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Natural Language Processing (NLP) Tutorial

Last Updated : 17 Dec, 2024

Natural Language Processing (NLP) is the branch of Artificial

Intelligence (AI) that gives the ability to machine understand and
process human languages. Human languages can be in the form of text
or audio format.

Applications of NLP
The applications of Natural Language Processing are as follows:

Voice Assistants like Alexa, Siri, and Google Assistant use NLP for
voice recognition and interaction.
Tools like Grammarly, Microsoft Word, and Google Docs apply NLP
for grammar checking and text analysis.
Information extraction through Search engines such as Google and
DuckDuckGo.
Website bots and customer support chatbots leverage NLP for
automated conversations and query handling.
Google Translate and similar services use NLP for real-time
translation between languages.
Text summarization

This NLP tutorial is designed for both beginners and professionals.

Whether you are a beginner or a data scientist, this guide will provide
you with the knowledge and skills you need to take your understanding
of NLP to the next level.

Phases of Natural Language Processing

There are two components of Natural Language Processing:

Natural Language Understanding

Natural Language Generation

Libraries for Natural Language Processing

Some of natural language processing libraries include:

NLTK (Natural Language Toolkit)

spaCy
Transformers (by Hugging Face)
Gensim

To explore in detail, you can refer to this article: NLP Libraries in

Python

Normalizing Textual Data in NLP

Text Normalization transforms text into a consistent format improves
the quality and makes it easier to process in NLP tasks.

Key steps in text normalization includes:

1. Regular Expressions (RE) are sequences of characters that define

search patterns.

How to write Regular Expressions?

 Properties of Regular Expressions
RegEx in Python
Email Extraction using RE

2. Tokenization is a process of splitting text into smaller units called

tokens.

How Tokenizing Text, Sentences, and Words Works

Word Tokenization
Rule-based Tokenization
Subword Tokenization
Dictionary-Based Tokenization
Whitespace Tokenization
WordPiece Tokenization

3. Lemmatization reduces words to their base or root form.

4. Stemming reduces works to their root by removing suffixes. Types of

stemmers include:

Porter Stemmer
Lancaster Stemmer
Snowball Stemmer
Lovis Stemmer
Rule-based Stemming

5. Stopword removal is a process to remove common words from the

document.

6. Parts of Speech (POS) Tagging assigns a part of speech to each

word in sentence based on definition and context.

Text Representation or Text Embedding Techniques in

NLP
Text representation converts textual data into numerical vectors that
are processed by the following methods:

One-Hot Encoding
Bag of Words (BOW)
 N-Grams
Term Frequency-Inverse Document Frequency (TF-IDF)
N-Gram Language Modeling with NLTK

Text Embedding Techniques refer to the methods and models used to

create these vector representations, including traditional methods (like
TFIDF and BOW) and more advanced approaches:

1. Word Embedding

Word2Vec (SkipGram, Continuous Bag of Words – CBOW)

GloVe (Global Vectors for Word Representation)
fastText

2. Pre-Trained Embedding

ELMo (Embeddings from Language Models)

BERT (Bidirectional Encoder Representations from Transformers)

3. Document Embedding – Doc2Vec

Deep Learning Techniques for NLP

Deep learning has revolutionized Natural Language Processing (NLP) by
enabling models to automatically learn complex patterns and
representations from raw text. Below are some of the key deep learning
techniques used in NLP:

Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs)

Recurrent Neural Networks (RNNs)
Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM)
Gated Recurrent Unit (GRU)
Seq2Seq Models
Transformer Models

Pre-Trained Language Models

Pre-trained models understand language patterns, context and

semantics. The provided models are trained on massive corpora and can
be fine tuned for specific tasks.
 GPT (Generative Pre-trained Transformer)
Transformers XL
T5 (Text-to-Text Transfer Transformer)
RoBERTa

To learn how to fine tune a model, refer to this article: Transfer

Learning with Fine-tuning

Natural Language Processing Tasks

1. Text Classification

Dataset for Text Classification

Text Classification using Naive Bayes
Text Classification using Logistic Regression
Text Classification using RNNs
Text Classification using CNNs

2. Information Extraction

Information Extraction
Named Entity Recognition (NER) using SpaCy
Named Entity Recognition (NER) using NLTK
Relationship Extraction

3. Sentiment Analysis

What is Sentiment Analysis?

Sentiment Analysis using VADER
Sentiment Analysis using Recurrent Neural Networks (RNN)

4. Machine Translation

Statistical Machine Translation of Language

Machine Translation with Transformer

5. Text Summarization

What is Text Summarization?

 Text Summarizations using Hugging Face Model
Text Summarization using Sumy

6. Text Generation

Text Generation using Fnet

Text Generation using Recurrent Long Short Term Memory Network
Text2Text Generations using HuggingFace Model

History of NLP
Natural Language Processing (NLP) emerged in 1950 when Alan
Turing published his groundbreaking paper titled Computing Machinery
and Intelligence. Turing’s work laid the foundation for NLP, which is a
subset of Artificial Intelligence (AI) focused on enabling machines to
automatically interpret and generate human language. Over time, NLP
technology has evolved, giving rise to different approaches for solving
complex language-related tasks.

1. Heuristic-Based NLP

The Heuristic-based approach to NLP was one of the earliest methods

used in natural language processing. It relies on predefined rules and
domain-specific knowledge. These rules are typically derived from
expert insights. A classic example of this approach is Regular
Expressions (Regex), which are used for pattern matching and text
manipulation tasks.

2. Statistical and Machine Learning-Based NLP

As NLP advanced, Statistical NLP emerged, incorporating machine

learning algorithms to model language patterns. This approach applies
statistical rules and learns from data to tackle various language
processing tasks. Popular machine learning algorithms in this category
include:

Naive Bayes
Support Vector Machines (SVM)
 Hidden Markov Models (HMM)

3. Neural Network-Based NLP (Deep Learning)

The most recent advancement in NLP is the adoption of Deep Learning

techniques. Neural networks, particularly Recurrent Neural Networks
(RNNs), Long Short-Term Memory Networks (LSTMs), and
Transformers, have revolutionized NLP tasks by providing superior
accuracy. These models require large amounts of data and considerable
computational power for training

FAQs on Natural Language Processing

What is the most difficult part of natural language processing?

Ambiguity is the main challenge of natural language processing

because in natural language, words are unique, but they have
different meanings depending upon the context which causes
ambiguity on lexical, syntactic, and semantic levels.

What are the 4 pillars of NLP?

The four main pillars of NLP are 1.) Outcomes, 2.) Sensory acuity,
3.) behavioural flexibility, and 4.) report.

What language is best for natural language processing?

Python is considered the best programming language for NLP

because of their numerous libraries, simple syntax, and ability to
easily integrate with other programming languages.

What is the life cycle of NLP?

 There are four stages included in the life cycle of NLP –
development, validation, deployment, and monitoring of the
models.

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