Introduction To Python Programming

CS1001-2
Course Outcomes:
At the end of the course student will be able to

1. Understand and experiment with the basics of python programming like data types and looping.

2. Describe the concept of functions in python for solving real-world problems.

3. Apply the Python operations for manipulating strings, lists, tuples and dictionaries.

4. Demonstrate the proficiency in handling File Systems.

5. Understand the basic knowledge on Exception handling and plotting graphs.

Textbooks:
1. Kenneth A. Lambert, “The Fundamentals of Python: First Programs”, Cengage Learning, 2nd
Edition, 2019.

2. Yashwanth Kanetkar, Adithya Kanetkar, “Let us Python”, 3rd Edition.

3. Mark Summerfield, “Programming in Python 3 - A Complete Introduction to the Python

Language”, Second Edition, Addison-Wesley, 2009.

4. Y. Daniel Liang, “Introduction to Programming Using Python”, Pearson, 2013.

 Unit -1
Introduction to Python and Function

Chapter 1:Python Concepts

Chapter 2: Design with functions

What is python?

Python is a very popular general-purpose interpreted, interactive, object-

oriented, and high-level programming language.

Why to learn python?

• Python is Open Source which means its available free of cost.

• Python is simple and so easy to learn Python is versatile and can be used
to create many different things.

• Python has powerful development libraries include AI, ML etc.

Prthviraj Jain, CSE
Python is a widely used high-level,
interpreted programming language.
It was created by Guido van Rossum in
1991 and further developed by the Python
Software Foundation
Why the name python?
Guido van Rossum was interested on
watching a comedy show, which is
telecasting on the BBC channel from 1969
to 1974 “The complete Monty Python‟s
Flying Circus”.

Guido Van Rossum thought he needed a

name that was short, unique, and slightly
mysterious for his programming language, so
he decided to call the language Python.
Key Features of Python

• Python is Easy to Learn and Use: There is no prerequisite to start Python,

since it is Ideal programming language for beginners.

• High Level Language: Python don‟t let you worry about low-level details, like
memory management, hardware-level operations etc.

• Python is Interpreted: Code is executed line-by-line directly by interpreter,

and no need for separate compilation. Which means –
• You can run the same code across different platforms.

• You can make the changes in code without restarting the program.
a) Demonstrate about Basics of Python Programming.

• Python comes with an interactive interpreter.

• When you type python in your shell or command prompt, the
python interpreter becomes active with a
>>> and waits for your commands.
ii. Running Python Scripts in IDLE (Integrated Development
and Learning Environment):

• IDLE is the standard Python development environment.

• It's name is an acronym of "Integrated DeveLopment

Environment".

• It works well on both Unix and Windows platforms.

• It has a Python shell window, which gives you access to the Python
interactive mode.
• Goto File menu click on New File (CTRL+N) and write
the code and save add.py
iii. Running Python scripts in Command Prompt:

• Before going to run python27 folder in the command prompt.

• Open your text editor, type the following text and save it as hello.py.
print "hello"

• In the command prompt, and run this program by calling python

hello.py.

• Make sure you change to the directory where you saved the file
before doing it.
Python Identifier
• Python Identifier is the name we give to identify a
variable, function, class, module or other object.

• That means whenever we want to give an entity a

name, that‟s called identifier.
Python Keywords
• Python keywords are the words that are reserved.

• That means you can‟t use them as name of any entities like variables, classes and
functions.

• There were 33 keywords in Python 3.7. However, the number increased to 35 in

Python 3.8.
Keyword Description Keyword Description
and A logical operator from To import specific parts of a module
as To create an alias global To declare a global variable
assert For debugging if To make a conditional statement
break To break out of a loop import To import a module
class To define a class in To check if a value is present in a list, tuple,
etc.
continue To continue to the next iteration of a loop is To test if two variables are equal
def To define a function lambda To create an anonymous function
del To delete an object None Represents a null value
elif Used in conditional statements, same as else if nonlocal To declare a non-local variable
else Used in conditional statements not A logical operator
except Used with exceptions, what to do when an exception or A logical operator
occurs
False Boolean value, result of comparison operations pass A null statement, a statement that will do
nothing
finally Used with exceptions, a block of code that will be for To create a for loop
Variable
• A variable, as the name indicates is something whose value is changeable over time.

