DECLARE

a integer := 10;
b integer := 20;
c integer;
f real;
BEGIN
c := a + b;
dbms_output.put_line('Value of c: ' || c);
f := 70.0/3.0;
dbms_output.put_line('Value of f: ' || f);
END;
/

On Execution the output will be produced as follows

Value of c: 30
Value of f: 23.333333333333333333

PL/SQL procedure successfully completed.

Example 2:

Following example shows the usage of Local and Global variables in its simple
form −
DECLARE
-- Global variables
num1 number := 95;
num2 number := 85;
BEGIN
dbms_output.put_line('Outer Variable num1: ' || num1);
dbms_output.put_line('Outer Variable num2: ' || num2);
DECLARE
-- Local variables
num1 number := 195;
num2 number := 185;
BEGIN
dbms_output.put_line('Inner Variable num1: ' || num1);
dbms_output.put_line('Inner Variable num2: ' || num2);
END;
END;
/
When the above code is executed, it produces the following result −
Outer Variable num1: 95
Outer Variable num2: 85
Inner Variable num1: 195
Inner Variable num2: 185

PL/SQL procedure successfully completed.

Assigning SQL Query Results to PL/SQL Variables

DECLARE
c_id customers.id%type := 1;
c_name customers.name%type;
c_addr customers.address%type;
c_sal customers.salary%type;
BEGIN
SELECT name, address, salary INTO c_name, c_addr, c_sal
FROM customers
WHERE id = c_id;
dbms_output.put_line
('Customer ' ||c_name || ' from ' || c_addr || ' earns ' ||
c_sal);
END;
/

DECLARE
ord orr.orderno%type;
ordate orr.odate%type;

BEGIN
SELECT name, address, salary INTO c_name, c_addr, c_sal
FROM customers
WHERE id = c_id;
dbms_output.put_line
('Customer ' ||c_name || ' from ' || c_addr || ' earns ' ||
c_sal);
END;

When the above code is executed, it produces the following result −

Customer Ramesh from Ahmedabad earns 2000

PL/SQL procedure completed successfully

Declaring a Constant
A constant is declared using the CONSTANT keyword. It requires an initial value
and does not allow that value to be changed. For example −
PI CONSTANT NUMBER := 3.141592654;
DECLARE
-- constant declaration
pi constant number := 3.141592654;
-- other declarations
radius number(5,2);
dia number(5,2);
circumference number(7, 2);
area number (10, 2);
BEGIN
-- processing
radius := 9.5;
dia := radius * 2;
circumference := 2.0 * pi * radius;
area := pi * radius * radius;
-- output
dbms_output.put_line('Radius: ' || radius);
dbms_output.put_line('Diameter: ' || dia);
dbms_output.put_line('Circumference: ' || circumference);
dbms_output.put_line('Area: ' || area);
END;
/
When the above code is executed at the SQL prompt, it produces the following
result −
Radius: 9.5
Diameter: 19
Circumference: 59.69
Area: 283.53

Pl/SQL procedure successfully completed.

IF Condition

IF condition THEN
S;
END IF;
Where condition is a Boolean or relational condition and S is a simple or
compound statement. Following is an example of the IF-THEN statement −
IF (a <= 20) THEN
c:= c+1;
END IF;

DECLARE
a number(2) := 10;
BEGIN
a:= 10;
-- check the boolean condition using if statement
IF( a < 20 ) THEN
-- if condition is true then print the following
dbms_output.put_line('a is less than 20 ' );
END IF;
dbms_output.put_line('value of a is : ' || a);
END;
/
When the above code is executed at the SQL prompt, it produces the following
result −
a is less than 20
value of a is : 10

PL/SQL procedure successfully completed.

DECLARE
c_id customers.id%type := 1;
c_sal customers.salary%type;
BEGIN
SELECT salary INTO c_sal FROM customers WHERE id = c_id;
 IF (c_sal <= 2000) THEN
UPDATE customers SET salary = salary + 1000 WHERE id = c_id;
dbms_output.put_line ('Salary updated');
END IF;
END;
/
When the above code is executed at the SQL prompt, it produces the following
result −
Salary updated

PL/SQL procedure successfully completed.

DECLARE
a number(3) := 100;
BEGIN
-- check the boolean condition using if statement
IF( a < 20 ) THEN
-- if condition is true then print the following
dbms_output.put_line('a is less than 20 ' );
ELSE
dbms_output.put_line('a is not less than 20 ' );
END IF;
dbms_output.put_line('value of a is : ' || a);
END;
/
When the above code is executed at the SQL prompt, it produces the following
result −
a is not less than 20
value of a is : 100

PL/SQL procedure successfully completed.

