BCSE102L- Structured and object-

oriented programming

Dr. P.SURESH
Associate Professor
School of Computer Science &
Engineering(SCOPE)
VIT,Vellore.
 BCSE102L- Structured and Object-
Oriented Programming
 Module-1:C Program Fundamentals -
Introduction
◦ Variables

◦ Reserved Words

◦ Data types

◦ Operators- Operator Precedence

◦ Expressions

◦ Type Conversions

◦ I/O Statements
.
 BCSE102L- Structured and Object-
Oriented Programming
 Module-1: C Program Fundamentals –
Branching and Looping
◦ if, if-else, nested if, else-if ladder

◦ Switch Statement

◦ Goto Statement

◦ Looping

 For

 While and do while

◦ Break Statement

◦ Continue Statement
.
 OPERATORS AND EXPRESSIONS
 C supports a rich set of built-in operators
◦ For Example: Basically we used =,+,-,*,/, & ……. etc
◦ Operator is a symbol that tells the computer
to perform certain mathematical or logical
manipulations.
◦ Arithmetic
◦ Relational Binary Operators
◦ Logical
◦ Assignment
◦ Bitwise
◦ Increment and Decrement Unary Operator
◦ Conditional Ternary Operator
◦ Special
 Arithmetic Operators
• Perform basic arithmetic operations

• Short hand Operators (++, --)

++  increment by 1, --  Decrement by 1

e.g. a++ is equivalent to a = a + 1

b-- is equivalent to b = b – 1

Note: % operator cannot be used with real operands

 Relational Operators
• Compare two quantities and depending on their
relation, taking certain decisions.

• It is used in decision making statements to

decide the course of action of a running
program.
 Logical Operators
• Join multiple conditions or negate a condition i.e.,
Expression of this kind which combines two or
more relational expressions.

True in C means
Truth Table for ! (not) Operator non-zero & False
means zero
 Logical Operators
Truth Table for AND

Truth Table for OR

 Logical Operators
• Short Circuit operations:
– <condition-1> && <condition-2>
• If condition 1 is false, then condition 2 will not
be checked at all
– <condition 1> || <condition 2>
• If condition 1 is true, then condition 2 will not
be checked at all
For Example:
i. To check For The Largest among Three Numbers
(First_no > Second_no) && (First_no > Third_no)

ii. To Check for the value of choice is either ‘y’ or ‘Y’

( Choice == ‘y’) || (Choice == ‘Y’)

 Assignment Operators
• “=“ used to assign the result of an expression to a variable
For Example:
Number = 100;
Temp = Number;
• Shorthand Operators (op=)
– Op may be any arithmetic operator. For Example:
– Assignment += 10; This statement is equivalent to
Assignment = Assignment + 10;

Statement with simple assignment Statement with short hand Operator

Operator

a=a+1 a+=1
a=a-1 a-=1
a=a*(n+1) a*=n+1
a=a/(n+1) a/=n+1
a=a%b a%=b
 Bitwise Operators
• Used for manipulation of data’s at bit level.
• It is mainly used in numerical computations for a faster
calculation because it consists of two digits – 1 or 0.
• Used for testing the bits, or shifting them right or left.
– Note: Bitwise operators not applied to float or double
 Bitwise Operators(OR)
• Bitwise Inclusive OR (|)
– Bit by bit OR ing is done using the truth table of OR
 Bitwise Operators(AND)
• Bitwise AND(&)
– Bit by bit AND ing is done using the truth table of
AND
 Bitwise Operators(XOR)
• Bitwise XOR(^)
– Bit by bit XOR ing is done using the truth table of
XOR
 Bitwise One’s Complement
Operator(~)
• Bitwise One’s Complement Operator(~)
– Bit by bit converts all the zero(0) bits to One(1) and
All One(1) bits to Zero(0).
 Bitwise Right Shift Operator(>>)

• Move(shift) the specific number of bits in

binary sequence in the right direction.
• Syntax: number >> number_of_positions_to_shift
 Bitwise Left Shift Operator(<<)

• Move(shift) the specific number of bits in

binary sequence in the left direction.
• Syntax: number << number_of_positions_to_shift
Increment and Decrement Operator(++ & --)
• Increment Operator(++)  ++x , x++
• Increments the Value of the variable by 1.
• Two Categories
– pre-increment operator (or) prefix increment operator.
– Operator is before operand – increments value of the variable first,
incremented values is taken for evaluation
X=10;
Y=++X;
– post-increment operator (or) postfix increment operator.
– Operator is after operand – first expression is evaluated
and then the value of variable is incremented.
X=10;
Y=X++; ( Incremented value not used in the
expression)
Increment and Decrement Operator(++ & --)
• Decrement Operator(--)  --x , x--
• Decrements the Value of the variable by 1.
• Two Categories
– pre-decrement operator (or) prefix decrement operator.
– Operator is before operand – decrements value of the variable first,
decremented values is taken for evaluation
X=10;
Y=--X;
– post-decrement operator (or) postfix decrement operator.
– Operator is after operand – first expression is evaluated
and then the value of variable is decremented.
X=10;
Y=X--; (Decremented value not used in the expression)
 Conditional or Ternary Operator
• It works on three operands which is used
for decision making.
• Syntax: Condition ? TrueExpression : FalseExpression

• Example: If(a>b)
x=a;
a=10; or else
b=15; x=b;
x=(a>b)? a:b

• Try Minimum of three numbers.

