PAGE GATE 2021 [Afternoon Session]

1 Civil Engineering

.Technical Section.
Question 1
Which of the following statements is are correct?
(A) Increased level of volatile organic compounds in the indoor environment will result in formation
of photochemical smog which causes of cardiovascular diseases.
(B) Volatile organic compounds act as one of the precursors to the formation of photochemical smog
in the presence of sunlight.
(C) Long term exposure to the increased level of photochemical smog becomes cause of chest
construction and irritation of the Mucous membrane.
(D) Increased level of carbon monoxide in the indoor environment result in the formation of carboxy-
hemoglobin and the long term exposure becomes a cause of cardiovascular diseases.
Ans. B, C & D
Question 2
The hardness of a water sample is measured directly by titration with 0.01 M solution of ethylene
diamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA) using eriochrome black T(EBT) as an indicator. The EBT reacts and
forms complexes with divalent metallic cations present in the water. During titration, the EDTA
replaces the EBT in the complex. When the replacement of EBT complete at the end point of the
titration. The colour of the solution changes from
(A) Reddish brown to Pinkish yellow (B) Blue to colourless
(C) Wine red to blue (D) Blue - green to reddish brown
Ans. C
Sol. At the end point of titration, the color of solution changes from wine red to blue.
Hence, the correct option is (C).
Question 3
In case of bids in two-envelop system, the correct option is :
(A) Either of the (Technical and Financial) bids can be opened first
(B) Financial bid is opened 1st
(C) Both (Financial and Technical) bids are opened simultaneously
(D) Technical bid is opened 1st
Ans. D
Sol. In case of bids in two envelop system technical bid is opened first.
Hence, the correct option is (D).
Question 4
In a 3-phase signal system design for a 4-leg intersection, the critical flow ratios for each phase are
0.18, 0.32, 0.22. The loss time in each of the phase is 2 sec. As per Webster’s formula, the optimal
cycle length (in sec, round off to the nearest integer) is __________ .
Ans. 50
Sol. Given :
3-phase signal system
The critical flow ratio for phase 1st Y1 = 0.18
The critical flow ratio for phase 2nd Y2 = 0.32
The critical flow ratio for phase 3rd Y3 = 0.22
PAGE GATE 2021 [Afternoon Session]
2 Civil Engineering
According to Webster method,
1.5L + 5
Optimum cycle length, C0 =
1− Y
∴ Y = Y1 + Y2 + Y3
Y = 0.18 + 0.32 + 0.22 = 0.72
∴ On putting value in above formula,
1.5 × 6 + 5
C0 = = 50 sec
1 − 0.72
Question 5
As per the unified soil classification system (USCS), the type of soil represented by MH is
(A) Inorganic silts of high plasticity with liquid limit ( LL ) more than 50%
(B) Inorganic silts of low plasticity with liquid limit ( LL ) less than 50%
(C) Inorganic clays of high plasticity with liquid limit ( LL ) less than 50%
(D) Inorganic clays of low plasticity with liquid limit ( LL ) more than 50%
Ans. A
Sol. MH- Highly compressible silt
Ans- inorganic silt with WL > 50%
Note : When liquid limit is greater than 50% soil is called highly compressible.
Hence, the correct option is (A).
Question 6
From laboratory investigations, the liquid limit, plastic limit, natural moisture content and flow index
of a soil specimen are obtained as 60%, 27%, 32% and 27%, respectively. The corresponding
toughness index and liquidity index of soil specimen, respectively, are
(A) 1.22 and 0.15 (B) 0.15 and 1.22 (C) 0.19 and 6.60 (D) 6.60 and 0.19
Ans. A
Sol. Given :
WL = 60%
WP = 27 %
WN = 32%
I F = 27
I P = WL − WP = 60 − 27 = 33%
IP 33
Toughness index = = = 1.22
IF 27
WN − WP 32 − 27 5
Liquidity index = = = = 0.15
IP 33 33
Hence, the correct option is (A).
PAGE GATE 2021 [Afternoon Session]
3 Civil Engineering
Question 7
The Softening point of bitumen has the same unit as that of
(A) Time (B) Temperature (C) Distance (D) Viscosity
Ans. B
Question 8
A frame EFG is shown in the figure. All members are prismatic and have equal flexural rigidity. The
member FG carries a uniformly distributed load w per unit length. Axial deformation of any member
is neglected. Considering the joint F being rigid, the support reaction at G is
(A) 0.500 wL (B) 0.375 wL (C) 0.453 wL (D) 0.482 wL
L
w

F G

2L

Ans. D
∂U
Sol. Compatibility condition, =0
∂R
∂  M2 
∂R   2 EI 
dx = 0

  wx 2 
2
 wL2 
2

  Rx −  2L 
RL −  
∂   2  2 
  dx +   dx  = 0
∂R 2 EI 2 EI
 0

 

 wx 2   2 wL3 
2  Rx −  2L 
RL − 
L
 2  ( x ) dx +  2 
0 2 EI 0 2 EI ( L)dx = 0
 2 wx 3   2 wL3 
L 
Rx −   RL −  dx
 2  2L  2 
0 EI
+
0
EI
=0

RL3 w L4 wL3
− × + RL2 (2 L) − (2 L) = 0
3 2 4 2
RL3 wL4
− + 2 RL3 − wL4 = 0
3 8
3 RL3 wL4 9
2 RL + = + wL4 = wL4
2 8 8
PAGE GATE 2021 [Afternoon Session]
4 Civil Engineering
7 RL3 9 4
= wL
3 8
27
R= wL
56
Hence, the correct option is (D).
Question 9
For a given transverse, latitudes and departures are calculated and it is found that sum of latitudes is
equal to +2.1 and the sum of departures is equal to – 2.8 m. The length and bearing of the closing error,
respectively, are :
(A) 2.45 m and 530 7'48'' NW (B) 3.50 m and 530 7'48'' NW

(C) 0.35 m and 53.130 SE (D) 3.50 and 53.130 SE

Ans. B
Sol. Given :
Sum of latitude, ΣL = +2.1 m
Sum of departure, ΣD = −2.8 m

Closing error (e) = (ΣL ) 2 + (ΣD ) 2

e = (2.1)2 + (−2.8)2 = 3.5 m

N

53 07 ' 4.37 ''

