𝑽𝒂𝒓𝒊𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏

𝑇ℎ𝑖𝑠 𝑖𝑠 𝑎𝑙𝑠𝑜 𝑘𝑛𝑜𝑤𝑛 𝑎𝑠 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑜𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛. 𝐼𝑡 𝑑𝑒𝑎𝑙𝑠 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝑟𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠ℎ𝑖𝑝𝑠 𝑏𝑒𝑡𝑤𝑒𝑒𝑛 𝑣𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑟 𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑒𝑠.

𝑻𝒚𝒑𝒆𝒔 𝒐𝒇 𝒗𝒂𝒓𝒊𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏
❖ 𝐷𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡
❖ 𝐼𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡/𝐼𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑒
❖ 𝐽𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡
❖ 𝑃𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙

𝑫𝒊𝒓𝒆𝒄𝒕 𝒗𝒂𝒓𝒊𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏
𝑇ℎ𝑖𝑠 𝑖𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑒𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑜𝑛𝑒 𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑟 𝑣𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑒𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟 𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑎𝑙𝑠𝑜 𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑒𝑠 𝑎𝑛𝑑
𝑣𝑖𝑐𝑒 𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑎. 𝐸𝑥𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑒𝑒𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑔𝑢𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑠 𝑎𝑡 𝑎 𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑏𝑢𝑠 𝑓𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟 𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡
𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒𝑠.

𝑬𝒙𝒂𝒎𝒑𝒍𝒆 𝟏
𝐺𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑦 𝑣𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑒𝑠 𝑑𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑙𝑦 𝑎𝑠 𝑥; 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦 = 3 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑥 = 1.
a) 𝑊𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑒 𝑑𝑜𝑤𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑛𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑥, 𝑦 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑎 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑘.
b) 𝐶𝑎𝑙𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑘
c) 𝑊𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑛𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑥 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦
d) 𝐹𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝑦 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑥 = 4
1
e) 𝐹𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝑥 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑦 = 2

𝑺𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏

𝑎) 𝑦 ∝ 𝑥 𝑏) 𝑦 = 𝑘𝑥 𝑐) 𝑦 = 3𝑥

𝑦 = 𝑘𝑥 𝑖𝑓 𝑦 = 3 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑥 = 1

3=𝑘×1

𝑘=3
𝑑) 𝑦 = 3𝑥 𝑒) 𝑦 = 3𝑥

1
𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑥 = 4 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑦 =
2

1
𝑦 = 3×4 = 3𝑥
2

1 1
𝑦 = 12 × =𝑥
2 3

1
=𝑥
6

1
𝑥=
6

𝑬𝒙𝒂𝒎𝒑𝒍𝒆 𝟐
𝐺𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑝 𝑣𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑒𝑠 𝑑𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑙𝑦 𝑎𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑞; 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑝 = 8 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑞 = 2.
a) 𝑊𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑒 𝑑𝑜𝑤𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑛𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑝, 𝑞 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑎 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 ℎ.
b) 𝐶𝑎𝑙𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑜𝑓 ℎ
c) 𝑊𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑛𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑝 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑞
d) 𝐹𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝑝 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑞 = 3
𝑺𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏
𝑎) 𝑝 ∝ 𝑞 2 𝑏) 𝑝 = ℎ𝑞 2 𝑐) 𝑝 = ℎ𝑞 2

𝑝 = ℎ𝑞 2 𝑖𝑓 𝑝 = 8 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑞 = 2

8 = ℎ × 22

8=ℎ×4 ℎ=2
𝑑) 𝑝 = 2𝑞 2

𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑞 = 3

𝑝 = 2 × 32

𝑝=2×9

𝑝 = 18

𝑬𝒙𝒂𝒎𝒑𝒍𝒆 𝟑
𝐺𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑎 𝑣𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑒𝑠 𝑑𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑙𝑦 𝑎𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑟𝑜𝑜𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑏; 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑎 = 5 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑏 = 4.
a) 𝑊𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑒 𝑑𝑜𝑤𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑛𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑎, 𝑏 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑎 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝐷.
b) 𝐶𝑎𝑙𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝐷
c) 𝑊𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑛𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑎 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑏
d) 𝐹𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝑎 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑏 = 1
𝑺𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏
5
𝑎) 𝑎 ∝ √𝑏 𝑏) 𝑎 = 𝐷√𝑏 𝑐) 𝑎= √𝑏
2

𝑎 = 𝐷√𝑏 𝑖𝑓 𝑎 = 5 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑏 = 4 when b=1

5
5 = 𝐷 × √4 𝑎 = 2 × √1

5 5
5=𝐷×2∴ 𝐷 =2 𝑎=2
𝑫𝒊𝒓𝒆𝒄𝒕 𝑽𝒂𝒓𝒊𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒖𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝒕𝒂𝒃𝒍𝒆𝒔
𝑆𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑠 𝑤𝑒 𝑐𝑎𝑛 𝑏𝑒 𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑡𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑣𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑙𝑖𝑘𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑜𝑛𝑒 𝑏𝑒𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤
𝑥 1 2 3
𝑦 3 6 9

𝑆𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑥 𝑖𝑠 𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑎𝑠 𝑦 𝑖𝑠 𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑠 𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑛𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑖𝑡 𝑖𝑠 𝑑𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡 𝑣𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛.

