C Programming : Extra Notes (Part-01)

Abhishek Sharma Notes Lecture 5 and 6

Operator
Operators is used to perform arithmetic & logical operations
Operator category is
Unary : Only 1 Operand
Example a = -5
Binary : 2 Operand required
Example : a = 3+5
Ternary: 3 Operand required
?
Assignment operator : =
#include <stdio.h>
int main() {
int a = -129;
a = 120
printf("%d",a);
return 0;
}
Assignment will the value at location associated as a
L-value and R-value
L-value of a variable is Location in memory associated with variable.
R-value value of a variable is value stored in location associated with the
variable.

Assignment operator changes the changes L- value of variable.

The constant (integer, string , character, float), expression cannot have L-value so
you can not write them in LHS of assignment operator
10 = 20, not allowed
10+20 = 30, not allowed
‘a’ = 30, not allowed
 Only variable have L value associated with them

RHS can be expression, literal constant , variable

char a = ‘a’
int a1 = 2+3*4;
int a2 = 100;
Unary Operand
+1, - 3, &a
Binary Arithmetic Operator
+,-*/,%
Order of evaluation of the operator

Division and % Operand

Dividend,
Divisor ,
Quotient ,
Remainder

Dividend = Quotient * Divisor+ Remainder

7 / 3, -7/3, 7/-3, -7/-3

7/3 7/-3 -7/3 -7/-3

Dividend 7 -7 7 -7
Divisor 3 3 -3 -5
Quotient 2 -2 -2 2
Remainder 1 1 -1 -1

Sign of Remainder : Dividend positive Remainder positive , Dividend Negative

Remainder Negative
#include <stdio.h>
int main() {
printf("%d\n",7/3);
printf("%d\n",7/-3);
printf("%d\n",-7/3);
printf("%d\n",-7/-3);
printf("%d\n",7%3);
printf("%d\n",7%-3);
printf("%d\n",-7%3);
printf("%d\n",-7%-3);
return 0;
}
Expression Rule:
o Operation between integer and integer is integer
o Operation between integer and float is float
o Operation between float and float is float

Precedence rule:
Operator precedence determines the order in which operators are evaluated.
Operators with higher precedence are evaluated first.
Associativity Rule
Associativity: In programming languages, the associativity (or fixity) of an
operator is a property that determines how operators of the same precedence
are grouped in the absence of parentheses.
 bracket () Highest

Unary minus -

Multiplicative *, / , % Left to Right

Additive +- Left to Right

Equal = Right to Left Lowest

Problem Solving
Question 1
#include <stdio.h>
int main(){
float x;
x = 7*2.0/2+10/3;
printf("%f", x);
return 0;
}
The value of x is ___
(A) 10 (b) 10.0 (c) 10.33 (d) 11.0

Question 2
#include<stdio.h>
int main(){
int x;
x= -2 + 11 - 7 * 9 % 6 / 12;
printf("%d",x);
return 0 ;
}
The value of x is ___
(A) 6 (b) 7 (c) 8 (d) 9
Question 3
#include<stdio.h>
int main(){
int x;
x= 3/2*4+3/8+3;
printf("%d",x);
return 0 ;
}
The value of x is ___
(A) 6 (b) 7 (c) 8 (d) 9

Question 4
#include<stdio.h>
int main(){
int x;
x= 4+2%-8;
printf("%d",x);
return 0 ;
}
The value of x is ___
(A) 6 (b) 7 (c) 8 (d) 9
Question 5
#include<stdio.h>
int main(){
int x;
x= 2 * 3/4+4/4 +8-2+5/8;
printf("%d",x);
return 0 ;
}
The value of x is ___
(A) 6 (b) 7 (c) 8 (d) 9

Scoping Rule:
The scope of a variable in C is the block or the region in the program where a variable is
declared, defined, and used. Outside this region, we cannot access the variable and it is
treated as an undeclared identifier.

Example 1
#include<stdio.h>
int main {
{
int a =10 ;
printf(“%d”; a); // will print the 10
}

}
Output : it will print 10
Example 2
#include<stdio.h>
int main() {
{
int a =10 ;
}
printf("%d", a); // will not print 10
return 0 ;
}

Output: It will not print 10, variable is not defined

Lexical Scope Rule:

If variable is not defined within the block then definition of the variable is searched in
next upper block. This process is repeated until the definition is found.