W E

S
 ΣD  −1  2.8 
Bearing, θ = tan −1   = tan  
 ΣL   2.1 
θ = 5307 '48.37"
Hence, the correct option is (B).
Question 10
The stopping sight distance (SSD) for a level highway is 140 m. For the design speed of 90 km/h. The
acceleration due to gravity and deceleration rate are 9.81 m/s2 and 3.5 m/s2, respectively. The
perception relation time (in sec), round off to two decimal places) used in the SSD calculation
is________.
Ans. (2 - 2.04)
PAGE GATE 2021 [Afternoon Session]
5 Civil Engineering
Sol. Given :
Stopping sight distance ( SSD ) = 140 m
V = 90 km/hr
g = 9.81 m/s2
a = 3.5 m/s2
a 3.5
We know that, μ = =
g 9.81
V2
∴ SSD = Vt +
2 gμ
252
140 = 25 × t +
3.5
2 × 9.81×
9.81
Reaction time, t = 2.028 sec
Question 11
The void ratio of a clay soil sample M decreased from 0.575 to 0.510 when the applied pressure is
increased from 120 kPa to 150 kPa. For the same increment in pressure, the void ratio of another clay
soil sample N decreases from 0.600 to 0.550. If the ratio of hydraulic conductivity of sample M to
sample N is 0.125. Then the ratio of coefficient of consolidation of sample M to sample N (round off
to three decimal places) is ______.
Ans. (0.093 - 0.097)
Sol. Given :
For soil M :
Change in void ratio Δe = 0.575 − 0.510
Change in applied pressure Δσ = 180 − 120
For soil N :
Δe = 0.6 − 0.55
Δσ = 180 − 120
K
∴ Ratio of hydraulic conductivity, M = 0.125
KN
(C v ) M
Ratio = = find ?
(C v ) N
 k[Δσ][1 + e0 ]  1 + e0 
(Cv ) M  Δe  M = K M ×  Δe  M

Ratio = =
(Cv ) N  k[Δσ][1 + e0 ]  K N 1 + e0 
 Δe 
N  Δe 
N

1 + 0.575 
 0.565 
Ratio = 0.125 ×  = 0.095
1 + 0.6 
 0.05 
∴ Ratio of coefficient of consolidation of sample M to N is 0.095.
PAGE GATE 2021 [Afternoon Session]
6 Civil Engineering
Question 12
A grit chamber of rectangular cross-section is to be designed to remove particles with diameter of 0.25
mm and specific gravity of 2.70. The terminal settling velocity of the particles is estimated as 2.5 cm/s.
The chamber is having a width of 0.50 m and has to carry a peak wastewater flow of 9720 m3/d giving
the depth of flow as 0.75 m. If a flow-through velocity of 0.3 m/s has to be maintained using a
proportional weir at the outlet end of the chamber, the minimum length of the chamber (in m, in
integer) to remove 0.25 mm particles completely is ______.
Ans. 9
Sol. Given :
Grit chamber
Diameter of particle to be removed, d = 0.25 mm
Specific gravity, G = 2.7
Velocity of particles, Vs = 2.5 cm/s
Width of chamber, B = 0.5 m
Waste water of flow, Q = 9720 m3 /d
Depth of flow, Y = 0.75 m
Discharge (Q )
∴ Plan area =
Velocity (Vs )
Q
B× L =
Vs
104
9720 ×
0.5 × L = 86400
2.5
L = 900 cm = 9 m
Minimum length of chamber required to remove 0.25 diameter particle is 9 m.
Question 13
Relationship between traffic speed and density is described using a negatively sloped straight line. If
VF is the free – flow speed then the speed at which the maximum flow occurs is
VF VF
(A) VF (B) 0 (C) (D)
2 4
Ans. C
Sol. Given : Relation between traffic speed and density

Density

Speed
Vf
∴ Maximum flow occur =
2
Hence, the correct option is (C).
PAGE GATE 2021 [Afternoon Session]
7 Civil Engineering
Question 14
A prismatic steel beam is shown in the figure. The plastic moment, Mp calculated for collapse
mechanism using static method and kinematic method is,
P
A C
B E, I
L 2L
3 3
S = static, K = kinematic
2 PL 2 PL
(A) M ps > = M pk (B) M ps = = M pk
9 9
2 PL 2 PL
(C) M ps = ≠ M pk (D) M ps < = M pk
9 9
Ans. C
Arc
Sol. We know that, Angle =
Radius
∴ Deflection is same at B from both A and C
L/3 2L/3
G
α β
2L
L / 3α ×β
3

L 2L
Now, α= β [δ = θ× L ]
3 3
α = 2β
Ds = 0
No. of plastic hinges = Ds + 1 = 0 + 1 = 1
 2L 
P β  = M P (α ) + M P (β)
 3 
 2L 
P β  = M P (2β) + M P (β)
 3 
2L
βP = 3M Pβ
3
2L
MP = P
9
2 PL
M P Static ≤ ≤ M p kinetic
9
Hence, the correct option is (C).
PAGE GATE 2021 [Afternoon Session]
8 Civil Engineering
Question 15
The hyetograph in the figure corresponds to a rainfall event of 3 cm.
15

14

Rainfall intensity mm/hr

12

7.5

4.5

4
3

0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0

Time (hour)
If the rainfall even has produced a direct runoff of 1.6 cm, the φ -index of the even (in mm/hour, round
off to one decimal place) would be ___________.
Ans. (4.18 – 4.27)
Sol. Rainfall intensity

15
14
12

7.5

mm/hr 4.5
4
3

0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5

time (hr)
Rainfall = 3cm
Storm duration = 3.5 hr
Run off = 1.6 cm

φindex = ???

