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Research I
Quarter 4-Module 2:
Week 2, Summation Notation and
Central Tendency of Ungrouped Data

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Department of Education ● Republic of the Philippines

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Research I - Grade 8 Science Elective
Alternative Delivery Mode
Quarter 4 - Module 2: Summation Notation and Central
Tendency of Ungrouped Data
Second Edition, 2021

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Published by the Department of Education – Division of Cebu City

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Development Team of the Module

Writer/Compiler:
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High School
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Members:
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 8
Research I
Quarter 4-Module 2:
Summation Notation and
Central Tendency of
Ungrouped Data

This instructional material was collaboratively developed and reviewed by

educators from public schools. We encourage teachers and other education
stakeholders to email their feedback, comments, and recommendations to
the Department of Education at cebu.city@deped.gov.ph.

We value your feedback and recommendations.

Department of Education ● Republic of the Philippines

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page

COVER PAGE i
COPYRIGHT PAGE ii
TITLE PAGE iii
TABLE OF CONTENTS iv

Lesson 1 – The Summation Notation

What I Need to Know 1

What I Know 1

What’s In 3

What’s New 3

What is It 4

What’s More 5

Lesson 2 – Central Tendency of Ungrouped Data

What’s In 6

What’s New 6

What is It 7

What’s More 10

What I Have Learned 11

What I Can Do 12

Assessment 12

References 14

Answer Key 15

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 What I Need to Know

In this course, you are going to work with the wonders of statistics, which
focuses on summation notation, a convenient and simple form of shorthand notation
that is used to give a concise expression of the sum of the value of the variable.
Further, you will also be learning about the central tendency of ungrouped data
which is useful in describing the data set with a single value that represents the
middle or the average of its distribution.

After going through this module, you are expected to:

1. solve problems involving summation notation;
2. enumerate the three measures of central tendency and distinguish how they
can be appropriately used for certain types of data;
3. compute the measures of central tendency of given ungrouped data;
4. explain how summation notation and measures of central tendency for
ungrouped data is useful

What I Know

MULTIPLE CHOICE
Directions: Read and analyze the following questions carefully. Choose the letter of
the correct answer. Write your answers on a separate sheet of paper.

1. A convenient and simple form of shorthand which is used to give a concise

expression of the sum of the value of the variable is called?
A. Median B. Mode C. Mean D. Summation Notation

2. Which among the symbol below represent the Greek upper-case letter for
summation?
A. 𝜇 B. S C.∞ D.Ώ

3. what does this summation notation express?

A. sum the values of x, starting at x1 and ending with xn.
B. sum the values of x, starting at x1 and ending with x10.
C. sum the values of x, starting at x3 and ending with x10.
D. sum with no value at all.

4. Any measure indicating the center of a set of data, arrange in an increasing

or decreasing order of magnitude is called __________?
A. Measure of central tendency
B. Standard measurement
C. Standard International
D. Universal standard

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 5. Which of the following data sets does not have a mean of 12?
A. 12, 11, 13 C. 12,12,12,8
B. 8, 16, 10, 14 D. 7, 12, 17

6. The mean of the data 18,18,10,18,20 is?

A. 16 B. 16.8 C. 18 D. 21

7. The median for the data 11,13,18,21,30,30,49 is?

A. 18 B. 25.5 C. 30 D. 21

8. The mode(s) for the data -20, -23, -46, -23, -49, -23, -49 is
A. -33.3 B. -49 C. -23 D. -46

9. Set of data having two values that occur twice with the same (highest)
frequency is called?
A. No mode C. Unimodal
B. Bimodal D. Multimodal

10. What is the mode(s) for the given data set: 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 13, 13, 14,
17, 17, 45?
A. 13 B. 14 C. 17 D. 45

For questions 11-13, use the daily high temperature table below to compute
for the central tendency.

Daily High Temperature ℃

34 35 31 36
31 24 33

11. The mean for the daily temperature data is?

A. 32 B. 36 C. 3.5 D. 31

12. The median for the daily temperature data is?

A. 32 B. 36 C. 3.5 D.31

13. The mode for the daily temperature data is?

A. 32 B. 36 C. 3.5 D.31

Do these problems, provide what is asked.

14. – 15 Daniel researched the average precipitation in several provinces. Find
the median and mode of the average precipitation.

Province Precipitation
A 58.3
B 54.5
C 50.7
D 48.9
E 60.1
F 42.2
G 32.8
E 42.2
A. Median: ______________________________
B. Mode: ________________________________

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 Lesson

1 The Summation Notation

What’s In

In studying statistics, the collection of data which involve adding of several

number is needed. The sigma symbol 𝛴, read ‘as the sum of’ is used in adding several
numbers. Summation notation is a convenient and simple form of shorthand use to
give a concise expression of the sum of the value of the variable.