• In fact a variable is a memory location where a value can be stored. Later we can retrieve the value to use.

• Python has no command for declaring a variable.

• A variable is created the moment you first assign a value to it.

• Example
x=5
y = "John"
print(x)
print(y)

• No need to define type of variable.

• During the execution, the type of a variable is inferred from the context in which it is being used. Hence
Python is called dynamically-typed language.
• Simple variable assignment
x=4 # x is of type int
x = “nitte" # x is now of type str
print(x)

x = str(3) # x will be '3„

y = int(3) # y will be 3
z = float(3) # z will be 3.0
x=5
y = "John"
print(type(x))
print(type(y))

Multiple variable assignment

Rules for Writing Variable / Identifiers
There are some rules for writing Identifiers. But first you must know Python is case sensitive. That
means Name and name are two different identifiers in Python. Here are some rules for writing Identifiers
in python.

1. Identifiers can be combination of uppercase and lowercase letters, digits or an underscore (_).
So myVariable, variable_1, variable_for_print all are valid python identifiers.

2. An Identifier can not start with digit. So, while variable1 is valid, 1variable is not valid.

3. We can‟t use special symbols like !,#,@,%,$ etc in our Identifier.

4. Identifier can be of any length.

Whether the following statement is true?
x, y, z = “apple”, “banana”, “Cherry”

print(x)
print(y)
print(z)
Python Data Types
• Variables can store data of different types, and different types can do different things.

• Python has the following data types built-in by default, in these categories:

• 3 categories of data types:

1. Basic types: int, float, complex, bool, string, bytes

Categories
2. Container types: list, tuple, set, dict
Text Type: str
3. User-defined types: Class Numeric Types: int, float, complex
Sequence Types: list, tuple, range
Mapping Type: dict
Boolean Type: bool
Binary Types: bytes, bytearray
None Type: NoneType
 Data Types

Basic type Container type User-defined type

Numeric Types Text Type Boolean Type Binary Types Mapping Type Sequence Type class

int String bool bytes dict list

float tuple

complex range
• int can be expressed in binary, decimal, octal, hexadecimal.
Integer type Starts with Example
decimal 0-9 156
binary 0b/0B 0b101
octal 0o/0O 0o432
hexadecimal 0x/0X 0x443

• int can be of any arbitrary size

• Python has arbitrary precision integers. Hence, we can create as big integers as we
want.
• Arithmetic operations can be performed on integers without worrying about
overflow/underflow.
• float can be expressed in fractional or exponential form
• Eg: -314.1528, 3.141528e2, 3.141528E2
• complex contains real and imaginary part
• 3+2j, 1+4J
• bool can take any of 2 Boolean values both starting in caps
• True, False
• string is an immutable collection of Unicode characters enclosed
within „ „, “ “ or “”” “””
• „hi‟, “hi”, “””hi”””
• bytes represent binary data
• B‟\xa1\xe4\x56‟ -represents 3bytes with hex value a1e456
Input and Output
• print()- used to output values on the screen

• input() built-in function can be used to retrieve input values from keyboard.

• input() function returns a string

• i.e if 23 is entered it returns ‟23‟

• So to perform arithmetic operations on the number entered . Convert string to int

or float.
Operators
Python divides the operators in the following groups:
• Arithmetic operators

• Assignment operators

• Comparison operators

• Logical operators

• Identity operators

• Membership operators

• Bitwise operators
1.Arithmetic operators
Operator Name Example
+ Addition x+y
- Subtraction x-y
* Multiplication x*y
/ Division x/y
% Modulus x%y
** Exponent x ** y
// Floor division x // y
Operation Nuances
• On performing floor division, a//b, result is largest integer which is less than or equal to the
quotient.
2. Comparison Operators
• These are used to compare two operands. For example, compare the ages of two persons, compare
the prices of two or more items, etc.

