 Function or mapping :  Many-one function: i) Let x1, x2  domain of f .

A relation ‘f’ from a set A to a set B is said to be

function or mapping if every element of set A has If x1  x2  f  x1   f  x2  for every x1 , x2 in
associated with unique element in set B. It is the domain,then f is one-one ,other wise many-one.
denoted by f : A  B . ii) Consider any two points x1 , x 2  X . Take
 Image and Pre-Image: If ‘f’ is a function from
f  x1   f  x 2  and solve the equation if we get
A to B and (a, b)  f, then f ( a )  b , where ‘b’ is
called the image of ‘a’ under f and ‘a’ is called the x1  x2 only then f is one-one other wise it is many
pre-image of ‘b’ under ‘f’. -one .
Note: The number of functions from A to B is iii) Horizontal line test : If any straight line parallel
{n( B )}n ( A) to x-axis intersects the graph of the function atmost
at one point then the function is one-one, other wise
 Domain, codomain, Range : Let f : A  B be it is many-one.
a function then A is called the domain and B is called (i.e., intersects the graph of the function in atleast
the co-domain of the function f. two points).
 If f : A ® B is a function, then f (A), the set of iv) All even functions are many-one
all f-images of elements in A, is called the range of f v) If the function is continuous and entirely strictly
increasing or strictly decreasing in the domain, then
 The range of a function f denoted by f ( A) , and
f is one - one, other wise many-one .
f ( A)  B . vi) All periodic functions are many one.
 One-one function (Injection) :  Onto function (Surjection) :
A function f : A ® B is one-one (injection) if f : A  B is called an onto or a surjection if every
distinct elements of A have distinct images in B. element of B has atleast one pre-image in A.
Let a1 , a2  A and a1  a2  f  a1   f  a2   If f : A  B is onto (a surjection) then the range =
codomain of ‘f’ i.e., f ( A)  B .
(or) a1 , a2  A and f  a1   f  a2   a1  a2
 The condition for a function f : A  B to be a
only.
surjection from A to B is n( A)  n( B ) .
 Let n( A)  r and n( B )  n then the condition to
 If n(A) = n( 2) , n(B) = 2 then the number of onto
define an injection from A to B is r  n and the
number of such injections is n Pr . functions from A to B  2n  2
 If n( A)  r and n( B )  n ( 2) .Then the number
 Note: If r  n then the number of injections is 0.
of surjections from A to B is
 n r  n C1 ( n  1) r  n C2 ( n  2) r  n C3 ( n  3) r 
....  (1)n 1.n Cn 1.
 Note: If n( A)  n( B ) then the no. of onto functions
is zero.
EX. 1: f : R  R defined by f  x    x  1 x  2  x  3
then f  x is
Sol: EX. 3: f :R  R , f  x   x is an into function
Sol:

 Bijection (or) one-one & onto function:

Graphically, y  f  x    x  1 x  2  x  3 , If f : A  B is both an injection and a surjection
which is clearly many - one and onto. then f is said to be bijection or one to one and onto
 Into function : If f : A  B is not onto then it is from A to B.
called an into function. i.e., there is no pre-image i) If A,B are finite sets and f : A  B is a bijection
for atleast one element of B inA then f is into function. then n  A   n  B  .
 Working Rule for checking whether the
ii) Identity function on any non empty set A is
function f : A  B is onto or into:
bijection.
i) Let y  B and y  f  x  and from this find x in iii) If A,B are finite sets and n  A  n  B  then
terms of y.  y  B if there exists atleast number of bijective functions defined from A to B
one x  A, then f is onto. Otherwise into. i.e., if is  n  A !
range of f  B, then f is onto, other wise it is iv) A constant function is bijection if n(A)= n(B)=1
into. v) Horizontal line test: If every straight line
ii) Horizontal line test : If every straight line parallel to x-axis from the points in codomain
parallel to x-axis from points in the codomain intersects the graph of the function at only one point
intersects the graph of the function at atleast one then f is bijection.
point then f is onto. If the line does not cut the  Equality of Functions: The functions f and g are
graph of y  f  x  then f is into. said to be equal if,
i) the domain of f = the domain of g
EX. 2: f : R [0, ) , f  x  x is an onto function ii) f  x   g  x  for every x in domain.
Sol:
EX.4: i) State whether f  x   x; g  x   x 2 aree
identical or not
Sol: Df = Dg = R but Rf = R where
Rg=  0,    f  x   g  x 
ii) State where f (x) = sgn (x2+1) and g(x)
 sin2x + cos2x are equal (or) not ever graph intersects.
Sol: Df=R=Dg and f(x) = 1 (x2+1>0)  Working Rule to find the inverse of a function
g(x) = 1  f (x) = g(x) Let f : X  Y be a bijection function. put
EX.5: State where f ( x )  sgn  x 2  1 and f  x   y . Solve the equation y  f  x  to obtain
g ( x)  sin 2 x  cos 2 x are equal (or) not x in terms of y. Interchange x and y to obtain
the inverse of f .
Sol: Df = R= Dg and f ( x)  1 x  1  0 
2

EX. 6: f : R   ,1 given by f  x   1  2 x .

g ( x)  1  f ( x)  g ( x)
 Constant function: Afunction f : A  B is aconstant Then f - 1 (x) is
function if the range of f contains only one element. Sol: Here f (x) is both one-one and onto
 The number of constant functions from A to B is
n(B). Let y  1  2 x or 2 x  1  y or
 The graph of constant function is a line parallel to
 x  log 2 1  y  or
x-axis.
 Range of any constant function is a singleton set. f 1  x   g  x    log 2 1  x 
 Identity function: Let A be a non - empty set then
 Properties of composite function :
f : A  A defined by f (x) = x ,  x  A is called
i) If f: A  B, g: B  C are one-one then
the identity function on A and it is denoted by I A . gof : A  C is also one-one.
 The graph of identity function is a straight line ii) If f : A  B, g:B  C are onto then gof:A  C
passing through origin and inclined at an angle of is also onto.
450 with x-axis. iii) If gof: A  C is one-one then f is one-one.
iv) If gof:A  C is onto then g is onto.
E.g: Let A  1, 2,3, 4 , then the identity function
v) If f : A  B is a function then
on A is I A  1,1 2, 2  3, 3 4, 4  foI A  I B of  f .
 Composite function: If f : A  B and g : vi) If f : A  B and g : B  C are bijections
B  C are functions then gof : A  C is defined then gof : A  C is a bijection &
by  gof  ( x)  g  f ( x)  x  A is called the  gof 
1
 f 1
o g 1 .
composite function of f & g . vii) If f : A  B is a bijection then
 Inverse function: A function f : X  Y is fof 1  I B , f 1of  I A .
defined to be invertible if there exists a function
viii) If f : A  B and g : B  A are functions such
g : Y  X such that gof  IX and fog  IY . The
that g of  I A and f og  I B then g  f 1 .
function g is called the inverse of f,and is denoted
by f–1. ix) If f : A  A is a bijection then
 If f is invertible then f must be bijective i.e one-one f of 1  f 1
of  I A .
and onto.
x) In general f og  g of .
 If the inverse of a function exists then it is said to be
invertible. The inverse of a function if exists then it xi) If f: A  B, g: B  C and h:C  D are functions
is unique. then ho(gof) = (hog) of
 Even & odd functions:
 Graph of y  f  x  and y  f 1  x  are
f:A  R,A  R is said to be an even function if
symmetrical about y  x and intersects on the
f   x   f  x  , x  A .
line y  x , and also f  x   f 1  x   x when
 E.g: y  x , y  x 2 , y  cos x are some even Hence f  x  is an odd function.
functions.  Polynomial function: If f: f : R  R is defined
 Note: i) The graph of an even function is symmetric
by f ( x)  a0 x n  a1 x n 1  a2 x n  2  ..  an 1 x  an ,
about Y-axis.
a0  0, a1, a2 ..... an  R , n is a non-negative
ii) If  x, y  is point on the even function then
integer is a polynomial function of degree n in x
  x, y  is also point on even function. E.g: i) x 4  x  2 is a polynomial function.
 f:A  R, A  R is said to be an odd function if ii) x 4  x  2 is not a polynomial function
f   x    f  x  x  A . f  x
 Rational Function: A function of the form g  x 
E.g: y  x , y  x 3 , y  sin x are some odd
functions. where f(x) and g(x) are polynomial functions and
 Note: i) The graph of an odd function is symmetric g  x   0 is called a rational function.
about origin ( symmetrical in opposite quadrants)  Algebraic functions: A function f is said to be
ii) If  x, y  is a point on an odd function graph an algebraic function if it arises due to a finite
number of fundamental operations like addition,
then   x,  y  is also a point on the same odd
subtraction, multiplication, division and root
function graph. extraction etc, on polynomial functions.
 Important points of odd and even functions:  Transcendental function: The functions which are
 i) A function which is even or odd, when even not algebraic are called transcendental functions.
power is always even function. E.g: i) Exponential functions
ii) The derivative of an odd function is an even ii) Logarithmic functions
function and derivative of an even function is an iii) Trigonometric functions
odd function. iv) inverse trigonometric functions
iii) Every function can be uniquely expressed as
the sum of an even and an odd function. i.e., E.g: f  x   x3  3 x 2  x 2  x  3 x is an
1

