tools for developing and testing the
software. A software developer throughout the
Software Development Lifecycle has to use many tools
such as libraries, editors, compiling and testing tools.

Features of Python IDEs

The two distinctive features of Python IDE are given
below:

• It provides a plethora of shortcut editing functions

that are language-specific.
• It is very user-friendly and fast in terms of
functioning.
Some Popular IDEs For Python

Source :
Reference
Python Setup – Getting Started With Programming
 Lab - 1

Installation of Anaconda Navigator

Python Variables

• A variable is a container for a value. It can be

assigned a name; you can use it to refer to it later in
the program. Based on the data type of the variable.
• The interpreter allocates memory and decides what
can be stored in the reserved memory.

Source :
Reference
Rules For Variable Names:

Not allowed naming conventions are:

• Variable name cannot start with numbers (e.g. -> 0_a, 1_test )
• White spaces (blanks) cannot be present in the variable name (e.g. -> a b, my variable). The
most common practice is to fill the gap with an underscore character.
• Special sign/symbol (“+” and “-“) cannot be used in variable name (e.g. -> a+b , x-y )
• Python Reserve keyword cannot be used for naming a variable. (e.g. -> if, for, while etc)
• Variables names are case-sensitive. (e.g.-> a and A is different)
Assigning Values To Variables
Keywords In Python

Python reserves 33 keywords in 3.3 versions for its use. Keywords are case sensitive in python. You can’t use a
keyword as variable name, function name or any other identifier name. Here is the list of keywords in python.

Source :
Reference
Comments In Python

Writing the comments in Python is very easy. The

comments in Python start with the ‘#’ mark. In python
we use three types of comments:
1. Single line comments
2. Inline comments
3. Multi-line comments

Source :
Reference
Standard Data Types

The data stored in memory can be of many types. For

example, a person's age is stored as a numeric value
and his or her address is stored as alphanumeric
characters.

Python has five standard data types –

• Numbers
• String
• List
• Tuple
• Dictionary

Source :
Reference
Standard Data Types
Input() in Python

• In Python, Using the input() function, we take input

from a user, and using the print() function, we
display output on the screen.
• Using the input() function, users can give any
information to the application in the strings or
numbers format.
Python Numbers Complex numbers

• Number data types store numeric values. Number • A complex number consists of an ordered pair of
objects are created when you assign a value to real floating-point numbers denoted by x + yj, where
them. x and y are the real numbers and j is the imaginary
unit.
Python Strings

• Strings in Python are identified as a contiguous set

of characters represented in the quotation marks.
Python allows either pair of single or double quotes.
• Subsets of strings can be taken using the slice
operator ([ ] and [:] ) with indexes starting at 0 in the
beginning of the string and working their way from -1
to the end.
• The plus (+) sign is the string concatenation
operator and the asterisk (*) is the repetition
operator.
String formatting

• Strings in Python can be formatted with the use of format() method which is very versatile and powerful tool for
formatting of Strings.
• Format method in String contains curly braces {} as placeholders which can hold arguments according to
position or keyword to specify the order.
• A string can be left (<), right (>) or center(^) justified with the use of format specifiers, separated by colon (:).
Integers such as Binary, hexadecimal, etc. and floats can be rounded or displayed in the exponent form with
the use of format specifiers.
String formatting

Escape sequence:
\n – starts printing since the next line.
F-String

• The idea behind f-strings is to make string interpolation simpler, to create an f-string, prefix the string with the
letter “f ”.
• The string itself can be formatted in such the same way that you would with str.format(). F-strings provide a
concise and convenient way to embed python expressions inside string literals for formatting.

