ge - Ke European School Luxembourg II Mathematics - Class $1, 4 periods 2D Geometry Konstantinos G. Arampatzis Math teacher rhomboid trapezoid hexagon trapezium Call octagonKonstantinos G Arampatzis Math teacher 2D Shapes In geometry, 20 shapes can be defined as plane figures that are completely flat and have only two dimensions — length and width. They do not have any thickness and can be measured only by the two dimensions. A polygon is a 2 dimensional shape made up of straight line segments which are connected with each other, thus giving it a closed shape. A circle, square, rectangle, and triangle are some examples of two-dimensional shapes and these shapes can be drawn on paper. All the 2-dimensional shapes have sides, vertices (comers), and interior angles, except for the circle, which is a curved figure. 2D shapes with at least three straight sides are called polygons and these include triangles, squares, and quadrilaterals. The figure given below shows the 2D shapes that we commonly come across. eo. cm Circle Triangle Square Rectangle Pentagon Regular and Irregular 2D Shapes A 2D shape can be classified as regular or irregular based on the length and the interior angles: + A two-dimensional shape (2D shape) is said to be regular if al its sides are equal in length and all its interior angles measure the same. + Atwo-dimensional shape (2D shape) is irregular if all the sides are of unequal length and all its angles are of unequal measures. Observe the following figure which shows the difference between regular and irregular 2D shapesKonstantinos G Arampatzis Math teacher errr rrr rr rrr Tsides Bsides hon Pace What coi bey co) Perum a ABO O80 aWac«r™ Triangles A triangle is a simple polygon with 3 sides and 3 interior angles. It is one of the basic shapes in geometry in which the 3 vertices are joined with each other and it is denoted by the symbol a. A triangle consists of various parts. It has 3 angles, 3 sides, 3 vertices. Observe the triangle PR given below which shows the sides, the vertices and the interior angles of a triangle Vertex 3 P. Side 2 Side 3 R Q Vertex 1 Side 1 Vertex 2 * The three angles are, ZPQR, 2QRP, and zRPQ. * The three sides are side PQ, side QR, and side RP. «The three vertices are P, Q, and R Note: The sum of all the angles of the triangle is equal to 180°.Classification of Triangles Konstantinos G Arampatzis Math teacher Triangles are classified based on the length of their sides and on the measure of their angles. Based on Sides Pn Scalene Triangle No sides equal & Isosceles Triangle Two sides equal i | Equilateral Triangle All sides equal Based on Angles | Acute Triangle All angles acute (<90°) Obtuse Triangle One angle obtuse (>90°) Right Triangle One right angle (90°)Konstantinos G Arampatzis Math teacher Activity Classify each of the following triangle by writing its letter in the correct column: ight-angle —_Isosceles ery rrr) Pre} Pree Peony PielKonstantinos G Arampatzis Math teacher Math-art SPIRAL OF THEODORUS Yes, the beautiful structure you see in this picture is based completely on mathematics and numbers! This is the spiral of Theodorus, made from right triangles placed edge to edge so that the hypotenuse of the previous triangle makes the other side of the next triangle. This project from Models of Excellence also makes use of the Pythagoras Theorem to calculate the measurements of the right triangles.Konstantinos G Arampatzis Math teacher Exercises 1. Write the correct answer to each question, a. Are all equilateral triangles isosceles? Why or why not? b. Are some isosceles triangles equilateral? Explain. 2. True or False: Give a reason or counterexample to justify your response 1. An equilateral triangle is always acute. 2. An obtuse triangle can also be isosceles. 3. The acute angles of a right triangle are complementary. 3. Complete each statement below with always, sometimes, or never and give a justification for your answer. 1. A scalene triangle is an acute triangle, 2. A right triangle is an obtuse triangle, 3. An isosceles triangle is. a right triangle. 4, An equilateral triangle is an isosceles triangle 5. The acute angles of a right triangle are supplementary, 6. A right isosceles triangle is, equilateral. 4. Write the correct answer to each question 1. What is the name of this triangle by the size of its angles? 2. What is the name of this triangle by the length of its sides? 3. What is the name of this triangle by the size of its angles? 