#include<stdio.h>
int x = 40;
int main() {
int x = 30;
{
int x = 20;
{
int x = 10;
printf("%d", x);
}
}
return 0 ;
}

Relational Operator

The relational operators are

> < <= >= == !=

Less than Greater than Greater than Less than equal Exactly equal Not equal to
equal to to

Output of the relational operator is 0 or 1

(a) 30 > 40

(b) 30 >= 40
(c) 30 == 40

(d) 40!=30
 (e) 40==40

(f) 40!=40

(g) 50 <50

#include<stdio.h>
int x = 40;
int main() {
printf("%d\n", 30>40);
printf("%d\n", 30>=40);
printf("%d\n", 30==40);
printf("%d\n", 30!=40);
printf("%d\n", 40!=30);
printf("%d\n", 40==40);
printf("%d\n", 50>50);
printf("%d\n", 50<=50);
return 0 ;
}

Precedence of relational Operator

Logical Operator:
1. Logical AND (&&)
2. Logical OR (||)
3. Logical NOT (!)

Logical AND (&&)

#include <stdio.h>
int main() {
int a = 20;
int b = 30;
printf("%d", a > 10 && b > 10);
}

// output

// Both numbers are greater than 10

Logical OR (||)

Example
#include <stdio.h>
int main() {
int a = 20;
int b = 5;
printf("%d", a > 10 || b > 10);

}
Logical NOT (!)

#include <stdio.h>
int main( ) {
int a = 20;
int b = 5;
printf("%d", !(a > 10 ));
}

Question practice
Question 1
What will be the output of the following C code?

#include <stdio.h>
#include<stdio.h>
int main()
{
int x = 1, y = 0, z = 0;
int a = x && y || z+1;
printf("%d", a);
}
 A. 6
B. 5
C. 0
D. 1
Question 2
What will be the output of the following C code?

#include <stdio.h>
int main () {
int x = 1, y = 0, z = 5;
int a = x && y && z+1;
printf("%d", a);
}
A. 6
B. 5
C. 0
D. 1

Question 3
#include <stdio.h>
int main () {
int a =(( 5!=10 )==8)&&((6>10)==(10>6));
printf("%d", z);
}
A. 0
B. 1
Precedence of Logical operators

Example 1
#include <stdio.h>
int main () {
int a =(( 5+6!=10 )==8)&&((6*2/4>10)==(10>6));
printf("%d", a);
}
Answer :0
The output of the program is _____
Example 2
#include <stdio.h>
int main () {
int a =(( 5+6!=10 )==8)||((6*2/4>10)==(10>6));
printf("%d", a);
}
The output of the program is _____
Answer :0
Example 3
#include <stdio.h>
int main () {
int a =5+5!=10|| 6+4;
 printf("%d", a);
}

The output of the program ___

Answer :1

Example 4
What is the output of the program?
#include <stdio.h>
int main () {
int a =3 < 6!= 3<6 && 9>11== 9>11;
printf("%d", a);
}
The output of the program ___
Answer 0

Short Circuit Code:

int a;
a = 0&& ;

if the first operand is zero then second operand is not evaluated.

int a;
a = 12&& ;

if the first operand is one then second operand is evaluated.

int a;
a = 1|| ;
if the first operand is one then second operand is not evaluated.

int a;
a = 0|| ;

if the first operand is zero then second operand is evaluated.

Increment & decrement Operator

These Operator modify the value of the variable

Example 1
What is the output of the program?
#include <stdio.h>
int main () {
int x=5;
int y;
y = ++x;
printf("%d %d", x, y);
}
The output of the program
(A) 5,5 (B) 5,6 (C) 6,5 (D) 6,6
Answer
D
Example2
#include <stdio.h>
int main () {
int x=5;
int y;
y = x++;
printf("%d %d", x, y);
}
(A) 5,5 (B) 5,6 (C) 6,5 (D) 6,6
Answer
C

Compound Assignment Operator

x += y assign (x+y) to x
x -= y assign (x-y) to x
x *= y assign (x*y) to x
x /= y assign (x/y) to x
x %= y assign (x%y) to x

