10

Science
Quarter 3 – Module 1:
Coordinate Functions of
the Nervous, Endocrine,
and Reproductive
Systems
(Week 1 and 2)
 10

Science
Quarter 3 – Module 1:
Coordinate Functions of
the Nervous, Endocrine,
and Reproductive
Systems
(Week 1 and 2)
Introductory Message
This module was designed to provide you with fun and meaningful opportunities
for guided and independent learning. If you encounter any difficulty in answering the
activities in this module, do not hesitate to consult your teacher.
Through this material, you will experience meaningful learning and gain deep
understanding of the relevant competencies. You can do it!

What I Need to Know

You have learned in Science 5 when you were in elementary how the parts of the
human reproductive system work and the importance of practicing proper hygiene to
care of the reproductive organs.
As you grow, a lot of changes are happening in your body, particularly in your
reproductive system. These changes in our reproductive system are mainly affected by
the chemicals in our body called hormones. In this module, you will learn the following:
 S10LT-IIIb-34-Explain the role of hormones involved in the female and male
reproductive systems; and
 S10LT-IIIc-35-Describe the feedback mechanisms involved in regulating
processes in the female reproductive system (e.g., menstrual cycle).
 S10LT-IIIc-36-Describe how the nervous system coordinates and regulates
these feedback mechanisms to maintain homeostasis

What I Know

Directions: Choose the letter of the correct answer and write it on a piece of paper.
1. This female organ serves as site of egg implantation and is where the fertilized egg
develops.
A. ovary B. oviduct C. uterus D. cervix
2. Which of the following BEST describes the function of the uterus?
A. Produces egg cells C. Place where the egg is fertilized
B. Place where fertilized egg develops D. female organ for copulation
3. These are hormones that influence female traits and support reproductive
function. Which hormones are these?
A. Androgen and Testosterone
B. Estrogen and Progesterone
C. Thyroxin and Calcitonin
D. Luteinizing Hormone (LH) and Follicle Stimulating Hormones (FSH)
4. Read carefully the statement below and answer the succeeding question:
Puberty involve the onset of sexual maturity and the ability to reproduce. When a
female reaches puberty, egg cells start to develop in her ovaries that produce
the sex cells. It is also the time when the body develops the capacity to conceive.
Which of the following group of hormones are involved in the process?
A. Follicle stimulating hormone, Androgen, Testosterone
B. Follicle stimulating hormone, Estrogen, Progesterone
C. Thyroxin, Estrogen, Progesterone
D. Thyroxin, Androgen, Testosterone
For item 5, study the table below.
HORMONE FUNCTIO PRODUCED WHERE?
N
ANDROGEN  Supports sperm formation Produced by testes; by the adrenal
 Responsible for the male glands and also in the ovaries of
secondary sex women.
characteristics
ESTROGEN  Stimulates uterine lining Produced mainly by the ovaries
 Responsible for female and to some extent by the adrenal
secondary sex cortex in both sexes, the testes in
characteristics men and in placenta of pregnant
women
5. Is it possible for a male individual to manifest feminine characteristics or a female
individual to manifest masculine characteristics?
A. Yes, because there are instances that males produce the female hormones and the
females produce the male hormones exclusively.
B. Yes, because both sexes produce, to some extent, a male hormone and a female
hormone, respectively.
C. No, because both sexes produce hormone that determines the primary sex
characteristics of an individual.
D. No, because the femininity and masculinity of an individual is influenced by the
environment.
6. The following are the feedback mechanisms involved in menstrual cycle EXCEPT:
A. Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) stimulates the ovaries to release estrogen.
B. High levels of estrogen then prevent the further production of FSH.
C. Estrogen stimulates the release of luteinizing hormone (LH) from the pituitary
gland, which in turn controls the production of progesterone.
D. High levels of testosterone inhibit the release of LH.
7. What happens to the egg cell if fertilization occurs?
A. ovulation takes place C. menstruation takes place
B. uterus will not thicken D. egg cells break off
8. Which Phase of menstrual cycle is Progesterone released?
A. Follicular Phase B. Ovulation C. Luteal Phase D. Menstruation
9. What does Luteinizing Hormone do in men and women?
A. men – supports sperm production, women – promotes egg development and
production of more follicle cells in the ovaries.
B. men – promotes lutein production, women – promotes lutein production and
secretion of estrogens in the ovaries.
C. men – stimulates interstitial cells of testes to produce sex hormones,
women – induces ovulation, promotes the ovarian secretion of estrogens and
progestins, prepares the body for pregnancy
D. men – promotes melanin production, women – promotes estrogen production
and causes the follicles to mature each month
10. How long does an average menstrual cycle last?
A. 30 Days B. 28 Days C. 29 Days D. 26 Days
11. Which part on the female reproductive system produces oestrogen?
A. Uterus B. Fallopian Tubes C. Ovaries D. Urethra
12. Which one here is not a hormone?
A. Insulin B. Testosterone C. Ovary D. Oestrogen
13. A tissue or group of tissues that make and releases hormones.
A. Circulatory system C. Endocrine Glands
B. Nervous System D. Skeletal System
14. How do hormones travel from the glands where they are made to their target
organs?
A. Bloodstream B. Nerves D. Bones C. Neurons
15. Which of the following is the definition of homeostasis?
A. Maintaining a constant internal environment C. Changing your internal
environment
B. Disruptions in the coordination of organs D. Changes in the level of hormones
 Lesson Role of Hormones in Female and Male
1 Reproductive Systems