4. What is the name of this triangle by the length of its sides? El F Side DE = Side EFKonstantinos G Arampatzis Math teacher 5. What is the name of this triangle by the size of its angles? 2 6. What is the name of this triangle by the length of its sides? OF 7. What is the name of this triangle by the size BS of its angles? 24 th 2 tt 8. What is the name of this triangle by the length ofits sides? __ _ Ae so, 9. What is the name of this triangle by the size L of its angles? ML= 10. What is the name of this triangle by the length of its sides? M. 6. Identify each triangle based on angles. (Acute, Obtuse or Right) » 9 6 n ® e) » 2 Acute triangle aKonstantinos G Arampatzis Math teacher T. Identify each triangle based on sides. (Equilateral, Isosceles or Scalene) BAA Mm dA Aa aA 8. Choose the right option based on sides and angles. ©) Obtuse 2) Aewte ‘cquliaterst by Acute Irorceles Acute sealene a) Sealene b> teonceles © Equilaterat 2) obtuse scalene by Acute 2 obtuse hroseeles 2) Equilaterat bb) Sealene Seatene lsosceles EquiateralKonstantinos G Arampatzis Math teacher 9. Complete the table.Konstantinos G Arampatzis Math teacher Math-art KANDINSKY'S WATER COLOR CIRCLES Wassily Kandinsky believed that every painting was made up of two elements — the point and the plane. Everything else was basically an extrapolation of these, and he used this principle widely in his art. He combined circles and squares to create some interesting pattems. Kids can learn many mathematical concepts from his art, such as fractions, geometry, area, perimeter and much more. Quadrilateral In geometry, a quadrilateral is a closed shape that is formed by joining four points among which any three points are non-collinear. A quadrilateral has 4 sides, 4 angles, and 4 vertices. ‘Quadrilateral’ is derived from a Latin word, in which, ‘Quadra’ means four and ‘Latus’ means sides. All 4 sides of a quadrilateral may or may not be equal. 10Konstantinos G Arampatzis Math teacher Quadrilateral Definition A quadrilateral is a polygon with four sides four angles and four vertices. Whenever we name a quadrilateral, we need to keep in mind the order of the vertices. For example, the following quadrilateral should be named ABCD, BCDA, ADCB, or, DCBA. It cannot be named as ACBD or DBAC, since they change the order of vertices in which a quadrilateral is formed. The following quadrilateral ABCD has four sides: AB, BC, CD, DA, and two diagonals: AC and BD. ‘Types of Quadrilateral Square Paralielogram Trapezium Rhombus o 1Konstantinos G Arampatzis Math teacher Properties of Quadrilateral Each of the quadrilateral discussed above has its own properties. Though, there are some properties that are common to all quadrilaterals. They are as follows. + They have four sides. + They have four vertices. + They have two diagonals. + The sum of all interior angles is 360°. Square Assquare has: + Four equal sides A ° AB = BC =CD=DA - a + Four right angles . y 2 A= 2B=2C=2D=90° + Two pairs of parallel sides AB || DC and AD || BC + Two equal diagonals re x AC = BD * Diagonals that are perpendicular to each other AC 1 BD + Diagonals that bisect each other. Rectangle Arectangle has: + Two pairs of parallel sides AB || DC and AD II BC + Four right angles ZA= 2B = C= 2D =90° + Opposite sides of equal lengths AB = DC and AD = BC Two equal diagonals AC=BD * Diagonals that bisect each other, 12Konstantinos G Arampatzis Math teacher Parallelogram A parallelogram has: + Two pairs of parallel sides PQ I RT and PR || QT Opposite sides of equal lengths PQ =RT and PR = QT Opposite angles that are equal 2P = ZT and 2Q=2R * Two diagonals that bisect each other. Trapezium A trapezium is a quadrilateral in which one pair of opposite sides is parallel, E . ° H + The sides that are parallel to each other are called bases. In the above figure, EF and GH are the bases. + The sides that are not parallel to each other are called legs. In the above figure, EG and FH are legs. There is nothing special about the sides, angles, or diagonals of a trapezium. But if the two non-parallel opposite sides are of equal length, then it is called an isosceles trapezium. w ZzKonstantinos G Arampatzis Math teacher Rhombus ‘A thombus has: + Two pairs of parallel sides EH II FG and EF || HG + Four equal sides EH = HG = GF =FE + Opposite angles that are equal 2E = 2G and 2H = ZF + Diagonals that are perpendicular to each other EG 1 HF + Diagonals that bisect each other. Kite A kite is @ quadrilateral in which two pairs of adjacent sides are