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Python Programming

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Python Programming

Agenda
No. Topics
1. Features of Python
2. Structure of Python Program
3. Elements of Python
4. Python Interpreter
5. Python Shell
6. Indentation
7. Strongly typed features
8. Basic Datatypes
9. Variables, Expression
10. Flow of Execution
11. Input/output Statements
12. Atoms, Identifiers and Keywords, Literals, String
Operators
13. Arithmetic Operator
14. Relational Operator
15. Logical or Boolean Operator
16. Assignment Operator
17. Ternary, Bit-wise and Increment/Decrement Operator
Control Statements
18. If
If….Else
Else If Ladder
Match….Case(Switch Statement)
Loop Controls
19. While Loop
For Loop
Rang Function
Break
Continue
Pass Statements with Loop

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 Introduction of Python

- Python is a very popular general-purpose interpreted, interactive,

object-oriented, and high-level programming language.
- Python is dynamically-typed and garbage-collected programming
language.
- It was created by Guido van Rossum during 1991. Like Perl, Python
source code is also available under the GNU General Public License
(GPL).
- Python supports multiple programming paradigms, including
Procedural, Object Oriented and Functional programming language.
- Python design philosophy emphasizes code readability with the use of
significant indentation.
- Python is an easy to learn, powerful programming language. It has
efficient high-level data structures and a simple but effective approach
to object-oriented programming.

- It is used for:
o web development (server-side),
o software development,
o mathematics,
o system scripting.

 What can Python do?

- Python can be used on a server to create web applications.
- Python can be used alongside software to create workflows.
- Python can connect to database systems. It can also read and modify
files.
- Python can be used to handle big data and perform complex
mathematics.
- Python can be used for rapid prototyping, or for production-ready
software development.

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 Why Python?
- Python works on different platforms (Windows, Mac, Linux, Raspberry
Pi, etc).
- Python has a simple syntax similar to the English language.
- Python has syntax that allows developers to write programs with fewer
lines than some other programming languages.
- Python runs on an interpreter system, meaning that code can be
executed as soon as it is written. This means that prototyping can be
very quick.
- Python can be treated in a procedural way, an object-oriented way or
a functional way.

 Characteristics of Python
- It supports functional and structured programming methods as well as
OOP.
- It can be used as a scripting language or can be compiled to byte-code
for building large applications.
- It provides very high-level dynamic data types and supports dynamic type
checking.
- It supports automatic garbage collection.
- It can be easily integrated with C, C++, COM, ActiveX, CORBA, and Java.

 Applications of Python
- Python is a general purpose programming language known for its
readability. It is widely applied in various fields.
- In Data Science, Python libraries like Numpy, Pandas,
and Matplotlib are used for data analysis and visualization.
- Python frameworks like Django, and Pyramid, make the development
and deployment of Web Applications easy.
- This programming language also extends its applications to computer
vision and image processing.
- It is also favored in many tasks like Automation, Job Scheduling, GUI
development, etc.

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 Features of Python

- Easy-to-learn − Python has few keywords, simple structure, and a

clearly defined syntax. This allows the student to pick up the language
quickly.

- Easy-to-read − Python code is more clearly defined and visible to the

eyes.

- Easy-to-maintain − Python's source code is fairly easy-to-maintaining.

- A broad standard library − Python's bulk of the library is very portable

and cross-platform compatible on UNIX, Windows, and Macintosh.

- Interactive Mode − Python has support for an interactive mode that

allows interactive testing and debugging of snippets of code.

- Portable − Python can run on a wide variety of hardware platforms and

has the same interface on all platforms.

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- Extendable − You can add low-level modules to the Python interpreter.

These modules enable programmers to add to or customize their tools to
be more efficient.

- Databases − Python provides interfaces to all major commercial

databases.

- GUI Programming − Python supports GUI applications that can be

created and ported to many system calls, libraries, and Windows
systems, such as Windows MFC, Macintosh, and the X Window system
of Unix.

- Scalable − Python provides a better structure and support for large

programs than shell scripting.

- Standard Library - Even though it has a very few keywords (only Thirty-
Five), Python software is distributed with a standard library made of large
number of modules and packages. Thus Python has out of box support
for programming needs such as serialization, data compression, internet
data handling, and many more. Python is known for its batteries included
approach.

Some of the Python's popular modules are:

 NumPy
 Pandas
 Matplotlib
 Tkinter
 Math

- Dynamically Typed - Python is a dynamically typed programming

language. In Python, you don't need to specify the variable time at the
time of the variable declaration. The types are specified at the runtime
based on the assigned value due to its dynamically typed feature.