What’s New

Activity 1.1: Use Summation Notation

Directions: Study and analyze the given problem below. Write your answers on a
separate sheet of paper.

Consider a controlled experiment in which the decreases in weight over a 6- month

period was 15, 10, 18, and 6 kilograms, respectively. If we designate the first record
value X1=15, the second X2=10, the third X3=18 and the last is X4=6, find

A. ∑ 𝑥
B. ∑3𝑖=1 𝑥𝑖

What is It

In the activity, you were introduced to summation notation or sigma

notation. This notation is very useful in statistics as it frequently deals with sums
and numerical values. Summation notation is used in solving or in expressing a sum
of the values of a variable in simple form.

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Summation notation involves:

 the summation sign

This appears as the symbol ∑ which is the Greek upper-case letter, S. The summation
sign, ∑, instructs us to sum the elements of a sequence. A typical element of the
sequence which is being summed appears to the right of the summation sign. The
variable of summation, i.e., the variable which is being summed
is represented by an index which is placed beneath the summation sign. The index
is often represented by i. (Other common possibilities for representation of the index
are j and t.) The index appears as the expression i = 1. The index assumes values
starting with the value on the right-hand side of the equation and ending with the
value above the summation sign.

 The starting point for the summation or the lower limit of the summation
 The stopping point for the summation or the upper limit of summation

This expression means sum the values of x, starting at x 1 and ending with xn.
The limits of summation are often understood to mean i = 1 through n. Then
the notation below and above the summation sign is omitted. Therefore, this
expression means sum the values of x, starting at 𝑋1 and ending with 𝑋𝑛 .

Examples of Summation Notation:

Suppose the ages of contestants joining the Jr. High School Investigatory Project are
15, 14, 13 and 16 years.

Find:

A. ∑ 𝑥 B. ∑(𝑥 − 2) C. ∑(𝑥)2 D. ∑ 𝑥 2

Solution:

Let x1, x2, x3 and x4 be the ages (in years) of the first, second, third and fourth
contestants, respectively. Then

𝑥1=15 𝑥1=14 𝑥1=13 𝑥1=16

A. ∑ 𝑥 = 𝑥1 +𝑥2 + 𝑥3 +𝑥4 = 15 + 14 + 13 + 16 = 58

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 B. To calculate ∑(𝑥 − 2), first we subtract 2 from each value of x and then add
the resulting values. Thus
∑(x − 2)
∑(𝑥 − 2) = (𝑥1 − 2) + (𝑥2 − 2) + (𝑥3 − 2) + (𝑥4 − 2)
= (15 − 2) + (14 − 2) + (13 − 2) + (16 − 2)
=13+12+11+14
=50

C. Note that (∑ 𝑥)2 is the square of the sum of all x values

Thus, (∑ 𝑥)2 =(58)2 =3, 364

D. The expression ∑ 𝑥 2 , we first square each of the x value and then add these
squared values. Therefore,
∑ 𝑥 2 = (15)2 +(14)2 +(13)2 +(16)2 = 225 + 196 + 169 + 256 = 846

What’s More

Activity 1.2: Sum-Up

Directions: Study and analyze the given problem below. Write your answers on a
separate sheet of paper.

Assuming the table shows the highest final grades from different sections in Grade
8.

We let x = the highest final grades from the different sections.

Sections Final Grades

Aristotle 95
Fleming 94
Acacia 92
Gimelina 90
Mahogany 91
Molave 93
Narra 91
Yakal 90

Find

a. ∑𝑥
b. ∑7𝑖=2 𝑥𝑖
c. ∑(𝑥 − 2)
d. ∑ 𝑥2

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 Lesson
The Central Tendency of
2 Ungrouped Data

What’s In

What Is Central Tendency?

Think about how you describe a single piece of numerical data. This is
usually done in terms of its value. For example, to describe the number 2, you might
put up two fingers or you might say 2 = 1 + 1. How would you describe a group of
data? It would not be beneficial to use your fingers in this instance nor is it beneficial
to simply add the data together. However, you can describe a group of data in a single
value by using measures of central tendency.
So, what exactly is a measure of central tendency? A measure of central
tendency is a single value that describes the way in which a group of data cluster
around a central value. In other words, it is a way to describe the center of a data
set. There are three measures of central tendency: the mean, the median, and the
mode. Measures of central tendency describe the way data sets are clustered in a
central value. The three measures of central tendency are mean, mode, and median.

What’s New

Activity 2.1: Define me!