equal. Akite has: + Two pairs of equal adjacent sides ‘AB = BC and CD = DA «One pair of opposite angles (which are obtuse) * ‘ m—) that are equal 2A = 2c / + Diagonals that are perpendicular to each other ¥ | ¥ AC LBD V1 + Alonger diagonal bisects the shorter diagonal / °Konstantinos G Arampatzis Math teacher Exercises 40. Here is a list of quadrilaterals: kite, rectangle, rhombus, square, parallelogram, For each of the following descriptions, choose the correct name from the list. a. All four sides are the same length. All four angles are equal. sesstntntameninees b. Two pairs parallel sides. Opposite angles are equal. No lines of symmetry c. All four sides are the same length. There are no right angles. 11. Complete the table below, Square | Parallelogram | Rhombus | Trapezium Number of pairs of parallel sides Diagonals always equal in length 12. Identify the quadrilateral ABCD. Diana Ong, Blue, Red, and Yellow Faces 15Konstantinos G Arampatzis Math teacher 13. The Venn diagram shows relationships among some quadrilaterals. Use the Venn diagram to determine whether its statement is true or false. Quadritaterals Every square is a rhombus. Every rhombus is a square. Every rectangle is a square. Every square is a rectangle. see Every rhombus is a parallelogram. Every parallelogram is a rhombus. Rs 14. Complete the following table: De De CeO CMM Opposite sides are parallel. Opposite sides are congruent. Opposite angles are congruent. Consecutive angles are supplementary. Diagonais bisect each other Diagonals are | congruent Diagonals are perpendicular. Each diagonal bisects two angles. 415. Write the correct answer to each question. a. What could be the name of the 2D shape with 4 sides, which has all angles of equal sizes? - b. Cana 4-sided, 2D shape have 4 sides of equal lengths, and not be a square? c. Cana 4-sided, 2D shape have 4 angles of equal size, and not be a square? d. Name all possible 4-sized, 2D shapes that have at least 2 sides of equal lengths. 16Konstantinos G Arampatzis Math teacher 16. Complete the following flow chart, o Equal Angies o a Equal Sides AND Angles a 17. State all possible names for each figure. Then underline the most specific name for each figure. A. rhombus, rectangle, square B. parallelogram, rhombus, square C. quadrilateral, parallelogram, rhombus, rectangle, square D. quadrilateral, rectangle 17pOm> com> oOom> vomD 9OD> pOp> . quadrilateral, parallelogram, rhombus quadrilateral, rhombus . quadrilateral, parallelogram quadrilateral trapezoid . quadrilateral quadrilateral, parallelogram . quadrilateral, trapezoid . quadrilateral, parallelogram . quadrilateral quadrilateral, parallelogram, rectangle parallelogram, rectangle trapezoid quadrilateral, trapezoid quadrilateral . rhombus. . quadrilateral . quadrilateral, parallelogram, rhombus, rectangle quadrilateral, kite quadrilateral, parallelogram, rhombus, square parallelogram, rhombus quadrilateral . quadrilateral, trapezoid . kite 18 Konstantinos G Arampatzis, Math teacher 83 164 n3Konstantinos G Arampatzis Math teacher Activities 4. Go to https:/www.mathsisfun.com/auadrilaterals. html Scroll down and take the survey by clicking on Question 1. on your tum. Take the survey, take a screen capture of the survey summary and paste it in your file. 2. Please go to the following page (do not create an account, you should not need to) and take the quiz, take a screen capture of the result page. https://quizizz.comljoinigame/U2FsdGVkX1%252BqYKNULx3eBOrWC1ci2jiWdbol AluirL 9b7kttUTBMS521J6FE3%252F 1kN?gameType=solo Names and angles of regular Polygons Name Sides Shape Interior Angle / Tiangle (or Trigon) 3 / \ 60° Quadrilateral (or Tetragon) 4 | 90° Pentagon 5 OQ 108° Hexagon 6 & : 120° _ Heptagon (or Septagon) 7 r 128,571° i Octagon 8 ) 135° Nonagon (or Enneagon) 9 { ) 140° Decagon 10 ( 144° " / 19Konstantinos G Arampatzis Math teacher Circles A circle is a two-dimensional figure formed by a set of points that are at a constant or at a fixed distance (radius) from a fixed point (center) on the plane. The fixed point is called the origin or center of the circle and the fixed distance of the points from the origin is called the radius. wRadius (1) Center Parts of a Circle There are many parts or components of a circle that we should know to understand its properties. A circle has mainly the following parts: Circumference: It is also referred to as the perimeter of a circle and can be defined as the distance around the boundary of the circle. Radius