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Lecture

The document discusses increasing and decreasing functions, defining them based on the behavior of their outputs relative to their inputs. It also covers maximum and minimum points, critical points, and the Mean Value Theorem, providing examples and methods for finding local and absolute extrema of functions. Additionally, it includes specific examples and solutions for finding critical points and extrema for given functions.

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ezzaldinfaisal
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
5 views

Lecture

The document discusses increasing and decreasing functions, defining them based on the behavior of their outputs relative to their inputs. It also covers maximum and minimum points, critical points, and the Mean Value Theorem, providing examples and methods for finding local and absolute extrema of functions. Additionally, it includes specific examples and solutions for finding critical points and extrema for given functions.

Uploaded by

ezzaldinfaisal
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Dep.

of Petroleum Mathematics II

Increasing and Decreasing functions

Def: A function 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) is celled increasing on the interval [a, b], if 𝑓(𝑥1 ) < 𝑓(𝑥2 ),
whenever 𝑥1 < 𝑥2 in [a, b]. and it is called decreasing on [a, b] if 𝑓(𝑥1 ) > 𝑓(𝑥2 )
whenever 𝑥1 < 𝑥2 r in [a, b].
Example1: 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥
The function is increasing, because for each 𝑥1 < 𝑥2 , then 𝑓(𝑥1 ) < 𝑓(𝑥2 )

Example2: 𝑓(𝑥) = 1 − 2𝑥
The function is decreasing, because for each 𝑥1 < 𝑥2 , then 𝑓(𝑥1 ) > 𝑓(𝑥2 )

Example3: 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 + 1
The function is increasing on[0, ∞], and the function is decreasing on [−∞, 0 ]

❖ Maximum and Minimum Points:


Def: A function 𝑓 has a local maximum at a point c, if 𝑓(𝑐) ≥ 𝑓(𝑥), where x is near to c,
similarly 𝑓 has a local minimum at c, if 𝑓(𝑐) ≤ 𝑓(𝑥), where x is near to c.

Fermat’s theorem: If the function 𝑓 has a local maximum or a local minimum at a point
c and 𝑓 ′ (𝑐) exists, then 𝑓 ′ (𝑐) = 0.

Def: A critical point of a function 𝑓 is a point c in the domain of 𝑓 such that either
𝑓 ′ (𝑐) = 0, or 𝑓 ′ (𝑐) does not exists.

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Dep. of Petroleum Mathematics II

Notes:

1. If the function 𝑓 has a local maximum or a local minimum at a point c, then c is a


critical point of function 𝑓.
2. Suppose that the point c is a critical point of a continuous function 𝑓:
a) If 𝑓 ′ (𝑐) changes sign from positive to negative, then 𝑓 has a local maximum at
a point c.
b) If 𝑓 ′ (𝑐) changes sign from negative to positive, then 𝑓 has a local minimum at
a point c.
c) If 𝑓 ′ (𝑐) does not changes sign, then 𝑓 has no a local maximum or minimum at
a point c.
3. To find the absolute maximum value and absolute minimum value of a
continuous function 𝑓 on the interval [a, b]:
a) Find the values of a critical point, local maximum and local minimum of the
function 𝑓 in the interval [a, b].
b) Find the values of the function 𝑓 at the end points of the interval [a, b]
{𝑓(𝑎) and 𝑓(𝑏)}
c) The absolute maximum value= 𝑚𝑎𝑥{𝑓(𝑎), 𝑓(𝑏), 𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑚𝑎𝑥. }
And absolute minimum value = 𝑚𝑖𝑛{𝑓(𝑎), 𝑓(𝑏), 𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑚𝑖𝑛. }

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Dep. of Petroleum Mathematics II

Example: Find the critical points, local maximum, local minimum, absolute maximum
and absolute minimum for the function
𝑓(𝑥) = 3𝑥 4 − 4𝑥 3 − 12𝑥 2 − 1 on [−2, 3]
Solution:
𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 12𝑥 3 − 12𝑥 2 − 24𝑥 = 0 ÷ 12
𝑥 3 − 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 = 0 ⟹ 𝑥(𝑥 2 − 𝑥 − 2) = 0
𝑥(𝑥 − 2)(𝑥 + 1) = 0 ⟹ 𝑥 = 0 , 𝑥 = 2, 𝑥 = −1
The critical points are −1, 0 and 2
𝑓(0) = 3(0)4 − 4(0)3 − 12(0)2 − 1 = −1 ⟹ (0, −1)
𝑓(−1) = 3(−1)4 − 4(−1)3 − 12(−1)2 − 1 = −6 ⟹ (−1, −6)
𝑓(2) = 3(2)4 − 4(2)3 − 12(2)2 − 1 = −33 ⟹ (2, −33)
∴ (−1, −6) and (2, −33) are local minimum
(0, −1) is local maximum
𝑓(−2) = 3(−2)4 − 4(−2)3 − 12(−2)2 − 1 = 31
𝑓(3) = 3(3)4 − 4(3)3 − 12(3)2 − 1 = 26
∴ Absolute maximum = max. {𝑓(−2), 𝑓(3), 𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑚𝑎𝑥. }
= max. {31, 26, −1} = 31
∴ Absolute minimum = min. {𝑓(−2), 𝑓(3), 𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑚𝑖𝑛. }
= min. {31, 26, −6, −33} = −33

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Dep. of Petroleum Mathematics II

❖ Mean value theorem


Let 𝑓 be a continuous on [𝑎, 𝑏 ] and differentiable on (𝑎, 𝑏 ), then there exists 𝑐 ∈
𝑓(𝑏)−𝑓(𝑎)
(𝑎, 𝑏) such that 𝑓 ′ (𝑐) =
𝑏−𝑎

For example 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 3 + 𝑥 𝑜𝑛 [0, 1]


Solution:
𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 3𝑥 2 + 1 ⟹ 𝑓 ′ (𝑐) = 3𝑐 2 + 1
𝑓(0) = (0)3 + 0 = 0
𝑓(1) = (1)3 + 1 = 2
𝑓(1) − 𝑓(0) 2−0
𝑓 ′ (𝑐) = ⟹ 3𝑐 2 + 1 = ⟹ 3𝑐 2 + 1 = 2 ⟹ 3𝑐 2 = 1
1−0 1−0
1 1 1
𝑐2 = ⟹ 𝑐 = ±√ 𝑐 = +√ ∈ [0, 1]
3 3 3

1. Find the critical points, local maximum and local minimum of


a) 𝑓(𝑥) = √𝑥 (2𝑥 − 1)
1
b) 𝑓(𝑥) = sin 2𝑥
2

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