Syntax
The syntax of an IF-THEN-ELSIF Statement in PL/SQL programming language is
−
IF(boolean_expression 1)THEN
S1; -- Executes when the boolean expression 1 is true
ELSIF( boolean_expression 2) THEN
S2; -- Executes when the boolean expression 2 is true
ELSIF( boolean_expression 3) THEN
S3; -- Executes when the boolean expression 3 is true
ELSE
S4; -- executes when the none of the above condition is true
END IF;

Example
DECLARE
a number(3) := 100;
BEGIN
IF ( a = 10 ) THEN
dbms_output.put_line('Value of a is 10' );
ELSIF ( a = 20 ) THEN
dbms_output.put_line('Value of a is 20' );
ELSIF ( a = 30 ) THEN
dbms_output.put_line('Value of a is 30' );
ELSE
dbms_output.put_line('None of the values is matching');
END IF;
dbms_output.put_line('Exact value of a is: '|| a );
END;
/
When the above code is executed at the SQL prompt, it produces the following
result −
None of the values is matching
Exact value of a is: 100

PL/SQL procedure successfully completed.

Syntax
The syntax for the case statement in PL/SQL is −
CASE selector
WHEN 'value1' THEN S1;
WHEN 'value2' THEN S2;
WHEN 'value3' THEN S3;
...
ELSE Sn; -- default case
END CASE;

Flow Diagram
Example
DECLARE
grade char(1) := 'A';
BEGIN
CASE grade
when 'A' then dbms_output.put_line('Excellent');
when 'B' then dbms_output.put_line('Very good');
when 'C' then dbms_output.put_line('Well done');
when 'D' then dbms_output.put_line('You passed');
when 'F' then dbms_output.put_line('Better try again');
else dbms_output.put_line('No such grade');
END CASE;
END;
/
When the above code is executed at the SQL prompt, it produces the following
result −
Excellent

PL/SQL procedure successfully completed.

DECLARE
grade char(1) := 'B';
BEGIN
case
when grade = 'A' then dbms_output.put_line('Excellent');
when grade = 'B' then dbms_output.put_line('Very good');
when grade = 'C' then dbms_output.put_line('Well done');
when grade = 'D' then dbms_output.put_line('You passed');
when grade = 'F' then dbms_output.put_line('Better try
again');
else dbms_output.put_line('No such grade');
end case;
END;
/
When the above code is executed at the SQL prompt, it produces the following
result −
Very good

PL/SQL procedure successfully completed.

NESTED IF

Syntax
IF( boolean_expression 1)THEN
-- executes when the boolean expression 1 is true
IF(boolean_expression 2) THEN
-- executes when the boolean expression 2 is true
sequence-of-statements;
END IF;
ELSE
-- executes when the boolean expression 1 is not true
else-statements;
END IF;

Example
DECLARE
a number(3) := 100;
b number(3) := 200;
BEGIN
-- check the boolean condition
IF( a = 100 ) THEN
-- if condition is true then check the following
IF( b = 200 ) THEN
-- if condition is true then print the following
dbms_output.put_line('Value of a is 100 and b is 200' );
END IF;
END IF;
dbms_output.put_line('Exact value of a is : ' || a );
dbms_output.put_line('Exact value of b is : ' || b );
END;
/
When the above code is executed at the SQL prompt, it produces the following
result −
Value of a is 100 and b is 200
Exact value of a is : 100
Exact value of b is : 200

PL/SQL procedure successfully completed.

S.No Loop Type & Description

PL/SQL Basic LOOP

1
In this loop structure, sequence of statements is enclosed between the LOOP and
the END LOOP statements. At each iteration, the sequence of statements is
executed and then control resumes at the top of the loop.

PL/SQL WHILE LOOP

2 Repeats a statement or group of statements while a given condition is true. It tests
the condition before executing the loop body.

PL/SQL FOR LOOP

3 Execute a sequence of statements multiple times and abbreviates the code that
manages the loop variable.

Nested loops in PL/SQL

4
You can use one or more loop inside any another basic loop, while, or for loop.

PL/SQL Basic LOOP

Syntax
The syntax of a basic loop in PL/SQL programming language is −
LOOP
Sequence of statements;
END LOOP;
Here, the sequence of statement(s) may be a single statement or a block of
statements. An EXIT statement or an EXIT WHEN statement is required to break
the loop.
Example
DECLARE
x number := 10;
BEGIN
LOOP
dbms_output.put_line(x);
x := x + 10;
IF x > 50 THEN
exit;
END IF;
END LOOP;
-- after exit, control resumes here
dbms_output.put_line('After Exit x is: ' || x);
END;
/
When the above code is executed at the SQL prompt, it produces the following
result −
10
20
30
40
50
After Exit x is: 60

PL/SQL procedure successfully completed.

You can use the EXIT WHEN statement instead of the EXIT statement −
DECLARE
x number := 10;
BEGIN
LOOP
 dbms_output.put_line(x);
x := x + 10;
exit WHEN x > 50;
END LOOP;
-- after exit, control resumes here
dbms_output.put_line('After Exit x is: ' || x);
END;
/
When the above code is executed at the SQL prompt, it produces the following
result −
10
20
30
40
50
After Exit x is: 60

PL/SQL procedure successfully completed.