𝑦∝𝑥
𝑦 = 𝑘𝑥
𝑃𝑖𝑐𝑘𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑎𝑖𝑟 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑒𝑥𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑥 = 2 𝑦 = 6. 𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑠 𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑛𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑘 = 3
𝑦 = 3𝑥

𝑰𝒏𝒅𝒊𝒓𝒆𝒄𝒕/𝑰𝒏𝒗𝒆𝒓𝒔𝒆 𝒗𝒂𝒓𝒊𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏
𝑇ℎ𝑖𝑠 𝑖𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑒𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑜𝑛𝑒 𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑟 𝑣𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑒𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟 𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑑𝑒𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑒𝑠 𝑎𝑛𝑑
𝑣𝑖𝑐𝑒 𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑎. 𝐸𝑥𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑜𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑜𝑛𝑒 𝑔𝑒𝑡𝑠 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑟𝑒𝑝𝑒𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑𝑙𝑦 𝑠ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑒 𝑐𝑎𝑘𝑒 𝑜𝑟
𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑓 𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑑 𝑎𝑚𝑜𝑛𝑔 𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑒𝑜𝑝𝑙𝑒. 𝐴𝑛𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟 𝑒𝑥𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 𝑖𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑡𝑎𝑘𝑒𝑛 𝑓𝑜𝑟
𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑎 𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑎𝑡 𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑𝑠.

𝑬𝒙𝒂𝒎𝒑𝒍𝒆 𝟏
𝐺𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑦 𝑣𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑒𝑠 𝑖𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑒𝑙𝑦 𝑎𝑠 𝑥; 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦 = 3 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑥 = 2.
a) 𝑊𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑒 𝑑𝑜𝑤𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑛𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑥, 𝑦 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑎 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑘.
b) 𝐶𝑎𝑙𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑘
c) 𝑊𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑛𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑥 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦
d) 𝐹𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝑦 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑥 = 7
𝑺𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏
1 𝑘 6
𝑎) 𝑦 ∝ 𝑏) 𝑦 = 𝑐) 𝑦 =
𝑥 𝑥 𝑥

𝑘
𝑦= 𝑖𝑓 𝑦 = 3 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑥 = 2
𝑥

𝑘
3=
2

𝑘 = 2×3

𝑘=6
6
𝑑) 𝑦=
𝑥

𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑥 = 7
6
𝑦=
7

𝑬𝒙𝒂𝒎𝒑𝒍𝒆 𝟐
𝐺𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑝 𝑣𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑒𝑠 𝑖𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑒𝑙𝑦 𝑎𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑜𝑓 (𝑞 + 1)𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑝 = 2 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑞 = 4
a) 𝑊𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑒 𝑑𝑜𝑤𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑛𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑝, 𝑞 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑎 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 ℎ.
b) 𝐶𝑎𝑙𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑜𝑓 ℎ
c) 𝑊𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑛𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑝 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑞
d) 𝐹𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝑞 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑝 = 3
𝑺𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏
1 ℎ 50
𝑎) 𝑝 ∝ (𝑞+1)2 𝑏) 𝑝 = (𝑞+1)2 (c) 𝑝 = (𝑞+1)2

ℎ
𝑝 = (𝑞+1)2 𝑝 = 2 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑞 = 4

ℎ
2 = (4+1)2

ℎ ℎ
2 = 52 2 = 25

ℎ = 2 × 25

ℎ = 50

𝑰𝒏𝒗𝒆𝒓𝒔𝒆 𝑽𝒂𝒓𝒊𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒖𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝒕𝒂𝒃𝒍𝒆𝒔

𝑆𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑠 𝑤𝑒 𝑐𝑎𝑛 𝑏𝑒 𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑡𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑣𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑙𝑖𝑘𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑜𝑛𝑒 𝑏𝑒𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤
𝑥 1 4 8
𝑦 1 0.25 0.125

𝑆𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑥 𝑖𝑠 𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑎𝑠 𝑦 𝑖𝑠 𝑑𝑒𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑠 𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑛𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑖𝑡 𝑖𝑠 𝑖𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑒 𝑣𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛.