- Interpreter Based - Instructions in any programming languages must

be translated into machine code for the processor to execute them.
Programming languages are either compiler-based or interpreter
based.

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In case of a compiler, a machine language version of the entire source

program is generated. The conversion fails even if there is a single
erroneous statement. Hence, the development process is tedious for
the beginners. The C family languages
(including C, C++, Java, C# etc) are compiler based. Python is an
interpreter based language.

- Interactive - Standard Python distribution comes with an interactive shell

that works on the principle of REPL (Read – Evaluate – Print – Loop).
The shell presents a Python prompt >>>. You can type any valid Python
expression and press Enter. Python interpreter immediately returns the
response and the prompt comes back to read the next expression.

Example: 2*3+1 O/P: 7

Example: print ("Hello World") O/P: Hello World

- Multi-paradigm - Python is a completely object-oriented language.

Everything in a Python program is an object. However, Python
conveniently encapsulates its object orientation to be used as an
imperative or procedural language – such as C. Python also provides
certain functionality that resembles functional programming. Moreover,
certain third-party tools have been developed to support other
programming paradigms such as aspect-oriented and logic programming.

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 Structure of Python Program

 Steps:

Step 1: Install Python. Make sure that Python is installed on your system
or not. If Python is not installed, then install it from
here: https://www.python.org/downloads/

Step 2: Choose Text Editor or IDE to write the code.

Step 3: Open Text Editor or IDE, create a new file, and write the code to
print Hello World.

Step 4: Save the file with a file name and extension ".py".

Step 5: Compile/Run the program.

 Python Program to Print Hello World:

# Python code to print "Hello World"

print ("Hello World")

In the above code, we wrote two lines. The first line is the Python
comment that will be ignored by the Python interpreter, and the second
line is the print() statement that will print the given message ("Hello
World") on the output screen.

 Output

Hello World

In Command Prompt
C:\Users\MAHESH>python

Python 3.12.7 (tags/v3.12.7:0b05ead, Oct 1 2024, 03:06:41) [MSC v.1941

64 bit (AMD64)] on win32

Type "help", "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information.

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 Elements of Python
The elements of a Python program refer to the basic building blocks or
components that make up a Python program. Understanding these elements
is crucial for writing effective and efficient Python code.

1. Variables
Variables store data values. In Python, you don’t need to declare the type of a
variable beforehand; Python automatically detects the type.

Python variables are the reserved memory locations used to store values with
in a Python Program. This means that when you create a variable you reserve
some space in the memory.

Example:

x = 5 # integer
name = "Alice" # string
pi = 3.14 # float
is_valid = True # Boolean

- A variable name must start with a letter or the underscore character.

- A variable name cannot start with a number or any special character like
$, (, * % etc.

- A variable name can only contain alpha-numeric characters and

underscores (A-z, 0-9, and _ )

- Python variable names are case-sensitive which means Name and

NAME are two different variables in Python.

- Python reserved keywords cannot be used naming the variable.

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If the name of variable contains multiple words, we should use these naming
patterns −

- Camel case − First letter is a lowercase, but first letter of each

subsequent word is in uppercase. For example: kmPerHour,
pricePerLitre

- Pascal case − First letter of each word is in uppercase. For example:

KmPerHour, PricePerLitre

- Snake case − Use single underscore (_) character to separate words.

For example: km_per_hour, price_per_litre

2. Data Types

Python has the following data types built-in by default, in these categories:

Text Type: str

Numeric Types: int, float, complex

Sequence Types: list, tuple, range

Mapping Type: dict

Set Types: set, frozenset

Boolean Type: bool

Binary Types: bytes, bytearray, memoryview

None Type: NoneType

Python data types are actually classes, and the defined variables are their
instances or objects. Since Python is dynamically typed, the data type of a
variable is determined at runtime based on the assigned value.

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In general, the data types are used to define the type of a variable. It represents
the type of data we are going to store in a variable and determines what
operations can be done on it.

Each programming language has its own classification of data items. With these
datatypes, we can store different types of data values.

1. Numeric Data Types

Python numeric data types store numeric values. Number objects are created
when you assign a value to them.

Example:

var1 = 1 # int data type

var2 = True # bool data type

var3 = 10.023 # float data type

var4 = 10+3j # complex data type

2. String Data Type

Python string is a sequence of one or more Unicode characters, enclosed in

single, double or triple quotation marks (also called inverted commas).