What’s New
Human’s endocrine system controls
body processes through the production,
secretion, and regulation of hormones,
which serve as chemical “messengers”
functioning in cellular and organ activity
and, ultimately, maintaining the body’s
homeostasis.
The endocrine system plays a role in
growth, metabolism, and sexual
development.
In humans, common endocrine
system diseases include thyroid disease
and diabetes mellitus. In organisms that
undergo metamorphosis, the process is
controlled by the endocrine system. The
transformation of a baby to an adult, for
example, is complex to adapt to See figure 6 in Science 10 L’sM page. 240

The human male and female

reproductive cycles are controlled by the
interaction of
hormones from the hypothalamus and anterior pituitary with hormones from
reproductive tissues and organs. In both sexes, the hypothalamus monitors and causes
the release of hormones from the pituitary gland. When the reproductive
hormone is required, the hypothalamus sends a gonadotropin-releasing
hormone (GnRH) to the anterior pituitary. This causes the release of follicle
stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) from the anterior
pituitary into the blood. Note that the body must reach puberty in order for the
adrenals to release the hormones that must be present for GnRH to be produced.
Although FSH and LH are named after their functions in female reproduction, they are
produced in both sexes and play important roles in controlling reproduction. Other
hormones have specific functions in the male and female reproductive systems.

What is It
Figure: Hormonal Control of Testes

Male Hormones
At the onset of puberty, the
hypothalamus causes the release of FSH and
LH into the male system for the first time.
FSH enters the testes and stimulates the
Sertoli cells to begin facilitating
spermatogenesis using negative feedback, as
illustrated in
Figure 1. LH also enters the testes and
stimulates the interstitial cells of Leydig to
make and release testosterone into the testes
and the blood.
 Testosterone, the hormone responsible
for the secondary sexual characteristics that
develop in
the male during adolescence, stimulates spermatogenesis. These secondary sex
characteristics include a deepening of the voice, the growth of facial, axillary, and
pubic hair, and the beginnings of the sex drive.
Note: See parts and functions of male reproductive on Science 10 LMs, pages:
247-248

Figure 1. Hormones control sperm production in a negative feedback

system.
A negative feedback system occurs in the male with rising levels of testosterone
acting on the hypothalamus and anterior pituitary to inhibit the release of GnRH, FSH,
and LH. The Sertoli cells produce the hormone inhibin, which is released into the
blood when the sperm count is too high. This inhibits the release of GnRH and FSH,
which will cause spermatogenesis to slow down. If the sperm count reaches 20
million/ml, the Sertoli cells cease the release of inhibin, and the sperm count
increases.

