MA 201 - Complex Analysis

Lecture 05

Prof. Shreedevi K. Masuti

IIT Dharwad

August 7, 2024
 Announcements

• We will discuss Tutorial-01 from 14:00 to 14:50, and then we will

have a lecture from 17:00 to 17:50.
• Reminder: We will have a 2 marks test during the Tutorial
session
 Summary of Lecture 04

• Connected sets and its properties

• Sequences of complex numbers

nonp+ connected
Region = Open
Chapter 2: Complex Functions: Limits,
Continuity and Di↵erentiation
 Summary of Lecture 04
> 4
- DC
-
:

>
- f(z)
+

• Complex functions and examples

• Real and imaginary parts of a complex function
• Visualization of a complex function

- = x+
iy iX(z)
u(z) +
f(z) =

U
,
V : DER) IR
 Learning Outcome

• Limits of complex functions

 Limits of Complex Functions

Definition: Let D ✓ C and f : D ! C be a function and let z0 be a

limit point of D. A complex number L is said to be a limit of the
function f as z approaches z0 if for every ✏ > 0 there exists a
corresponding > 0 such that

|f (z) L| < ✏ whenever z 2 D and 0 < |z z0 | < .

Equivalently, for every ✏ > 0 there exists a corresponding > 0 such that

z 2 D \ B 0 (z0 ; ) =) f (z) 2 B(L; ✏).

In this case, we write lim f (z) = L. If no such L exists, then we say that
z!z0
f (z) does not have a limit as z approaches z0 .
• Note that if f : D ✓ C ! C and lim f (z) = L = L1 + iL2 , then f
z!z0
regarded as a function from D ✓ R2 to R2 has a limit (L1 , L2 ).
 >
⑧ -> 4

f(z) = L
D He lim
say
z- Zo

if for ay 270 7570

·
 f = u + iy ,
u = real part
zo = No + :Yo off
Y =
imaginary part of f

em f(z) =
L = L tih
z - 70

u v : DCIR" - > IR

k)
,

Then
Sim ( ,)
=
( ,

(2 y) > (x0
,
-

,
ye)
&
 D
Example ( 1: Let f : B(0; 1) ! C be defined as
3z 2 if |z| < 1
f (z) = Here lim f (z) = 3, but lim f (z) does not
3 if |z| = 1. z!1 z!z0

exist for any z0 with |z0 | = 1 and z0 6= ±1.

g
WTS
lim f(z) = 3
z -1

choose
S
Then
Given
-

270, .

(z - 1) < S

=> (f(z) -

3)
3) for > EB10; )
(3z2
-

=
-
 = 3(z2 -
1)

1)(z + 1)
= 3(z -

= 3 1z
-
1) ((z) +
& (z1(1)
3((z 1)
·

< -
2 ( .:
-

E
< 68 =

3
: lim f(z) =

z - /
-
>st
be 10)
=
/
suppor L (exists)
and f .
m f(z) =

z - Zo 2

lim 37
fim
Hence
f(z) =

z - Zo z -
Zo
 1
z1 < /
(z) < /
= 37 ?
But 3 3
f(z) = Sim =

lim z - zo
- zo
z 1z1 = 1
&
1z1 =

: 358 = 3 (E) zo =
1

(f) zo = 1)
 Results on limits
- :
D > 4 -
his unique
Rine f(z) =L then
If ,

z7 zo
"

Proposition: If lim f (z) exists, then it is unique.

z!z0
Proof: Exercise
Proposition: Let f : D ! C be a functions and let z0 be a limit point of D. Then
lim f (z) = L if and only if for every sequence (zn ), where zn 2 D and zn 6= z0 for all
z!z0
n,
zn ! z0 =) f (zn ) ! L
Proof: Exercise
4
f ht

i
>
-

en f(z) -
En
 Limit Rules

Proposition: Let f , g : D ! C be a functions and let z0 be a limit point

of D. Suppose lim f (z) = L1 and lim g (z) = L2 . Then
z!z0 z!z0
1. lim (f (z) ± g (z)) = L1 ± L2 .
z!z0
2. lim (f (z)g (z)) = L1 L2 .
z!z0
f (z) L1
3. lim = provided L2 6= 0.
z!z0g (z) L2
Proof: Exercise
Examples (1) Since lim z = z0 for all z0 2 C, by the limit rules,
z!z0

lim f (z) = f (z0 )

z!z0

for any rational function f (z) and for any z0 in the domain of f .
 Limits Involving Infinity
Definition: Let D ✓ C and f : D ! C be a function and let z0 be a limit point
of D. We say that lim f (z) = 1 if given M > 0 there exists a corresponding
z!z0
> 0 such that for any z 2 D and 0 < |z z0 | < , |f (z)| > M.
Equivalently, given M > 0 there exists a corresponding > 0 such that

z 2 D \ B 0 (z0 ; ) =) f (z) 2 {w 2 C : |w | > M}(= neighborhood of 1).

m
for any

⑪ B'(zoi8)1b
1 i Ye)1T M

zE
 Limits Involving Infinity

1
Example: lim =1
z!0 z
Then
choose 8
= 1 ·

Given #To ,
M
If(z))
17/ < 5 =
& z0 =
1)
>Y = 4

him E = C
:

z > 0
-