f  x 
1
f  x   f   x    f  x   f   x  algebraic function where as g  x   x  sin 1 x.
2 2
= {even function} + {odd function} h  x   e x .cosh 1 x are transcendental functions.
 Note: i) A function may be neither even nor odd. For  Algebra of real valued functions :
example f  x  sin x  x is neither even nor odd.
2  Definition : Let f : A  B is a function and
i) if A  R then f is called a real variable function.
ii) f  x   0 is the function which is both even and odd.
ii) if B  R then f is called a real valued function.
iii) f  x   c is an even function iii) if A  R, B  R then f is called a real function.
iv) Every even function y  f ( x) is not one-one  Properties: If f and g are real valued functions
with domain A and B respectively, then both f and
x  D f .
g are defined on A  B when A  B   .
EX. 7: Identify whether the function  Let f : A  R & g : B  R then
f  x   xg  x  g   x   tan  sin x  is odd or even. i)  f  g  x   f  x   g  x  , x  A  B
Sol: f   x     x  g   x  . g  x   tan  sin   x   ii)  fg  x   f ( x).g ( x), x  A  B
   xg  x  g   x   tan  sin x     f  x 
 f  f (x)
iii)  g   x   g ( x ) ,  x  A  B & g ( x )  0
 
 n+1 such that n  x < n+1 . Then the integral part of
iv)  f  k  ( x)  f ( x)  k , k  R
x is defined as n . It is denoted by [ x ] .
v) (kf )( x)  kf ( x), k  R
vi) f n ( x)   f ( x) , n  0
n

4
vii) f ( x)  f ( x) , x  A
3
 Modulus function(Absolute value function):
2
The absolute value or numerical value or the modulus
1
of real number x denoted by | x | is defined as
-4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4
-1
 x if x0
 -2
x  0 if x0
x if x0
-3
 -4

Thus we have x  0 and | –x | = | x |

 The graph of f  x   x is
 From the definition of  x  ,we have

i)  x    1, for  1  x  0

ii)  x   0, for 0  x  1

iii)  x   1,for 1  x  2

iv)  x   2,for 2  x  3

 The domain of x is R and range is [0,  )  The domain of  x  is R and range is Z

 Properties of modulus function:  Properties of greatest integer function:
i) x  a   a  x  a;  a  0  i) If f(x) = [x + n]= [x ]+ n , where n  I and [.]
denotes the greatest integer function, then f(x) = n
ii) x  a  x  a and x  a;  a  0 
+ [x]
iii) x  y  x  y  x, y  0 or x, y  0 ii) x – 1 < [x]  x
0 if x  I
iv) x  y  x  y  x  0 , y  0, x  y iii)  x     x    1 if x  I

(or) iv) [x] – [–x] = 2n - 1, if n - 1 < x < n, n  I
x0, y 0, x  y v) [x] – [–x] = 2n + 1, if x = n + {x}, n  I
vi) [x + y]  [x] + [y].
v) x  y  x  y vi) x  y  x  y
vii)  x  k  x k , where k  Z
 Step function(Greatest integer function) (or)
floor function : viii)  x  k  x  k  1, where k  Z
The function f : R  R defined by f(x) = x  is called ix)  x   k  x  k  1, where k  Z
the greatest integer function, where  x  equal to integral x)  x   k  x  k , where k  Z
part of x or greatest integer less than or equal to x. (or)
If x is any real number then there exist integers n and xi)  x  x   x 1
 xii)  x  y    x    y  if either x (or) y (or) both
are integers
xiii)  x    x 

x x1 x2 xn1

xiv)       ....  x ,nN
n  n   n   n 
 Domain of  x is R and Range of  x is [0,1)
 1  2  n 1
xv)  x   x     x    ...   x    nx  The function  x is neither even nor odd
 n  n  n 
 Least Integer Function:
 x  2, 2  x  1
If x  R then the least integer greater than or equal  x  1, 1  x  0
to x is denoted by (x) is called least integer function 
or ceiling function. x   x, 0  x  1
 x 1,1  x  2
Eg : (i) (3.2) = 4, (ii) (-2.3) = -2, (iii) (5) = 5 
 x  2, 2  x  3
1,  2  x  1
0, 1  x  0

 x   i) If x is an interger then x   x  and  x  0
i) 1, 0  x 1
2, 1 x  2 ii)  x   0
ii) Domain of (x) is R and Range is Z. 0, if x  z
iii) If k  Z and x  R then (x + k) = (x) + k iii)  x   x  1, if x  z

iv) If x  Z,   x    x and iv) x = [x] + {x}, [.] denote the integral part and
{.} fractional part of x respectively
if x  Z then (-x) = –(x) + 1
 Signum Function: The signum function or
signature function is defined as
x 
4  if x  0  1 if x  0 
x   
3 Sgn  x     i.e Sgn  x   1 if x  0 
   0 if x  0 
2  0 if x  0   
1

-4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4
-1
-2

-3

-4

 The domain of Sgn( x) is R and its Range is

-1, 0,1
 Fractional Part of x: Properties of signum function
For x  R , the function f(x) = x - [x] is called i) sgn(Kx) = sgn (x) ; K  N ii) x,sgn(x)=|x|
fractional part of x , it is denoted by ]x[ or {x} . iii) |x|.sgn (x) = x iv) x.sgn(x).sgn(x)=x

EX. 8 :Find the domain and range of f(x) =sgn(x2+1)

  1; x 2  1  0 y y

 1; x 2  1  0 (Notpossible)
Sol :f(x) = sgn(x +1)
2
 0 x 2  1  0 (Notpossible)


 f (x)  1, x  R  D f  R; R f  1 o a x a o a x
 Linear function : The function f defined by
i.e Even extension function of y=f(x) is obtained as
f (x)  mx  c, x  R, is called linear function, a function which is symmetrical about y-axis
where m and c are constants. Odd extension :
 Explicit function : A function y  f  x  is said As f(x) is defined on [0,a]
then odd extension i.e, Fo(x) is given as
to be an explicit function of x if the dependent
Fo(x) = f(x); x  [0,a] = -f (-x); x  [-a,0]
variable y can be expressed in terms of the
independent variable x. y
E.g: i) y  x  cos x, ii) y  x  log e x  2 x . 3