Rain fall = 6 + 2.25 + 7.5 + 2 + 3.75 + 1.5 = 30 mm = 3 cm

PAGE GATE 2021 [Afternoon Session]
9 Civil Engineering
1st trial : P = 3cm, R = 1.6 cm, Te = 3.5 hr
P − R 3 − 1.6
φindex = = = 0.4 cm/hr = 4 mm/hr
Te 3.5
2nd trial : P = 26.5 mm = 2.65 cm , P =1.6 cm, Te = 2.5
2.65 − 1.6
φindex = = 0.42 cm = 4.2 mm/hr
2.5
Question 16
An activated sludge process (ASP) is designed for secondary treatment of 2500 m3 /day of municipal
wastewater. After primary clarifier, the ultimate BOD of the influent, which enters into ASP reactor is
200 mg/L Treated effluent after secondary clarifier is required to have an ultimate BOD of 20 mg/L.
Mix liquor volatile suspended solids (MLVSS) concentration in the reactor and the under flow is
maintained as 3000 mg/L and 12000 mg/L, respectively. The hydraulic retention time and mean sale
cell residence time are 0.2 day and 10 days, respectively. A representative flow diagram of the ASP is
shown below.
Influent after ASP
reactor Secondary
primary clarifier Treated effluent
clarifier

Under flow

Return flow

Sludge wastage
3
The underflow volume (in m /day, round off to one decimal place) of sludge wastage is _____.
Ans. 37.5
Sol. Activates sludge process, Q0 = 7500 m 3 /day
Ultimate, BODu = 200 mg/L
Effluent BOD = 20 mg/L
Hydraulic retention time = 0.2 day
θc = 10 days
Q0 + QR
Q0 Aeration
(Q0 + Qω ) X E
SST
tank

QR Qu . X u

Qω X u
GATE 2021 [Afternoon Session]
Civil Engineering
PAGE GATE 2021 [Afternoon Session]
12 Civil Engineering
E

1m
H

3m

F
G
10 kN
12 kN

2m 2m 2m
Ans. (8.23 – 8.28)
Sol.

VE VH

HE 1m
E H
HH
3m
4m
θ
2m
F G
2m

10 KN
12 KN
Left of F, H E × 3 + VE × 2 = 0
2
H E = VE ...(i)
3
At support, VE × 6 − H E ×1 − 10 × 4 − 12 × 2 = 0

6VE − H E = 64 …(ii)

Put value of H E in equation (ii),

2
6VE − VE = 64
3
3
VE = × 64 = 12 KN
16
2
H E = ×12 = 8 KN
3

Tension, in EF, FEF = VE 2 + H E 2

FEF = (12) 2 + (8) 2 = 4 13 KN

PAGE GATE 2021 [Afternoon Session]
13 Civil Engineering
12 KN

8 KN E

F
θ

FFG
10 KN
ΣFH = 0 , FFG cos θ1 = 8 …(iii)
ΣFV = 0 , FFG sin θ1 + 10 = 12
FFG sin θ1 = 2 …(iv)
( FFG ) 2 = (8) 2 + (2) 2
FFG = 8.2462 KN
FFG = 8.25 KN
Question 22
A water filtration unit is made of uniform-size particles of 0.4 mm diameter with a shape factor of 0.84
and specific gravity of 2.55. The depth of the filter bed is 0.70 m and the porosity is 0.35. The filter
bed is to be expanded to a porosity of 0.65 by hydraulic backwash. If the terminal settling velocity of
sand particles during backwash is 4.5 cm/s, the required backwash velocity is
(A) 0.75 cm/s (B) 0.69 cm/s (C) 6.35 × 10 −3 m/s (D) 5.79 × 10 −3 m/s
Ans. C
Sol. Given :
Diameter of sand particle, d = 0.4 mm
Shape factor, φ = 0.84
Specific gravity, G = 2.55
Depth of filter bed = 0.7 m
Porosity, n = 0.35
Expanded, ne = 0.65
Settling velocity, Vs = 45 cm/sec
0.22
V 
We know that, n ' =  B 
 VS 
∴ vb = 6.35 ×10−3 m/s
Backwash velocity is 6.35 ×10−3 m/s .
Hence, the correct option is (C).
PAGE GATE 2021 [Afternoon Session]
14 Civil Engineering
Question 23
In general, the CORRECT sequence of surveying operations is
(A) Field observation –Reconnaissance → Data analysis → Map making
(B) Reconnaissance → Field observation → Data analysis → Map making
(C) Data analysis → Reconnaissance → Field observation → Map making
(D) Reconnaissance → Data analysis → Field observation → Map making
Ans. B
Sol. Correct sequence :
Reconnaissance → Field observation → Data analysis → Map making
Hence, the correct option is (B).
Question 24
A propped cantilever beam xy with an internal hinge at the middle is carrying a uniformly distributed
load of 10 kN/m. The vertical reaction as suppose x (in kN) is
10 kN/m

x y
(Internal hinge at middle)
2m 2m
Ans. 30
Sol. Given beam,

Hinge 10 kN/m
x y
o
x o y
2m 2m
2m 2m Rx Ry
We know, sum of moment at internal hinge is 0.
∴  M0 = 0 ,
Ry × 2 − 10 × 2 ×1 = 0
Ry = 10 kN