of Circle: Radius is the distance from the center of a circle to any point on its boundary. A circle has many radii as it is the distance from the center and touches the boundary of the circle at various points. Diameter: A diameter is a straight line passing through the center that connects two points on the boundary of the circle. We should note that there can be multiple diameters in the circle, but they should: + pass through the center. + be straight lines. + touch the boundary of the circle at two distinct points which lie opposite to each other. Chord of a Circle: A chord is any line segment touching the circle at two different points on its boundary. The longest chord in a circle is its diameter which passes through the center and divides it into two equal parts. 20Konstantinos G Arampatzis Math teacher ‘Tangent: A tangent is a line that touches the circle at a unique point and lies outside the circle. ‘Secant: A line that intersects two points on an arc/circumference of a circle is called the secant. Arc of a Circle: An arc of a circle is referred to as a curve, that is a part or portion of its circumference ‘Segment in a Circle: The area enclosed by the chord and the corresponding arc in a circle is called a segment. There are two types of segments - minor segment, and major segment. Sector of a Circle: The sector of a circle is defined as the area enclosed by two radii and the corresponding arc in a circle. There are two types of sectors - minor sector, and major sector. For better understanding observe the given image depicting all parts of a circle. A few thing around us that are circular in shape are a car tire, a wall clock that tells time, and a lollipop. 21Konstantinos G Arampatzis Math teacher Math-art CIRCLE LOOM WEAVING This project from Cassie Stephens is great for kids of all ages. Younger kids will enjoy the symmetry of a circle and how you can fit so many smaller circles inside it. Older kids can learn more about radii, diameters, arcs and segments. And at the end of it all, you get a lovely work of art! 22Konstantinos G Arampatzis Math teacher Exercises 18. Use the figure to answer the questions. a. Which term best describes OE? b. Name 3-line segments that have the same length. c. Name the secant. d. Which two terms can be used to describe AB? e. Which term can be used to describe CD? 19. Match each term with the correct definition 1. radius a. part of the circle, with all its points on the circle. 2. dlameter | b. a line segment Joining the center of the circle to any point on the circle 3. arc ¢.a line segment Joining any two points on the circle 4.chord | d. the longest chord 20. Determine if the statements are true or false. a. The diameter is the longest chord in a circle. b. Circumference depends only on the radius of a circle. c. A tangent line touches the circle in two points. d. If a chord is going through the center then is the diameter of a circle. e. Anarc is a segment joining two points on the circle. 23Konstantinos G Arampatzis Math teacher Geogebra: Quadrilaterals. Triangles. S1 Konstantinos G. Arampatzis Math teacher Exercise 1 a. Use the polygon tool (5) and draw an acute triangle, an obtuse triangle and a right-angled triangle. b. Use the angle tool (8) to measure the angles of these triangles. Prove that the angle sum property for the right-angled triangle. c. Use the angle tool (8) to measure the lengths of these triangles. Prove that the triangle inequality property for the obtuse triangle. d. Find the midpoints of the three sides (tool 2) and draw the three medians of the acute triangle. What do you observe? Exercise 2 a. Use the polygon tool (or the regular polygon option) and draw an equilateral triangle. Measure the angles of this triangle. b. Use the polygon tool and draw an isosceles triangle. c. Measure the lengths of the two equal sides. Measure the two angles of the base. d. Find the midpoint of the base (tool 2) and draw the median of the triangle. Show that this median is also the height and the angle bisector of this triangle. Exercise 3 ‘Open Geogebra.org and choose the geometry applications Draw a quadrilateral ABCD (it should not have anything special at this point) Use the segment tool to draw the diagonal AC and the diagonal BD. Use the midpoint tool to draw the point E midpoint of AC, and F the mid-point of BD. Use the move tool, and move the points A, B, C and D so that E and F are the same point. What can you then say about quadrilateral ABCD? 24