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Assignment-06
Exercise-75
Step-01:Load the data

students<-read.delim("E:\\Statistics\\Datasets\\Students.txt",
stringsAsFactors=F)

Step-02:Check the dataset structure

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summary(students)

## ID Sex Sex_coded Blood_group

## Min. : 1.00 Length:82 Min. :0.0000 Length:82
## 1st Qu.:21.25 Class :character 1st Qu.:0.0000 Class :character
## Median :41.50 Mode :character Median :1.0000 Mode :character
## Mean :41.50 Mean :0.6585
## 3rd Qu.:61.75 3rd Qu.:1.0000
## Max. :82.00 Max. :1.0000
## Blood_group_coded Rhesus_factor Rhesus_factor_coded Smoking
## Min. :0.0000 Length:82 Min. :0.0000 Length:82
## 1st Qu.:0.0000 Class :character 1st Qu.:1.0000 Class :character
## Median :1.0000 Mode :character Median :1.0000 Mode :character
## Mean :0.9512 Mean :0.8415
## 3rd Qu.:1.0000 3rd Qu.:1.0000
## Max. :3.0000 Max. :1.0000
## Smoking_coded Size_cm Weight_kg Points_exam
## Min. :0.0000 Min. :157.0 Min. :46.00 Min. : 1.000
## 1st Qu.:0.0000 1st Qu.:167.0 1st Qu.:56.25 1st Qu.: 6.250
## Median :0.0000 Median :170.0 Median :61.00 Median : 8.000
## Mean :0.3171 Mean :173.2 Mean :65.84 Mean : 7.988
## 3rd Qu.:1.0000 3rd Qu.:179.0 3rd Qu.:75.75 3rd Qu.:10.000
## Max. :1.0000 Max. :194.0 Max. :98.00 Max. :12.000
## Grade
## Min. :1.000
## 1st Qu.:2.000
## Median :3.000
## Mean :3.122
## 3rd Qu.:4.750
## Max. :5.000

Step-03:Calculate the Pearson correlation coefficient

correlation <- cor(students$Weight_kg, students$Size_cm, method = "pearson")

cat("Pearson Correlation Coefficient:", correlation, "\n")

## Pearson Correlation Coefficient: 0.7790491

Conclusion

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# **Is there any linear relationship between the variables?**

# Hypotheses for Pearson Correlation:

#Null Hypothesis(H0): There is no linear relationship between body weight and body height (p=0).
#Alternative Hypothesis (H1): There is a linear relationship between body weight and body height
(p≠0).

# As p<0.05, we reject the null hypothesis. There is sufficient evidence to conclude that body w
eight and body height are significantly positively linearly related with a correlation coefficie
nt of 𝑟=0.7790491.

Step-04:Visualize the Relationship of Scatter

library(ggpubr)

## Loading required package: ggplot2

ggscatter(
students, x = "Weight_kg", y = "Size_cm",
color = "#1f77b4",
add = "reg.line",
conf.int = TRUE,
add.params = list(color = "#ff7f0e"),
cor.coef = TRUE, cor.method = "pearson",
xlab = "Weight (kg)", ylab = "Height (cm)"
)

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Conclusion

#The scatter plot reveals a Strong positive linear relationship between coefficient of body weig
ht and body height in the data set students.

Step-05:Shapiro-Wilk tests

# Shapiro-Wilk test for body weight

shapiro_weight <- shapiro.test(students$Weight_kg)
cat("Shapiro-Wilk Test for Weight:\n")

## Shapiro-Wilk Test for Weight:

cat("W-statistic:", shapiro_weight$statistic, "\n")

## W-statistic: 0.9195322

cat("p-value:", shapiro_weight$p.value, "\n")

## p-value: 7.40539e-05

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# Shapiro-Wilk test for body height

shapiro_height <- shapiro.test(students$Size_cm)
cat("Shapiro-Wilk Test for Height:\n")