• They result in either a TRUE (Non-zero) value or FALSE (Zero) value

Operator Name Example

== Equal x == y

!= Not equal x != y

> Greater than x>y

< Less than x<y

>= Greater than or equal to x >= y

<= Less than or equal to x <= y

3.Logical operators

• The result of these operators is either TRUE (ONE) or FALSE (ZERO)

Operator Description Example

and Returns True if both statements are x < 5 and x < 10

true
or Returns True if one of the x < 5 or x < 4
statements is true
not Reverse the result, returns False if not(x < 5 and x < 10)
the result is true
4. Identity operators

Identity operators are used to compare the objects, not if they are equal, but if they are actually the
same object, with the same memory location:

Operator Description Example

is Returns True if both variables are x is y
the same object
is not Returns True if both variables are x is not y
not the same object
x = ["apple", "banana"]
y = ["apple", "banana"]
z=x

• print(x is z) # returns True because z is the same object as x

• print(x is y) # returns False because x is not the same object as y, even if they have the
same content

• print(x == y) # to demonstrate the difference between "is" and "==": this comparison
returns True because x is equal to y
5.Membership operators

• Membership operators are used to test if a sequence is presented in an object

Operator Description Example

in Returns True if a sequence with the x in y x = ["apple", "grapes"]

specified value is present in the object print("apple" in x)
Output: TRUE

not in Returns True if a sequence with the x not in y x = ["apple", "grapes"]

specified value is not present in the print("pineapple" not in x)
object Output: TRUE
6. Bitwise operators
• Bitwise operators are used to compare (binary) numbers:

Operator Name Description

& AND Sets each bit to 1 if both bits are 1

| OR Sets each bit to 1 if one of two bits is 1

^ XOR Sets each bit to 1 if only one of two bits is 1

~ NOT Inverts all the bits

<< left shift Shift left by pushing zeros in from the right and let the
leftmost bits fall off

>> right shift Shift right by pushing copies of the leftmost bit in from the
left, and let the rightmost bits fall off
• Take two bit values X and Y, where X = 7= (111)2 and Y = 4 = (100)2 .
Take Bitwise and of both X & y
• Note: Here, (111)2 represent binary number.

• Take two bit values X and Y, where X = 7= (111)2 and Y = 4 = (100)2 .

Take Bitwise OR of both X, Y
Take two bit values X and Y, where X = 7= (111)2 and Y = 4 = (100)2 .
Take Bitwise and of both X & Y

Take two bit values X and Y, where X = 5= (101)2 . Take Bitwise NOT of
X.
• Example 1:
a = 5 = 0000 0101 (Binary)
a << 1 = 0000 1010 = 10
a << 2 = 0001 0100 = 20

Example 2:
b = -10 = 1111 0110 (Binary)
b << 1 = 1110 1100 = -20
b << 2 = 1101 1000 = -40
Example 1:
a = 10 = 0000 1010 (Binary)
a >> 1 = 0000 0101 = 5

Example 2:
a = -10 = 1111 0110 (Binary)
a >> 1 = 1111 1011 = -5
7.Assignment operators
• Assignment operators are used to assign values to variables

Operator Example Same As Operator Example Same As

= x=5 x=5 &= x &= 3 x=x&3
+= x += 3 x=x+3
|= x |= 3 x=x|3
-= x -= 3 x=x-3
^= x ^= 3 x=x^3
*= x *= 3 x=x*3
>>= x >>= 3 x = x >> 3
/= x /= 3 x=x/3
<<= x <<= 3 x = x << 3
%= x %= 3 x=x%3

//= x //= 3 x = x // 3

**= x **= 3 x = x ** 3
Precedence and Associativity
• Precedence(priority)-multiple operators in an expression

• Associativity- operators with same precedence

• Left to right associativity or right to left associativity

• c=a*b/c
• Same precedence
• * is done before / (arithmetic operators have Left to right
associativity )
Type Conversions
• Mixed mode operations:
• Operation between int and float will yield float.
• Operation between int and complex will yield complex.
• Operation between float and complex will yield complex.