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Python strings are immutable which means when you perform an operation on
strings, you always produce a new string object of the same type, rather than
mutating an existing string.

Example:

>>> 'TutorialsPoint'

'TutorialsPoint'

>>> "TutorialsPoint"

'TutorialsPoint'

>>> '''TutorialsPoint'''

'TutorialsPoint'

3. Sequence Data Types

Sequence is a collection data type. It is an ordered collection of items. Items in

the sequence have a positional index starting with 0.

It is conceptually similar to an array in C or C++. There are following three

sequence data types defined in Python.

- List Data Type

- Tuple Data Type
- Range Data Type

(a) List Data Type

Python Lists are the most versatile compound data types. A Python list contains
items separated by commas and enclosed within square brackets ([]).

To some extent, Python lists are similar to arrays in C.

One difference between them is that all the items belonging to a Python list can
be of different data type where as C array can store elements related to a
particular data type.

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Example: [2023, "Python", 3.11, 5+6j, 1.23E-4]

A list in Python is an object of list class. We can check it with type() function.

type([2023, "Python", 3.11, 5+6j, 1.23E-4])

<class 'list'>

As mentioned, an item in the list may be of any data type. It means that a list object can
also be an item in another list. In that case, it becomes a nested list.

[['One', 'Two', 'Three'], [1,2,3], [1.0, 2.0, 3.0]]

A list can have items which are simple numbers, strings, tuple, dictionary, set or object of
user defined class also.

The values stored in a Python list can be accessed using the slice operator ([ ] and [:])
with indexes starting at 0 in the beginning of the list and working their way to end -1.

The plus (+) sign is the list concatenation operator, and the asterisk (*) is the repetition
operator. A list in Python is an object of list class. We can check it with type() function.

Example: type([2023, "Python", 3.11, 5+6j, 1.23E-4])

<class 'list'>

As mentioned, an item in the list may be of any data type.

It means that a list object can also be an item in another list. In that case, it becomes a
nested list.

Example: [['One', 'Two', 'Three'], [1,2,3], [1.0, 2.0, 3.0]]

A list can have items which are simple numbers, strings, tuple, dictionary, set or object of
user defined class also. A list in Python is an object of list class. We can check it with
type() function.

Example: type([2023, "Python", 3.11, 5+6j, 1.23E-4])

<class 'list'>

As mentioned, an item in the list may be of any data type. It means that a list object can
also be an item in another list. In that case, it becomes a nested list.

Example: [['One', 'Two', 'Three'], [1,2,3], [1.0, 2.0, 3.0]]

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A list can have items which are simple numbers, strings, tuple, dictionary, set or object of
user defined class also.

(b) Tuple Data Type

Python tuple is another sequence data type that is similar to a list. A Python
tuple consists of a number of values separated by commas. Tuples are
enclosed within parentheses (...).

A tuple is also a sequence, hence each item in the tuple has an index referring
to its position in the collection. The index starts from 0.

Example: (2023, "Python", 3.11, 5+6j, 1.23E-4)

In Python, a tuple is an object of tuple class. We can check it with the type()
function.

Example: type((2023, "Python", 3.11, 5+6j, 1.23E-4))

<class 'tuple'>

(c) Range Data Type

A Python range is an immutable sequence of numbers which is typically used

to iterate through a specific number of items.

It is represented by the Range class. The constructor of this class accepts a

sequence of numbers starting from 0 and increments to 1 until it reaches a
specified number. Following is the syntax of the function –

Syntax: range(start, stop, step)

Example: for i in range(5):

print(i)

Here is the description of the parameters used −

- start: Integer number to specify starting position, (Its optional, Default: 0)

- stop: Integer number to specify ending position (It's mandatory)
- step: Integer number to specify increment, (Its optional, Default: 1)

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4. Binary Data Types

A binary data type in Python is a way to represent data as a series of binary

digits, which are 0's and 1's.

It is like a special language computers understand to store and process

information efficiently.

This type of data is commonly used when dealing with things like files, images,
or anything that can be represented using just two possible values.

So, instead of using regular numbers or letters, binary sequence data types use
a combination of 0s and 1s to represent information.

5. Python Dictionary Data Type

Python dictionaries are kind of hash table type.

A dictionary key can be almost any Python type, but are usually numbers or
strings. Values, on the other hand, can be any arbitrary Python object.

Python dictionary is like associative arrays or hashes found in Perl and consist
of key:value pairs.