 fy = 0, Rx + Ry = 10 × 4
Rx = 40 − 10
∴ Rx = 30 kN
Vertical reaction at support x is 30 kN.
Question 25
Seasoning of timber for use in construction is done essentially to :
(A) Smoothen timber surfaces (B) Increases strength and durability
(C) Remove knots from timber logs (D) Cut timber in right season and geometry
Ans. B
PAGE GATE 2021 [Afternoon Session]
15 Civil Engineering
Sol. Seasoning of timber increases strength and durability of timber which are used for different
engineering purposes.
Hence, the correct option is (B).
Question 26
The most appropriate tri-axial test to assess the long term stability of an excavated clay slope is
(A) Consolidated drained test (B) Unconfined compression test
(C) Unconsolidated undrained test (D) Consolidated undrained test
Ans. A
Question 27
For a 2 0 curve on a high speed broad gauge (BG) rail section, the maximum sanctioned speed is 100
km/h and the equilibrium speed is 80 km/h. Consider dynamic gauge of BG rail is 1750 mm. The
degree of curve is defined as the angle subtended at its center by a 30.5m are. The cant deficiency for
the curve (mm round off to integer) is _______.
Ans. 57
Sol. Given :
Maximum sanctioned speed Vmax = 100 km/hr
Equilibrium speed Veq = 80 km/hr
Degree of curve, D = 20
Arc length, L = 30.5 m
Arc
We know that angle =
Radious
L = R×D
20 × π
30.5 = R ×
180
30.5 ×180
R=
20 × π
R = 873.76 m
2
GVmax GVeq2
ed = etheo − eact = −
127 R 127 R
1.75 × 1002 1.75 × 802
ed = − =0
127 × 873.76 127 × 873.76
ed = 0.05677 m = 56.77 mm
∴ The cant deficiency for the curve is 57 mm (round off to integer).
Question 28
If A is a square matrix then orthogonality property mandates
(A) AAT = A2 (B) AAT = I (C) AAT = A−1 (D) AAT = 0
Ans. B
Sol. If, AAT = I or A−1 = AT
The matrix is orthogonal.
Hence, the correct option is (B).
PAGE GATE 2021 [Afternoon Session]
16 Civil Engineering
Question 29
A solid circular torsional member OPQ is subjected to torsional moments as shown in the figure (not
to scale). The yield shear strength of the constituent material is 160 MPa.
2 kN - m
1 kN - m

0.1 m 0.8 m

O P Q
1m 0.5 m

The absolute maximum shear stress in the member (in MPa, round off to one decimal place) is _____.
Ans. (15.1 – 15.4)
Sol.
2 kNm
1 kNm
φ1 = 0.1 m φ2 = 0.08 m
3 kNm 1 kNm
1 kNm P Q
O P
5m 2m

16TOP 16 × 3 ×106
(τmax )OP = = = 15.279 MPa
π× φ13 π× (100)3
16TpQ 16 ×1× 106
(τmax ) PQ = = = 9.947 MPa
π× φ32 π× (80)3

∴ Absolute maximum shear stress in member = max (τmax )OP , (τmax ) PQ  = 15.279 MPa

Question 30
x ln( x)
The value of lim is
x →0 1 + x 2

(A) 0.5 (B) ∞ (C) 0 (D) 1

Ans. C
 1 
 x   + ln x 
 x ln x   ∞  ∞
  
x
Sol. lim  2    = lim  
x →∞ x + 2
  ∞  x →∞  2x  ∞ 

 1
0 + x   1  1
lim   = lim   = =0
x →∞  2  x →∞  2 x  2 × ∞
Hence, the correct option is (C).
Question 31
A prismatic fixed-fixed beam, modelled with a total lumped mass of 10 kg as a single degree of
freedom system as shown in the figure. If the flexural stiffness of beam is 4 π 2 kN/m , its natural
frequency of vibration (in Hz, in integer) in the flexural mode will be :
PAGE GATE 2021 [Afternoon Session]
17 Civil Engineering
A B C
m
EI EI
L L
2 SDOF 2
Ans. 10
Sol. Given :
Total lumped mass, m = 10 kg
1 k
We know that, frequency f n =
2π m
Where, k = Flexural stiffness and m = Total lumped mass
1 4000π2
fn =
2π 10
1
fn = × 20 × π = 10 Hz
2π
Question 32
A rectangular open channel of 6 m width is carrying discharge of 20 m3 /s . Consider the acceleration
due to gravity as 9.81m/s2 and assume water as incompressible and inviscid. The depth of flow in the
channel at which the specific energy of the flowing water is minimum for given discharge will then
be:
(A) 2.56 m (B) 0.82 m (C) 1.04 m (D) 3.18 m
Ans. C
Sol. Given :
Width of channel, ( B) = 6 m
Discharge of channel, (Q) = 20 m3 /sec
1
q2 3
∴ Critical depth, Yc =  
 g 
1
 202  3
 2 
Yc =  6  = 1.04 m
 9.81 
∴ Depth of flow at which SE will be minimum is critical depth and is value 1.04 m.
Hence, the correct option is (C).
Question 33
Strain hardening of structural steel means
(A) Strengthening steel member externally for reducing strain experienced
(B) Experiencing higher stress than yield stress with increases deformation
(C) Decreases in the stress experienced with increases strain
(D) Strain occurring before plastic flow of steel material
Ans. D
PAGE GATE 2021 [Afternoon Session]
18 Civil Engineering
Question 34
Numerically integrate, f ( x) = 10 x − 20 x 2 from lower limit a = 0 to upper limit b = 0.5 . Use
trapezoidal rule with five equal subdivisions. The value (in units, round off to two decimal places)
obtained is_______.
Ans. 0.4
Sol. Given : a = 0, b = 0.5, n = 5
 b − a  0.5 − 0
Intercept, h= = = 0.1
 n  5
x0 = 0 , y0 = 0
x1 = 0.1 , y1 = 0.8
x2 = 0.2 , y2 = 1.2
x3 = 0.3 , y3 = 1.2
x4 = 0.4 , y4 = 0.8
x5 = 0.5 , y5 = 0
Using trapezoidal formula numerical integration
h
= [( y0 + y5 ) + 2( y1 + y2 + y3 + y4 )]
2
0.1
= [(0 + 0) + 2(0.8 + 1.2 + 1.2 + 0.8)]
2
0.1× 8
= = 0.4
2
Question 35
An equipment has been purchased at initial cost of }160000 and has an estimated salvage value of
}10000. The equipment has an estimated life of 5 years. The difference between the book values (in
}, hm integer) obtained at the end of 4th year using straight line method and sum of years digit method
of depreciation is________.
Ans. 20000
Sol. Given :
Initial cost (Ci ) = 160000
Salvage value (CS ) = 10000
n = Life of asset 5 year
Book value after 4th year by straight line method
 160000 − 10000 
= 160000 − 4   = 40000
 5 
Now, depreciation after mth year by sum of year digit method
 n − m +1 
= (Ci − Cs ) 
n(n + 1) 
 