Female Hormones
The control of reproduction in
females is more complex. As with the
male, the anterior pituitary hormones
cause the release of the hormones FSH
and LH. In addition, estrogens and
progesterone are released from the
developing follicles. Estrogen is the
reproductive hormone in females that
assists in endometrial regrowth,
ovulation, and calcium absorption; it is
also responsible for the secondary sexual
characteristics of females. These
include breast development, flaring of
the hips, and a shorter period necessary
for bone maturation. Progesterone
assists in endometrial re-growth and
inhibition of FSH and LH release.

In females, FSH stimulates

development of egg cells, called ova,
which develop in structures called
follicles. Follicle cells produce the
hormone inhibin, which inhibits FSH
production. LH also plays a role in the
development of ova, induction of
ovulation, and stimulation of estradiol
and progesterone production by the
ovaries. Estradiol and progesterone
are steroid hormones that
prepare the body for pregnancy. Estradiol produces secondary sex characteristics in
females, while both estradiol and progesterone regulate the menstrual cycle.
Note: See parts and functions of female reproductive on Science 10 LMs, pages:
248-
249

To understand further the role of hormones in female and male reproductive

systems, perform the f activity.

What’s More

Activity 1: What is your role?

Objective: Explain the role of hormones in male and female reproductive systems.
Directions: Complete the diagram showing the roles of hormones in male and female
reproductive systems. Write the appropriate hormones responsible for such
activity inside the box.

Role of Hormones to Male Reproductive

System
inhibin testosterones FSH LH GnRH

BRAIN
The Hypothalamus releases hormones

1.

2.
released into the blood when the sperm count is too high

4. 3.

responsible for the secondary sexua

ale
Sertoli cells to begin facilitating spermatogenesis using negative feedback
stimulates the interstitial cells of Leydig

TESTES/TESTICLES
Role of Hormones to Female Reproductive System

progesterone LH inhibin estrogen FSH GnRH

1.

2.

4.
5.

Guide Questions:

Q1. Which gland controls the functions of both the testes and the ovaries?

Q2: Which hormone is responsible for the secondary sexual

characteristics that develop in the male during adolescence and
stimulates spermatogenesis?

Q3. Which hormone is responsible for the secondary sexual

characteristics of females?

Q4. These are steroid hormones that prepare the body for pregnancy?

Q5. What are the main roles of hormones in male reproductive system?
Female reproductive system?
 Lesso Feedback Mechanisms
n Involved in Regulating
Menstrual Cycle
2

What’s In

In the previous lesson, you have learned about the roles of

hormones to female and male reproductive system. The hormones
oestrogen and progesterone were briefly introduced.
In this lesson, you will learn much more about the role of these
and other important hormones involved in the regulation of the human
menstrual cycle, the monthly production of mature ova (eggs) by females
of reproductive age, and the preparation of the uterus as a welcoming
environment for the start of a pregnancy.

What’s New

The menstrual cycle is regulated by hormones. Luteinizing

hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone, which are produced by the
pituitary gland, promote ovulation and stimulate the ovaries to produce
estrogen and progesterone. Estrogen and progesterone stimulate the
uterus and breasts to prepare for possible fertilization.
The he menstrual cycle has three phases:
 Follicular (before release of the egg)
 Ovulatory (egg release)
 Luteal (after egg release)
The menstrual cycle begins with menstrual bleeding
(menstruation), which marks the first day of the follicular phase.

When the follicular phase begins, levels of estrogen and

progesterone are low. As a result, the top layers of the thickened lining
of the uterus (endometrium) break down and are shed, and menstrual
bleeding occurs. About this time, the follicle-stimulating hormone level
increases slightly, stimulating the development of several follicles in the
ovaries. Each follicle contains an egg. Later in this phase, as the follicle-
stimulating hormone level decreases, only one follicle continues to
develop. This follicle produces estrogen.
The ovulatory phase begins with a surge in luteinizing hormone and
follicle- stimulating hormone levels. Luteinizing hormone stimulates egg
release (ovulation),
which usually occurs 16 to 32 hours after the surge begins. The
estrogen level decreases during the surge, and the progesterone level
starts to increase.

During the luteal phase, luteinizing hormone and follicle-

stimulating hormone levels decrease. The ruptured follicle closes after
releasing the egg and forms a corpus luteum, which produces
progesterone. During most of this phase, the estrogen level is high.
Progesterone and estrogen cause the lining of the uterus to thicken

more, to prepare for possible fertilization.