• We can convert one numeric type to another using built-in

functions.
• int() , float(), complex(), bool()
• int() - constructs an integer number from an integer literal, a float literal (by
removing all decimals), or a string literal (providing the string represents a whole
number)
# x will be 1
• x = int(1)
# y will be 2
y = int(2.8) # z will be 3
z = int("3")

• float() - constructs a float number from an integer literal, a float literal or a string
literal (providing #the string
x will represents a float or an integer)
be 1.0
# y will be 2.8
• x = float(1)
# z will be 3.0
y = float(2.8)
# w will be 4.2
z = float("3")
w = float("4.2")
• str() - constructs a string from a wide variety of data types, including strings,
integer literals and float literals

• x = str("s1") # x will be 's1'

y = str(2) # y will be '2' Conversion Explanation
int(float/numeric string ) from float/numeric string to int
z = str(3.0) # z will be '3.0‟
int(numeric string, base) from numeric string to int in base
float(int/numeric string ) from int/numeric string to float
float (int) from int to float
complex(int/float) Convert to complex with imaginary
part zero
complex(int/float, int/float) Convert to complex
bool(int/float) from int to float to True/False
str(int/float/bool) Convert to string
chr(int) Yields a character corresponding to
int
Built-in functions
• print() is also a built-in function.

• Help about any built-in function is available using help(function)

• Built-in function commonly used with numbers are:

Built-in Modules

• Each module contains many functions.

• math, cmath, random, decimal
• Mathematical functions in math module:

• round() built-in function can round to a specific number of decimal

places, whereas
• trunc(), ceil(),floor() always round to zero decimal places.
• Trigonometric functions in math module:
• Random number generation functions from random module:

• To use functions present in a module, we need to import the module

using import statement:
• To get list of functions in each built-in module:
Comments in python
What are Comments?
• Comments are used to explain the code and make it
easier to read.
• Comments are ignored during execution.

• Single line comment begin with #

#Program to add 2 numbers
a=b+c
• Multiline comment written in a pair of „‟‟ or “””
""" This function calculates the greatest common divisor (GCD)
of two numbers using the Euclidean algorithm. The GCD of two
numbers is the largest number that divides both of them without
leaving a remainder. """
def gcd(a, b):
while b:
a, b = b, a % b
return a
result = gcd(48, 18)
Indentation
• ‘Unexpected indent’
Control statements
• So far statements in all our programs got executed
sequentially or one after the other.
• Sequence of execution of instructions in a program
can be altered using:
• Decision control instruction
• Repetition control instruction
• Colon(:) after if, else, elif is compulsory.
• Statements in if block, else block, elif block have to
be indented.
• Indented statements are treated as block of
statements.
• Used to group statements. Use either 4 spaces or a
tab for indentation.
If statement:
The if statement is used to test a specific condition.
If the condition is true, a block of code (if-block) will
be executed.
Syntax:
if condition:
statement1
statement2
statement3
Example:

a = 30
b = 100
if b > a:
print("b is greater than a")
print(“program ends here..”)
The if-else statement
The if-else statement is similar to if statement except the fact that, it also
provides the block of the code for the false case of the condition to be
checked. If the condition provided in the if statement is false, then the else
statement will be executed.
Syntax:
if condition:
statement1
statement2
else:
statement3
statement4
Example:

a = 30
b = 100
if b > a:
print("b is greater than a")
else:
print("b is greater than a")

print(“program ends here..”)

The elif statement:
• The elif statement enables us to check multiple conditions and execute
the specific block of statements depending upon the true condition
among them.
• We can have any number of elif statements in our program depending
upon our need.
Syntax:
if condition1:
statement1
statement2
elif condition2 :
statement3
elif condition3 :
statement4
else :
statement4
next statement
Example:
a = 30
b = 100
if a > b:
print(“a is greater than b")
elif a < b:
print("a is greater than b")
else:
print("a and b are equal")
print(“thank you")
Nested if:
Python supports nested if statements which means we can use a
conditional if and if...else statement inside an existing if statement.
Syntax:
if condition1:
statement1
if condition2:
statement2
else:
statement3
next statement
Example:
num = 36
print ("num = ", num)
if num % 2 == 0:
if num % 3 == 0:
print ("Divisible by 3 and 2")
else:
print ("Divisible by 2 but not by 3")
print(“program ends here..”)
Repetition Control Instruction
• 2 types of repetition control instructions:
• while
• for
For loop:
for is used to iterate over elements of a sequence such as
string, tuple or list.
Syntax:
for value in sequence:
loop body
2 types:

• During each iteration var is assigned the next value from the list.
• In place of a list, a string, a tuple, set or dictionary can also be used.
• else block is optional.
• If present,it is executed if loop is not terminated abruptly using break.
x = ‘nmamit’
for i in x:
print(i)

output: ??
fruits = ["apple", "banana", "cherry"]
for x in fruits:
print(x)

Output:
apple
banana
cherry
Usage of for loop
• A for loop can be used in the following two situations:
• Repeat a set of statements a finite number of times.
• Iterate through a string, list, tuple, set or dictionary.

• To repeat a set of statements a finite number of times a

built-in function range() is used.
• range() function generates a sequence of integers:
• range(10)- generates a number from 0 to 9
• range(10,20)- generates a number from 10 to 19
• range(10,20,2)- generates a number from 10 to 19 in step of 2
• range(20,10,-3)- generates a number from 20 to 9 in step of -3
• range() cannot generate sequence of floats.
 range(start, stop, step)
• Produces a sequence of integers from start(inclusive) to
stop(exclusive) by step.
• Example 1:
for x in range(2, 30, 3):
print(x)
Output: 2 5 8 11 14 17 20 23 26 29
Example 2:
for i in range(5, -1, -1):
print(i)
Output: 5 4 3 2 1 0
• The list of numbers generated using range() can be iterated through
using a for loop.

• Output:
• for can be used to iterate through a string, list, tuple, set or
dictionary as shown below:
break statement
The break Statement
The break statement in Python is used to exit or “break” out of a loop (either a
for or while loop) prematurely before the loop has iterated through all its items or
reached its condition.
Example:
x = ‘nmamit’
for i in x:
if i==‘i’:
break
print(i)

Output:
Working of break statement
The continue Statement
With the continue statement we can stop the current iteration of the loop, and
continue with the next.
Python continue statement is used to skip the execution of the program block
and returns the control to the beginning of the current loop to start the next
iteration.
x = ‘nmamit’
for i in x:
if i==‘i’:
continue
print(i)

Output:
Working of continue statement:
Using else Statement with for Loop
• A loop expression and an else expression can be connected in Python.
• After the circuit has finished iterating over the list, the else clause is
combined with a for Loop.
Example:
for x in range(6):
if x == 3:
break
print(x)
else:
print("finished!")
while loop
A while loop in Python is a control flow statement used
to repeat a block of code as long as a specified
condition is True. It's especially useful when the
number of iterations isn't known beforehand but
depends on some dynamic condition.
Syntax:
while expression:
statement(s)

• condition: This is a boolean expression. If it evaluates to True, the

code inside the loop will execute.

• statement(s): These are the statements that will be executed during

each iteration of the loop.
Working of while loop
Snippet 1: Print Numbers from 1 to 5
Snippet 2: Sum of Numbers from 1 to 10
Snippet 3: Even Numbers Between 1 and 10
Snippet 4: Print "Hello, World!" 5 Times using
while
Snippet 6: Infinite Loop

Output:
The string “This will run forever!” will be printed infinite times.
Syntax:
• Usage of break with for loop

• Usage of break with while loop

Syntax:
• Usage of continue with for loop

• Usage of continue with while loop

while loop with else
When the condition becomes false, the statement immediately after the
loop is executed. The else clause is only executed when your while
condition becomes false. If you break out of the loop, or if an exception
is raised, it won‟t be executed

i=0 i=0
while i < 4: while i < 4:
i += 1 i += 1
print(i) print(i)
else: # Executed because break
no break in for else: # Not executed as
print("No Break\n") there is a break
print("No Break")
pass statement

The Python pass statement is a null statement. But the

difference between pass and comment is that comment is
ignored by the interpreter whereas pass is not ignored.
pass

