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- r

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 LECTURE 1
FLUID PROPERTIES
MODULE 1:
A. Fundamental Properties of Fluids
B. Hydrostatic Forces on Surfaces
- Total Hydrostatic Pressure on Plane Surfaces
- Forces on Submerged Plane Surfaces Semi-Graphical Approaches
- Forces on Submerges Curved-Surfaces
OVERVIEW

A physical science that deals with the action of fluids at rest or in motion with application
and devices in engineering that uses fluid is called Fluid Mechanics. This subdivides into
two major areas: Fluid statics are fluids are rest and Fluid Dynamics are fluids in motion.
Hydrodynamics is the application of fluid flow or can be applied to a low velocity gas flows
that can be considered as incompressible.
Hydraulics is an application of fluid mechanics with engineering devices involving liquids
such as water, oil or gas. It also deals with the problems that arises in the flow of fluids
through pipes and open channels. It also includes the design of dams, pumps, turbines
with other devices for the control of fluids like nozzles, valves jets and flowmeter.

OBJECTIVES:
At the end of this module, you should be able to:
1. Develop a good understanding of the properties of fluid and the principle of fluid
behavior.
2. Understand the principles involving physical ideas, as well a mathematical ones,
and includes derivations and analysis of resulting equations, which describe fluid
behavior.
3. Solving practical problems, which involve numerical calculations from working
formulas, often with the conclusion of experimentally determined coefficient.

LEARNING CONTENT
Types of Fluids:

Fluids are divides into two categories: Ideal Fluids & Real Fluids

Ideal Fluids are assumed to have no viscosity (no resistance to shear), incompressible, it
has uniform flowing velocity, no friction between moving layers of fluid.

Real fluids exhibit infinite viscosities, non-uniform velocity distribution when flowing, real
fluids are compressible, can experience friction and turbulence in flow.

Real fluids can be Newtonian Fluids (water, mineral oil, gasoline, alcohol) and Non-
Newtonian Fluids (quick sand, putty, corn flour & water, ketchup, toothpaste).

②
Mass Density, ! ($ℎ&) is equal to mass per unit of volume. ! =
1/
!"## %& &'()*
+%'(!,
=
-
.
/!
= 0!!
81ms
"
or !! ① f =
Mk, =

ENGR. VERNA LIZA MANINANG- BERMIDO MODULE: HYDRAULICS

Instructor 1|PAGE
 Units:
!"#$! "!
English: 1 )*+, = 1 *. ∗ #$ /
%& !
$'
Metric: ('!
)$
SI: '!

For an ideal gas, its density can be found from the specific gas constant and ideal gas law:
0
!=
12
Where: 0 = 3.)&*+45 0$5))+$5 &6 ,3) 78 93 → I
1 = ,3) :&8)4384 ;&+*5/(=, ∗ °?) m2
For air:
%&'(
1 = )*∗°-
.,'.0 234#$
1=
"25*∗°6
2 = 3.)&*+45 45@05$34+$5 78 ° =5*A78
mtg
+
° ? = ℃ + 273 HIT
Vs=¥÷
-

°1 = ℉ + 460
,
② SPECIFIC VOLUME, K7

Specific volume L" 7) 4ℎ5 A&*+@5 &::+075M .N 3 +874 @3)) &6 6*+7M.

-0
1 1 @8
L" = = =
! =, =,
@8
"
③ UNIT WEIGHT OR SPECIFIC WEIGHT, P
✓
kN ,

g
-

9
Specific weight or unit weight P 7) 4ℎ5 QRSTUV &6 3 +874 WXYZ[R &6 3 6*+7M. = :

\57,ℎ4 &6 6*+7M, ^ @

P= = ! ∗ ,$3A74347&83* 3::5*5$347&8 &6 4ℎ5 53$4ℎ (9.81 % )
A&*+@5, L )

Kim !In
or

Units: y= , ,

23
English : 45"
6789
7- t.gr
Kmg 9.0%2=11
Metric : :;" =

KI
×
< =<
SI : ;" #$ ;" , , =

'

SPECIFIC GRAVITY
Tm m

Specific gravity, s is a dimensionless ratio of a fluid’s density to some standard reference

density. For liquids and solids, the reference density is water at 4℃ (39.2℉)

!(*7a+7M)
)=
(! \345$)

In gases, the standard reference to calculate the specific gravity in the density of air.