 2 
PAGE GATE 2021 [Afternoon Session]
19 Civil Engineering
Depreciation after 1 year ( D1 )
(5 − 1 + 1)
D1 = (160000 − 10000) = 50000
5 × (5 + 1)
2
Book value after 1 year ( B1 ) = 160000 − 50000 = 110000
Similarly we can calculate other depreciation and booked values
4
D2 = (160000 − 10000) × = 40000
15
B2 = 110000 − 40000 = 70000
3
D3 = (160000 − 1000) × = 30000
15
B3 = 70000 − 30000 = 40000
2
D4 = (160000 − 10000) × = 20000
15
B4 = 40000 − 20000 = 20000
∴ Difference between value of straight line method and sum of years digit method
= 40000 − 20000 = 20000
Question 36
A function is defined in Cartesian coordinate system as f ( x, y) = xe y . The value of directional
derivative of the function (in integer) at point (2, 0) along the direction of straight line segment from
point (2, 0) to point (1 / 2, 2) is________.
Ans. 1
Sol. f ( x, y) = xe y
∇φ = ∇f
∂f ˆ ∂f ˆ ∂f ˆ
∇φ = i+ j+ k
∂x ∂y ∂z
∇φ = e y iˆ + xe y ˆj + 0kˆ
∇φ(2,0) = iˆ + 2 ˆj
 3
a = ( x2 − x1 )iˆ + ( y2 − y1 ) ˆj = − iˆ + 2 ˆj
2
3
 − iˆ + 2 ˆj
a 2
nˆ =  =
a 2
 3 2
 −  + (2)
 2 
2 3  3iˆ 4
nˆ =  − iˆ + 2 ˆj  = − + ˆj
5 2  5 5
PAGE GATE 2021 [Afternoon Session]
20 Civil Engineering
3 4
DD = ∇f ⋅ nˆ = − + 2 × = 1
5 5
Question 37
A lake has a maximum depth of 60 m. If the mean atmospheric pressure in the lake region is 91 kPa
and unit weight of lake is 9790 N/m3. The absolute pressure (in kPa, round off to two decimal places)
at the maximum depth of the lake is :
Ans. (678 – 679)
Sol. Given : Patm = 91 KPa , h = 60 m
Unit weight of lake water = 9790N/m2
Absolute pressure at maximum depth of the lake = Patm + ρgh
 9790 × 60 
=  91 +  KPa = 678.4 KPa
 1000 
Question 38
A 12-hour unit hydrograph (of 1 cm excess rainfall) of a catchment is of a triangular shape with a base
width of 144 hour and a peak discharge of 23m3 /s . The area of catchment (in km 2 , round off to the
nearest integer) is________.
Ans. (596 – 597)
Sol.
1
  cm/hr
 12 
1m
Time
12 hr
Discharge (m /sec)

3
QP = 23 m /sec
3

Time
0 144 hr (hr)

Let, catchment area = A km2

We know that, Area of hydrograph = [(Area of 12 hr hyetograph) × Catchment area]
1  1 1  6 2
×144 × 23 × 60 × 60 = 12 × ×  A ×10 m
2  12 100 
A = 596.16 km2
Question 39
A horizontal angle θ is measured by four different surveyors multiple times and the values reported
are given below. The most probable value of the angle θ (in degree, round off to two decimal places)
is________.
Surveyor Angle (θ) Number of observation
1 0
36 30 ' 4
2 360 00 ' 3
PAGE GATE 2021 [Afternoon Session]
21 Civil Engineering
3 35030 ' 8
4 36030 ' 4
Ans. 360
Sol.
Σ (angle × No. of observation)
MPV =
No. of observation
36030 '× 4 + 363 × 3 + 35030 × 8 + 36030 '× 4
MPV = = 36 0
19
Question 40
 2 −2 
The smallest eigen value and corresponding eigen vector at matrix   is :
 −1 6 
 −2.55  2.00  1.00  2.00 
(A) 1.55 and   (B) 1.55 and   (C) 2.00 and   (D) 1.55 and  
 −0.45  −0.45 1.00  0.45 
Ans. D
 2 −2 
Sol. A=   A − λI = 0
 −1 6 
λ 2 − trλ + [ A] = 0
λ 2 − 8λ + 10 = 0
λ = 1.55
[ A] X = λ[ X ]
[ A − λI ] X ] = 0
.45 −2   x  0
 −1 4.45  y  = 0
    
45 x – 2y = 0
45 x = 2 y
x 2
=
y 0.45
Hence, the correct option is (C).
Question 41
The unit normal vector to the surface x 2 + y 2 + z 2 − 48 = 0 at the point (4, 4, 4) is :
2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
(A) , , (B) , , (C) , , (D) , ,
2 2 2 5 5 5 2 2 2 3 3 3
Ans. C
Sol. φ = x 2 + y 2 + z 2 − 48 , P(4, 4, 4)
 ∂φ ∂φ ∂φ
Grad φ = ∇φ = iˆ + ˆj + kˆ
∂x ∂y ∂z
= (2 x)iˆ + (2 y) ˆj + (2 z )kˆ
PAGE GATE 2021 [Afternoon Session]
22 Civil Engineering