## Shapiro-Wilk Test for Height:

cat("W-statistic:", shapiro_height$statistic, "\n")

## W-statistic: 0.958204

cat("p-value:", shapiro_height$p.value, "\n")

## p-value: 0.009213035

Step-06:Q-Q Plots

library(ggpubr)

# Q-Q plot for body weight

plot1 <- ggqqplot(students$Weight_kg, ylab = "Body Weight (kg)", color = "#FFA500")

# Q-Q plot for body height

plot2 <- ggqqplot(students$Size_cm, ylab = "Body Height (cm)", color = "#FFA500")

# Arrange the plots side by side

ggarrange(plot1, plot2, ncol = 2, nrow = 1,
labels = c("A", "B"), # Add labels to the plots
common.legend = TRUE, legend = "bottom") # Shared legend

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Conclusion

# **Test for significance of the correlation**

#Hypotheses for Shapiro-Wilk Test

#Null Hypothesis (H0): The data is normally distributed.
#Alternative Hypothes is (H1): The data is not normally distributed.

#Shapiro-Wilk Test for Weight: W-statistic: 0.9195322,p-value: 7.40539e-05, as p<0.05 we reject

the null hypothesis (The data for body weight is not normally distributed).
#Shapiro-Wilk Test for height: W-statistic: 0.958204,p-value: 0.009213035 , as p<0.05 we reject
the null hypothesis (The data for body height is not normally distributed).

Exercise-76
Step 01:Load the data:

# Load the ICM dataset

ICM <- read.delim("E:\\Statistics\\Datasets\\ICM.txt", stringsAsFactors = FALSE)

# View the structure of the data to identify the columns for negative and positive mood
str(ICM)

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## 'data.frame': 199 obs. of 23 variables:

## $ ID : int 75 90 173 189 100 155 63 48 76 165 ...
## $ Gender : chr "female" "female" "female" "female" ...
## $ Age : int 22 22 37 17 19 16 17 19 27 19 ...
## $ Englishfluent : chr "yes" "yes" "yes" "yes" ...
## $ Germanfluent : chr "no" "no" "yes" "yes" ...
## $ Transport : chr "PublicTransport" "PublicTransport" "Car" "Car" ...
## $ Highest_level_of_education: chr "College" "College" "University" "none" ...
## $ Do_you_smoke : chr "No" "No" "No" "No" ...
## $ Socialmediahours : chr "1.5-3hrs/day" "1.5-3hrs/day" "<1.5hrs/day" "1.5-3hrs/da
y" ...
## $ Timewithfriends : chr "2-5hrs/week" "2-5hrs/week" "5-10hrs/week" "10-20hrs/wee
k" ...
## $ Pet : chr "No" "No" "Yes" "Yes" ...
## $ Siblings : chr "Yes" "Yes" "No" "Yes" ...
## $ Children : chr "No" "No" "Yes" "No" ...
## $ Relationshipstatus : chr "Relationship" "Relationship" "Relationship" "Single" ...
## $ Activitieshours : int 10 10 20 40 20 10 10 20 10 20 ...
## $ NegativeMood : num NA NA NA 4 2.82 ...
## $ PositiveMood : num NA NA NA 0 0.333 ...
## $ Mentalhealth : num 2.667 2.667 3.5 1 0.833 ...
## $ Socialization : num NA NA NA 1 2.5 ...
## $ Activity : num 2.8 2.8 3.4 3.2 1.2 2.6 1.6 1.8 1.2 0.4 ...
## $ SocialSupport : num 4 4 2.333 0.667 2.333 ...
## $ Communication_open_direct : num NA NA 3.38 3.62 3.15 ...
## $ OHS : num 4.59 4.59 5.1 3.14 2.76 ...