See figure 11 on Science 10 L’sM, page 251

If the egg is not fertilized, the corpus luteum degenerates and no

longer produces progesterone, the estrogen level decreases, the top
layers of the lining break down and are shed, and menstrual bleeding
occurs (the start of a new menstrual cycle).

If the egg is fertilized, the corpus luteum continues to function

during early pregnancy. It helps maintain the pregnancy.
 What’s More

Activity 2: Menstrual Cycle

Chart
Objectives: Explain the phases of menstrual cycles.
Describe the feedback mechanisms involved in regulating
menstrual cycle.
Directions: Label the stages of the menstrual cycle. Use the
texts/phases to complete the Menstrual Cycle Chart.
Implantation may happen Ovulation occurs on Day 14

DAY 1-5 : Blood from

the womb lining is
shed from the body

2.
7 After day 5 the lining
of the uterus repairs
Blood from the womb lining is shed from the body Theand
liningbuilds
of theup
uterus
again
repairs and builds up again

If fertilisation has not occurred the cycle begins again with the breakdown of the endometri
The Menstrual Cycle

28 1 2 1.
27
26 3
4
25
5
24
23 6
22
21

8
20
19 9

18 10
Fertile period
1711
16 12
15 14 13
4. 3.
Implantation may Ovulation occurs on Day

Guide Questions:
Q1: Which hormones produced by the pituitary gland that
promotes ovulation and stimulate the ovaries to produce estrogen and
progesterone?

Q2: The phase of menstrual cycle where the level of female

hormones are very low?

Q3. The phase of menstrual cycle where a mature egg cell is released?

Q4. The phase where the Progesterone and estrogen cause the
lining of the uterus to thicken more?
 Hormone production and release are primarily controlled by
negative feedback. In negative feedback systems, a stimulus elicits the
release of a substance; once the substance reaches a certain level, it
sends a signal that stops further release of the substance. In this way,
the concentration of hormones in blood is maintained within a narrow

range.
See figure 13 on Science 10 L’s M, page 254

The male and female reproductive cycles are controlled by

hormones released from the hypothalamus and anterior pituitary as well
as hormones from reproductive tissues and organs.
The hypothalamus monitors the need for the FSH and LH
hormones made and released from the anterior pituitary.
FSH and LH affect reproductive structures to cause the formation
of sperm and the preparation of eggs for release and possible
fertilization.
In the male, FSH and LH stimulate Sertoli cells and interstitial
cells of Leydig in the testes to facilitate sperm production. The Leydig
cells produce testosterone, which also is responsible for the secondary
sexual characteristics of males.
In females, FSH and LH cause estrogen and progesterone to be
produced. They regulate the female reproductive system which is
divided into the ovarian cycle and the menstrual cycle. Menopause
occurs when the ovaries lose their sensitivity to FSH and LH and the
female reproductive cycles slowly stops.
 Lesso Nervous System Working
n Together with Endocrine System
to Maintain Homeostasis
3
What’s In

Both the nervous system and endocrine system use feedback

mechanism to maintain homeostasis. Homeostasis is the state reached
when each part of the body functions in equilibrium with other parts.
This is attained through the regulation of the bodily functions by the
endocrine and nervous systems.

What’s New
When the brain receives messages from the body about an
internal change in one of its systems, it works to restore the system to
its normal state. The levels of hormones in the body are controlled by
feedback. It is important that the amount of hormones in our body is
kept at the right level. The endocrine system plays an important part in
homeostasis. To achieve homeostasis, the nervous and endocrine
systems maintain a normal range of the following variables:
• Body temperature
• Amount of water in the body
• Amount of metabolic wastes in the cell
• Blood calcium level
• Hormones in the blood

Note: Remember to read also the lessons from your Science 10 L’sM, pages:
225-260

What’s More

Activity 3: Have Coordination

Objectives: Describe how the nervous system working together with
endocrine system to maintain homeostasis
 Directions: Complete the following diagram showing negative feedback
mechanism if the brain detected too much sugar in the blood.
Choose the words/phrases from the box below to answer the
activity. (Note: the arrows represent the blood vessels).