Example 1
#include <stdio.h>
int main () {
int x=5;
int y=5,z;
z = ++x ||++y ;
printf("%d %d %d", x, y,z);
}
The output of the program
(A) 6,5 ,1 (B) 6,6,1 (C) 5,5,1 (D) 1,1,1
Example 2
#include <stdio.h>
int main () {
int x=5;
int y=5,z;
z = ++x && ++y ;
printf("%d %d %d", x, y,z);
}
The output of the program
(A) 6,5 ,1 (B) 6,6,1 (C) 5,5,1 (D) 1,1,1

Answer
B
Example 3
#include <stdio.h>
int main () {
int x=0;
int y=0,z;
z = ++x || ++y ;
printf("%d %d %d", x, y,z);
}
(A) 1,1 ,0 (B) 1,0,1 (C) 1,1,1 (D) 0,1,1
Answer
B
Example 4
#include <stdio.h>
int main () {
int x=0;
int y=0,z;
z = x++ || ++y ;
printf("%d %d %d", x, y,z);
 }

(A) 1,1 ,0 (B) 1,0,1 (C) 1,1,1 (D) 0,1,1

Answer
C
Example 5
#include <stdio.h>
int main () {
int x=0;
int y=0,z;
z = x++ || y++ ;
printf("%d %d %d", x, y,z);
}

(A) 1,1 ,0 (B) 1,0,1 (C) 1,1,1 (D) 0,1,1

Answer
A
GATE 2017
Consider the following C program.

# include <stdio.h>

int main () {

int m = 10;

int n, n1;

n = ++m;

n1 = m++;

n--;

--n1;

n - = nl;

printf (“%d”, n) ;

return 0;
 }

The output of the program is ______________.

Key: (0)

Bit Wise Operator

Number System
Decimal number system (base 10)
0,1,2,3….9
Binary Number system (Base 2)
0,1
Octal Number System (base 8)
01,2,3…7
Hexadecimal number System (base 16)
0,1,2,3…10 A,B,C,D,E,F
Number base system:
1022 Expand it

1103 + 0 102 + 2 10 + 2

Same goes with Binary Octal and hexadecimal
Octal constant starts with 0
int x = 012
hexadecimal Number start with 0x
intx = 0x12A
Example 1
What is the output the program

#include <stdio.h>
int main () {
int x = 018;
printf("%d", x);
}
(A) 16 (B) Compiler Error
(C) warning (D) 18
Example 2
 #include <stdio.h>
int main () {
int x = 017;
printf("%d", x);
}
(A) 17 (B) Compiler Error
(C) warning (D) 15
Answer
D

Hexadecimal
Example 4
What is the output the program
#include <stdio.h>
int main () {
int x = 0x18;
printf("%d", x);
}
(A) 16 (B) 24
(C) warning (D) 18
Answer
B
Example 5
What is the output the program
#include <stdio.h>
int main () {
int x = 0x1A;
printf("%d", x);
}
(A) 26 (B) 100
(C) warning (D) 18

Answer
 A
Bit Wise Operator
Binary Conversion process

Binary to Decimal

Bitwise Operators

Operators Meaning of operators

 & Bitwise AND

| Bitwise OR

^ Bitwise exclusive OR

~ Bitwise complement

<< Shift left

>> Shift right

Example 1
What is the output the program
#include <stdio.h>
int main () {
int x = 5, y=17, z
z = x&y;
printf("%d", z);
}
(A) 1 (B) 21
(C) 2 (D) -6

Answer
A
Example 2
What is the output the program
#include <stdio.h>
int main () {
int x = 5, y=17, z
z = x|y;
printf("%d", z);
}
(A) 1 (B) 21
(C) 2 (D) -6
Answer
B

Example 3
What is the output the program
#include <stdio.h>
int main () {
int x = 5, y=17, z
z = x ^ y;
printf("%d", z);
}
(A) 1 (B) 21
(C) 20 (D) -6

Answer
C
Example 4
What is the output the program
#include <stdio.h>
int main () {
int x = 5, z
z = ~x;
printf("%d", z);
}
(A) 1 (B) 21
(C) 20 (D) -6

Answer
D
Example 5
#include<stdio.h>
int main(){
char a = 8;
 int k;
k =a<<3;
printf("%d", k);
return 0;
}

(A) 1 (B) 64
(C) 20 (D) -6

Example 5
#include<stdio.h>
int main(){
char a = 64;
int k;
k =a>>3;
printf("%d", k);
return 0;
}

(A) 1 (B) 21
(C) 8 (D) -6