Example:
There are some basic string methods for various built-in data types:

methods Description
upper() Convert to upper case
lower() Convert to lower case
title() Convert the first letter of each word to caps
capitalize Convert first letter to caps
swapcase() Toggle case
isalpha() Return true if alphabet
isdigit() Return true if digit
isupper() Return true if upper case string
islower() Return true if string in title case
istitle() Returns true if lower case string
strip() Remove blank space from the both sides
split() Break the string into list of words
join() Join two string with given separator
Example:
Different Types Of Operators In Python

Python divides the operators in the following groups:

Arithmetic operator

Example:
Assignment operator

Example: 1 Example: 2
Comparison operator

Example: 1

Example: 2
Logical Operator

Example:
 Lab - 2
Perform Basic Operations of Python
Programming
Python List

• List are mutable datatypes(changeable).

• Lists are the most versatile of Python's compound data
types. A list contains items separated by commas and
enclosed within square brackets ([]). To some extent,
lists are similar to arrays in C. One difference between
them is that all the items belonging to a list can be of
different data type.
• The values stored in a list can be accessed using the
slice operator ([ ] and [:]) with indexes starting at 0 in the
beginning of the list and working their way to end -1. The
plus (+) sign is the list concatenation operator, and the
asterisk (*) is the repetition operator.
Syntax:
List1 = [ “Physics”, “Chemistry”, “Maths”]
Python List

• For example − Create a list and perform slicing, update operations

Python List

• Split method:
Python List

• Concatenation:
Tuples

• Tuples are Immutable datatypes(unchangeable)

• A tuple is another sequence data type that is similar to the list. A tuple consists of a number of values separated
by commas. Unlike lists, however, tuples are enclosed within parentheses.
• The main differences between lists and tuples are: Lists are enclosed in brackets ([]) and their elements and
size can be changed, while tuples are enclosed in parentheses (()) and cannot be updated. Tuples can be
thought of as read-only lists.
• For example − Create a tuple and prints slicing, concatenation etc., operations.
Tuples
Tuples

As we discussed tuple is not changeable that’s why we can't update anything in tuple
Python Dictionary

• Python's dictionaries are kind of hash table type. They work like associative arrays or hashes found in Perl
and consist of key-value pairs.
• A dictionary key can be almost any Python type but are usually numbers or strings. Values, on the other
hand, can be any arbitrary Python object.
• Dictionaries are enclosed by curly braces ({ }) and values can be assigned and accessed using square
braces ([]).
• For example − Create the blank dictionary named dict1 and dict2. Update the element in dict1 and dict2,
also print the keys and values from dict1 and dict2.
#Syntax of dictionary
dict = {“Keys” : “values”}
Python Dictionary

• For example −
Python Set

Set is an unordered collection of unique items. Set is defined by values separated by comma inside braces {}.
• Unordered
• Unchangeable
• Not allowed duplicate values
• Example- For duplicates:
Type casting

In Python, Type Casting is a process in which we

convert a literal of one type to another. Inbuilt functions
int(), float() and str() shall be used for typecasting.
• int() can take a float or string literal as argument
and returns a value of class 'int' type.
• float() can take an int or string literal as argument
and returns a value of class 'float' type.
• str() can take a float or int literal as argument and
returns a value of class 'str' type.
• For example:
Slicing in Python
Indexing in Python
• Indexing is the process of accessing an element in a
sequence using its position in the sequence (its index
).
• In Python, indexing starts from 0, which means the fir
st element in a sequence is at position 0, the second
element is at position 1, and so on.
• To access an element in a sequence, you can use sq
uare brackets [] with the index of the element you wa
nt to access.
example:
my_list = ['apple', 'banana', 'cherry', 'date']
print(my_list[0]) # output: 'apple’
print(my_list[1]) # output: 'banana'
Source :
Reference
Slicing in Python

Slicing is the process of accessing a sub-sequence of a sequence by specifying a starting and ending
index. In Python, you perform slicing using the colon : operator.
The syntax for slicing is as follows:

sequence[start_index:end_index]

where start_index is the index of the first element in the sub-sequence and end_index is the index of the
last element in the sub-sequence (excluding the element at the end_index). To slice a sequence, you can
use square brackets [] with the start and end indices separated by a colon.
For example:
my_list = ['apple', 'banana', 'cherry', 'date’]
print(my_list[1:3]) # output: ['banana', 'cherry']
 Lab - 3

Perform Different Data Structures of

Python Programming
Setting up Virtual Environment in Anaconda

What is a Virtual Environment?