# View the first few rows to check the data

head(ICM)

ID Gen… A… Englishfluent Germanfluent Transport Highest_level_of_education

<int><chr> <int><chr> <chr> <chr> <chr>

1 75 female 22 yes no PublicTransport College

2 90 female 22 yes no PublicTransport College

3 173 female 37 yes yes Car University

4 189 female 17 yes yes Car none

5 100 female 19 yes yes Walk HighSchool

6 155 female 16 yes no Walk none

6 rows | 1-8 of 24 columns

Step 02:Check for missing values

# Check the number of missing values in both columns

sum(is.na(ICM$NegativeMood))

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## [1] 5

sum(is.na(ICM$PositiveMood))

## [1] 3

ICM_clean <- na.omit(ICM[, c("NegativeMood", "PositiveMood")])

correlation <- cor(ICM_clean$NegativeMood, ICM_clean$PositiveMood, method = "pearson")
cat("Pearson Correlation Coefficient:", correlation, "\n")

## Pearson Correlation Coefficient: -0.6433565

Conclusion

# **Is there any linear relationship between the variables?**

#Null Hypothesis (H0):There is no linear relationship between Negative Mood and Positive Mood (p
=0)
# Alternative Hypothesis(H1): There is a linear relationship between Negative Mood and Positive
Mood (p is not equal to zero)

# As p<0.05, we reject the null hypothesis.There is a statistically significant negative linear

relationship between Negative Mood and Positive Mood.

Step 03:Test for Significance

cor_test <- cor.test(ICM_clean$NegativeMood, ICM_clean$PositiveMood, method = "pearson")

cat("Pearson Correlation Test:\n")

## Pearson Correlation Test:

print(cor_test)

##
## Pearson's product-moment correlation
##
## data: ICM_clean$NegativeMood and ICM_clean$PositiveMood
## t = -11.644, df = 192, p-value < 2.2e-16
## alternative hypothesis: true correlation is not equal to 0
## 95 percent confidence interval:
## -0.7190609 -0.5525618
## sample estimates:
## cor
## -0.6433565

Step 04:Visualize the Relationship (Scatter Plot)

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library(ggpubr)
ggscatter(
ICM_clean, x = "NegativeMood", y = "PositiveMood",
color = "#1f77b4",
add = "reg.line", conf.int = TRUE,
cor.coef = TRUE, cor.method = "pearson",
xlab = "Negative Mood", ylab = "Positive Mood"
)

Step-05:Shapiro-Wilk tests

# Shapiro-Wilk Test for Normality

shapiro_negative <- shapiro.test(ICM_clean$NegativeMood)
cat("Shapiro-Wilk Test for Negative Mood:\n")

## Shapiro-Wilk Test for Negative Mood:

print(shapiro_negative)

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##
## Shapiro-Wilk normality test
##
## data: ICM_clean$NegativeMood
## W = 0.97664, p-value = 0.002498

shapiro_positive <- shapiro.test(ICM_clean$PositiveMood)

cat("Shapiro-Wilk Test for Positive Mood:\n")

## Shapiro-Wilk Test for Positive Mood:

print(shapiro_positive)

##
## Shapiro-Wilk normality test
##
## data: ICM_clean$PositiveMood
## W = 0.98441, p-value = 0.03015

Step-06:Q-Q Plot

# Q-Q plot for Negative Mood

ggqqplot(ICM_clean$NegativeMood, ylab = "Negative Mood", color = "#1f77b4")

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# Q-Q plot for Positive Mood

ggqqplot(ICM_clean$PositiveMood, ylab = "Positive Mood", color = "#1f77b4", )

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Conclusion

#Test for significance of the correlation.

#Null Hypothesis (H0):The data is normally distributed.
# Alternative Hypothesis(H1):The data is not normally distributed.

# Shapiro-Wilk Test for Negative Mood: As p<0.05 , W = 0.97664, p-value = 0.002498,we reject the
null hypothesis. The data for Negative Mood is not normally distributed.
# Shapiro-Wilk Test for Positive Mood: As p<0.05 , W = 0.98441, p-value = 0.03015,we reject the
null hypothesis. The data for Positive Mood is not normally distributed.