ENGR. VERNA LIZA MANINANG- BERMIDO MODULE: HYDRAULICS

Instructor 2|PAGE
Yw on
l8⑥①
Yw =

9S0Ir
=
9810
H/mT)

:
MB

'
Tw
looking ,%÷×µzm)
-

-
tooo
,

fw =
'
I

fluid
cm '

sp.gr =

Twofer
or =
7pm'd
¥1
 !(,3))
)=
!(37$)

For water at 4℃
*. ?c c
'
'
P = 62.4 8
(b8,*7)ℎ) = 9.81 8 = 9810 8 {\57,ℎ4 M58)74N &6 \345$}
w
64 @ @

)*+,) =,
! = 1.94
64 8
(b8,*7)ℎ) = 1000 8 {@3)) M58)74N &6 \345$}
@
n' 9am '

Specific gravity of water = 1

r

VISCOSITY, f(g+)
The property of fluid which determines the amount of its resistance to shearing forces. A
perfect fluid would have no viscosity.

#
!=
$%
$&
Where:
*. c
h = )ℎ53$ )4$5)) 78 % &$ % 93
64 @
)5:
f = 3.)&*+45 A7):&)74N 78 *.. % (0&7)5))&$ (93 ∗ sec)
64
N = M7)438:5 .54\558 4ℎ5 0*345) 78 64 &$ @
64 @
l = A5*&:74N 78 &$
)5 )5:

KINEMATIC VISCOSITY A (cl)

?785@347: A7):&)74N 7) 4ℎ5 $347& &6 4ℎ5 MN83@7: A7):&)74N &6 4ℎ5 6*+7M f, 4& 74) @3)) M58)74N !
f
A=
!
Where:

f = 3.)&*+45 A7):&)74N 78 93. )5:

=,
! = M58)74N 78 8
@
Common Units of Viscosity
System Absolute f Kinematic, A
English *. − )5: 64 % /)5:
64 %
-
)*+,
n o
64 ∗ )5: -

Metric ✓ MN85) ∗ )5:/:@% (POISE) .

:@% /)5: (stoke) -

";<
SI - Pa*sec (c5\4&8 ∗ =! ) @% /)5:

ENGR. VERNA LIZA MANINANG- BERMIDO MODULE: HYDRAULICS

Instructor 3|PAGE
Note:
";<
1 poise = 1 MN85 ∗ <=! = 0.1 93 ∗ sec 1 MN85 = 104> c
1 stoke = 0.0001 @% / sec

SURFACE TENSION p (qrsgt)

4p
0=
M
Where:
?
p = )+$63:5 458)7&8 78 =
M = M73@545$ &6 4ℎ5 M$&0*54 78 @
0 = ,3,5 0$5))+$5 78 93

CAPILLARITY

Capillarity (Capillary action) is the name given to the behavior of the liquid in a thin-bore
tube. The rise or fall or a fluid in a capillary tube is caused by surface tension and depends
on the relative magnitudes of the cohesion of the liquid and the adhesion of the liquid to
the walls of the containing vessel. Liquids rise in tubes they wet (adhesion > cohesion)
and fall in tube they do not wet (cohesion > adhesion). Capillary in important when using
tubes smaller than about 3/8 in (9.5mm) in diameter.

ℎ = (4p cos v/PM)

For complete wetting as with water on clean glass, the angle v 7) 0°. Hence the formula
becomes
4p
ℎ=( )
PM
Where:
ℎ = :307**3$74N $7)5 &$ M50$5))7&8 78 @

}
?
P = +874 \57,ℎ4 78 ="
M = M73@545$ &6 4ℎ5 4+.5 78 @
p = )+$63:5 458)7&8 78 93

ENGR. VERNA LIZA MANINANG- BERMIDO MODULE: HYDRAULICS

Instructor 4|PAGE
BULK MODULUS OF ELASTICITY, b@

The bulk modulus of elasticity of the fluid express the compressibility of the fluid. It is the
ratio of the change in unit pressure to the corresponding volume change per unit of volume.
)4$5)) ∆0 M9
b@ = = &$ −
)4$378 ∆L/L ML/L

SAMPLE PROBLEMS:
1. A reservoir of glycerin has a mass of 1,200 kg and a volume of 0.952 cu.m. Find
it’s
a. weight (W)
Weight, W = Mg
= 1,200 kg * 9.81 m/s^2 = 11,772 N or 11.772 kN

b. Unit Weight (P)

^ 11.772?c
P= = = 12.366 =c/@8
L 0.952@8

c. Mass density (!)