 Implicit function: A function y  f  x  is said

-a o
to be an implicit function of x if the dependent a x
variable y can not be expressed in terms of the
independent variable x only.
E.g:i) 3 x 2  4 x 2 y 2  2 xy  7 ii) xy  cos  x  y i.e odd extension is obtainedas a function which is
 Periodic function: A function f(x) is said to be symmetrical about the origin
periodic function if there exists a positive real
EX. 910:Let f(x) = ex+sinx be defined on [-4,0]. Find
number T, such that f (x + T) = f(x), x  D f ,
the odd and even extensions of f(x) is [-4,4]
where the least positive real number T is called its Sol : Odd extension = F0(x)=
fundamental period.
 f (x) x  [4, 0] e x  sin x; x  [4,0]
   x
EX. 9: The period (if periodic) of the function f ( x) x  [0, 4]  e  sin x; x  [0, 4]
f  x   x   x  b  , b  R ( . denotes the Even extension Fe(x) =
greatest integer function) is  f (x) x  [4, 0] e x  sin x; x  [ 4, 0]
   x
Sol: f  x   x   x  b f ( x) x  [0, 4]  e  sin x; x  [0, 4]
x  b   x  b   b = b   x  b  x3  x 2 for 0  x  2
EX. 11:If f  x   
So, f  x  has period 1. Period x is1  x2 for 2  x  4
 Extension of domains: Let f(x) defined on the Then the even and odd extension of f  x  is
interval [0,a], it can be extended on [-a,a] so that
f(x) is either even or odd function on [-a,a] Sol : The even extension of f  x  is as follows :
Even extension : As f(x) is defined on [0,a]
  x  2, 4  x  2
f(-x) is defined on [-a,0], then even extension i.e, g  x   3
 x  x , 2  x  0
2
Fe(x) is defined as
Fe(x)=f(x); x [0,a]=f(-x);x [-a,0]
The odd extension of f  x  is as follows :
Graphically If the graph of y=f(x), x  [0,a] is as
follows then even functions is given as  x  2, 4  x  2
h  x   3
 x  x , 2  x  0
2
EX. 12: The domain of f ( x)  sin 1 (log 2 x) is is  ,   , we proceed as follows. LEt y = f(x)
Now express ‘x’ interms of ‘y’ i.e, x = g(y) (if
Sol: sin 1 (log 2 x )  0 and 1  log 2 x  1 and
possible). Now find ‘y’ for which ‘x’ is defined.
x0 x2  x  3
log 2 x  0 & log 2 x  1& x  0 . EX. 14: The Range of f ( x)  is
x 1
0  log 2 x  1 , x  0 x2  x  3
Sol: f ( x )  = y  xy  y  x2  x  3
x 1
2 0  x  21  x  1, 2
Range: The set of values of ‘x’ for which f(x) is x 2  x (1  y )  y  3  0
defined is called the domain of f(x) and is denoted Quadratic eq. in terms of x and x  R
by Df. The set of images of the elements of the
 b 2  4ac  0 , (1  y ) 2  4( y  3)(1)  0
domain (out comes) is called the range of f(x) and
 y  3
2
is denoted by Rf. 40 y  R .  range is R.
Study of range is very important. There are no fixed
Type (4) To find the range f. f(x) in [a,b], find f’(x) and
methods to find range. Some of the methods to
find the range are given as follows put f’(x)=0  x= , , ........ accept these values
Methods to find range of a function : if they line in [a,b]find these images and also find
Type(1) Usage of A.M  G.M  HM on the given f(a), f(b). The least, greatest values thus obtained
positive quantities are called Max, Min values of f(x) in [a,b] To find
range of f(x) in (a,b) follow the above procedure is
1
Eg: Find the range of x  f’x(x)=0  x= , , ........
x
If m, M are the least, greatest values
Sol. Let x>0, A.M  G.M
1 If xLt
a 
 f  x   and xLt
b 
 f  x   both are greater
x
x  x. 1  x  1  2 than ‘m’ then ‘m’ is least value. Similarly, if
2 x x Lt  f  x   and Lt   f  x   both are less than
x a  x b
Let x < 0, Let x = -y where y > 0
‘M’, then M is the greatest value. Otherwise we
1 1 1
y  2   x   2  x   2 cannot decide the least, greatest values.
y x x
P(x)
 Range   , 2   2,   Type(5) To find the range of f (x)  , where
Q(x)
EX. 13: The range of the function degree is ‘2’ then YQ(x) = P(x)  we have a quad.
f  x   6 x  3x  6 x  3 x  2 is equation in ‘x’

Sol: 6 x  6 x  2 6 x.6  x =2; 3x  3 x  2 3x.3 x =2   0  'x' is real   range will come

 f  x  6  3  6  3  2  2  2  2 , x 2  2x  3
x x x x
EX. 15:Find the range of y 
x
f  x  6 Sol: x +(2-y) x+3=0
2

 range of f  x  is  6,      0   2  y   4  3  0
2

Type(2) The range of y= ax 2 +bx+c is

 4  y 2  4y  12  0  y 2  4y  8  0
 4ac  b 2   4ac  b 2 
 4a ,   (or)  , 4a  according as a >
   

 y  , 2  2 3    2  2 3,  
0 or a <0 Type (6) If various fuctions of different natures are
Type(3) To find the range of a function whose domain present in the given problem, then find the common
domain and have the range
Type (7) If f(x) is strictly increasing function in [a,b]
then its range [f(a), f(b)] If f(x) is strictly decreasing
in [a,b] then its range = [f(a), f(b)]
EX. 16:The range of f ( x)  sin 1 x  tan 1 x is
Sol: Domain of f  x is  1,1
é- p p ù é- p p ù
sin - 1 x Î ê , ú, tan - 1 x Î ê , ú
êë 2 2 ú
û êë 4 4 ú
û
p p - 1 - 1 p p
- - £ sin x + tan x £ 2 + 4
2 4
3p 3 from figure we conclude range of f (x) is
-  f x 
4 4 [b - a, ¥ ).
EX. 17: The range of f : A  B where A={1,2,3,4}
If a 2  b 2  c 2  k , then range of ab  bc  ca
and f  x  is defined as f ( x)  x  x  1 is
2

 k 
Sol. f(1) = 1+1+1 = 3 is   2
, k


Similarly f  2   7, f  3   13, f  4   21  Domain and range of some standard functions:

S.No Function Domain Range
Range = {3,7,13,21}
1. a2  x2 [-a,a] [0,a]
EX. 18: The range of the following functions defined
1 1 
x ; 0  x 1 2. (-a,a)  a ,  
a x
2 2
 2
over 0,3 f  x    x  1; 1  x  2 is 3. R    a, a  [0,  )
 x3 ; 2  x3
x2  a2

1
Sol: Obviously the domain of the function is  0,3 . 4. R    a, a  (0,  )
x  a2
2

Its range is  0,1 for 0 x 1; 5. ax,(a>0, a  1) R (0,  )

6. ex R (0,  )
 2,5 for 1  x2 and (8, 27] for 2  x3.
7. log a x (0,  ) R
 Range   0,1  (2,5]  (8, 27].  a  0, a  1
iii) If the graph of the function is known, then the 8. x R [0,  )
range of the function can be obtained easily from
the graph. 9. [x] R Z
10. { x} = x-[ x ] R [0,1)
EX. 19: The range of x  a  x  b  b  a  is 11. [0,  ) [0,  )
x
Sol:
12. sin x R [-1,1]
13. cos x R [-1,1]
  