The pairs are separated by comma and put inside curly brackets {}. To establish
mapping between key and value, the semicolon':' symbol is put between the
two.

Example: {1:'one', 2:'two', 3:'three'}

6. Python Set Data Type

Set is a Python implementation of set as defined in Mathematics.

A set in Python is a collection, but is not an indexed or ordered collection as

string, list or tuple.

An object cannot appear more than once in a set, whereas in List and Tuple,
same object can appear more than once.

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Comma separated items in a set are put inside curly brackets or braces {}. Items
in the set collection can be of different data types.

Example: {2023, "Python", 3.11, 5+6j, 1.23E-4}

{(5+6j), 3.11, 0.000123, 'Python', 2023}

Note that items in the set collection may not follow the same order in which they
are entered.

The position of items is optimized by Python to perform operations over set as

defined in mathematics.

Python's Set is an object of built-in set class, as can be checked with the type()
function.

Example: type({2023, "Python", 3.11, 5+6j, 1.23E-4})

<class 'set'>

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 Python Interpreter
As we all know Python is one of the most high-level languages used today
because of its massive versatility and portable library & framework features. It
is an interpreted language because it executes line-by-line instructions. There
are actually two way to execute python code one is in Interactive mode and
another thing is having Python prompts which is also called script mode.
Python does not convert high level code into low level code as many other
programming languages do rather it will scan the entire code into something
called bytecode.

Interpreted Languages: Perl, BASIC, Python, JavaScript, Ruby, PHP.

Compiled Languages: C, C++, C#, COBOL and CLEO.

What are Interpreters?

Interpreters are the computer program that will convert the source code or an
high level language into intermediate code (machine level language). It is also
called translator in programming terminology. Interpreters executes each line
of statements slowly. This process is called Interpretation. For example,
Python is an interpreted language, PHP, Ruby, and JavaScript.

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Difference between Compilers and Interpreters

Compiler Interpreter

It translates a program on a single run It executes a program line by line.

It is an Fast Process It is an Slow Process

It does not generate any form of

It generates output in the form of .(exe)
outputs.

It utilizes CPU more. It takes less utilization of CPU

It is maximum used in Programming

It is used in Production environment
and development environment.

Python, Ruby, PHP are the interpreted

C, C++, C# are the compiled languages
languages.

It takes lot of time to analyze the code It takes less time compared to
structure compilers.

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 Python Indentation
Indentation is a critical part of the syntax. It is used to define blocks of code
that belong together. Unlike many other programming languages that use
braces {} to delimit blocks, Python uses indentation to group statements.

Whitespace is used for indentation in Python. Unlike many other programming

languages which only serve to make the code easier to read, Python
indentation is mandatory.

One can understand it better by looking at an example of indentation in

Python.

Role of Indentation in Python

A block is a combination of all these statements. Block can be regarded as the
grouping of statements for a specific purpose.
Most programming languages like C, C++, and Java use braces { } to define
a block of code for indentation.
One of the distinctive roles of Python is its use of indentation to highlight the
blocks of code.
All statements with the same distance to the right belong to the same block
of code. If a block has to be more deeply nested, it is simply indented further
to the right.

Example:

# Python indentation

site = 'gfg'

if site == 'gfg':
print('Logging on to geeksforgeeks...')
else:
print('retype the URL.')
print('All set !')

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 Strongly Typed Features

Python is both a strongly typed and dynamically typed language:

 Strong typing
strong typing refers to the concept that variables have a specific type, and the
language enforces type correctness in operations. This means that once a
variable is assigned a particular type, it cannot be implicitly coerced into another
type (unless explicitly converted). This is a characteristic of strongly-typed
languages.
Example: a = 10 # Integer
b = "5" # String
c=a+b
# TypeError: unsupported operand type(s) for +: 'int' and 'str'

 Dynamic typing
The type of a variable is determined only during runtime. This allows for
flexibility in programming, but can impact performance.

Python is also dynamically typed, meaning that the type of a variable is

determined at runtime, and you don’t have to explicitly declare the type when
you create a variable.

Despite being dynamically typed, Python is considered a strongly typed

language because it doesn't allow you to perform operations between
incompatible types without explicit type conversion.

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 Expressions

An expression is a combination of operators and operands that is interpreted

to produce some other value.
In any programming language, an expression is evaluated as per the
precedence of its operators.
So that if there is more than one operator in an expression, their precedence
decides which operation will be performed first. We have many different types
of expressions in Python,

1. Constant Expressions: These are the expressions that have constant

values only.

