Name : Ashraf Ahmed

Roll No.: 09
PRN : 12412991
Class : CSDS-A (FY)

Assignment 2
2. Describe the structure of 'C' Program: (Header, main (), variable
declaration, body and return) in detail. Explain various header files
along with their significance in the program execution. Also write the
first simple program for: l) "Hello world" ii) sum of two numbers iii)
greater number etc...
Solution :
A C program follows a specific structure that ensures proper
execution. The key components are:
1. Header Files Inclusion
o This section includes the necessary header files using
#include preprocessor directives.
o Header files provide standard functions and macros that
are useful for input/output, string manipulation,
mathematical computations, etc.
2. Main Function (main())
o Every C program must have a main() function.
o Execution of the program starts from this function.
3. Variable Declaration
o Variables must be declared before they are used.
o Data types such as int, float, char, and double define the
type of data the variable will hold.
 4. Body of the Program
o This contains the actual logic and statements that perform
the required operations.
o It includes loops, conditional statements, functions, and
expressions.
5. Return Statement (return 0;)
o The main() function returns an integer value.
o return 0; indicates successful execution.
Common Header Files in C and Their Significance:
Header File Description

<stdio.h> Standard Input and Output functions (e.g.,

printf(), scanf()).

<stdlib.h> Memory allocation, process control, conversions (e.g.,

malloc(), free()).

<math.h> Mathematical functions (e.g., sqrt(), pow(),

sin()).

<string.h> String manipulation functions (e.g., strlen(),

strcpy()).

<conio.h> Console input/output (e.g., getch(), clrscr()).

<ctype.h> Character handling functions (e.g., toupper(),

tolower()).

<time.h> Time-related functions (e.g., time(), clock()).

1. "Hello, World!" Program
#include <stdio.h>

int main() {
printf("Hello, World!\n");
return 0;
}

Algorithm for "Hello, World!"

1. Start
2. Print "Hello, World!"
3. Stop
FlowChart for "Hello, World!"

Start

Initialize Program

Output:
printf("Hello, world!\n");

End

OUTPUT
2. Sum of Two Numbers
#include <stdio.h>

int main() {
int a, b, sum;

printf("Enter two numbers: ");

scanf("%d %d", &a, &b);

sum = a + b;

printf("Sum = %d\n", sum);

return 0;
}

Algorithm for Sum of Two Numbers

1. Start
2. Take two numbers as input.
3. Add the two numbers.
4. Print the sum.
5. Stop
Step-by-Step Execution:

Step What Happens? Values in Memory Output on Screen

1 Program starts a = ?, b = ?, sum = ?

printf("Enter two Enter two

2
numbers: "); numbers:

3 User inputs 5 and 10 a = 5, b = 10

4 sum = a + b; (5 + 10) sum = 15

printf("Sum = %d\n",
5 Sum = 15
sum);

6 Program ends

Example Input & Output

Enter two numbers: 5 10
Sum = 15

OUTPUT :
FlowChart for " Sum of Two Numbers"

Start

Input:
printf("Enter two numbers: ");
scanf("%d %d", &num1, &num2);

Calculate:
sum = num1 + num2;

Output:
printf("Sum of %d and %d is: %d\n",
num1, num2, sum);

End
3. Find the Greater Number
#include <stdio.h>
int main() {
int num1, num2;
printf("Enter two numbers: ");
scanf("%d %d", &num1, &num2);
if (num1 > num2)
printf("%d is greater\n", num1);
else if (num2 > num1)
printf("%d is greater\n", num2);
else
printf("Both numbers are equal\n");
return 0;
}

Algorithm for Finding the Greater Number

1. Start
2. Take two numbers as input.
3. Compare the two numbers:
o If the first number is greater, print it.
o Else if the second number is greater, print it.
o Else print "Both are equal."
4. Stop
Step-by-Step Execution

Memory (Variable
Step What Happens? Output
Values)

1 Program starts num1 = ?, num2 = ?

Enter two
2 Asks user for two numbers
numbers:

3 User enters 8 and 12 num1 = 8, num2 = 12

Checks if (num1 > num2) →

4
8 > 12 (False)

Checks else if (num2 >

5
num1) → 12 > 8 (True)

12 is
6 Prints the result
greater

7 Program ends

Example Input & Output

Enter two numbers: 5 10
Sum = 15

OUTPUT:
 FlowChart for " Find the Greater Number "

Start

Input:
printf("Enter two numbers: ");
scanf("%d %d", &num1, &num2);

Comparison:
if (num1 > num2)

Output:
printf("%d is greater than %d\n",
num1, num2);

Output:
if (num2 > num1) printf("Both numbers are equal\n");

Output:
End
printf("%d is greater than %d\n",
num2, num1);