n = (grad φ) P = 8iˆ + 8 ˆj + 8kˆ

n 8iˆ + 8 ˆj + 8kˆ i + ˆj + kˆ
nˆ =  = =
n 64 + 64 + 64 3
 1 1 1 
nˆ   , , 
 3 3 3
Hence, the correct option is (C).
Question 42
dy y
If k is a constant, the general solution of − = 1 will be in form of :
dx x
(A) y = kx ln( k ) (B) y = x ln( kx ) (C) y = k ln( kx ) (D) y = x ln( x )
Ans. B
Sol. Given :
dy y
− =1
dx x
dy
We know that, + Py = 0
dx
1
∴ P = − and Q = 1
x
−1
1
Integration factor (I.F.) = e  = e x
Pdx dx
=
x
∴ General solution is given by,
y ( IF ) =  Q( IF )dx + c
1 1
y   =  1. dx + ln k
x x
y = x ln (kx)
Hence, the correct option is (B).
Question 43
A reservoir with live storage of 300 million cubic meter irrigates 40000 hectares (1hectare = 104 m2 )
of a crop with 2 filling of reservoir. If the base period of the crop is 120 days, the duty for this crop (in
hectares per cumec, round off to integer) will then be ______.
Ans. (691 - 691.5)
Sol. Given :
Live storage = 300 Mm3
Area = 40000 hectare
2 filling = 2 × 300 = 600 Mm3
Volume of water added = 600 Mm3
Base period (B) = 120 days
8.64 B
Duty =
Δ
PAGE GATE 2021 [Afternoon Session]
23 Civil Engineering
600 ×106 m3
 Δ= = 1.5 m
40000 ×104
8.64 ×120
Duty = = 691.2 hectare/cumec
1.5
Question 44
The internal (di ) and external (d0 ) diameter of a shel by sampler are 48 mm and 52 mm, respectively.
The area ratio ( Ar ) of the sampler (in %, round off to two decimal places) is ________.
Ans. 17.36
Sol. Given :
Internal diameter of sampler, Di = 48 mm
External diameter of sampler, D0 = 52 mm
D02 − Di 2
∴ Area ratio, Ar = ×100
Di 2
522 − 482
Ar = ×100 = 17.36%
482
Question 45
The ratio of the momentum correction factor to the energy correction factor for a laminar flow in a
pipe is
3 1 2
(A) (B) 1 (C) (D)
2 2 3
Ans. D
Sol. We know that,
In case of laminar flow for circular pipe,
4
Momentum correction factor (β) =
3
Energy correction factor (α) = 2
 β   4  2
∴  = = 
 α   3× 2   3 
Hence, the correct option is (D).
Question 46
The activity details for a small project are given in the table.
Activity Duration (days) Depends on
A 6 -
B 10 A
C 14 A
D 8 B
E 12 C
F 8 C
G 16 D, E
PAGE GATE 2021 [Afternoon Session]
24 Civil Engineering
H 8 F, G
K 2 B
L 5 G, K
The total time (in days, in integer) for project completion is ________.
Ans. 56
Sol. From the above given data we can draw different path of completion in following way.
7
K L
D1
2 5
A B D G
1 2 3 5 6 9
6 10 8 16 D2
C H
E
14 8
12
8
4 F
16
Here, D1, D2 are dummy activities
Critical path = longest duration path
∴ Total paths :
(i) A – B – K - L = 23 days
(ii) A – B – D - G - D1 - L = 45 days
(iii) A – B – D - G – D2 - H = 48 days
(iv) A – C – E - G - D1 - L = 53 days
(v) A – C – E - G – D2 - H = 56 days
(vi) A – C – E - F - H = 36 days
∴ 5th path is longest path which takes 56 days to complete project hence it is critical.
Question 47
A rectangular cross-section of a reinforced concrete beam is shown in the figure. The diameter of each
reinforcing bar is 16 mm. The values of modulus of elasticity of concrete and steel are 2.0 ×104 MPa
and 2.1×105 MPa, respectively
200 mm

Centroidal axis

350 mm
x

35 mm

The distance of the centroidal axis from the centerline of the reinforcement (x) for the uncracked
section (in mm, round off to one decimal place) is _____.
Ans. (129.3 - 129.7)
PAGE GATE 2021 [Afternoon Session]
25 Civil Engineering
Sol. Given :
Diameter of reinforcement bar (d ) = 16 mm
4
Ec = 2 × 1010 MPa

Es = 2.1×105 MPa
200
Centroidal
axis

350
x
X1
35 X2
We know that,
Es 2.1×105
Moduler ratio m = = = 10.5
Ec 2 ×104
π
∴ mAst = 10.5 × ×162 × 3
4
mAst = 6333.45 mm2
mAst − Ast = 5730.27 mm2
A1 X 1 + A2 X 2
Now, centroid of beam, X =
A1 + A2
 350 
 200 × 350 × 2  + [5730.27 × 35]
X=
(200 × 350) + [5730.27]
X = 164.41 mm
The distance of centroidal axis from centre line of reinforcement-
x = 164.41 − 35 = 129.41 mm
Question 48
An elevated cylindrical water storage tank is shown in the figure. The tank has inner diameter of 1.5
m. It is supported on a solid steel circular column of diameter 75 mm and total height (L) of 4 m. Take
water density 1000 kg/m3 and acceleration due to gravity 10 m3 /s
PAGE GATE 2021 [Afternoon Session]
26 Civil Engineering

E, I
L

If elastic modulus (E) of steel is 200 GPa, ignoring self-weight of the tank. For the supporting steel
column to remain unbuckled. The maximum depth (h) of the water permissible (in m, round off to one
decimal place) is _______.
Ans. (2.68 - 2.72)
Sol. Given :
Diameter of solid steel column, D = 0.075 m
Height of column, L = 4 m
∴ Effective length of column, Le = 2 L = 8 m
π2 EI
By Euler’s formula, PE = 2
Le
π
π2 × 200 ×109 × × 0.0754
PE = 64
82
PE = 47903.22 N
π
FBottom = ρgh × ×1.52
4
π
FBottom = 1000 ×10 × h × ×1.52
4
FBottom = 17671.45868h N
To avoid buckling, FBottom ≤ PE
17621.45868 h ≤ 47903.22
h ≤ 2.71 m
∴ hmax = 2.7 m
Question 49
A rectangular footing of size 2.8 m × 3.5 m is embedded in a clay layer and a vertical load is placed
with an eccentricity of 0.8 m as shown in the figure (not to scale). Take bearing capacity factors :
Nc = 5.14 , N q = 1.0 and N γ = 0.0 . Shape factors : sc = 1.16 , sq = 1.0 and sγ = 1.0 ; Depth factors :
di = 1.1 , d q = 1.0 and d γ = 1.0 and inclination factors : ic = 1.0 and iq = 1.0 and iγ = 1.0
PAGE GATE 2021 [Afternoon Session]
27 Civil Engineering
0.8 m
C.L. of footing
Clay
γ = 18.2 kN/m 3 1.5 m
φ = 00
c = 40 kN/m 2
2.8 m
Using Meyerhoff’s method the load (in kN, round off to two decimal places) that can be applied on
the footing with a factor with a factor of safety of 2.5 is _______
Ans. (440 - 441)
Sol. Using meyerhoff formula,
qu = CN c Sc Dc + γDN q Sq Dq + 0.5γBN γ S γ Dγ