Example: # Constant Expressions

x = 15 + 1.3
print(x) Output:16.3

2. Arithmetic Expressions: An arithmetic expression is a combination of

numeric values, operators, and sometimes parenthesis.

The result of this type of expression is also a numeric value.

The operators used in these expressions are arithmetic operators like addition,
subtraction, etc.

Example: # Arithmetic Expressions

x=5
y = 10
add = x + y
sub = x - y
pro = x * y
div = x / y

print(add)
print(sub)
print(pro)
print(div)

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3. Integral Expressions: These are the kind of expressions that produce only
integer results after all computations and type conversions.

Example: # Integral Expressions

a = 13
b = 12.0

c = a + int(b)
print(c)

4. Floating Expressions: These are the kind of expressions which produce

floating point numbers as result after all computations and type conversions.

Example: # Floating Expressions

a = 13
b= 5

c=a/b
print(c)

5. Relational Expressions: In these types of expressions, arithmetic

expressions are written on both sides of relational operator (> , < , >= , <=).

Those arithmetic expressions are evaluated first, and then compared as per
relational operator and produce a boolean output in the end.

These expressions are also called Boolean expressions.

Example:
# Relational Expressions
a = 21
b = 13
c = 40
d = 37

p = (a + b) >= (c - d)
print(p)

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 Comments in Python

- Python comments start with the hash symbol # and continue to the end
of the line.
- Comments in Python are useful information that the developers provide
to make the reader understand the source code.
- It explains the logic or a part of it used in the code.
- Comments in Python are usually helpful to someone maintaining or
enhancing your code when you are no longer around to answer
questions about it.

Types of comments in Python

 Single-line comment in Python
 Multiline comment in Python

Example:

# This is a comment
# This is a single line comment
# This is multi line comment

'''
This is a multi-line comment using triple-quoted strings.
It can span multiple lines and is often used for doc-strings.
'''

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 Python Statement

A Python statement is an instruction that the Python interpreter can execute.

There are different types of statements in Python language as Assignment

statements, Conditional statements, Looping statements, etc.

The token character NEWLINE is used to end a statement in Python.

It signifies that each line of a Python script contains a statement. These all
help the user to get the required output.

Types of statements in Python?

 Multi-Line Statements
 Python Conditional and Loop Statements
o Python If-else
o Python for loop
o Python while loop
o Python try-except
o Python with statement
 Python Expression statements
o Python pass statement
o Python del statement
o Python return statement
o Python import statement
o Python continue and
o Python break statement

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 Execution of Python Program

 Compilation

The program is converted into byte code. Byte code is a fixed set of
instructions that represent arithmetic, comparison, memory operations, etc.

It can run on any operating system and hardware. The byte code instructions
are created in the .pyc file.

The .pyc file is not explicitly created as Python handles it internally but it can
be viewed with the following command

python -m py_complie DefineVariable.py

 Interpreter

The next step involves converting the byte code (.pyc file) into machine code.
This step is necessary as the computer can understand only machine code
(binary code).
Python Virtual Machine (PVM) first understands the operating system and
processor in the computer and then converts it into machine code.
Further, these machine code instructions are executed by a processor and the
results are displayed.

Execution of Python Program

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 Input and Output in Python

- Understanding input and output operations is fundamental to Python

programming.

- With the print() function, you can display output in various formats, while
the input() function enables interaction with users by gathering input
during program execution.

- In this introductory guide, we’ll explore the essentials of Python’s basic

input and output functionalities, empowering you to efficiently interact
with users and display information.

- At its core, printing output in Python is straightforward, thanks to the

print() function.
- This function allows us to display text, variables, and expressions on the
console. Let’s begin with the basic usage of the print() function:

Example 1:
print("Hello, World!")
Example 2:
name=input(“Enter your name : ”)
print("Hello, ", name)

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 Atoms Python

There are multiple matches for atoms in Python, including a Python package
for machine learning, a framework for creating Python objects, and the basic
elements of expressions in Python
ATOM
An open-source Python package for machine learning that helps users:
 Train multiple models with one line of code
 Analyze data and model performance with plots
 Avoid refactoring to test new pipelines

Atom framework
A framework for creating memory-efficient Python objects with features like:
 Dynamic initialization
 Validation
 Change notification for object attributes

Atoms in expressions
The basic elements of expressions in Python, including:
 Identifiers or literals

 Forms enclosed in parentheses, brackets, or braces

Atom can also refer to Atom, an open-source, cross-platform text editor and
integrated development environment (IDE) for Python:

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 Identifiers and Keywords Python

 Keywords
Reserved words with special meanings that cannot be used as variable names.
Examples: if, else, for, while, def, class, import, True, False

 Identifiers:
Python Identifier is the name we give to identify a variable, function, class,
module or other object.
That means whenever we want to give an entity a name, that's called identifier.
A python identifier is a name given to various entities like variables, functions,
and classes.