14. tan x R   ( 2 n  1) : n  Z  R
 2 

15. cosec x R  n : n  Z  R   1,1

  
16. sec x R   (2 n  1) : n  Z 
2
R   1,1
 
17. cot x R  n : n  Z  R then f  x  
k x  k x
or f  x   cos x
2
   Some more points to observe :
18. Sin 1 x [-1,1]  2 , 2  1. Any function, which is entirely increasing or
19. Cos 1 x [-1,1] [0,  ] decreasing in its whole domain, is said to be one-
one function
   2. If any line parallel to the X-axis cuts the graph of
20. Tan 1 x R  , 
 2 2 the function at one point, then the function is one-
     one
21. Cosec 1 x R   1,1   2 , 0    0, 2  3. Any function which is neither increaing nor
decreasing in whole domain, the f(x) is may one.
     (OR) any continuous function f(x) which has atleast
22. Sec 1 x R   1,1 0, 2    2 ,  
one local maxima or local minima, is many one
23. Cot 1 x R (0,  ) 4. Every odd continuous function passes through the
origin and it is symmetrical in opp. quadrants.
c  a2 b2 ,c  a2 b2 
24. acosx+bsinx+c R   5. sinn x, cosn x, secn x, cosecn x periodic functions with
25. sinh x R R period 2  (or)  according as ‘n’ is odd or even.
26. cosh x R [1,  ) 6. tannx, cotnx are periodic functions with period  ,
27. tanh x R (-1,1) if ‘n’ is even or odd.
7. |sinx|, |cosx|, |tanx|, |cotx|, |secx| , |cosecx| are
28. cosech x R  0 R  0
periodic function with the period 
29. sech x R (0,1] 8. Algebric functions i.e,
30. coth x R  0 R   1,1 x 2 , 2 x 2  5 x  4, x ,.....etc are not periodic
31. sinh 1 x R R 9. Every constant function is always periodic with no
32. cosh 1 x [1,  ) [0,  ) fundamental period
10. A function can have infinite periods, but among them
33. tanh 1 x (-1,1) R the least positive value is called the fundamental
34. cosech 1 x R  0 R  0 period.
11. If f(x) is the periodic function with the period T,
35. sech 1 x (0,1] [0,  ) then the function f(ax+b) is periodic with the period
36. coth 1 x R   1,1 R  0 T
 Functional equations: If f(x) is a function such a
that
1
i) f  x  y   f  x  f  y  then f  x   k x k  R  
12. If f(x) is periodic with T, then and f ( x)
f ( x)
ii) f  x  y   f  x   f  y  then f  x   kx are also periodic with the same period T.
13. If f(x) is periodic with period T then
iii) f  xy   f  x   f  y  then
cf ( x ), f ( x  c) f ( x )  c are also periodic with the
f  x   k loga x  a  1,a  0  period T where ‘c’ is any constant.
iv) If f(x) is a polynomial function such that 14. Inverse of a periodic function does not exist,. But
here by restricting the domain, we can have inverse.
1 1
f x   f    f x f  
x x
then f  x   1  x n . 15. Strictly increasing and strictly decreasing functions
v) If f(x) is a function such that are non-periodic.
16. If the given problem is a combination of two or
f  x  y   f  x  y   2f  x  f  y  more functions, then find their periods separately
and take their L.C.M (if L.C.M is possible). Here
 L.C.M. is the period. If L.C.M is not possible, then
EX. 19: Draw the graph of y  e x  1, y  e x 2 with
period does not exist
17. L.C.M of the help of y = ex
a c e L.C.M of a, c, e.......
, , ,......  y
b d f H .C.F of b, d , f .....
18. L.C.M of a rational number with irrational number y=ex
is not possible.
19. If h(x)= f1(x) +f2(x) where T1 and T2 are the periods
of f1(x) and f2(x)
Now period of h(x) = L.C.M of T1, T2
(0,1)
1 x
2
 L.C.M of T1 , T2  if f1(x) and f2(x) are even O

and pair wise complementary functions.

20. The graphs of f(x) and its inverse f-1(x) are
symmetrical about the line y = x
21. Every even function is many-one
GRAPHICAL TRANSFORMATIONS :
y
With the help of the given basic function (curve) y=ex+1
y=f(x), drawing the other graphs by allowing some
changes in x (independent variable) and in y y=ex
(dependent variable) is called transformation of
graphs. Now let us observe some important 2
transformations of graphs.
1
1. Drawing the graph of y  f ( x )  a, ( a  R )
x
from the known graph of y  f  x  0
If a>0 then shift the graph of f(x) in upward direction
through a distance ‘a’ (or) shift the X-axis
downward through a distance ‘a’ and if a < 0 then
shift the graph of f(x) in downward direction through
a distance ‘a’ or shift the X-axis upward through a
distance ‘a’ units. y y=ex

y  f ( x )  a, a  0
1
a y  f ( x) y=ex-2
a y  f ( x )  a, a  0
x
0
2
-1
a
a -2

EX. 20: Plot y = |x| + 2 and y = |x| + -2 with the help

of y = |x|
 y  
y  sin  x  
y 1  2
y x

y  sin x
x 2 3    0   3 2
2 2 2
2
y  1
 
y  sin  x  
 2

y EX. 22: Draw the graph of y = |x-1| and y = |x+1|

with the help of y = |x|
y  x 2

2 y x
2 y x
2
2 y  x 2
2 x y  x 1 y  x 1
-1 0 1
-2

2. Drawing the graph of y  f ( x  a )( a  R ) with

3. Drawing the graph of y  af ( x ) from the
the help of the graph y  f  x 
known graph y  f  x 
If a > 0, then shift the graph of f(x) in the left hand
direction through a distance ‘a’ (or) shift the y-axis The graph of the function y=af(x) (a > 0) is obtained
to the right hand direction by distance ‘a’. Similarly from the graph of y = f(x) by “stretching” vertically
if a < 0 then shift the graph of f(x) in the right hand ‘a’ time (a>1) and compressing vertically 1/a times
direction (or) shift the y-axis to the left by the (0<a<1) along the y-axis.
distance ‘a’ units.
y
y  f ( x  a ), a  0
y  af ( x), a  1
y  f ( x)
y  f ( x)
y  f ( x  a ), a  0
a y  af ( x ), 0  a  1
a
x
0
a
a

EX. 23: Plot y =2x and y = x/2 with the help of y =

x i.e., y=2x is the stretch of f(x) two times
along the y-axis and y=1/2 x is the shrink of
  f(x) two times along the y-axis.
EX. 21: Plot the graph of y  sin  x   and
 2

 
y  sin  x   with the help of y = sin x
 2
 y y=2x
y x
y=x y  sin  
y=x/2 2
y  sin  2 x 
y  sin( x )
0 x
7 5 3   3 5 7
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 4
x
4 3 2  0  2 3
EX. 24: Draw the graph of y = 4cosx and y = 1/4
cosx with the help of y =cosx

y
4 y  4 cos x 5. Drawing the graph of y  f ( x) from the

1 y  cos x known graph y  f  x 

1/4 1
y  cos x The graph of y = f(-x) is obtained from the graph
  x4 of the function y =f(x), y=f(-x) is symmetrical to
2 3


-1/4 0  3 2
2 2 2 2 that of the function y =f(x) above the y-axis i.e.,
-1 take reflection of f(x) considering y-axis as plane
-4 mirror i.e., turn the graph of f(x) by 1800 about y-
axis.
4. Drawing the graph of y  f (ax) from the y
known graph y  f  x 
The graph of y = f(ax) (a>0) is obtained from y
=f(x) by stretching horizontally (along x-axis) from
the y-axis 1/a times (0<a<1) and compressing
0 x
horixzontally from the y-axis ‘a’ times (a>1).
y = f(-x) y = f(x)
y

y  f ( ax ), a  1
EX. 26: Draw the graph of y =e-x with the help of y
y  f ( x)
= ex
y  f ( ax ), 0  a  1
x y
0
y = e-x
y = ex
(0,1)

EX. 25: Draw the graph of y =sin (2x) and

x x
y  sin   from the graph of y = sinx. 0
2

i.e., y = e-x is the image of y = ex w.r.t y-axis

6. Drawing the graph of y   f ( x) from the
known graph y  f  x  y
The graph of y = -f(x) is the image of y =f(x) in the 3
x-axis as plane mirror (or) to get the graph of y = -
f(x), turn the graph of f(x) by 1800 about the x- 2
axis. 1
Ex. 1) Plot the curve y=-ex with the help of y=ex x
-3 -2 -1 1 2 3
y -1
y = ex -2
-3
(0,1)
x
0
7. Drawing the graph of y  f (x) from the
(0,-1) y = e-x
known graph y  f  x 
Since f(-x) is symmetrical to that of f(x) about y-
axis and -f(-x) is symmetrical to that of f(-x) about
EX. 27: Plot the cuve y = - logex with the help of y the axis.
=logex i.e., first image of f(x) about y-axis later its image
about the x-axis
y
y
y = f(-x) y = f(x)
y = logex

(1,0) x O
0

x
y = -f(-x)

EX. 29: Draw the graph of y = -e-x with the help of

EX. 28: Draw the graph of y= - [x] (G.I.F) with the the known graph y = ex
help of y=[x] (G.I.F]
y y = ex

(0,1)

o x
y = e-x
(0,-1)