1
𝑦∝
𝑥
ℎ
𝑦=
𝑥
ℎ
4=
0.25
𝑃𝑖𝑐𝑘𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑎𝑖𝑟 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑒𝑥𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑥 = 4 𝑦 = 0.25. 𝑇ℎ𝑖𝑠 𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑛𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 ℎ
1
=1 𝑦=
𝑥
𝑱𝒐𝒊𝒏𝒕 𝒗𝒂𝒓𝒊𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏
𝑇ℎ𝑖𝑠 𝑖𝑠 𝑣𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑤ℎ𝑖𝑐ℎ ℎ𝑎𝑠 𝑡𝑤𝑜 𝑜𝑟 𝑚𝑜𝑟𝑒 𝑣𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑖𝑛𝑓𝑙𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑎𝑛𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟 𝑣𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒.
𝐴𝑛 𝑒𝑥𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 𝑖𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑎 𝑐𝑦𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑟 𝑤ℎ𝑖𝑐ℎ 𝑖𝑠 𝑖𝑛𝑓𝑙𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒𝑑 𝑏𝑦 𝑐𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑠 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑎𝑛𝑑 ℎ𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑜𝑓
𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑦𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑟.

𝑬𝒙𝒂𝒎𝒑𝒍𝒆 𝟏
𝐺𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝐴 𝑣𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑒𝑠 𝑗𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑙𝑦 𝑑𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑙𝑦 𝑎𝑠 𝐵 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐶 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝐴 = 16 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝐵 = 2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐶 = 4.
a) 𝑊𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑒 𝑑𝑜𝑤𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑛𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝐴, 𝐵, 𝐶 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑎 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑘.
b) 𝐶𝑎𝑙𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑘
c) 𝐹𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝐴 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝐵 = 3 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐶 = 1.

𝑺𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏
𝑎) 𝐴 ∝ 𝐵𝐶 𝑏) 𝐴 = 𝑘𝐵𝐶 𝑐) 𝐴 = 2𝐵𝐶

𝐴 = 𝑘𝐵𝐶 𝑖𝑓 𝐴 = 16 𝐵 = 2 𝐶 = 4 𝑖𝑓 𝐵 = 3 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐶 = 1

16 = 𝑘 × 2 × 4 𝐴 =2×3×1

16 = 𝑘 × 8 𝐴=6

16 ÷ 8 = 𝑘

𝑘=2
𝑬𝒙𝒂𝒎𝒑𝒍𝒆 𝟐
𝐺𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑥 𝑣𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑒𝑠 𝑗𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑙𝑡𝑦 𝑑𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑙𝑦 𝑎𝑠 𝑦 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑖𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑒𝑙𝑦 𝑎𝑠 𝑧. 𝐼𝑡 𝑖𝑠 𝑎𝑙𝑠𝑜 𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛
𝑥 = 2 , 𝑦 = 3 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑧 = 1.
a) 𝑊𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑒 𝑑𝑜𝑤𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑛𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑎 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝐷.
b) 𝐶𝑎𝑙𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝐷
c) 𝐹𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝑥 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑦 = 2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑧 = 4.

𝑺𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏
𝑦 𝑘𝑦 2𝑦
𝑎) 𝑥 ∝ 𝑧
b) 𝑥 = 𝑧
c) 𝑥= 3𝑧

𝑘𝑦
𝑥= 𝑧
when x=2 y=3 z=1 when y=2 z=4

𝑘×3 2×2
2= 𝑥=
1 3×4

2 4
𝑘=3 𝑘 = 12

1
𝑘=3
𝑬𝒙𝒂𝒎𝒑𝒍𝒆 𝟑
𝐺𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝐴 𝑣𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑒𝑠 𝑗𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑙𝑡𝑦 𝑖𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑒𝑙𝑦 𝑎𝑠 𝐵 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐶 . 𝐼𝑡 𝑖𝑠 𝑎𝑙𝑠𝑜 𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛
𝐴 = 2 , 𝐵 = 1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐶 = 4.
a) 𝑊𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑒 𝑑𝑜𝑤𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑛𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝐴, 𝐵, 𝐶 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑎 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 ℎ.
b) 𝐶𝑎𝑙𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑜𝑓 ℎ
c) 𝐹𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝐴 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝐵 = 2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐶 = 4.

𝑺𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏
1
a)𝐴 ∝ 𝐵𝐶

ℎ
𝐴=
𝐵𝐶

𝐴 = 2 , 𝐵 = 1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐶 = 4

ℎ
𝑏)2 =
1×4
ℎ=8

8
𝑐)𝐴 =
𝐵𝐶

𝐺𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝐵 = 2 𝐶 = 4

8
𝐴=
2×4

𝐴=1
𝑷𝒂𝒓𝒕𝒊𝒂𝒍 𝑽𝒂𝒓𝒊𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏
𝑇ℎ𝑖𝑠 𝑖𝑠 𝑣𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑐𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑎𝑖𝑛 𝑣𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑙𝑦 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑙𝑦 𝑣𝑎𝑟𝑦 𝑎𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟 𝑣𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒.
𝐸𝑥𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒
𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡 𝑜𝑓 ℎ𝑜𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑎 𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑤ℎ𝑖𝑐ℎ 𝑖𝑠 𝑚𝑎𝑑𝑒 𝑢𝑝 𝑜𝑓 2 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑠
i) 𝐹𝑖𝑥𝑒𝑑 𝐶𝑜𝑠𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑖𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡 𝑜𝑓 ℎ𝑖𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑉𝑒𝑛𝑢𝑒.
ii) 𝑉𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡 𝑤ℎ𝑖𝑐ℎ 𝑖𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑒𝑒𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑔𝑢𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑠.