Syntax:

pass
What is pass statement in Python?
When the user does not know what code to write, So user
simply places a pass at that line. Sometimes, the pass is used
when the user doesn‟t want any code to execute. So users can
simply place a pass where empty code is not allowed, like in
loops, function definitions, class definitions, or in if statements.
So using a pass statement user avoids this error.
Using pass With Conditional Statement
Using pass With Conditional Statement
Using pass With Looping Statement
Using pass With Looping Statement (while)
FUNCTIONS:

Function is a sub program which consists of set of

instructions used to perform a specific task. A large
program is divided into basic building▪blocks called
function.
• Need For Function:
❖ When the program is too complex and large they are divided into parts.
Each part is separately coded and combined into single program. Each
subprogram is called as function.

❖ Debugging, Testing and maintenance becomes easy when the program is

divided into subprograms.

❖ Functions are used to avoid rewriting same code again and again in a
program.

❖ Function provides code re-usability

❖ The length of the program is reduced.

• Types of function:

Functions can be classified into two categories:

i) Built in function

ii) user defined function

i) Built in functions

❖ Built in functions are the functions that are already created and
stored in python.

These built in functions are always available for usage and accessed
by a programmer. It cannot be modified.
ii)User Defined Functions:
❖ User defined functions are the functions that programmers
create for their requirement and use.
❖ These functions can then be combined to form module which
can be used in other programs by importing them.

❖ Advantages of user defined functions:

∙ Programmers working on large project can divide the workload
by making different functions.
∙ If repeated code occurs in a program, function can be used to
include those codes and execute when needed by calling that
function.
Function definition: (Sub program)

❖ def keyword is used to define a function.

❖ Give the function name after def keyword followed by

parentheses in which arguments are given.

❖ End with colon (:)

❖ Inside the function add the program statements to be

executed

❖ End with or without return statement

Syntax:
def fun_name(Parameter1,Parameter2…Parameter n):
statement1
statement2…
statement n
return[expression]

• Example:
def my_add(a,b):
c=a+b
return c
Function Calling:
⮚ Once we have defined a function, we can call it from
another
function, program or even the Python prompt.
⮚ To call a function we simply type the function name
with
appropriate arguments.

• Example:
x=5
y=4
my_add(x,y)
Flow of Execution:
❖ The order in which statements are executed is called the flow of
execution
❖ Execution always begins at the first statement of the program
❖ Statements are executed one at a time, in order, from top to
bottom.
❖ Function definitions do not alter the flow of execution of the
program, but remember that statements inside the function are not
executed until the function is called.
❖ Function calls are like a bypass in the flow of execution. Instead
of going to the next statement, the flow jumps to the first line of
the called function, executes all the statements there, and then
comes back to pick up where it left off.
Note: When you read a program, don’t read from top to
bottom. Instead, follow the flow of execution. This means
that you will read the def statements as you are scanning
from top to bottom, but you should skip the statements of
the function definition until you reach a point where that
function is called.
Parameters And Arguments:

Parameters(Formal Parameters):

∙ Parameters are the value(s) provided in the parenthesis when we write

function header.

∙ These are the values required by function to work.

∙ If there is more than one value required, all of them will be listed in
parameter list separated by comma.

∙ Example: def my_add(a,b):

Arguments(Actual Parameters) :

∙ Arguments are the value(s) provided in function call/invoke statement.

∙ List of arguments should be supplied in same way as parameters are

listed.

∙ Bounding of parameters to arguments is done 1:1, and so there should

be same number and type of arguments as mentioned in parameter list.

∙ Example: my_add(x,y)
RETURN STATEMENT:
• The return statement is used to exit a function and go back to
the place from where it was called.
• If the return statement has no arguments, then it will not return
any values. But exits from function.