8. Drawing the graph of y  f ( x) from the

 known graph y  f  x 
y
y = |logex|
The graph of y  f ( x) is obtained from the
graph y = f(x), the portion lying above the x-axis
remains unchanged. Now take the image of
negative part of f(x) (i.e., the portion below the x- x
O (1,0)
axis) in the x-axis as plane mirror.

y y=f(x)

EX. 31: Draw the graph of y = |x2 - 2x - 3| with the

heip of y = x2 - 2x - 3
x
O y
y = x2-2x-3

x
O
y
y=|f(x)|

x
O y
y = |x2-2x-3|

EX. 30: Draw the graph of y = |logex| with the help x

O
of the know function y = logex.

y
y = logex
9. Drawing the graph of y  f  x  from the

known graph y  f  x 
x First draw the graph of y =f(x) leave the graph lying
O (1,0)
right side of the y-axis as it is and also take its image
w.r.t y-axis the portion of y =f(x) in teh left of y-
axis is ignored.

y y

y = f(x)

x x
O O
EX. 32: Sketch the graph of y = loge|x| with the
help of y = logex. y

y y = logex y =f(|x|)

x
O
x
O (1,0)

y
y =|f(x)|
y
x
O
O
x
(-1,0) (1,0)
2
y = |logex| EX. 33: Sketch the graph of y  x  2 x  3 with
the help of y =x2-2x-3
10. Drawing the graph of y  f  x  from the
y
known graph y  f  x 
y=x2-2x-3
Here first we drawn the graph of y= f(|x|) fromt eh
previous method, later the part above the x-axis
remains unchanged and tghe part below the x-axis x
will be shifted to the above the x-axis (i.e., take its O
image w.r.t x-axis)

y =f(x) y

x
O
x
O
y=|x|2-2|x|-3
 y y
y = logex

x
O x
O (1,0)
y=||x|2-2|x|-3|

11. Drawing the graph of y  f  x  from the

y
known graph y  f  x 
The graph of |y| -f(x) is obtained from y= f(x), the
portion below the x-axis is ignored the portion
above the x-axis will be same and also have to (1,0)
x
take its image w.r.t. x-axis O
(Here f(x)<0) is not possible) |y| = logex

y
y = f(x)
12. Drawing the graph of y  f  x  from the

known graph y  f  x 
x
O First we draw |y| = f(x) from the previous method,
then the graph of |y|=|f(x)| is the portion of graph
|y| = f(x) lying above the x-axis remains unchanged.
Its other portion located below the x-axis then take
its image w.r.t x-axis

y y

y = f(x)

x
x O
O
|y| = f(x)

EX. 34: Draw the graph of |y| = logex with the help
of the know function y = logex.
 the previous technique take its image w.r.t x-axis
y to get the graph of |y| = |f(|x|)|

y
y = f(x)
O x

x
O

y y

|y| =|f(x)| y = f(|x|)

x x
O O

EX. 35:Draw the graph of |y| = |logex| with the help y

of the know function y = logex.
y =|f(|x|)|
y
y=logex
x
O

x
O (1,0)
EX. 36: Draw the graph of |y| = ||log x|| with the
help of the know function y = log x.

y
y y = logex
|y|=|logex|

x
(1,0) O (1,0)
x
O

13. Drawing the graph of y  f  x  from the

known graph y  f  x 
The graph of |y| = |f(|x|) is obtained from the graph
of y= f(x). First draw the graph of y = |f(|x|)| from
 respectivley.
y 1) domain, range 2) domain, co domain
y = log |x| 3) co domain, range 4) range, domain
2. f : A  B then f(A) is called
1) domain 2) co domain 3) range 4) function
x 3. If f : A  B is a function then
(-1,0) O (1,0)
1) f(A) = B 2) f(A)  B
3) f(A)  B 4) B  f(A)
4. If f : A  B is surjective then
1) No two elements of A have the same image in B
y 2) Every element in A has an image in B
3) Every element of B has at least one pre-image
y = |log |x|| in A
4) A and B are finite non empty sets
5. A constant function f : A  B will be one-one if
x
(-1,0) O (1,0) 1) n (A) = n(B) 2) n(A) = 1
3) n (B) = 1 4) n (A) <n (B)
6. If f : A  B is a constant function which is
onto then B is
1) a singleton set 2) a null set
y
3) an infinite set 4) a finite set
|y| = |log |x|| 7. If n  2 then the number of surjections that can
be defined from {1,2,3,....n} onto {1, 2} is

x 1) n 2  n 2) n2 3) 2n 4) 2n-2
(-1,0) O (1,0) 8. If f and g are functions such that fog is onto then
1) f is onto 2) g is onto
3) gof is onto 4) Neither f nor g is onto
9. If f and g are functions such that fog is one -
14. Drawing the graph of y  f 1 ( x) from the one then
known graph y  f  x  1) g must be onto 2) g must be one - one
3) f must be one-one 4) f, g need not one-one
The graph of y = f-1 (x) is obtained by taking the 10. To have inverse for the function f, f should be
reflection of y = f(x) w.r.t the mirror line y =x 1) one-one 2) onto
3) one-one and onto 4) Identity function
y
y = f-1(x) 1
11. If f : A  B is a bijection then f of =
y=x
1) fof 1 2) f 3) f 1 4) I A
y = f(x) 12. f : A  B is a bijection then fof 1 =
O x
1) I A 2) IB 3) f 4) f 1
13. Let f  x   ax 2  bx  c, where a,b,c are
rational and f : Z  Z where Z is the set
of integers. Then a  b is
1) a negative integer 2) an integer
3) non integral rational number 4) Real number
1. f : A  B is a function then A, B aree
14. The graph of the function y  f  x  is
symmetrical about the line x  2 . Then
1) f  x  2   f  x  2  2) f  2  x   f  2  x  Real valued functions
3) f  x   f   x  4) f  x    f   x  1. Let f :{(1,1),(2,3),(0,-1),(-1,-3)} be a function
from z to z defined by f(x) = ax+b,for some
15. The graph of odd function is integers a,b then (a,b) =
1) symmetric about origin 2) symmetric about y-axis 1) (-1,2) 2) (2,-1) 3) (3,-2) 4) (0,3)
3) parallel to x-axis 4) parallel to y-axis
16. The graph of even function is 10  x
2. If e
f (x)
 , x  (10,10) and
1) symmetric in opp quadrtants 10  x
2) symmetric about y-axis  200 x 
3) parallel to x-axis 4) parallel to y-axis f ( x)  k. f  2  then k =
 100  x 
17. The graph of Identify function is
1) Straight line passing through origin 1) 0.5 2) 0.6 3) 0.7 4) 0.8
2) symmetric about y-axis 3. f :RR is defined as f ( x)  2 x  x then
3) parallel to x-axis 4) parallel to y-axis
f (3 x)  f ( x)  4 x  (EAM-97)
18. The graph of |x| is
1) Straight line passing through origin 1) f ( x ) 2)  f ( x ) 3) f ( x ) 4) 2 f ( x )
2) symmetric about y-axis 4. f (1)  1, n  1  f ( n  1)  2 f ( n )  1
3) parallel to x-axis 4) parallel to y-axis
then f ( n) = (EAM-92)
19. The fucntion f  x    x is
1) 2 n 1 2) 2 n 3) 2 n  1 4) 2n 1  1
1) even funciton 2) odd function
3) periodic funciton with period 1 71+ ln x
5. If f ( x ) = then f (2015) =
4) periodic function but no fundamental period xln7
20. Let f be a strictly decreasing function with 1) 20 2) 7 3) 2015 4) 100
range  a, b then domain of the function f 1 is cos 2 x  sin 4 x
6. If f  x   for x  R then
sin 2 x  cos 4 x
1)  f  b  , f  a   2) b, a 
1 1

f  2016  =
3)  f  a  , f  b   4)  b, a 
1 1
1) 1 2) 2 3) 3 4) 4
21. If f  x   x 2   x   be an integral function 7. If f   2, 4  ,  0, 6  ,  2,8  and
of the integral variable x then 2f 3g 
1)  is an integer and  is a rational fraction g   2, 1 ,  0,3 ,  2,5  , then  3 g  2 f   0  
 