Diabetes Glycogen Glucose Insuli Glucose level rises

n
Insulin to the Giantism
travels liver

The stimulus sense Hormone released by the

by the brain pancreas

Beta cells in the pancreas will

secrete these hormones

Normal Blood Glucose Level

6. What disease most likely a person has if the blood sugar is too
high?

What I Have Learned

Let’s find out what you have learned from our lesson on the Role of
hormones in female and male reproductive systems and how hormones
being regulated by negative feedback mechanisms. Can you answer the
following questions?
 What are the roles of hormones in regulating processes in
female and male reproductive systems?
 How are hormones production and release controlled by
negative feedback?

You’ve successfully finished the module, Role of Hormones in Male and

Female Reproductive Systems.
I think you are ready to move forward to the next module! But before
that, let’s evaluate what you have learned so far from our lesson.
 Assessment
Directions: Choose the letter of the correct answer and write it on a piece
of paper.

1. What is Homeostasis?
A. is the maintenance of a constant internal environment
B. is the maintenance of a constant external environment
C. is the maintenance of a constant living environment
D. is the maintenance of changing cycles.
2. If GnRH production were blocked, then which of the following
would NOT occur? A. FSH levels would increase.
B. LH levels would decrease.
C. Testosterone production would decrease.
D. Sperm production would decrease.
3. What would happen if testosterone levels get too high?
A. Testosterone feeds back to directly inhibit GnRH production.
B. Testosterone feeds back to directly inhibit FSH production.
C. FSH production increases to counteract high testosterone levels.
D. LH production increases to counteract high testosterone levels.
4. At which point in the menstrual cycle is a woman most fertile?
A. Days 1-5 B. Days 9-16 C. Days 17-21 D. Days 22-28
5. In a normal 28 day menstrual cycle, when would you expect the LH
surge to occur? A. Days 8-10 B. Days 11-13 C. Days 14-
16 D. Days 17-19
6. Where are luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle stimulating
hormone (FSH) produced?
A. Hypothalamus B. Pituitary Gland C. Ovaries D. Testes
7. Which of the following are effects of increased levels of oestrogen in
the follicular phase of the menstrual cycle?
A. Hair thinning C. Thinning of cervical mucus
B. Thickening of cervical mucus D. Thickening of the endometrium
8. Which of the following statements are true about menstruation?
A. In a normal 28 day menstrual cycle you would expect menstruation
to last approximately 3-5 days.
B. During menstruation the entire endometrium is shed.
C. During menstruation only the functional layer of the endometrium
is shed, with the basal layer remaining intact.
D. Absence of menstruation always indicates an active pregnancy.
9. How do hormones travel from the glands where they are made
to their target organs?
A. Nerves B. Bones C. Bloodstream D. Neurons
10. These are hormones that influence female traits and support
reproductive function. Which hormones are these?
A. Androgen and Testosterone
B. Estrogen and Progesterone
C. Thyroxin and Calcitonin
D. Luteinizing Hormone (LH) and Follicle Stimulating Hormones (FSH)
11. Which of the following are functions of progesterone?
A. Inhibition of oestrogen production
B. Inhibition of LH and FSH production
C. Initiation of the secretory phase of the endometrium
D. Increase in basal body temperature
12.Is it possible for a male individual to manifest feminine
characteristics or a female individual to manifest masculine
characteristics?
A. No, because both sexes produce hormone that determines the
primary sex characteristics of an individual.
B. Yes, because there are instances that males produce the female
hormones and the females produce the male hormones exclusively.
C. Yes, because both sexes produce, to some extent, a male hormone
and a female hormone, respectively.
D. No, because the femininity and masculinity of an individual is
influenced by the environment.
13. These hormones are responsible the preparation of the body for
pregnancy
A. Estradiol and progesterone C. Estrogen and Progesterone
B. Progesterone only D. Inhibin and Testosterones
14.The male gland that is responsible for the production and
releasing of testosterones.
A. Penis B. Urethra C. Epididymis D. Testes
15. Which one here is not a hormone produce by the human reproductive
system?
A. Prolactin B. Testosterone C. Progesterone D. Oestrogen