We have, C = 40 kN/m2 , γ = 18.2 kN/m3 , Nc = 5.14 , Sc = 1.16 , Dc = 1.1 ,

FOS = 2.5 , D = 1.5 m , S q = 1 , Dq = 1
qu = 40 × 5.14 ×1.16 ×1.1×1 + (18.2 ×1.5) ×1×1×1
qu = 262.3456 + 27.3
qnu = 262.3456 kN/m2
262.3456
qns = = 104.94 kN/m 2
2.5
Reduced area = ( B − 2e) × L = (2.8 − 2 × 0.8) × 3.5 = 4.2 m2
∴ Net safe load = 104.94 × 4.2 = 440.75 kN
Question 50
A clay layer of thickness H has a preconsolidation pressure pc and an initial void ratio e0 . The initial
effective overburden stress at the mid-height of the layer is p0 . At the same location the increment in
effective stress due to applied external load is Δp . The compression and swelling indices of the clay
are Cc and Cs respectively. If p0 < pc < ( p0 + Δp) , then the correct expression to estimate the
consolidation settlement ( sc ) of the clay layer is
H  p0 p0 + Δp  H  pc p0 + Δp 
(A) sc = Cc log + Cc log  (B) sc = Cc log + Cc log 
1 + e0  pc pc  1 + e0  p0 pc 
H  pc p0 + Δp  H  p0 p0 + Δp 
(C) sc = Cs log + Cc log  (D) sc = Cs log + Cc log 
1 + e0  p0 pc  1 + e0  pc pc 
Ans. C
Sol. Consolidation settlement is given by,
H   Pc   P0 + ΔP  
Sc = cs log10   + cc log10  
1 + e0   P0   Pc  
Hence, the correct option is (C).
Question 51
A venturimeter as shown in the figure (not to scale) is connected to measure the flow of water in a
vertical pipe of 20 cm diameter.
PAGE GATE 2021 [Afternoon Session]
28 Civil Engineering

Pipe diameter = 20 cm

Throat diameter = 10 cm

30 cm

Mercury
15 cm specific gravity = 13.6

Assume g = 9.8 m/s2 . When the deflection in the mercury manometer is 15 cm, the flow rate (in lps
round off to two decimal places) considering no loss in the venturimeter is _______.
Ans. (49.10 – 49.52)
Sol. We known that
A1 A2
Discharge (Q ) = Cd × 2 gh [Cd = 1]
A12 − A22

ρ 
h = X  m − 1
 ρ 
 13.6 × 103 
h = 0.15  3
− 1 = 1.89 m
 10 
A1 A2
Q= × 2 × 9.81× 1.89
2
A 
A2  1  − 1
 A2 
π
(0.2) 2
Q= 4 × 2 × 9.81× 1.89 = 49.395 l /s
(2) 4 − 1

∴ Flow rate considering no loss in venturimeter is 49.10 liter/sec.

Question 52
Determine the correctness or otherwise of the following Assertion [a] and the Reason [r]
Assertion [a] : One of the best ways to reduce the amount of solid wastes is to reduce the consumption
of raw materials.
Reason [r] : Solid wastes are seldom generated when raw materials are converted to goods for
consumption.
PAGE GATE 2021 [Afternoon Session]
29 Civil Engineering
(A) Both [a] and [r] are true and [r] is the correct reason for [a]
(B) Both [a] and [r] are true but [r] is not the correct reason for [a]
(C) Both [a] and [r] are false
(D) [a] is true but [r] is false
Ans. D
Question 53
A fire hose nozzle directs a steady stream of water of velocity 50 m/s at an angle of 450 above the
horizontal. The stream rises initially but then eventually falls to the ground. Assume water as
incompressible and inviscid. Consider the density of air and the air friction as negligible, and assume
the acceleration due to gravity as 9.81 m/s2 . The maximum height (in m, round off to two decimal
places) reached by the stream above the hose nozzle will then be________.
Ans. (63.5 – 64)
Sol.
Y
B
X

u = 50m/s H

A 450

g = 9.81 m/sec2
50
At point A, U AX = u cos 45 = 50 cos 45 = m/s
2
50
U AY = u sin 45 = 50sin 45 = m/s
2
At point B, U BY =0
Between A and B, (using equations Vy 2 = u y 2 + 2a y s y in y direction)
Vy = uBy = 0
50
u y = u Ay = m/s
2
a y = − g = −9.81m/s 2
Sy = H
2
 50 
 + 2 ( −9.81)( H )
2
O =
 2
H = 63.71m
Question 54
PAGE GATE 2021 [Afternoon Session]
30 Civil Engineering
A single story building model is shown in the figure. The rigid bar of mass ‘m’ is supported by three
massless elastic columns whose ends are fixed against rotation. For each of the columns, the applied
lateral force (P) and corresponding moment (M) are also shown in the figure. The lateral deflection
PL3
(δ) of the bar is given by δ = , where L is the effective length of the column, E is the Young’s
12 EI
modulus of elasticity and l is the area moment of inertia of the column cross-section with respect to
its neutral axis.
Rigid bar
δ
M
P

Column

Lateral deflection
Building model profile of any column
For the lateral deflection profile of the columns as shown in the figure, the natural frequency of the
system for horizontal oscillation is
2 EI 6 EI EI 1 2 EI
(A) rad/s (B) rad/s (C) 6 rad/s (D) rad/s
L m mL3 mL3 L m
Ans. C
Sol. 1. For one column
M
δ P

P 3
δ=
12 EI

For combined system

δ

P3 P
δ= =
36 EI K
36EI
K= 3

K EI
w= =6 rad/sec
m m3
Hence, the correct option is (C).
Question 55
PAGE GATE 2021 [Afternoon Session]
31 Civil Engineering
The soil profile at a road construction site is as shown in figure (not to scale) A large embankment is
to be constructed at the site. The ground water table (GWT) is located t the surface of the clay layer.
And the capillary rise in the sandy soil is negligible. The effective stress at the middle of the clay layer
after the application of the embankment loading is 180 kN/m2. Take unit weight of water
γ w = 9.81 kN/m3 .
Embankment load