𝑪 = 𝒂 + 𝒌𝑵
𝑬𝒙𝒂𝒎𝒑𝒍𝒆 𝟏
𝑥 𝑖𝑠 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑙𝑦 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑙𝑦 𝑣𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑒𝑠 𝑎𝑠 𝑦. 𝐺𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑦 = 2 𝑥 = 30 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑦
= 6 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥 = 50.
a) 𝐹𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠ℎ𝑖𝑝 𝑏𝑒𝑡𝑤𝑒𝑒𝑛 𝑥 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦.
b) 𝐹𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝑥 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑦 = 3
𝑺𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏

𝑎)𝑦 = ℎ + 𝑘𝑥

𝑠𝑢𝑏𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑦 = 2 𝑥 = 30
2 = ℎ + 30𝑘
𝑠𝑢𝑏𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑦 = 6 𝑥 = 50
6 = ℎ + 50𝑘

2 = ℎ + 30𝑘 … … . 𝐸𝑞𝑛 1
6 = ℎ + 50𝑘 … … . . 𝐸𝑞𝑛 2

4 = 20𝑘

1
𝑘=
5
𝑇𝑎𝑘𝑖𝑛𝑔 2 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 6 = ℎ + 50𝑘
1
6 = ℎ + 50 ×
5
6 = ℎ + 10
ℎ = −4
1
𝑦 = −4 + 𝑥
5

1
𝑏)𝑦 = −4 + 𝑥
5
𝑊ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑦 = 3
1
3 = −4 + 𝑥
5

1
7= 𝑥
5

𝑥 = 35
𝑷𝒂𝒓𝒕𝒊𝒂𝒍 𝑽𝒂𝒓𝒊𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒘𝒊𝒕𝒉 𝑾𝒐𝒓𝒅 𝑷𝒓𝒐𝒃𝒍𝒆𝒎𝒔
𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑚𝑎𝑘𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑎 𝑑𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑖𝑠 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑙𝑦 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑙𝑦 𝑣𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑒𝑠 𝑎𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑎𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑖𝑡 𝑡𝑎𝑘𝑒𝑠 𝑡𝑜 𝑚𝑎𝑘𝑒 𝑖
𝐼𝑓 𝑖𝑡 𝑡𝑎𝑘𝑒𝑠 3 ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑠 𝑡𝑜 𝑚𝑎𝑘𝑒 𝑖𝑡 𝑤𝑜𝑢𝑙𝑑 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡 $40 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑖𝑓 𝑖𝑡 𝑡𝑎𝑘𝑒𝑠 5 ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑠 𝑡𝑜 𝑚𝑎𝑘𝑒 𝑖𝑡 𝑤𝑜𝑢𝑙𝑑 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡 $46.
1
𝐹𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡 𝑖𝑓 𝑖𝑡 𝑡𝑎𝑘𝑒𝑠 1 ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑠 𝑡𝑜 𝑚𝑎𝑘𝑒.
2
𝑺𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏
𝑎)𝐶 = ℎ + 𝑘𝑛

𝑠𝑢𝑏𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑛 = 3 𝐶 = 40
40 = ℎ + 3𝑘
𝑠𝑢𝑏𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑛 = 5 𝐶 = 46
46 = ℎ + 5𝑘

40 = ℎ + 3𝑘 … … . 𝐸𝑞𝑛 1
46 = ℎ + 5𝑘 … … . . 𝐸𝑞𝑛 2

6 = 2𝑘

𝑘=3

𝑇𝑎𝑘𝑖𝑛𝑔 2 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 46 = ℎ + 5𝑘
46 = ℎ + 5 × 3
46 = ℎ + 15
ℎ = 46 − 15
ℎ = 31
𝐶 = 31 + 3𝑁
𝑏)𝐶 = 31 + 3𝑁

1
𝑊ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑛 =12

1
𝐶 = 31 + 3 × 1
2
3
𝐶 = 31 + 3 ×
2

9
𝐶 = 31 +
2
1
𝐶 = 31 + 4
2

1
𝐶 = 31
2
𝐶 = $31.50

Compiled by Walter Baude