2)  and  are integers 1) 1/12 2) 25/12 3) 5/12 4) 13/12
3)  is an integer and  is a rational fraction 8. If f(x) = sin (log x) then
4)  and  are rational fractions x
f(xy) + f  y  -2f(x) cos (logy) =
 
1) cos (logx) 2) sin (logy)
3) cos (log (xy)) 4) 0
01) 2 02) 3 03) 3 04) 3 05) 2 06) 1
07) 4 08) 1 09) 2 10) 3 11) 4 12) 2 9. If f  x  y, x  y   xy then the arithmetic
13) 2 14) 2 15) 1 16) 2 17) 1 18) 2 mean of f  x, y and f  y, x  is
19) 3 20)1 21) 2
1) x 2) y 3) 0 4) xy
 Even and odd functions 1) ( , ) 2) (,0)  (0, )
3) (0, ) 4) (0,1)
x x
10. Let f  x   x   1 , then f is
e 1 2 19. The domain of the function f(x) = log16 x 2 is
1) an odd funciton 2) an even function
3) both odd and even 4) neitheer odd nor even 1) x = 0 2) x  4 3) x  1 4) x  2
11. Which of the following is an even function
1
ax  ax ax 1 20. The domain of f(x) = is [AIE-2011]
1) f  x   x  x 2) f  x   x x x
a a a 1
1) (,0) 2) (0, ) 3) (1,  ) 4)  ,  
ax 1
3) f  x   x x
a 1
2

4) f  x   log 2 x  x  1  1
21. The domain of f ( x) 
Periodic functions
 x  x is
1) R 2) Z 3) R - Z 4) Q-{0}
12. The period of cos x 2 is
1
1) 2 2) 2 3) 4 2 4)does not exist 22. The domain of f(x) = x2  is
log(4  x )
13. Period of f  x   e  sin   x  is (   and
cos x
1) 2,   2)  ,4 3) 2,3  3,4 4) 3,  
 denote the greatest integer function and 23. The domain of f(x) = e x
 cos x is
fractional part function respectively)
1)  ,   2) [0,  ) 3) (0,1) 4) (1,  )
1) 1 2) 2 3)  4) 2
14. Let f  x  be periodic and k be a positive real 24. The domain of log a sin 1 x is (a>0, a  1 )
1) 0 < x  1 2) 0  x  1
number such that f  x  k   f  x   0 for all 3) 0  x < 1 4) 0 < x < 1
25. The domain of cosh-1 5x is
x  R . Then the period of f  x  is
 1  1 
1) k 2) 2k 3) 4k 4) 8k 1) R 2) 0,   3)  ,   4)  ,  
5  5 
15. The period of f  x   x   x  is 26. For which Domain, the functions
1 f  x   2x 2  1 and g  x   1  3x are equal to
1) no fundamental period 2) 3) 1 4) 2
2
1  1  1 
Domain of the function 1) R 2)  , 2  3)  2 , 2  4)  , 2 
2    2 
x 2  2x  1 Range of the function
16. The domain of f  x  
x2  x  6 27. The domain and range of the real function f
1) R – {3, –2} 2) R – {–3, 2} 4x
3) R – {3, –2] 4) R – (3, –2) defined by f  x   is given by
x4
1 1) Domain = R, Range = {–1, 1}
17. The domain of f(x) = log x is 2) Domain = R – {1}, Range = R
3) Domain = R – {4}, Range = {–1}
1) R  0 2) R  0,1 4) Domain = R – {–4}, Range = {–1, 1}
3) R - {-1, 0, 1} 4) ( , ) 1
28. Range of f  x   is
3 x  3 x 1  2 cos x
18. The domain of f(x) = is
3 x  3 x
 1) One 2) Two 3) Four 4) Three
1   1
1)  ,1 2)  1,  37. If A = (3,81) and f : A  B is a surjection
3   3
defined by f(x) = log3 x then B =
1 
3) (, 1]   ,  
 1 
4)   ,1 1) 1,4 2) 1,4 3) 1,4 4) 1,  
3   3 
x x
38. Let f  x   sin  cos 2 and
2
29. The range of f  x   x  x  1 is
2
2 2
1  g  x   sec 2 x  tan 2 x . The two functions are
2)  0,   3) 1,  
3 
1)  4 ,   4)  4 ,  
  equal over the set
30. The domain and range of the function f given 1)  2) R
by f  x   2  x  5 is
  
 3) R   x x   2 n  1  2 , n  Z  4) R  0
1) Domain = R , Range = ( ,1]  
2) Domain = R, Range = ( , 2] x
39. f :R R defined by f  x   ,  x  R is
3) Domain = R, Range = ( , 2) x 1
2

1) one - one 2) onto

4) Domain = R  , Range = ( , 2]
3) bijective 4) neither one one nor onto
x2 40. If f : Z  Z is such that f  x   6 x  11 then f is
31. f  {(x, ) : x  R} , be a function R into R,
x2 1
1) injective but not surjective
range of ‘f’ 2) surjective but not injective
1) [0,1) 2) (-  ,  ) 3) (0,  ) 4) R  3) bijective
4) neither injective nor surjective
32. Range of the function f  x   x  x is
41. f : N  A Where A = {0,1} defined by
1) R 2) 1 3) 0 4)  0,  
 0 if x is odd
f x   . Then f is
33. Let A  9, 10, 11, 12, 13 and f : A  N be 1 if x is even
1) one - one, onto 2) one-one, into
defined by f  n   highest prime factor of n,
3) many-one, onto 4) many-one, into
then its range is
1
1) {13} 2) {3,5,11,13} 42. f : (,  )  (0, 1] defined by f ( x )  is
3) {11,13} 4) {2,3,5,11} x 1
2

1) one-one but not onto 2) onto but not one-one

x2  x  1 3) bijective 4) neither one-one nor onto
34. The range of f(x) = 2 is
x  x 1
43. The function f : R  R defined by f  x   4 x  4
x

1  1 
1)  ,3 2)  ,2 3) 0,1 4)  1,1 is
3  2  1) One - one and into 2) Many - one and into
3) One - one and onto 4) Many-one and onto
Types of functions
35. The equivalent function of log x 2 is Number of functions :
44. The number of one-one functions that can be
1) 2 log x 2) 2 log x defined from A = 4,8,12,16 to B is 5040, then
3) log x
2
4)  log x 
2 n(B)=
1) 7 2) 8 3) 9 4) 10
36. The number of linear functions which map
45. If A = 1,8,11,14,25 then the condition to
 1,1 to 0, 2 are define a surjection from A to B is
 1) n(A) + n(B) = 20 2) n(A) <n(B) n / 2 if n is even
3) n(B)  5 4) n (B) = 10 by f  n     n  1  then f 1  100  is

  2  if n is odd
46. If A = {1, 2, 3}, B = {1, 2}then the number of   
functions from A to B are 1) 100 2) 199 3) 201 4) 200
1) 6 2) 8 3) 9 4) 32
47. The number of non-bijective mappings that 55. If f ( x )  Sin
1
3  ( x  6) 
4 1/ 3 1
then f ( x) 
can be defined from A = 1,2,7 to itself is 1) 6  3  sin x
4 3
2) 6  3  sin x
4 3