• A virtual environment is an isolated environment that allows you
to manage dependencies for a specific project without interfering
with other projects.
• It ensures that each project can have its own set of dependencies,
regardless of what dependencies every other project has.

Benefits
• Isolation: Separate dependencies for each project.
• Consistency: Avoids version conflicts.
• Reproducibility: Easy to replicate environments.

Key Tools
• virtualenv: Create isolated Python environments.
• ipykernel: Use virtual environments as Jupyter kernels.
 Lab - 4

Setting up Virtual Environment

Conclusion
• Python is a High-level, interpreted, object-oriented language and the most
popular programming language used in many real-time applications.
• Lists, Dictionaries, Tuple and Sets are different types of python data
structure.
• Python is also an object-oriented language, and it allows us to develop
applications using an Object-Oriented approach.
• Python has various modules that helps in connecting and communicating
with databases.
• List are mutable(Changeable) and tuples are immutable(Unchangeable).
• Set is a collection which is unordered, unchangeable and unindexed. Not
allows the duplicate members.
• Python is dynamically typed language that means we do not need to define
the type of variable during assigning like: int a = 2
• Extensive support of libraries.
Reference

• https://www.edureka.co/blog/variables-and-data-types-in-python/
• https://www.tutorialspoint.com/python/python_variable_types.htm
• https://data-flair.training/blogs/python-variables-and-data-types/
• https://www.programiz.com/python-programming/variables-datatypes
• https://www.tutorialspoint.com/numpy
• https://numpy.org/
• https://www.tutorialspoint.com/python_data_science
• https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/generating-random-number-list-in-python/
• https://www.w3schools.com/python/numpy/numpy_random.asp
• https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/numpy-asscalar-in-python/
• https://data-flair.training/blogs/numpy-statistical-functions/
• https://www.w3schools.in/python-tutorial/decision-making/
• https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/python-broadcasting-with-numpy-arrays/
• https://pythonexamples.org/python-type-casting/
Reference

• https://realpython.com/
• https://www.tutorialspoint.com/python/python_variable_types.htm
• https://www.tutorialspoint.com/python/python_variable_types.htm
• https://www.edureka.co/blog/variables-and-data-types-in-python/
• https://data-flair.training/blogs/python-variables-and-data-types/
• https://www.programiz.com/python-programming/variables-datatypes
• Jupyter Notebook: An Introduction – Real Python
• https://net-informations.com/python/iq/how.htm
• https://docs.python.org/3/faq/general.html#what-is-python
Let’s Start
Quiz
1. What will be the output of following code ?
i=1
while True:
if i%3 == 0:
break
print(i)

i+=1
a) 1 2 3
b) Error
c) 1 2
d) none of the mentioned

Answer: B
Error
Quiz
2. What is the method inside the class in python
language?
a) Object
b) Function
c) Attribute
d) Argument

Answer: B
Function
Quiz
3. Amongst which of the following is / are the
application areas of Python programming?

a) Web Development
b) Game Development
c) Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning
d) All of the above

Answer: D
All of the above
Quiz
4. What are the values of the following Python
expressions?

2**(3**2)
(2**3)**2
2**3**2

• a) 512, 64, 512

b) 512, 512, 512
c) 64, 512, 64
d) 64, 64, 64

Answer: A
512, 64, 512
Quiz
5. What will be the output of the following Python code?

• l = [1, 0, 2, 0, 'hello', '', []] list(filter(bool, l))

• a) [1, 0, 2, ‘hello’, ”, []]

b) Error
c) [1, 2, ‘hello’]
d) [1, 0, 2, 0, ‘hello’, ”, []]

Answer: C
[1, 2, ‘hello’]
Thank You