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    Chapter 6

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    Zhane Cruz
    The document discusses factors that influence human population growth and distribution. It explains that human populations increased due to our ability to inhabit more areas and develop agriculture, as well as decreased mortality from improved healthcare. Most growth occurs in already crowded regions least equipped to handle it. Population growth is influenced by births, deaths, and migration. Birth rates depend on factors like the costs of raising children, women's education and employment, and availability of birth control. Death rates correlate with access to healthcare and infant mortality. A population's age structure also affects its growth, as more youth means faster growth potential.

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    Chapter 6

    Uploaded by

    Zhane Cruz
    40 views2 pages
    The document discusses factors that influence human population growth and distribution. It explains that human populations increased due to our ability to inhabit more areas and develop agriculture, as well as decreased mortality from improved healthcare. Most growth occurs in already crowded regions least equipped to handle it. Population growth is influenced by births, deaths, and migration. Birth rates depend on factors like the costs of raising children, women's education and employment, and availability of birth control. Death rates correlate with access to healthcare and infant mortality. A population's age structure also affects its growth, as more youth means faster growth potential.

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    The document discusses factors that influence human population growth and distribution. It explains that human populations increased due to our ability to inhabit more areas and develop agriculture, as well as decreased mortality from improved healthcare. Most growth occurs in already crowded regions least equipped to handle it. Population growth is influenced by births, deaths, and migration. Birth rates depend on factors like the costs of raising children, women's education and employment, and availability of birth control. Death rates correlate with access to healthcare and infant mortality. A population's age structure also affects its growth, as more youth means faster growth potential.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    40 views2 pages

    Chapter 6

    Uploaded by

    Zhane Cruz
    The document discusses factors that influence human population growth and distribution. It explains that human populations increased due to our ability to inhabit more areas and develop agriculture, as well as decreased mortality from improved healthcare. Most growth occurs in already crowded regions least equipped to handle it. Population growth is influenced by births, deaths, and migration. Birth rates depend on factors like the costs of raising children, women's education and employment, and availability of birth control. Death rates correlate with access to healthcare and infant mortality. A population's age structure also affects its growth, as more youth means faster growth potential.

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    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
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    CHAPTER 6 : THE HUMAN POPULATION AND URBANIZATION

    6-1 HOW MANY PEOPLE CAN THE EARTH SUPPORT? Human Population Growth Continues but It is Unevenly Distributed y Three Major Factors for Population increase 1. Humans developed the ability to expand into almost all of the planet s climate zones and habitats. 2. The emergence off early and modern agriculture allowed us to grow more food for each unit of land area farmed. 3. Death rates dropped because of improved sanitation and health care & development of antibiotics and vaccines to help control infectious diseases. Thus, most of the increase in the world s population during the last 100 years took place because of a sharp drop in death rates not a sharp rise in birth rates. y Most of the world s population growth takes place in heavily populated parts of the world, most of which are the least equipped to deal with the pressures of such rapid growth. We do not know how long the human population can keep growing. y Scientific studies of populations of other species tell us that no population can continue growing indefinitely. y Natural Capital Degradation 1. Reduction of biodiversity. 2. Increasing use of the earth s net primary productivity. 3. Increasing genetic resistance of pest species and disease-causing bacteria. 4. Elimination of many natural predators. 5. Introduction of potentially harmful species into communities. 6. Using some renewable resources faster than they can be replenished. 7. Interfering with the earth s chemical cycling and energy flow processes. 8. Relying mostly on polluting and climate-changing fossil fuels. y Cultural Carrying Capacity is the maximum number of people that the earth could support at a reasonable level of comfort and freedom without impairing the planet s ability to sustain future generations in the same way. 6-2 WHAT FACTORS INFLUENCE THE SIZE OF HUMAN POPULATION? The Human Population can grow, decline or remain fairly stable. y Human populations grow or decline due to the interplay of the three factors: births (fertility), deaths (mortality) and migration. y Population change = (Births + Immigration) (Deaths + Emigration) y Demographers are using birth rate/ crude birth rate (number of live births per 1000 people in a population in a given year) and death rate / crude death rate (number of deaths per 1000 people in a population in a given year. Women are having fewer babies but not few enough to stabilize the world s pupulation. y Total Fertility Rate is the average number of children born to women in population during their reproductive years. Several factors affect Birth Rates and Fertility Rates y Importance of children as a part of the labor force y Cost of raising and educating children.  Birth and fertility rates tend to be lower in developed countries, where raising children is much more costly because they do not enter the labor force until they are late teens or twenties. y Availability of, or lack of, private and public pension systems.  Pensions reduce a couple s need to have many children to help support them in old age. y Urbanization  People living in urban areas usually have better access to family planning services and tend to have fewer children than do those living in rural areas. y Educational and Employment Opportunities available for women

     Total fertility rates tend to be low when women have access to education and paid employment outside home. y Average age at marriage (average age at which a woman has her first child)  Women normally have fewer children when their average age at marriage is 25 or older. y Availability of legal abortions y Availability of reliable birth control methods y Religious beliefs, traditions, and cultural norms Several factors affect Death Rates y Two useful indicators of the overall health of people in a country or region are life expectancy (the average number of years a newborn infant can expect to live) and the infant mortality rate (the number of babies out of every 1000 born who die before their first birthday.) y Infant mortality is viewed as one of the best measures of a society s quality of life because it reflects a country s general level of nutrition and health care. y Three factors of Infant Mortality 1. Inadequate health care for poor women and for their babies after birth 2. Drug addiction among pregnant women 3. High birth rate among teenagers Migration affects an area s population size y Migration is the movement of people into (immigration) and out of (emigration) specific geographic areas. 6-3 HOW DOES A POPULATION S AGE STRUCTURE AFFECT ITS GROWTH OR DECLINE? Populations made up mostly of young people can grow rapidly: Teenagers Rule y Age structure is the number or percentage of males and females in young, middle, and older age groups. It is an important factor in determining whether the population of a country increases or decreases. y Three Age Categories: 1. Prereproductive (0-14 y/o) 2. Reproductive (15-44 y/o) 3. Postreproductive (45-above)

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