Exercise-79
Step-01:Load the Dataset

# Load the students dataset

students <- read.delim("E:\\Statistics\\Datasets\\Students.txt", stringsAsFactors = FALSE)

# View the structure of the dataset to identify the columns for weight and height
str(students)

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## 'data.frame': 82 obs. of 13 variables:

## $ ID : int 24 5 54 9 34 52 12 16 32 59 ...
## $ Sex : chr "M" "M" "F" "M" ...
## $ Sex_coded : int 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 ...
## $ Blood_group : chr "0" "0" "A" "0" ...
## $ Blood_group_coded : int 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 ...
## $ Rhesus_factor : chr "+" "+" "+" "+" ...
## $ Rhesus_factor_coded: int 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 ...
## $ Smoking : chr "no" "no" "no" "no" ...
## $ Smoking_coded : int 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 ...
## $ Size_cm : int 190 187 171 185 166 164 184 187 163 170 ...
## $ Weight_kg : int 98 81 54 70 53 55 74 75 46 63 ...
## $ Points_exam : int 1 2 2 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 ...
## $ Grade : int 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 ...

# View the first few rows of the dataset to check the data
head(students)

ID S… Sex_co… Blood_group Blood_group_coded Rhesus_factor Rhesus_factor_coded Sm

<int><chr> <int> <chr> <int> <chr> <int> <c

1 24 M 0 0 0 + 1 no

2 5 M 0 0 0 + 1 no

3 54 F 1 A 1 + 1 no

4 9 M 0 0 0 + 1 no

5 34 F 1 A 1 + 1 no

6 52 F 1 0 0 + 1 ye

6 rows | 1-9 of 14 columns

Step-02:Calculate Spearman’s rho

# Calculate Spearman's rank correlation coefficient between body weight and body height
spearman_corr <- cor(students$Weight_kg, students$Size_cm, method = "spearman")

# Display the Spearman correlation coefficient

cat("Spearman's rho:", spearman_corr, "\n")

## Spearman's rho: 0.7740172

Step-03:Test for Significance

# Perform the Spearman correlation test

cor_test <- cor.test(students$Weight_kg, students$Size_cm, method = "spearman")

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## Warning in cor.test.default(students$Weight_kg, students$Size_cm, method =

## "spearman"): Cannot compute exact p-value with ties

# Print the result of the correlation test

cat("Spearman's rank correlation test result:\n")

## Spearman's rank correlation test result:

print(cor_test)

##
## Spearman's rank correlation rho
##
## data: students$Weight_kg and students$Size_cm
## S = 20764, p-value < 2.2e-16
## alternative hypothesis: true rho is not equal to 0
## sample estimates:
## rho
## 0.7740172

Conclusion

# **Test for significance of the correlation**

# Null Hypothesis (H0):There is no monotonic relationship between body weight and body height (p
=0)
# Alternative Hypothesis (H1):There is a monotonic relationship between body weight and body hei
ght (p is not equal to 0)

#S = 20764, p-value < 2.2e-16,as the p-value is less than 0.05, we reject the null hypothesis. T
herefore, we conclude that there is a statistically significant monotonic relationship between b
ody weight and body height with a Spearman’s rho of p=0.7740172.