Directions: Find the definition of each term in the dictionary. Complete the graphic
organizer.

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 What is It

To investigate a set of quantitative data, it is useful to define numerical

measures that describe important features of the data. One important way of
describing a group of measurement, whether it be a sample or a population, is using
an average.

Central tendency is defined as “the statistical measure that identifies a single

value as representative of an entire distribution. It aims to provide an accurate
description of the entire data. It is the single value that is most typical/representative
of the collected data. The mean, median and mode are the three commonly used
measures of central tendency.

The Mean (or the average)

Mean is an average of the given set of values. It denotes the equal distribution
of values for a given data set.

The Mean for Ungrouped Data: can be calculated as illustrated by the following
definition:

The mean for an ungrouped data is obtained by dividing the sum of all values
by the number of values in that data set.

∑𝑥
Thus, Mean for population data: 𝜇 =
𝑁

∑𝑥
Mean for sample data: 𝑥̅ =
𝑛

Where Σ is the sum of all values, N is the population size, and n is the sample size,
𝜇 is the population mean and 𝑥̅ is the sample mean.

Example:

Find the mean score of 10 students in a midterm exam in a class if their scores are:

25 27 30 23 16 27 29 14 20 28

The variable here is the scores of the students in the class, if X represents the
variable, then the values of X are

x1 = 25, x2 =27, x3 =30, x4 =23, x5 =16, x6 =27, x7 =29, x8 = 14, x9 = 20, and x10 =28

The sum of all scores is

∑ x = x1 +x2 + x3 + x4 +x5 +x6 +x7 + x8 + x9 + x10

= 25+27+30+23+16+27+29+14+20+28

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= 239

Since the given data set includes all scores of the students, it represents the
population. N = 10.

∑ x 25+27+30+16+27+29+14+20+28 239
We have x⃗= = = =23.9
n 10 10

The Median

The median of a set of observations is find by arranging the values in

increasing or decreasing order of magnitude. The median is the middle value when
the number of observations is odd, or the arithmetic mean of the two middle values
when the number of observations is even.

To find the median of a given data we need the following three steps:

1. Rank the given sets (in increasing or decreasing order)

2. Find the middle term for the ranked data sets that obtained in step 1.
3. The value of this term represents the median.

The median of the ranked data 𝑥1 , 𝑥2,………… 𝑥𝑛 is given by

𝑛+1
𝑥( ) if n is odd
2

𝑥(𝑛 𝑛
2 )+𝑥(2 +1)
if n is even
2

Example 1:

Find the median data for the set:

79 82 86 92 93

Solution: ranked in increasing data

79 82 86 92 93

Median = 86

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 5+1
Since there are 5 values in this data set, so the third term ( = 3) in the ranked
2
data is the median. Therefore, the median is

𝑛+1 5+1
Median = 𝑥 ( ) =𝑥( ) = 𝑥3 = 86
2 2

Example 2:

Find the median for the data set:

1.9 2.3 2.5 2.7 2.9 3.1

Solution: Arranged in increasing order, we get 2.5 and 2.7. therefore

1.9 2.3 2.5 2.7 2.9 3.1

Median = 2.6

Since there are six values in this data set, the median is given by the average of the
𝟔
two middle values whose rank are = 𝟑 and 3 + 1 = 4. Therefore, the median is
𝟐

n n 6 6
x ( 2 )+X( 2 +1) x(2)+x(2+1) x3 +x4 2.5+2.7
Median = = = = = 𝟐. 𝟔
2 2 2 2

The Mode

The mode of a set of observation is the value which occurs most often or with
the greatest frequency. The mode does not always exist, for some sets of data there
may be several values occurring with the greatest frequency in which case we have
more than one mode.

1. Data set with no mode: in such data set value occurring only once.

2. Data set with one mode: unimodal data set contain with only one value occurring
with the same (highest) frequency.

3. Data set with two modes: bimodal data sets contain two values that occur with
the same (highest) frequency.

4. Data set with more than two modes: multimodal data sets with more than two
values occurring with the same (highest) frequency.

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Example 1:

Find the mode for the given data set:

5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13

Solution: This contains no mode since the value for this data sets occurs only once.

Example 2:

Find the mode for the given data set:

77 77 78 79 80 81 82

Solution: The value 77 for this data set occurs twice which has the highest
frequency, so 77 is the mode.

Example 3:

Find the mode for the given data set:

1 2 3 4 5 5 6 7 8 8 9 10

Solution: The value 5 and 8 occurs twice compared to the other values, thus this
date set contains two mode which are 5 and 8.