Rules for creating identifiers:

 Can contain letters (a-z, A-Z), numbers (0-9), and underscores (_).
 Cannot start with a number.
 Case-sensitive (myVariable and MyVariable are different).
 Cannot use Python keywords (e.g., if, else, for, while, etc.) as identifiers.

Example:
my_variable = 10
def calculate_sum(a, b):
return a + b

class MyClass:
pass
# having an empty function definition like this, would raise an error without the
pass statement
Here, my_variable, calculate_sum, and MyClass are identifiers.

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Checking if a string is a valid identifier:

You can use the isidentifier() method to check if a string is a valid identifier:
print("my_variable".isidentifier()) # True
print("1my_variable".isidentifier()) # False (starts with a number)
print("for".isidentifier()) # False (keyword)

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 Literals in Python

Literals are notations representing fixed values in the source code. They are
the raw data that is assigned to variables or constants.

Here's a breakdown of different types of literals in Python:

 Numeric Literals:
 Integers: Whole numbers, e.g., 42, -
10, 0b1010 (binary), 0x1A (hexadecimal)
 Floats: Decimal numbers, e.g., 3.14, -2.7, 1e-5 (scientific
notation)

 String Literals:
 Single-quoted: 'Hello, world!'
 Double-quoted: "Python is fun"
 Triple-quoted: '''Multi-line string''' or """Multi-line string"""

 Boolean Literals:
 True
 False

 None Literal:
 None (represents the absence of a value)

 Collection Literals:
 List: [1, 2, 3]

 Tuple: (1, 2, 3)
 Dictionary: {'name': 'Alice', 'age': 25}
 Set: {1, 2, 3}

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 Python Strings
Strings in python are surrounded by either single quotation marks, or double
quotation marks.

'hello' is the same as "hello".

You can display a string literal with the print() function:

Example:
a = "Hello, World!"
print(a[1])

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 Python Operators

Operators in general are used to perform operations on values and variables.

These are standard symbols used for logical and arithmetic operations. In this
article, we will look into different types of Python operators.

 OPERATORS: These are the special symbols. Eg- + , * , /, etc.

 OPERAND: It is the value on which the operator is applied.

Types of Operators in Python

1. Arithmetic Operators
2. Relational/Comparison Operators
3. Logical/Boolean Operators
4. Bitwise Operators
5. Assignment Operators
6. Ternary Operator
7. Increment and Decrement Operators

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1. Arithmetic Operators

- Python Arithmetic operators are used to perform basic mathematical

operations like addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division.

Operator Description Syntax

Addition: adds two

+ x+y
operands

Subtraction: subtracts
– x–y
two operands

Multiplication: multiplies
* x*y
two operands

Division (float): divides

/ the first operand by the x/y
second

Division (floor): divides

// the first operand by the x // y
second

Modulus: returns the

remainder when the first
% x%y
operand is divided by the
second

Power: Returns first

** x ** y
raised to power second

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2. Comparison Operators

Comparison of Relational operators compares the values. It either

returns True or False according to the condition.

Operator Description Syntax

Greater than: True if the

> left operand is greater x>y
than the right

Less than: True if the left

< operand is less than the x<y
right

Equal to: True if both

== x == y
operands are equal

Not equal to – True if

!= x != y
operands are not equal

Greater than or equal to

True if the left operand is
>= x >= y
greater than or equal to
the right

Less than or equal to True

<= if the left operand is less x <= y
than or equal to the right

= is an assignment operator and == comparison operator.

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3. Logical Operators

Python Logical operators perform Logical AND, Logical OR, and Logical
NOT operations. It is used to combine conditional statements.

Operator Description Syntax

Logical AND: True if both

and x and y
the operands are true

Logical OR: True if either

or x or y
of the operands is true

Logical NOT: True if the

not not x
operand is false

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4. Bitwise Operators

Python Bitwise operators act on bits and perform bit-by-bit operations. These
are used to operate on binary numbers.