1) 21 2)27 3) 6 4) 9
3) 6  3  sin x 4) 6  3  sin x
4 4

48. Let A  1, 2,3 and B  a, b, c . If l is

number of funcitons from A to B and m is
number of one-one functions from A to B, then
1) l is 9 2) m is 9 3) l is 27 4) m is16 01) 2 02) 1 03) 4 04) 3 05) 2 06) 1
49. The number of constant functions possible 07) 2 08) 4 09) 3 10) 2 11) 3 12) 4
from R to B where B = 2,4,6,8,....24 are 13) 1 14) 2 15) 3 16) 1 17) 3 18) 2
19) 3 20) 1 21) 3 22) 3 23) 2 24) 1
1) 24 2) 12 3) 8 4) 6
25) 4 26) 2 27) 3 28) 3 29) 1 30) 2
Composite functions 31) 1 32) 3 33) 2 34) 1 35) 2 36) 2
50. The functions f : R  R , g : R  R are 37) 3 38) 3 39) 4 40) 1 41) 3 42) 2
43) 1 44) 4 45) 3 46) 2 47) 1 48) 3
 0 when x is rational 49) 2 50) 1 51) 1 52) 1 53) 3 54) 3
defined as f ( x)  
1 when x is irrational 55) 2
 1 when x is rational
g ( x)  
 0 when x is irrational

then  fog     gof  (e) = (EAM-01) 1. Solve the equations 2. f(x) = 2k f(x)
1)  1 2) 0 3) 1 4) 2 3. expand and it is 2 f(x) 4. Put n = 1
1
51. If f  x    a  x n  n then fof  x  is
5. 7 nx  x n 7
cos 2 x  sin 2 x 1  cos 2 x 
f x 
1
1) x 2) a  x 3) x 4) x 1
sin 2 x  cos 2 x 1  sin 2 x 
n
n 6.
x
52. If f(x) = then fofof (x) =  2 f 3g  2 f  0  3g  0  25
1  x2 7.     0   =
 3 g 2 f  3 g  
0 2 f   12
0
x x 2x x 8 sin(log x + log y) + sin(log x – log y) –
1) 2) 3) 4)
1  3x 2
1 x 2
1  2x 2
1 x 2
2sin (log x)cos(log y) = 0
9. Let x  y  p, x  y  q . Then
Inverse of a function:
p  q p  q p2  q2
e x  ex f  p, q   . 
53. If f(x) = then the inverse of f(x) is 2 2 4
2

1) loge x  x 2  1  2) loge x 2  1  f  x, y  
x2  y2
4
and f  y, x  
y2  x2
4
3) log x 
e x2  1 
4) loge x  x 2  1  10. f   x   f  x 
54. If f : 1, 2, 3,.....  0, 1, 2,.... is defined 11. verify that the options are even and odd
12. no value of T exist such that f  x  T   f  x 
13. f  x  e period of  x .i.e. of x   x  is 1 by these function y  1  x and y  1  x .
cos x

37. 3 < x < 81  log33 < log3x < log38

 period of f  x  is 1. 38. Common domain
14. We have, f  x  k   f  x   0 ...(1) for all 1
39. f  2   f   , f(1) has no pre image.
x  R . Putting x  k for x, weget 2
40. linear function is one one no pre image for y = 0
f  x  2k   f  x  k   0 ...(2) 41. f(1) = f(3) = 0  f is not one-one
 2   1   f  x  2k   f  x   0  Range of f = {0, 1}  f is onto
42. f(-1) =f (1)  f is not one one
f  x  2k   f  x  range = codomain  f is onto
The shows that f  x  is periodic with period 2k. 43. Since for different x, 4 x and 4 x are different
postive numbers
15. f  x    x period is one
16. denominator not equal to zero  f is one one also, f is not onto as its range  0,  
is a proper subset of its co domain.
17. log x  0 and x  0  x  0,1,  1
n (B)
44. No. of one-one functions from A to B = P4
18. 3x  3 x 19. x  0 and x 2  1  x  1
45. n  A   n  B   n  B   5
20. | x | – x > 0 21.  x   x  0
n A
22. x  2  0, 4  x  0 and x  3 46. n  B  47. 33 – 3!
23. x  0 24. sin–1x > 0  0  x  1 48. The no. of functions from A to B = 33 = 27
49. The no. of constant functions from A to B is n(B).
25. Domain of cosh–1x  1,  
50.  fog    gof  e   f  g      g  f  e  
26. 2x  1  1  3x   2x  1 x  2   0
2
 f  0   g 1  0  1  1
27. denominator not equal to zero.
28. 2  2 cos x  2 , 1  1  2cos x  3  1

51. fof  x   f  f  x    f  a  x n  n   x
  1
2
3 3  
29.  x     30. | x | defines for any value
 2 4 4
x
x 2 52. f  f .........n times   
31. x  x  1 
2 2
  0,1 1  nx 2
x2  1 53. let f(x) = y
32. Domain of x = z,  [x] – x = 0 x  z 54. Take f–1(x) = y
33. f(9)=3, f(10)=5, f(11)=11, f(12)=3, f(13) = 13 x6
 x  f  y   5x  6  y  f 1  x  
x  x 1
2
5
34. f  x   y
x2  x 1 Let f  1   100   x  f  x    100
  y 1 x2   y  1 x   y 1  0 and x is real   x  1
  100  x  201
35. As log x is defined for only positive values of x. 2
But log x 2 defined for all non zero real values of x,

55. f  x  y  x  f  y  sin 3   y  6
1 1

4 1/3

also log x is defined  non zero real x. Hence

 f 1  x   6  4 3  sin 3 x .
log x and 2 log x are identical functions.
2

36. Width of both interval is same, wich can mapped

 4 0  x 1 4 x  1
3) f  x  4x x 1 4) f  x   4 x 1  x  0
 

Real valued functions  2 x

 x sin x 1
6. If f  x    2 then f  x  is
1. Let g  x  be a function defined on  1,1 . If x x x 1

the area of the equilateral triangle with two of 1) an even funciton 2) an odd function
its vertices at  0, 0  and  x, g  x   is 3/4, 3) a periodic function 4) neither odd nor even

then the function g  x  is f  x 

cos x
7.  2 x  1 , where x is not an integral
1) g  x    1  x 2 2) g  x   1  x 2     2

3) g  x    1  x 2 4) g  x   1  x 2 multiple of  and   denotes the greatest

integer function is
1
2. If f : R  R is defined by f  x   x   x   1) an odd function 2) even function
2 3) neither odd nor even 4) both even and odd
for x  R , where  x  is the greatest integer Periodic functions
 1 8. Which of the following function is not periodic
not exceeding x , then x  R : f  x   
 2 2x
1) 2) sin 1  x 
2 
x
1) Z 2) N 3)  4) R
3. Suppose f :  2, 2  R is defined by 3) sin
1
 cos x  1

4) sin cos  x 
2

 1 for  2  x  0 x
f  x  
 x 1 for 0  x  2 9. Let f  x   nx  n   nx  n   tan , where
2
then the {x   2, 2  : x  0 and f  x   x}   x  is the greatest integer  x and n  N . It is
1) 1 2) 0 3) 1/ 2 4)  1) a periodic function of period 1
2) a periodic function of period 4
4. If sin x  cos x  sin x  cos x , then x lies in 3) not periodic
1) 1st quadrant only 4) a periodic function of period 2
2) 1st and 3rd quadrant only 10. Let f  x  x 2  x , 0  x  2 . If the
3) 2nd and 4th quadrant only
definition of f is extended over the set
4) 3rd and 4th quadrant only
R   0, 2 by f  x  2   f  x  then f is a
Even and odd functions
1) periodic function of period 1
 4 x  1
5. Let f  x   4 x 1  x  0 2) non periodic function
 3) periodic function of period 2
If f  x  is an even function on R then the definition 4) periodic function of period 1/2
11. If f is periodic, g is polynomial function and
of f  x  on  0,   is
f  g  x   is periodic and g  2   3, g  4   7
4 x 0  x  1 4 x 0  x  1
1) f  x   2) f  x  
4 x 1  4 x 1 then g  6  is
1) 13 2) 15 3) 11 4) 21
 Domain of the function 2, n  3k , k Z

sin 1 (x  3) f (n)  10  n, n  3k  1, k  Z
12. The domain of the function f (x)   0, n  3k  2, k Z
9  x2 
is [AIE-2004] then n  N : f (n)  2  (EAM-04)
1) [2,3] 2) [1,2) 3) [1,2] 4) [2,3)
1) 3, 6, 4 2) 1, 4, 7 3) 4, 7 4) {7}
   x 2  
13. The domain of f ( x)  Sin1 log3    is 22. The domain of the function
  3  
1
1) (, 3] 2) [3,  ) f  x 
3) [-3, -1]  [1, 3] 4) (-9, -1)  (1, 9) sin x  sin   x  where 
14. The domain of f(x) = logx (9-x2) is
denotes the fractional part, is
1) (-3,3) 2) 0,  