A WHILE LOOP statement in PL/SQL programming language repeatedly

executes a target statement as long as a given condition is true.

Syntax
WHILE condition LOOP
sequence_of_statements
END LOOP;

Example
DECLARE
a number(2) := 10;
BEGIN
WHILE a < 20 LOOP
dbms_output.put_line('value of a: ' || a);
a := a + 1;
END LOOP;
END;
/
When the above code is executed at the SQL prompt, it produces the following
result −
value of a: 10
value of a: 11
value of a: 12
value of a: 13
value of a: 14
value of a: 15
value of a: 16
value of a: 17
value of a: 18
value of a: 19

PL/SQL procedure successfully completed.

A FOR LOOP is a repetition control structure that allows you to efficiently write a
loop that needs to execute a specific number of times.

Syntax
FOR counter IN initial_value .. final_value LOOP
sequence_of_statements;
END LOOP;
Following is the flow of control in a For Loop −
 The initial step is executed first, and only once. This step allows you to declare and
initialize any loop control variables.
 Next, the condition, i.e., initial_value .. final_value is evaluated. If it is TRUE, the body
of the loop is executed. If it is FALSE, the body of the loop does not execute and the
flow of control jumps to the next statement just after the for loop.
 After the body of the for loop executes, the value of the counter variable is increased
or decreased.
 The condition is now evaluated again. If it is TRUE, the loop executes and the process
repeats itself (body of loop, then increment step, and then again condition). After the
condition becomes FALSE, the FOR-LOOP terminates.
Following are some special characteristics of PL/SQL for loop −
 The initial_value and final_value of the loop variable or counter can be literals,
variables, or expressions but must evaluate to numbers. Otherwise, PL/SQL raises
the predefined exception VALUE_ERROR.
 The initial_value need not be 1; however, the loop counter increment (or decrement)
must be 1.
 PL/SQL allows the determination of the loop range dynamically at run time.

Example
DECLARE
a number(2);
BEGIN
 FOR a in 10 .. 20 LOOP
dbms_output.put_line('value of a: ' || a);
END LOOP;
END;
/
When the above code is executed at the SQL prompt, it produces the following
result −
value of a: 10
value of a: 11
value of a: 12
value of a: 13
value of a: 14
value of a: 15
value of a: 16
value of a: 17
value of a: 18
value of a: 19
value of a: 20

PL/SQL procedure successfully completed.

Reverse FOR LOOP Statement

By default, iteration proceeds from the initial value to the final value, generally
upward from the lower bound to the higher bound. You can reverse this order by
using the REVERSEkeyword. In such case, iteration proceeds the other way.
After each iteration, the loop counter is decremented.
However, you must write the range bounds in ascending (not descending) order.
The following program illustrates this −

When the above code is executed at the SQL prompt, it produces the following
result −
value of a: 20
value of a: 19
value of a: 18
value of a: 17
value of a: 16
value of a: 15
value of a: 14
value of a: 13
value of a: 12
value of a: 11
value of a: 10

PL/SQL procedure successfully completed.

PL/SQL allows using one loop inside another loop. Following section shows a
few examples to illustrate the concept.
The syntax for a nested basic LOOP statement in PL/SQL is as follows −
LOOP
Sequence of statements1
LOOP
Sequence of statements2
END LOOP;
END LOOP;
The syntax for a nested FOR LOOP statement in PL/SQL is as follows −
FOR counter1 IN initial_value1 .. final_value1 LOOP
sequence_of_statements1
FOR counter2 IN initial_value2 .. final_value2 LOOP
sequence_of_statements2
END LOOP;
END LOOP;
The syntax for a nested WHILE LOOP statement in Pascal is as follows −
WHILE condition1 LOOP
sequence_of_statements1
WHILE condition2 LOOP
sequence_of_statements2
END LOOP;
END LOOP;

Example
The following program uses a nested basic loop to find the prime numbers from
2 to 100 −
DECLARE
i number(3);
j number(3);
BEGIN
i := 2;
LOOP
j:= 2;
LOOP
exit WHEN ((mod(i, j) = 0) or (j = i));
 j := j +1;
END LOOP;
IF (j = i ) THEN
dbms_output.put_line(i || ' is prime');
END IF;
i := i + 1;
exit WHEN i = 50;
END LOOP;
END;
/
When the above code is executed at the SQL prompt, it produces the following
result −
2 is prime
3 is prime
5 is prime
7 is prime
11 is prime
13 is prime
17 is prime
19 is prime
23 is prime
29 is prime
31 is prime
37 is prime
41 is prime
43 is prime
47 is prime

PL/SQL procedure successfully completed.