Operator Description Syntax

& Bitwise AND x&y

| Bitwise OR x|y

~ Bitwise NOT ~x

^ Bitwise XOR x^y

>> Bitwise right shift x>>

<< Bitwise left shift x<<

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5. Assignment Operators

Assignment operators are used to assign values to the variables.

Operator Description Syntax

Assign the value of the right side of the

= x=y+z
expression to the left side operand

Add AND: Add right-side operand with

+= left-side operand and then assign to a+=b a=a+b
left operand

Subtract AND: Subtract right operand

-= from left operand and then assign to a-=b a=a-b
left operand

Multiply AND: Multiply right operand

*= with left operand and then assign to a*=b a=a*b
left operand

Divide AND: Divide left operand with

/= right operand and then assign to left a/=b a=a/b
operand

Modulus AND: Takes modulus using

%= left and right operands and assign the a%=b a=a%b
result to left operand

Divide(floor) AND: Divide left operand

//= with right operand and then assign the a//=b a=a//b
value(floor) to left operand

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Operator Description Syntax

Exponent AND: Calculate

exponent(raise power) value using
**= a**=b a=a**b
operands and assign value to left
operand

Performs Bitwise AND on operands

&= a&=b a=a&b
and assign value to left operand

Performs Bitwise OR on operands and

|= a|=b a=a|b
assign value to left operand

Performs Bitwise xOR on operands

^= a^=b a=a^b
and assign value to left operand

Performs Bitwise right shift on

>>= operands and assign value to left a>>=b a=a>>b
operand

Performs Bitwise left shift on operands

<<= a <<= b a= a << b
and assign value to left operand

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6. Ternary Operator

Ternary operators also known as conditional expressions are operators that

evaluate something based on a condition being true or false.

It was added to Python in version 2.5.

It simply allows testing a condition in a single line replacing the multiline if-
else making the code compact.

Syntax : [on_true] if [expression] else [on_false]

7. Increment or Decrement Operators

you would have known Increment and Decrement operators (both pre and
post) are not allowed in it.
Python is designed to be consistent and readable.
One common error by a novice programmer in languages with ++ and —
operators are mixing up the differences (both in precedence and in return
value) between pre and post-increment/decrement operators.

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 Arrays

Python Arrays are a data structure that can hold a collection of items.

Unlike lists, which can hold items of different data types, arrays in Python are
typically used to store items of the same data type.

This makes them more efficient for numerical computations.

Python does not have a built-in array data type, but the ‘array’ module provides
an array type that can be used for this purpose.

Example:

import array as arr

# creating array of integers

a = arr.array('i', [1, 2, 3])

# accessing Araay

print("First Element is", a[0])

# Adding element to array

a.append(5)

print(a)

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 Conditional Statements

If-Else is a fundamental conditional statement used for decision-making in

programming. If…Else statement allows to execution of specific blocks of code
depending on the condition is True or False.

1. if Statement

if statement is the most simple decision-making statement. If the condition

evaluates to True, the block of code inside the if statement is executed.

Example of If Statement:

i = int(input('Enter the value of I = '))

# Checking if i is greater than 15

if (i > 50):

print("10 is less than 50")

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2. if….else Statement

if…else statement is a control statement that helps in decision-making

based on specific conditions. When the if condition is False. If the condition in

the if statement is not true, the else block will be executed.

Example of If….else Statement:

i = int(input('Enter the value of I = '))

if (i > 0):

print("i is positive")

else:

print("i is 0 or Negative")

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3. Nested If Else Statement

Nested if…else statement occurs when if…else structure is placed

inside another if or else block. Nested If..else allows the execution of specific
code blocks based on a series of conditional checks.

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Example of Nested If Else Statement:

age = int(input('Enter Your Age = '))

if (age >= 18):

ac = str(input('Is Aadhar Card Available (Yes/No)? ' ))

if (ac == 'Yes' or ac == 'Y' or ac == 'y'):

print("Aadhar Card Available")

vc = str(input('Is Your Election Card Available (Yes/No)? '))

if (vc == 'Yes' or vc == 'Y' or vc == 'y'):

print("Eligible for Voting")

else:

print("Not Valid for Voting")

else:

print('Aadhar Card Not Available')

else:

print("You are not eligible for Voting")

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4. if…elif…else Statement
if-elif-else statement in Python is used for multi-way decision-making. This
allows you to check multiple conditions sequentially and execute a specific
block of code when a condition is True. If none of the conditions are true,
the else block is executed.