Example 4:

Find the mode for the given data set:

5 10 15 5 20 25 10 30 35 15 40 45

Solution: The value 5, 10 and 15 occur with highest frequency which is three times
compared to the other values of the given set, thus making 5, 10 and 15
the mode for this data set.

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 What’s More

Activity 2.2: Measure my Central Tendency

Directions: Solve for the central tendency of the situations below

1. The data shows the recorded high temperatures for 6 days in Cebu City.
Find the mean temperature.

Daily high temperature

36℃ , 36℃ 28℃ 35℃ 29℃ 31℃

2. The table shows the number of monkeys at eleven different zoos. Find the
median and mode of the data.

Number of Monkeys

28 36 18 25 12 44 18 42 34 16 39

What I Have Learned

Directions: Read and solve the given situation below. Answer it in a separate sheet
of paper.

A. The scores of five students in statistics class are 75, 80, 97, and 63.
Find
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A. ∑ 𝑥 B. ∑(𝑥 − 12) C. (∑ 𝑥)

B. According to ecology writer Jacque Killeen, phosphates contained in

household detergents pass right through our sewer systems causing lakes to
turn into swamp that eventually dry up into deserts. The following data show
the number of phosphates per load of laundry, in grams, for a random sample
of various types of detergent used according to the prescribed directions:

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 Laundry Detergent Phosphate per load
(gm)
A&P blue sail 48
Dash 47
Concentrated All 42
Cold Water 42
Breeze 41
Oxydol 34
Ajax 31
Sears 30
Fab 29
Cold Powder 29
Bold 29
Rinso 26

For the given phosphate data, find:

A. The mean
B. The median
C. The mode

What I Can Do

Central HOT Tendency

Directions: Analyze the given data and describe the mean, median and mode.

The bar chart shows the number of magazines borrowed from the library last week

No. of Books Borrowed

25
20
15
10
5
0

No. of books borrowed

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 A. How many books were borrowed on Friday? Why?
B. What is the average number of books borrowed per day last week? What
does this value tell you? Why? `
C. On what day is the greatest number of books borrowed? Why?
D. Describe the number of books borrowed on a Tuesday. Why do you think
so?
Rubrics: (Central HOT Tendency)

Criteria / Points
Good - 5 The analysis accurately describes the mean, median,
and mode. Stating at least one observation that can be
made about it.

Fair - 3 The analysis accurately describes at least two of the

three components. Stating at least one observation that
can be made about it.
Poor - 2 The analysis accurately states the mean, median, and
mode but with no observation made.
Not included - 0 There is no analysis included

NOTE!
This is one of your performance tasks for 4th quarter. Be guided
with the given rubrics in making your output.

Assessment Score: ____/20

MULTIPLE CHOICE
Directions: Read and analyze the following questions carefully. Choose the letter of
the correct answer. Write your answers on a separate sheet of paper.

For questions 1-3, use the daily high temperature table below to compute for the
central tendency.

Daily High Temperature ℃

34 35 31 36
32 24 33

1. The mean for the daily temperature data is?

A. 32 B. 36 C. 3.5 D. 31

2. The median for the daily temperature data is?

A. 32 B. 36 C. 3.5 D.31

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 3. The mode for the daily temperature data is?
A. 32 B. 36 C. 3.5 D.31

Do these problems, provide what is asked.

4– 5. Daniel researched the average precipitation in several provinces. Find the

median and mode of the average precipitation.

Province Precipitation
A 58.3
B 54.5
C 50.7
D 48.9
E 60.1
F 42.2
G 32.8
E 42.2
A. Median: ______________________________
B. Mode: ________________________________

6. A convenient and simple form of shorthand which is used to give a concise

expression of the sum of the value of the variable is called?

A. Median B. Mode C. Mean D. Summation Notation

7. Which among the symbol below represent the Greek upper-case letter for
summation?
A. ∑ 𝜇 B. S C.∞ D.Ώ

8. what does this summation notation express?

A. sum the values of x, starting at x1 and ending with xn.
B. sum the values of x, starting at x1 and ending with x10.
C. sum the values of x, starting at x3 and ending with x10.
D. sum with no value at all.

9. Any measure indicating the center of a set of data, arrange in an increasing

or decreasing order of magnitude is called __________?
A. Measure of central tendency
B. Standard measurement
C. Standard International
D. Universal standard

10. Which of the following data sets does not have a mean of 12?
A. 12, 11, 13 C. 12,12,12,8
B. 8, 16, 10, 14 D. 7, 12, 17

11. The mean of the data 18,18,10,18,20 is?

A. 16 B. 16.8 C. 18 D. 21

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Department of Education – Cebu City Division

Telephone Nos: (032) 2551516
E-mail Address: cebu.city@deped.gov.ph

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