Exercise-80
Step-01:Load and view the Dataset

ICM <- read.delim("E:\\Statistics\\Datasets\\ICM.txt", stringsAsFactors = FALSE)

# View the structure of the data to identify the columns for NegativeMood and OHS
str(ICM)

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## 'data.frame': 199 obs. of 23 variables:

## $ ID : int 75 90 173 189 100 155 63 48 76 165 ...
## $ Gender : chr "female" "female" "female" "female" ...
## $ Age : int 22 22 37 17 19 16 17 19 27 19 ...
## $ Englishfluent : chr "yes" "yes" "yes" "yes" ...
## $ Germanfluent : chr "no" "no" "yes" "yes" ...
## $ Transport : chr "PublicTransport" "PublicTransport" "Car" "Car" ...
## $ Highest_level_of_education: chr "College" "College" "University" "none" ...
## $ Do_you_smoke : chr "No" "No" "No" "No" ...
## $ Socialmediahours : chr "1.5-3hrs/day" "1.5-3hrs/day" "<1.5hrs/day" "1.5-3hrs/da
y" ...
## $ Timewithfriends : chr "2-5hrs/week" "2-5hrs/week" "5-10hrs/week" "10-20hrs/wee
k" ...
## $ Pet : chr "No" "No" "Yes" "Yes" ...
## $ Siblings : chr "Yes" "Yes" "No" "Yes" ...
## $ Children : chr "No" "No" "Yes" "No" ...
## $ Relationshipstatus : chr "Relationship" "Relationship" "Relationship" "Single" ...
## $ Activitieshours : int 10 10 20 40 20 10 10 20 10 20 ...
## $ NegativeMood : num NA NA NA 4 2.82 ...
## $ PositiveMood : num NA NA NA 0 0.333 ...
## $ Mentalhealth : num 2.667 2.667 3.5 1 0.833 ...
## $ Socialization : num NA NA NA 1 2.5 ...
## $ Activity : num 2.8 2.8 3.4 3.2 1.2 2.6 1.6 1.8 1.2 0.4 ...
## $ SocialSupport : num 4 4 2.333 0.667 2.333 ...
## $ Communication_open_direct : num NA NA 3.38 3.62 3.15 ...
## $ OHS : num 4.59 4.59 5.1 3.14 2.76 ...

# View the first few rows of the dataset to check the data
head(ICM)

ID Gen… A… Englishfluent Germanfluent Transport Highest_level_of_education

<int><chr> <int><chr> <chr> <chr> <chr>

1 75 female 22 yes no PublicTransport College

2 90 female 22 yes no PublicTransport College

3 173 female 37 yes yes Car University

4 189 female 17 yes yes Car none

5 100 female 19 yes yes Walk HighSchool

6 155 female 16 yes no Walk none

6 rows | 1-8 of 24 columns

Step:02-Calculate Spearman’s rho

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# Remove rows with missing values in either NegativeMood or OHS

cleaned_data <- na.omit(ICM[, c("NegativeMood", "OHS")])

# Calculate Spearman's correlation on the cleaned data

spearman_corr <- cor(cleaned_data$NegativeMood, cleaned_data$OHS, method = "spearman")

# Display the Spearman correlation coefficient

cat("Spearman's rho:", spearman_corr, "\n")

## Spearman's rho: -0.5725575

Step-03:Test for Significance

# Perform the Spearman correlation test

cor_test <- cor.test(ICM$NegativeMood, ICM$OHS, method = "spearman")

## Warning in cor.test.default(ICM$NegativeMood, ICM$OHS, method = "spearman"):

## Cannot compute exact p-value with ties

# Print the result of the correlation test

cat("Spearman's rank correlation test result:\n")

## Spearman's rank correlation test result:

print(cor_test)

##
## Spearman's rank correlation rho
##
## data: ICM$NegativeMood and ICM$OHS
## S = 1453320, p-value < 2.2e-16
## alternative hypothesis: true rho is not equal to 0
## sample estimates:
## rho
## -0.5725575

Conclusion

# **Test for significance of the correlation**

# Null Hypothesis (H0): There is no monotonic relationship between negative mood and OHS (p=0)
# Alternative Hypothesis (H1):There is a monotonic relationship between negative mood and OHS
(p is not equal to 0)

#S = 1453320, p-value < 2.2e-16,as the p-value is less than 0.05, we reject the null hypothesis
and conclude that there is a statistically significant negative monotonic relationship between n
egative mood and OHS.

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