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Example of Else..If…Ladder Statement:

subject1 = int(input('Enter the marks for C Language = '))

subject2 = int(input('Enter the marks for Networking = '))

subject3 = int(input('Enter the marks for PHP = '))

# Defining passing marks

passing_marks = 40

# Total marks and percentage calculation

total_marks = subject1 + subject2 + subject3

percentage = (total_marks / 300) * 100

# Using the elif ladder to check the conditions

if subject1 >= passing_marks and subject2 >= passing_marks and subject3

>= passing_marks:

if percentage > 75:

print("Result: Distinction")

elif percentage > 50:

print("Result: First Class")

elif percentage > 40:

print("Result: Second Class")

else:

print("Result: Fail")

else:

print("Result: Fail")

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5. Match Case Statement

Developers coming from languages like C/C++ or Java know that there is a
conditional statement known as a Switch Case.
This Match Case is the Switch Case of Python which was introduced
in Python 3.10. Here we have to first pass a parameter and then try to check
with which case the parameter is getting satisfied.
If we find a match we will execute some code and if there is no match at all, a
default action will take place.

Syntax:

match parameter:

case pattern1:

# code for pattern 1

case pattern2:

# code for pattern 2

case patterN:

# code for pattern N

case _:

# default code block

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Example Match Case Statement:

day_number = int(input("Enter a number between 1 and 7 to get the day of the

week: "))
match day_number:
case 1:
print("Monday")
case 2:
print("Tuesday")
case 3:
print("Wednesday")
case 4:
print("Thursday")
case 5:
print("Friday")
case 6:
print("Saturday")
case 7:
print("Sunday")
case _:
print("Invalid input! Please enter a number between 1 and 7.")

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 Loops Controls

1. While Loop
A while loop is used to execute a block of statements repeatedly until a given
condition is satisfied.

When the condition becomes false, the line immediately after the loop in the
program is executed.

Syntax:

while expression:
statement(s)
Example:

i = int(input("Enter Value of I = "))

count = 0
while (count < i):
count = count + 1
print(count)

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2. For Loop

For loops are used for sequential traversal. For example: traversing
a list or string or array etc. In Python, there is “for in” loop which is similar
to foreach loop in other languages. Let us learn how to use for loops in Python
for sequential traversals with examples.

Syntax:

for iterator_var in sequence:

statements(s)

Example:

i = int(input("Enter Value of I = "))

for i in range(0, i):

print(i)

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range() Function
The range() function returns a sequence of numbers, starting from 0 by
default, and increments by 1 (by default), and stops before a specified
number.
Syntax:
range(start, stop, step)

- start Optional. An integer number specifying at which position to start.

Default is 0
- stop Required. An integer number specifying at which position to stop
(not included).
- step Optional. An integer number specifying the incrementation.
Default is 1

Example:

x = range(6)
for n in x:
print(n)

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 break, continue and pass

Break: The break statement in Python is used to exit a loop prematurely,

regardless of the condition of the loop. When Python encounters a break
statement, it immediately terminates the loop and proceeds with the next line
of code outside the loop.
Continue: The continue statement in Python is used to skip the remainder of
the code inside a loop for the current iteration only. The loop does not
terminate but proceeds to the next iteration.
Pass: The pass statement in Python is a null operation; nothing happens
when it is executed. It is used as a placeholder in a block where Python
expects an expression.

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1. break Statement:
The break statement is used to exit a loop prematurely when a certain
condition is met.

Example: Breaking out of a loop when a number is found.

# Example of break statement

for num in range(1, 11):
if num == 5:
print("Breaking the loop as we found 5")
break
print(num)

Output:
1
2
3
4
Breaking the loop as we found 5

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2. continue Statement:
The continue statement is used to skip the current iteration of the loop and
move to the next iteration when a condition is met.

Example: Skipping the number 5

# Example of continue statement

for num in range(1, 11):
if num == 5:
print("Skipping 5")
continue
print(num)

Output:
1
2
3
4
Skipping 5
6
7
8
9
10

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3. pass Statement:
The pass statement is a null operation. It’s a placeholder that does nothing. It
is commonly used when you need a syntactically correct block of code but
don’t want to do anything yet.

Example: Using pass in an empty if block

# Example of pass statement
for num in range(1, 6):
if num == 3:
pass # Do nothing for 3
else:
print(f"Processing {num}")

Output:
Processing 1
Processing 2
Processing 3
Processing 4
Processing 5

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