Exercise 1 - Basic Commands:

Linux -> Windows

ls -> dir (List files and directories)
cd -> cd (Change directory - same in both)
pwd -> cd (Print working directory - just 'cd' without arguments shows current path)
mkdir -> mkdir/md (Create directory)
rmdir -> rmdir/rd (Remove directory)
cp -> copy (Copy files)
mv -> move (Move/rename files)
rm -> del (Delete files)
more -> more (Display file content page by page)

==================================================
Exercise 2 - File Handling:
Linux -> Windows
touch -> (Create empty file) , type nul.> filename
chmod -> icacls (Change file permissions)
chown -> takeown (Change file ownership)
ln -> mklink (Create links)
find -> find/findstr (Search for files/text)
locate -> where (Find file locations)
grep -> findstr (Search text patterns)
===============================================
Exercise 3 - Process Management:
Linux -> Windows
ps -> tasklist (List processes)
top -> taskmgr (Task manager - GUI)
kill -> taskkill (Terminate processes)
nice -> start /priority (Set process priority)

================================

Exercise 4 - Disk Utilities:

Linux -> Windows
df -> wmic logicaldisk get size,freespace,caption
du -> dir /s (Show directory sizes)
mount -> mountvol (Mount volumes)
fsck -> chkdsk (Check disk)
mkfs -> format (Format disk)
==========================
Exercise 5 - Networking:

Linux -> Windows

ping -> ping (Test network connectivity)
ifconfig -> ipconfig (Show network configuration)
netstat -> netstat (Network statistics)
traceroute -> tracert (Trace network route)
ssh -> ssh (Windows 10+ has OpenSSH)
scp -> xcopy/robocopy (Copy files over network)
ftp -> ftp (File transfer protocol)
wget -> curl (Download files - Windows 10+)
============================================
Exercise 6 - Text Processing:

sort (Sort text)

=============================================

Exercise 7 - Backup:

Linux -> Windows

gzip -> compact (Windows built-in compression)

zip -> compact or powershell Compress-Archive

unzip -> compact or powershell Expand-Archive

rsync -> robocopy (Robust file copy)

==============================

Exercise 8 - Text Editor Commands:

Linux (vi) -> Windows (notepad)

vi filename -> notepad filename (Open file)

i (insert) -> Just start typing (Insert text)

:wq -> Ctrl+S, Alt+F4 (Save and quit)

:q! -> Alt+F4 (Quit without saving)

dd -> Delete/Backspace (Delete text)

==============================
Exercise 9 - Basic Scripting (Batch Files):

Linux (.sh) -> Windows (.bat or .cmd)

# Variables

Linux -> Windows

var="value" -> set var=value

$var -> %var%

# Loops

Linux -> Windows

for loop:

for i in 1 2 3 -> for %%i in (1 2 3) do (

do echo %%i

echo $i )

done

while loop:

while condition -> :while

do if condition (

commands commands

done goto while

# Conditionals

Linux -> Windows

if [ condition ] -> if condition (

then commands

commands )

fi else (

commands

===================================

Exercise 10 - Redirection:

Linux -> Windows

| -> | (Pipe - same in both)

> -> > (Redirect output - same in both)

>> -> >> (Append output - same in both)

< -> < (Input redirection - same in both)

=====================================

Exercise 11 - Wildcards:

Linux -> Windows

* -> * (Wildcard - matches any characters)

? -> ? (Single character wildcard)

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Exercise 12 - Debugging Batch Scripts:

Linux -> Windows

set -x -> echo on (Show commands as they execute)

set +x -> echo off (Hide commands)

trap -> No direct equivalent, but can use:

- errorlevel (Check error status)

- goto :error (Error handling)

Example debugging in Windows batch:

```bat

@echo on

REM This will show each command as it executes

set var=value

echo %var%

@echo off

Error handling example:

@echo off

somecommand.exe

if errorlevel 1 (

echo An error occurred

goto :error

:error

echo Error handling routine here

pause

=================

Common batch script debugging techniques:

 1.​ Use echo statements to print variable values:

echo Current value is: %variable%

2. Use pause to halt execution:

echo Debugging checkpoint

pause

3. Check if files/folders exist:

if exist "filename" (

echo File found

) else (

echo File not found

4.Display all variables:

Set

5. Enable command echoing for specific sections:

@echo off

echo Starting...

@echo on

REM Debug this section

command1

command2

@echo off

echo Done.
Ques: How to create user registration details like, username,
name,age,gender,etc.with the help of commands?

Step 1: Create a Batch Script

1.​ Open Notepad or any text editor.

2.​ Write the following batch script:

set /p username="Enter your username: "

set /p password="Enter your password: "

set /p name="Enter your name: "

set /p age="Enter your age: "

set /p gender="Enter your gender (M/F): "

: Display the collected information

echo.

echo Registration Details:

echo ---------------------

echo Username: %username%

echo Password: %password%

echo Name: %name%

echo Age: %age%

 echo Gender: %gender%

:: Save the output to a file

echo Registration Details: > registration.txt

echo --------------------- >> registration.txt

echo Username: %username% >> registration.txt

echo Password: %password% >> registration.txt

echo Name: %name% >> registration.txt

echo Age: %age% >> registration.txt

echo Gender: %gender% >> registration.txt

echo.

echo Your registration details have been saved to registration.txt

pause

Step 2: Save the Batch Script

1.​ Save the file with a .bat extension, for example, registration.bat.
2.​ Make sure to select "All Files" in the "Save as type" dropdown in
Notepad to avoid saving it as a .txt file.

Step 3: Run the Batch Script

1.​ Open the Command Prompt (cmd).

2.​ Navigate to the directory where you saved the registration.bat file.
3.​ Run the script by typing registration.bat and pressing Enter.

Step 4: Input User Details

 1.​ The script will prompt you to enter your username, password, name,
age, and gender.
2.​ After entering the details, the script will display the collected
information on the screen and save it to a file named registration.txt.

Explanation of the Script

●​ @echo off: Prevents the commands from being displayed in the

command prompt.
●​ cls: Clears the screen.
●​ set /p variable="prompt": Prompts the user to input a value and
assigns it to a variable.
●​ echo.: Prints a blank line.
●​ >> registration.txt: Appends the output to the registration.txt file.
●​ pause: Pauses the script and waits for the user to press a key before
closing the command prompt.

Output

The script will output the collected information both on the screen and in a
file named registration.txt. The file will contain the following:

Registration Details:

---------------------

Username: [user input]

Password: [user input]

Name: [user input]

Age: [user input]

Gender: [user input]