3) 0,1  1,   4) 0,1  1,3 1)  0,   2)  2n  1 ,nZ
2
3  n 
15. The domain of f (x)   log10 (x 3  x) is 3)  0,   4) R   , n  Z 
4x 2
 2 
[AIE-2003]
1) (1, 2) 2) ( 1, 0)  (1, 2) Range of the function
3) (1, 2)  (2,  ) 4) (1, 0)  (1, 2)  (2,  )  tan 2 
23. If   (0, ), then x x
2

2 x2  x
16. The domain of f  x   1  1  1  x 2 is
is always greater than or equal to ( x  0, 1 )
1)  0,1 2)  1,1 3)  ,   4)  1,1 1) 2 2) 1 3) 2 tan  4) 2Sec 2
17. The domain of f(x) = cos (log x) is 24. The range of f(x) = sin2x + cos4 x is
1)  ,   2) (-1,1) 3) 0,   4) 1,   1  3   1
1)  ,1 2)  ,1 3) 0,1 4) 0, 
 2  2  4   4
18. The domain of f(x)=cos-1  2  sin x  contained
 
25. The range of f  x   Sin 1   x 2  is 
1
in  0, 2  is
2 
       denotes greatest integer function)
1) 0,  2)  ,  3) 0,  4)  , 
 2 2   2 2      
1)   , 0,  2) 0,  3)   4) 0, 
19.  x  R :  x  x   5  (EAM-05)  2 2  2 2

1) R is the set of real numbers 26. If f : R  R and g : R  R defined by

2)  , the null set f  x   x and g  x    x  3 for
3) {x  R : x  0} 4)  x  R : x  0 x  R . is denotes greatest integer function
20. The domain of the function defined by
 8 8
f(x) =
(7  x )
P( x 3) is then  g  f  x   : x  (EAM-08)
 5 5
1) {3,7} 2) {3,4,5,6,7} 3) {3,4,5} 4) {1,2,3,4} 1) {0,1} 2) {1,2} 3) {-3,-2} 4) {2,3}
21. f : N  N is defined as 27. The range of x  4 y  9z 2  6 yz  3xz  2xy is
2 2

1)  2) R 3) [0,  ) 4) (-  ,0)
28. The maximum possible domain and the
 corresponding range of f  x    1 are
x
 0, if x is rational 0, if x is irrational
35. f  x  
x , if x is irrational
; g  x    x, if x is rational
 
1) D f  R, R f   1,1 2) D f  Z , R f  1, 1
Then f  g is
3) D f  Z , R f   1,1 4) D f  R, R f  1,1 1) one-one and into 2) neither one-one nor onto
3) many one and onto 4) one-one and onto
29. The range of f  x   sin 1 x  cos 1 x  tan 1 x is
Composite functions
  3       3 
1)  0,   2)  ,  3)  ,  4) 0,  36. If f  x  and . g  x  are two functions with
4 4   4 4  4 
1 1
Types of functions g  x  x  and fog  x   x 3  3 , then f  x  =
x x
30. Let A = [-1,1]= B then which of the following
function from A to B is bijective function 1 1 3
1) x3  3x 2) x  1  2 4) 3x 2  4
2
2 3)
x x x x
1) f ( x)  2) g ( x)  x
2 37. Let f  x   ax  b and g  x   cx  d , a  0, c  0.
x
3) h( x)  x 2 4) k ( x)  sin
2
Assume a  1, b  2. If  fog  x    gof  x 
for all x, what can you say about c and d
31. If f : R  C is defined by f  x   e2ix for x  R
1) c and d both arbitrary 2) c  1, d arbitrary
then, f is (Where C denotes the set of all
Complex numbers) 3) c arbitrary, d  1 4) c  1, d  1
1) One-one 2) Onto 38. If f  x   sin 2 x and the composite functions
3) One-one and Onto 4) neitherone-onenorOnto
32. A function f : N  Z defined by g  f  x   sin x , then the function g x 

 n 1
1) x 1 x 2)3) x  1 4)  x
 2 , when ' n ' is odd 39. If f : R  R and g : R  R are given by
f (n)  
  n , when 'n 'is even , is f  x   x and g  x    x  for each x  R,
 2
1) one-one but not onto 2) onto but not one-one then  x  R : g  f  x    f  g  x   
3) one-one onto
4) neither one-one nor onto 1) Z   , 0  2)  , 0  3) Z 4) R
33. M is the set of all 2  2 real matrices. 40. Let g : R  R be given by g  x   3  4 x . If
f : M  R is defined by f(A)=det A for all A in
M then f is g n  x   gogo....og  x  , and g n  x   A  Bx
1) one-one but not onto 2) onto but not one-one then A and B are
3) neither one-one nor onto 4) bijective
1) 2 n 1  1, 2n 1 2) 4 n  1, 4n
34. Let f : R  n  R be a function defined by
3) 3n ,3n  1 4) 5n  1, 5n
xm
f  x  such that m  n then Invertibility & inverse of a function
xn
1) f is one one into function 41. Let ‘f’ be an injective function with domain
2) f is one one onto function {x, y, z} and range {1,2,3} such that exactly
3) f is many one into funciton one of the follwowing statements is correct and
4) f is many one onto funcion the remaining are false f (x)  1, f (y)  1,
f (z)  2 the value of f 1 (1) is
 1) x 2) y 3) z 4) x or z 31) 4 32) 3 33) 2 34) 1 35) 4 36) 1
37) 2 38) 2 39) 4 40) 2 41) 2 42) 2
42. If the function f : 1,    1,   is defined
43) 1 44) 4 45) 1 46) 4
by f  x   2 then f 1  x  is
x  x 1

x  x1
1
1)   2)
1

1  1  4 log 2 x 
2 2 1. Side of the triangle with vertices  0, 0  and

3)
1
2

1  1  4 log 2 x  4)
1
2
1  1  4 log 2 x   x, g  x   is a x 2   g  x   . Area of
2

Functional transformations 3 2
equilateral triangle, whose side a is a .
43. If f  x  is a polynomial in x   0  satisfying 4

the equation f  x   f 1/ x   f  x  . f 1/ x  

3 2
x  g  x  
2 3
 x2  g  x   1
2

4   4
and f  2  7 , then f  3 
1)  26 2)  27 3)  28 4)  29  g  x    1  x 2 . Thus g  x   1  x 2
44. A function f : R  R satisy the equation 1 1 1
f (x )f ( y)  f (xy)  x  y for all x, y  R 2. 0  x   x  1    x   x   
2 2 2
and f(y)>0, then
1 1 1
1 x   f  x    f  x   x
1) f (x)  x  2) f (x)   1 2 2 2
2 2
 1
x  x  R : f  x  
3) f (x)   1 4) f  x   x  1  2
2
n
3. By verification ,
45. f is a function defined as 
k 1

f  a  k   16 2n  1   1  1 1 1
f   f  2   2 1   2
and f  x  y   f  x  . f  y  and f(1) = 2 then  2   

hence f  x   x.
integral value of a
1) 3 2) 0 3) 2 4) 1
46. A real valued function f(x) satisfies the 4. The given relation holds only when sin x and cos
functional equation x
have same sign or atleast one of them is zero.
f ( x  y)  f ( x) f ( y)  f (a  x) f (a  y)
where a is a given constant and f (0)  1 , hence x   0,  / 2   ,3 / 2
f (2a  x) is equal to [AIEEE-2004]  4, x  1
1) f ( x) 2) f (a)  f (a  x) 5. If f  x    is even ,
 4 x 1  x  0
3) f ( x) 4)  f ( x)
f  x  f x

 4,  x  1  4 x, 0  x  1
f  x   
01) 2 02) 3 03) 3 04) 2 05) 1 06) 2 4 x 1   x  0  4, x 1
07) 1 08) 4 09) 4 10) 3 11) 3 12) 4 6. Here, f  x   x x , x  1
13) 3 14) 4 15) 4 16) 2 17) 3 18) 3
19) 2 20) 3 21) 2 22) 4 23) 3 24) 2 x 
25) 2 26) 3 27) 3 28) 2 29) 2 30) 4 x 2 sin   , 1  x  1 , x x , x  1 .
 2 
Let k  0 . Then
and f 1  k   1  k  1  k  1  k  .
2