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Week 4 Notes

The document discusses socioemotional development in middle and late childhood, highlighting the evolution of self-concept, self-esteem, and self-regulation. It emphasizes the importance of attachment, coping with stress, moral development, and the influence of gender on behavior and relationships. Additionally, it covers changes in parent-child and peer relationships, including the dynamics of stepfamilies and the impact of socioeconomic status and ethnicity on education.

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lucia.thao11
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3 views

Week 4 Notes

The document discusses socioemotional development in middle and late childhood, highlighting the evolution of self-concept, self-esteem, and self-regulation. It emphasizes the importance of attachment, coping with stress, moral development, and the influence of gender on behavior and relationships. Additionally, it covers changes in parent-child and peer relationships, including the dynamics of stepfamilies and the impact of socioeconomic status and ethnicity on education.

Uploaded by

lucia.thao11
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Week 4 Notes

Socioemotional Development in Middle and Late Childhood

The Self
In middle and late childhood, children increasingly describe themselves in terms of
psychological characteristics and traits.
Children also become more likely to recognize social aspects of the self, including how others
may see them

Understanding Others
Perspective taking increases with age.
Children also become more skeptical of others’ claims.

Self-Esteem, Self-Concept & Self-Efficacy


Self-esteem: Also called self-worth or self-image.
Self-concept: domain-specific evaluations of the self.
Self- efficacy: Belief in themselves
Perceptions may not always match reality.

Self-Regulation:
Erikson’s Industry vs. Inferiority
Capacity for self-regulation increases with age and development.
Erikson’s fourth stage in his social development theory describes industry versus inferiority:

What is Self-Regulation?
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=INGgzIO7vOY

Walter Mischel- The Marshmellow Test


https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QX_oy9614HQ

Emotional Development
Developmental changes: Improved emotional understanding.

Attachment in Middle and Late Childhood


Attachment process continues to be developmentally important
One study linked secure attachment with:
• Less anxiety and depression.
• Less exclusion among peers at school.
• Lowered likelihood of aggressive behaviour.
Coping with Stress
Ability to use more coping strategies increases with age

Disasters, especially, can harm children’s development and produce adjustment problems.

Dose-response effect: the more severe the disaster or trauma (dose), the worse the adaptation
and adjustment (response).

Moral Development:
Kohlberg’s Theory

Piaget’s cognitive stages of development serve similar to the theory proposed by Lawrence
Kohlberg.
Kohlberg suggested that there are six stages of moral development.

Kohlberg’s 6 Stages of Moral Development


https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bounwXLkme4

Prosocial Behaviour
Social behaviours of many children:
William Damon (American Psychologist): Social play rituals and imitation at age 4 create
empathic awareness and sharing (with adult encouragement).

Gender
Gender identity and gender-typed behaviour reflects biological, cognitive, and social influences.
Gender stereotypes: broad categories that reflect general impressions and beliefs about
females and males

Gender Similarities and Differences


Basic physical differences:

Gender Similarities and Differences


Research on sex differences in the brain is still in its premature stages, but there are likely far
more similarities than differences.

Moderate to large differences were found in 10 areas:


• Males score higher in aggression, masculinity, attention to physical
attractiveness in mate selection, confidence in physical abilities, and
performance in same-sex groups.
• Females scored higher in reactions to painful stimuli, fear, attachment to peers,
and interest in people over things.
Gender differences occur in some aspects of emotion.
• Girls are more expressive, are better at decoding emotion, smile more, cry more,
and are happier.
• Boys report experiencing and expressing more anger; and they usually show less
self-regulation, which can translate into behaviour problems.

In school contexts, girls earn better grades and complete high school at a higher rate.

Developmental Changes in
Parent-Child Relationships
As the child ages, less time is spent with parents.

Parents as Managers
Parents’ managerial role includes provide opportunities, monitoring behavior, and acting as
social initiators and arrangers

Stepfamilies
Divorce and remarriage is common in the North America
People in Canada remarry or re-partner after an average of almost five years

While some stepfamilies are preceded by the death of a spouse, far more are preceded by
divorce.
Three common types:
• Stepfather (custodial mother).
• Stepmother (custodial father).
• Blended or complex (both parents bring children into stepfamily).
Children usually have better relationship with custodial parent than stepparent.

Developmental Changes in
Peer Relationships
• Size of peer groups increases, and peer interaction is less closely supervised.
Until about 12 years old, children’s preference for same-sex peer groups increases

Peer Status
Sociometric status: the extent to which children are liked or disliked by their peer group

Five peer statuses:


Popular children:
Average children:
Neglected children:
Rejected children:
Controversial children:

Children of each status have characteristics in common.


• Popular children give out reinforcements, listen carefully, keep communication
open, and show enthusiasm and concern for others; and appear happy, natural,
self-confident, and in control of negative emotions.
• Neglected children interact little and often appear shy.
• Rejected children have more serious adjustment problems, are less likely to
participate in class, express a dislike of school, and report being lonely.
Friends: Children’s friendships are typically characterized by similarity

Hartup suggests friendships serve six functions:


Companionship.
Stimulation.
Physical support.
Ego support.
Social comparison.
Affection and intimacy.
(Intimacy in friendship is characterized by self-disclosure and the sharing of private thoughts.)

Education, Socioeconomic Status


and Ethnicity

Barriers to learning can be created by poverty.


• Parents lack financial resources, are uneducated, or have low educational
expectations for their children.
• Students may be malnourished and/or attend older school building in higher
crime rate neighbourhoods.

Ethnicity in Schools
Strategies for teachers to improve relationships among ethnically diverse students:

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