Java Programming: From Problem Analysis To Program Design, 3e

Java Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, 3e
Chapter 5 Control Structures II: Repetition
Chapter Objectives
Learn about repetition (looping) control structures Explore how to construct and use countcontrolled, sentinel-controlled, flag-controlled, and EOF-controlled repetition structures Examine break and continue statements Discover how to form and use nested control structures
Why Is Repetition Needed?

There are many situations in which the same statements need to be executed several times Example
Formulas used to find average grades for students in a class
The while Looping (Repetition) Structure

Syntax
while (expression) statement
Expression is always true in an infinite loop Statements must change value of expression to false
The while Looping (Repetition) Structure (continued)

Example 5-1
i = 0; while (i <= 20) { System.out.print(i + " "); i = i + 5; } System.out.println(); //Line 1 //Line 2
//Line 3 //Line 4
//Line 5
Output:
0 5 10 15 20
Java Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, 3e 6

Typically, while loops are written in the following form:
Counter-Controlled while Loop

Used when exact number of data or entry pieces is known General form:
Sentinel-Controlled while Loop

Used when exact number of entry pieces is unknown but last entry (special/sentinel value) is known General form:
Flag-Controlled while Loop

Boolean value used to control loop General form:
10
Programming Example: Fibonacci Number
Fibonacci formula for any Fibonacci sequence:

an = an-1 + an-2
Input: first two Fibonacci numbers in sequence, position in sequence of desired Fibonacci number (n)
int previous1 = Fibonacci number 1 int previous2 = Fibonacci number 2 int nthFibonacci = position of nth Fibonacci number
Output: nth Fibonacci number

Programming Example: Fibonacci Number (Solution)

if (nthFibonacci == 1) current = previous1; else if (nthFibonacci == 2) current = previous2; else { counter = 3; while (counter <= nthFibonacci) { current = previous2 + previous1; previous1 = previous2; previous2 = current; counter++; } }
Final result found in last value of current

The for Looping (Repetition) Structure

Specialized form of while loop Simplifies the writing of count-controlled loops Syntax:
for (initial expression; logical expression; update expression)
statement
13
The for Looping (Repetition) Structure (continued)

Execution
Initial statement executes The loop condition evaluated If loop condition evaluates to true, execute for loop statement and execute update statement Repeat until loop condition is false
14
15

Example 5-8
The following for loop prints the first 10 nonnegative integers:
for (i = 0; i < 10; i++) System.out.print(i + " "); System.out.println();
16
Example 5-9
1.
The following for loop outputs the word Hello and a star (on separate lines) five times:
for (i = 1; i <= 5; i++) { System.out.println("Hello"); System.out.println("*"); }
2.
for (i = 1; i <= 5; i++) System.out.println("Hello"); System.out.println("*");

This loop outputs the word Hello five times and the star only once

Does not execute if initial condition is false Update expression changes value of loop control variable, eventually making it false If logical expression is always true, result is an infinite loop Infinite loop can be specified by omitting all three control statements

If logical expression is omitted, it is assumed to be true for statement ending in semicolon is empty
19
Programming Example: Classify Numbers

Input: N integers (positive, negative, and zeros)
int N = 20; //N easily modified
Output: number of 0s, number of even integers, number of odd integers
20
Programming Example: Classify Numbers (Solution)

for (counter = 1; counter <= N; counter++) { number = console.nextInt(); System.out.print(number + " "); switch (number % 2) { case 0: evens++; if (number == 0) zeros++; break; case 1: case -1: odds++; } //end switch } //end for loop
The dowhile Loop (Repetition) Structure

Syntax:
Statements executed first, then logical expression evaluated
Statement(s) executed at least once then continued if logical expression is true

dowhile Loop (Post-test Loop)
23
break Statements
Used to exit early from a loop Used to skip remainder of switch structure Can be placed within if statement of a loop
If condition is met, loop exited immediately
24
continue Statements
Used in while, for, and do...while structures When executed in a loop, the remaining statements in the loop are skipped; proceeds with the next iteration of the loop When executed in a while/dowhile structure, expression evaluated immediately after continue statement In a for structure, the update expression is executed after the continue statement; then the loop condition executes
Nested Control Structures

Provides new power, subtlety, and complexity if, ifelse, and switch structures can be placed within while loops for loops can be found within other for loops
26
Nested Control Structures (Example)

for (int i = 1; i <= 5; i++) { for (int j = 1; j <= i; j++) System.out.print(" *"); System.out.println(); }
Output:
* ** *** **** *****
Chapter Summary
Looping Mechanisms
Counter-controlled while loop Sentinel-controlled while loop Flag-controlled while loop EOF-controlled while loop for loop dowhile loop
break statements continue statements Nested control structures


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Chapter 5 Control Structures II: Repetition