• Syntax:
return[expression]
• Example:
def my_add(a,b):
c=a+b
return c
x=5
y=4
print(my_add(x,y))

• Output:
9
The pass Statement
The pass statement serves as a placeholder for future
code, preventing errors from empty code blocks.
def function():
pass # this will execute without any action
or error
function()
ARGUMENTS TYPES:

1. Required Arguments

2. Keyword(named) Arguments

3. Default Arguments

4. Variable length Arguments

1. Required Arguments:
The number of arguments in the function call should match exactly with the
function definition.
def my_details( name, age ):
print("Name: ", name)
print("Age ", age)
return
my_details("george",56)
• Output:
Name: george
Age 56
2. Keyword(named) Arguments:
• Python interpreter is able to use the keywords provided to match
the values with parameters even though if they are arranged in out
of order.
def my_details( name, age ):
print("Name: ", name)
print("Age ", age)
return
my_details(age=56,name="george")

• Output:
Name: george
Age 56
3. Default Arguments:
• Assumes a default value if a value is not provided in the function
call for that argument.
def my_details( name, age=40 ):
print("Name: ", name)
print("Age ", age)
return
my_details(name="george")

• Output:
Name: george
Age 40
4. Variable length Arguments
• If we want to specify more arguments than specified while
defining the function, variable length arguments are used.
• It is denoted by * symbol before parameter.
def my_details(*name ):
print(*name)
my_details("rajan","rahul","micheal",ärjun")

• Output:
rajan rahul micheal ärjun
Positional-Only Arguments

• You can specify that a function can have ONLY positional arguments,
or ONLY keyword arguments.

• To specify that a function can have only positional arguments, add , /

after the arguments:

Example

def my_function(x, /):

print(x)
def my_function(x, /): def
print(x) my_function(x):
print(x)
my_function(3)
my_function(x = 3)

//error
def my_function(x, /):
print(x)

my_function(x = 3)
Recursive Function
A Python function can be called from within its body. When we do so it is
called a recursive function.
• Variables created in a function die when control returns from a function.

• Recursive function may or may not have a return statement.

• Typically, during execution of a recursive function many recursive calls

happen, so several sets of variables get created. This increases the space
requirement of the function.

• Recursive functions are inherently slow since passing value(s) and control to
a function and returning value(s) and control will slow down the execution of
the function.

• Recursive calls terminate when the base case condition is satisfied.

Recursive Factorial Function
Lambda Function
• A lambda function is a small anonymous function.

• A lambda function can take any number of arguments, but can

only have one expression.
Python Lambda Functions are anonymous functions means that
the function is without a name. As we already know the def
keyword is used to define a normal function in Python. Similarly,
the lambda keyword is used to define an anonymous function in
Python.
• lambda arguments : expression

•x= lambda a : a + 10
print(x(5))
• def myfun(n):
return lambda a : a * n

• def myfun(n):
return lambda a : a * n

mydoubler = myfun(2)

print(mydoubler(11))
• MODULES:
⮚ A module is a file containing Python definitions, functions, statements
and instructions.
⮚ Standard library of Python is extended as modules.
⮚ To use these modules in a program, programmer needs to import
the module.
⮚ Once we import a module, we can reference or use to any of its functions or
variables in our code.
o There is large number of standard modules also available in python.
o Standard modules can be imported the same way as we import our user-
defined modules.
o Every module contains many function.
o To access one of the function , you have to specify the name of the module and
the name of the function separated by dot . This format is called dot notation.
• Syntax:
import module_name
module_name.function_name(variable)

• Importing Builtin Module:

import math
x=math.sqrt(25)
print(x)
• Importing User Defined Module:
import cal
x=cal.add(5,4)
print(x)
• Built-in python modules are,
1.math – mathematical functions:
• some of the functions in math module is,
• math.ceil(x) - Return the ceiling of x, the smallest integer greater than or equal to x
• math.floor(x) - Return the floor of x, the largest integer less than or equal to x.
• math.factorial(x) -Return x factorial.
• math.gcd(x,y)- Return the greatest common divisor of the integers a and b
• math.sqrt(x)- Return the square root of x
• math.log(x)- return the natural logarithm of x math.log10(x) – returns the
base-10 logarithms math.log2(x) - Return the base-2 logarithm of x. math.sin(x) –
returns sin of x radians
• math.cos(x)- returns cosine of x radians
• math.tan(x)-returns tangent of x radians
• math.pi - The mathematical constant π = 3.141592 math.e – returns The
mathematical constant e = 2.718281
Thank You