 Special Operators
• Comma
• Sizeof
• Pointer Operators(& and *) - will discuss in module 3
• Member Selection Operators(. and ->) - will discuss in
module 4

Comma operator: Used to link the related expressions

together.
For example: value = (x=10, y=5, x+5);
Sizeof operator: returns the number of bytes the operand
occupies
For Example: m = sizeof(n) or sizeof(float) or
sizeof(char)
 Operator Precedence
• “C” has precedence associated with it. This precedence is
used to determine how an expression involving more
than one operator is evaluated.
• Operators at the highest level are evaluated first.
• Operators at the same precedence are evaluated either
from left to right or from right to left, depending on the
level. This is known as associativity property of an
operator.
• Example:
if (x == 10 + 15 && y < 10)
if (x == 25 && y < 10)
• // Precedence rule: Addition operator has highest
priority than logical and relational operators.
Precedence of Arithmetic Operators
 Precedence of Arithmetic Operators
Example :

#include <stdio.h>
int main()
{
float a,b,c,x;
a=9; b=12; c=3;
x= a - b / 3 + c * 2 - 1;
printf("x=%f", x);
return 0;
} Output ????
 Arithmetic Expressions
• It is a meaningful combination of variables,
constants and operators arranged as per the
syntax of the language.

Example: Sum = a + b;
• SYNTAX :
<exp> = <exp> op <exp>/<var> op <var>/
<var> op <const>/<const> op <var>/
<const> op <const> /<const>/<var>
where <op> may be arithmetic / logical / relational operator
For E.g.
i. Assignment = 10;
ii. Calc = Number + 10;
iii. Choice = ‘y’
iv. Interest = (Principal * NoOfYears * RateOfInterest )/100;
 Type Conversions in Expressions
• “C” Permits mixing of constants and variables of
different types.
• “C Converts a variable from one data type to another
data type.

Type Conversion Methods

Automatic Type Conversion Explicit Type Conversion

(Coercion) (Type Casting)
 Implicit Type Conversion/Automatic Type
• When the type conversion is performed automatically
by the compiler without programmers intervention.
• The compiler converts all operands into the data type of
the largest operand.
RULES:
• char -> short int -> int ->
• unsigned int -> long -> unsigned ->
• long long -> float -> double -> long double
• If either of the operand is of type long double, then
others will be converted to long double and result will
be long double.
• Else, if either of the operand is double, then others are
converted to double.
• Else, if either of the operand is float, then others are
converted to float.
 Implicit Type Conversions - Example
#include<stdio.h>
int main()
{
int x = 10; // integer x
char y = 'a'; // character y
// y implicitly converted to int. ASCII value of 'a' is 97
x = x + y;
// x is implicitly converted to float
float z = x + 1.0;
printf("x = %d, z = %f", x, z);
return 0;
}
Output x=??, y=??
 Implicit Type Conversions - Example
No Data Loss
as small to large conversion 100
Example: will be converted to float as
100.00

int number=100;
float conversionValue;
conversionValue=number; Automatic Conversion with Data
Loss
conversionValue = 10.45; Value of number is 10
number = conversionValue;
 Explicit Type Conversion
• Type conversion performed by the programmer.

• Explicit type conversion is also known as type casting.

• Type casting in c is done in the following form:

(data_type)expression;

• where, data_type is any valid c data type,

and expression may be constant, variable or an
expression.

• For example:

x=(int)a+b*d;
 Explicit Type Conversion
No Type Casting!
The result is 2.0
int numerator=5;
int denominator=2;
float result;
result = numerator/denominator; Wrong Type Casting!
The result is 2.0

result = (float) (numerator/denominator);

result = numerator/(float)denominator;
Correct Type Casting!
The result is 2.5

Note: Every data type can’t be converted into other type

 Try Yourself
1. To find the area(Formula= a2) and perimeter (4 a) of
a square.
2. To find the area of a circle(𝐴 = 𝜋𝑟 2 ). Use radius as a
variable and pi as a constant.
3. To convert Celsius to Fahrenheit and vice-versa.
C to F= ( * 1.8)+32
F to C= ( - 32)* 0.5556
1. To convert gram to kilogram and vice-versa.
2. To convert kilometers to miles and vice-versa.
3. To check whether a number is negative, positive or
zero.
4. To check input number for odd or even.
5. To check whether a number is divisible by 6 and 8 or
not.
6. To find the greatest among three numbers.
7. To check whether the given year is leap year or not.
Thank You