Sand
γ = 18.5 kN/m3 GWT 2 m

Clay
Specific gravity, Gs = 2.65
Water content, w = 45% 6m
compression index, Cc = 0.25

Impermeable layer
The primary consolidation settlement (in m round off to two decimal places) of the clay layer resulting
from this loading will be _______.
Ans. (0.328 – 0.334)
Sol. Given :
G = 2.65
w = 45%
cc = 0.25
We know that, e × s = w × G
e = 0.45 × 2.65
∴ e = 1.1925
γ (G + e)
γ sat = w
1+ e
2.65 + 1.1925
γ sat = × 9.81 = 17.193 kN/m3
1 + 1.1925
Effective stress, σ0 = 18.5 × 2 + (17.193 − 9.81) × 3
σ0 = 59.148 kN/m2
Primary consolidation settlement,
 σ + Δσ 
cc H 0 log10  0 
 σ0 
ΔH =
1 + e0
 180 
0.25 × 6 × log10  
ΔH =  59.148 
1 + 1.1925
ΔH = 0.331 m
∴ Primary consolidation settlement of clay layer from loading is 0.331 m.
PAGE GATE 2021 [Afternoon Session]
32 Civil Engineering
PAGE GATE 2021 [Afternoon Session]
33 Civil Engineering

.General Aptitude.
Question 1
In an equilateral triangle PQR, side PQ is divided in 4 equal parts, side QR is divided into 6 equal parts
and PR is divided into 8 equal parts. The length of each sub-divided part in cm is an integer. The
minimum area of triangle PQR possible, in cm2, is
(A) 18 (B) 144 3 (C) 48 3 (D) 24
Ans. B
Sol.

6
8

4
a a a
For  , ,  to be integer, a must be LCM of 4, 6 and 8. So a = 24
4 6 8
3 2 3
Area = a = × 242 = 144 3
4 4
Hence, the correct option is (B).
Question 2
⊕ and  are 2 operators on numbers p and q such that p  q = p − q and p ⊕ q = p × q then
( 9  (6 ⊕ 7) )  ( 7 ⊕ (6  5) ) =
(A) 40 (B) −40 (C) −33 (D) −26
Ans. B
Sol. [9 − (6 × 7)] − [7 ×1] = −33 − 7 = −40
Hence, the correct option is (B).
Question 3
Y

PHYLAXIS

X
The mirror image of the above text about the x-axis is
(A) (B)

(C) (D)
Ans. C
Sol.

Hence, the correct option is (C).

PAGE GATE 2021 [Afternoon Session]
34 Civil Engineering
Question 4
2 identical cube shaped dice each with faces numbered 1 to 6 are rolled simultaneously. The probability
that an even number is rolled out on each dice is :
1 1 1 1
(A) (B) (C) (D)
4 12 8 36
Ans. A
Sol. E1 → occurrence of even number on first dice
E2 → occurrence of even number on second dice
3 1
P ( E1 ) = =
6 2
3 1
P ( E1 ) = =
6 2
1 1 1
P( E1 ∩ E2 ) = P( E1 ) × P( E2 ) = × =
2 2 4
Hence, the correct option is (A).
Question 5
On a planer field, you travelled 3 units east from a point O. Next you travelled 4 units south to arrive
at point P . Then you travelled from P in north-east direction such that you arrive at a point that is 6
units east of point O. Next, you travelled in the NW direction, so that you arrive at point Q that is 8
units north of point P . The distance of point Q to point O, in same units, should be________.
(A) 6 (B) 4 (C) 5 (D) 3
Ans. C
Sol.

The distance between point Q to point O is,

OQ = OX 2 + XQ 2

OQ = 32 + 42 = 9 + 16
OQ = 25
PAGE GATE 2021 [Afternoon Session]
35 Civil Engineering
OQ = 5 units
Hence, the correct option is (C).
Question 6
(i) Arun and Aparna are here
(ii) Arun and Aparna is here
(iii) Arun’s families is here
(iv) Arun’s family is here
Which of the above sentences are grammatically CORRECT?
(A) 1 and 2 (B) 1 and 4 (C) 2 and 4 (D) 3 and 4
Ans. B
Question 7
1. Some football players play cricket
2. All cricket players play hockey
Among the options given below, the statement that logically follows from the two statements 1 and 2
above, is :
(A) All football players play hockey (B) Some football players play hockey
(C) No football player plays hockey (D) All hockey players play football
Ans. B
Sol.

Hockey

Football Cricket

Hence, the correct option is (B).

Question 8
4 person P, Q, R, S are to be seated in row R should not be seated in 2nd position from left end of row.
The number of distinct seating arrangement possible is :
(A) 6 (B) 18 (C) 24 (D) 9
Ans. B
Sol. Number of arrangements = 3 × 3! = 18
Hence, the correct option is (B).
Question 9
In the figure PQRS is a square. the shaded portion is formed by intersection of sectors of circle with
radius equal to the side of square and center at S and Q.
PAGE GATE 2021 [Afternoon Session]
36 Civil Engineering
P Q

r r

S r R

The probability that any point picked randomly within square falls in shaded area is
1 π π π
(A) (B) 4 − (C) −1 (D)
2 2 2 4
Ans. C
Sol.
P Q

r r

S r R

fA
Probability =
TA
 πr 2 r 2 
fA =  − × 2
 4 2

 πr 2 r 2 
 − × 2
fA  4 2 π 
= 2
=  − 1
TA r 2 
Hence, the correct option is (C).
Question 10
The author said, “musicians rehearse before their concerts. Actors rehearse there roles before the
opening of new play. On the other hand, I find it strange that many public speakers thick they can just
walk on the stage and start speaking. In my opinion, it is no less important for public speakers to
rehearse talks.”
Based on the above passage, which one the following is TRUE?
(A) The author is of the opinion that rehearsing is more important only for musicians than public
speakers.
(B) The author is of the opinion that rehearsing is less important for public speakers than for musicians
and actors.
(C) The author is of the opinion that rehearsing is important for musicians, actors and public speakers.
(D) The author is of the opinion that rehearsing is more important for actors than musicians.
Ans. A

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