✓ A .%BB)* )*
!= :
= B.D>%=" = 1,260.5 ="

d. Specific gravity (g)

Always check the unit of the density of fluid so that it will be easy to determine
what water density you are going to use.
=,
\57,ℎ4 M58)74N &6 6*+7M 1,260.5 @8
)05:767: ,$3A74N = = = 1.26
M58)74N &6 \345$ =,
1000 8
@

2. The specific gravity of certain oil is 0.82. Calculate its:

a. Specific weight P = \57,ℎ4 M58)74N &6 \345$ ∗ )05:767: ,$3A74N &6 4ℎ5 6*+7M
-
*. *.
= 62.4 8 ∗ 0.82 = 51.168 8 &$
sp gp
. Yfhh
= 64 64 N= kq.me
X water =c S2
= 9.81 8 ∗ 0.82 = 8.044 =c/@^3 /
twin 'd @
0.82
amh
= "

KI

8,044.214M€
- 9. si

tffuluid 8.044.zkg.mn#-- Im
'

M£044 14%3 Yfghid

= .

Xfluid
=
= or

b. Mass density ! = mass density of the water * sp. Gr 9.81 m/s2

.BBB)*
= =" ∗ 0.82 = 820 =,/@^3 r fun 'd
= 820
Kms
,

m2
3. Air is kept at a pressure of 200 KPa absolute and a temperature of 30°z in a 500
-
-
liter container. What is the mass of air?
-

Note: 1@8 = 1000 *745$) For air R = 287 J/kg*°? Joules = N.m
Temperature must be in Rankine
*
E
-..,...
FG
/
)$ vcm
'
) V= 500L x HML
'= = H = 2.3 '!
+, -01IJ∗(4.5-14) O tooo lit
= 0,50ms

ENGR. VERNA LIZA MANINANG- BERMIDO MODULE: HYDRAULICS

Instructor 5|PAGE
 - -

}
V 0.952 m
1,200kg
=

M =

J W
sing kg.NL N
"
=
=

1,200kg * 9.81
M$2 11,772N
=
=
or

111772 KN

# 7o?a}#m3=l55"Ym3 ?
②
T= "
=

ok
12.366 kN/m3

③ f ti2o0k9
My k9/m3r
=

1260.5
e
=

0.952ms

#o
121365,55 Nlm 's

}
Sp
=
④

1126=123%8.4414
,
=

-
-
na .

-
1260.5 kg/m3 = le 26
-

yw 1000181ms
 )$
+,-- = ' ∗ 0 = 2.3 '! ∗O.524 = 1.15 45 r

For the student learning evaluation, solve the following problems:

MODULE 1 PROBLEM SET

)*
1. r6 5.6@8 &6 &7* \57,ℎ) 46, 800 c, :3*:+*345 74) M58)74N 78 ="

2. Carbon tetrachloride has a mass of 600 kg and a volume of 0.42 cu.m. Compute
its specific weight.

3. The specific weight of a substance is 10.2 kN/cu.m, compute its specific gravity.

4. The specific weight of object is 2230 N/cu.m. Compute its specific volume.

5. If the specific weight of a substance is12.83 =c/@8 , what is its mass density?

6. The volume of a substance is 0.0026 @8 and has a specific gravity of 2.75.

Determine its weight in N.

7. The specific gravity of alcohol is 0.79. Compute its mass density.

8. A certain liquid has an absolute viscosity of 0.000648 N.s/sq.m. Compute the shear
stress required to deform this fluid at a strain rate of 4600/sec.

9. A cubic meter of air at 101.3 kPa weighs 12N. What is the specific volume?

10. A liquid compressed in a cylinder has a volume of 1 liter at 2 MPa and a volume of
990 cu. cm. at 2.5 MPa. The bulk modulus of elasticity would be?

ENGR. VERNA LIZA MANINANG- BERMIDO MODULE: HYDRAULICS

Instructor 6|PAGE