Module II

ARRAY
An array in C is a collection of items stored at contiguous memory locations and
elements can be accessed randomly using indices of an array. They are used to store similar
type (homogeneous) of elements as the data type must be the same for all elements. They can
be used to store collection of primitive data types such as int, float, double, char, etc of any
particular type.
Indices 0 1 2 3
A
Array elements 10 20 30 40
Why do we need arrays?
We can use normal variables (v1, v2, v3) when we have a small number of objects,
but if we want to store a large number of instances, it becomes difficult to manage them with
normal variables. The idea of an array is to represent many instances in one variable.
Different ways of declaring an Array
1. Array declaration by specifying size
Eg: int A[10];
2. Array declaration by initializing elements
Eg: int A[] = { 10, 20, 30, 40 };
3. Array declaration by specifying size and initializing elements Eg:
int A[6] = { 10, 20, 30, 40 };
Advantages of an Array

1. Random access of elements using array index.

2. Use of less line of code as it creates a single array of multiple elements.
3. Easy access to all the elements.
4. Traversal through the array becomes easy using a single loop.
5. Sorting becomes easy as it can be accomplished by writing less line of code.

Disadvantages of an Array
• It allows us to enter only fixed number of elements into it. We cannot alter the size of the
array once array is declared. Hence if we need to insert more number of records than
declared then it is not possible. We should know array size at the compile time itself.
• Inserting and deleting the records from the array would be costly since we add / delete the
elements from the array, we need to manage memory space too.
• It does not verify the indexes while compiling the array. In case there is any indexes
pointed which is more than the dimension specified, then we will get run time errors rather
than identifying them at compile time.
Example:
int a[3]={1,2,3}
 printf("%d",A[3]);
Output: 3245431 (Garbage Value)
1. Write a program to read and display an array of size n.
#include<stdio.h>
void main()
{
int n,A[20],i;
printf("Enter the size of Array:");
scanf("%d",&n);
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
{
printf("\nEnter the number:");
scanf("%d",&A[i]);
}
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
{
printf("%d\t",A[i]);
}
}
OUTPUT
Enter the size of Array: 5
Enter the number:10
Enter the number:20
Enter the number:30
Enter the number:40
Enter the number:50

10 20 30 40 50
2. Write a program to read and display an array of size n in reverse order.
#include<stdio.h>
void main()
{
int n, A[20],i;
printf("Enter the size of Array:");
scanf("%d",&n);
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
{
printf("\nEnter the number");
scanf("%d",&A[i]);
}
for(i=n-1;i>=0;i--)
{
printf("%d\t",A[i]);
}
}
OUTPUT
Enter the size of Array: 5
Enter the number:10
Enter the number:20
Enter the number:30
Enter the number:40
Enter the number:50
50 40 30 20 10
3. Write a program to find sum and average of an array of size n.
#include<stdio.h>
void main()
{
int n,A[20],i,sum; float avg;
printf("Enter the size of Array:");
scanf("%d",&n);
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
{
printf("\nEnter the number");
scanf("%d",&A[i]);
}
sum=0;
for(i=0;i<n;i++)

{
sum = sum + A[i];
}
avg = (float)sum/n;
printf("\nSum=%d",sum);
printf("\nAverage=%f",avg);
}
OUTPUT
Enter the size of Array: 5
Enter the number:10
Enter the number:20
Enter the number:30
Enter the number:40
Enter the number:50
Sum=150
Average=30.0
4. Write a program to read and display even numbers in an array of size n.
#include<stdio.h>
void main()
{
int n,A[20],i;
printf("Enter the size of Array:");
scanf("%d",&n);
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
{
printf("\nEnter the number:");
scanf("%d",&A[i]);
}
printf(“\nEven Numbers are\t”);
 for(i=0;i<n;i++)
{
if(A[i]%2 == 0)
printf("%d\t",A[i]);
}
}
OUTPUT
Enter the size of Array: 5
Enter the number:10
Enter the number:15
Enter the number:20
Enter the number:25
Enter the number:30
Even Numbers are 10 20 30
5. Write a program to read and display prime numbers in an array of size n.
#include<stdio.h>
#include<math.h>
void main()
{
int n,A[20],i,flag,j;
printf("Enter the size of Array:");
scanf("%d",&n);
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
{
printf("\nEnter the number:");
scanf("%d",&A[i]);
}
printf(“\nPrime Numbers are\t”);
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
{
flag=0;
for(j=2;j<=sqrt(A[i]);j++)
{
if(A[i]%j == 0)
{
flag=1;
break;
}
}
if(flag == 0)
{
printf("%d\t",A[i]);
}
}
}
OUTPUT
Enter the size of Array: 5
Enter the number:5
Enter the number:6
 Enter the number:7
Enter the number:8
Enter the number:9
Prime Numbers are 5 7
6. Write a program to find largest element in an array of size n.
#include<stdio.h>
void main()
{
int n,A[20],i,large;
printf("Enter the size of Array:");
scanf("%d",&n);
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
{
printf("\nEnter the number");
scanf("%d",&A[i]);
}
large=A[0];
for(i=1;i<n;i++)
{
if(large < A[i])
large = A[i]
}
printf("\nLarge =%d",large);
}
OUTPUT
Enter the size of Array: 5
Enter the number:20
Enter the number:30
Enter the number:25
Enter the number:15
Enter the number:50
Large=50
LINEAR SEARCH (SEQUENTIAL SEARCH)
Searching is an operation or a technique that helps finds the place of a given element
or value in the list. Any search is said to be successful or unsuccessful depending upon
whether the element that is being searched is found or not.
Linear search is a very basic and simple search algorithm. In Linear search, we search
an element or value in a given array by traversing the array from the starting, till the desired
element or value is found.
It compares the element to be searched with all the elements present in the array and
when the element is matched successfully, it returns the index of the element in the array, else
it return -1.Linear Search is applied on elements in a list.
Algorithm
Linear Search (Array A, Value x)
Step 1: Set i to 0
Step 2: if i = n-1 then go to step 7
Step 3: if A[i] = x then go to step 6
Step 4: Set i to i + 1
Step 5: Go to Step 2
Step 6: Print Element x Found at index i and go to step 8Step 7:
Print element not found
Step 8: Exit
Write a program to search an element in an array of size n.(linear search)
#include<stdio.h>
void main()
{
int n,A[20],i,pos=-1; printf("Enter
the size of Array:");
scanf("%d",&n);
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
{
printf("\nEnter the number:");
scanf("%d",&A[i]);
}
printf("\nEnter the element to search");
scanf("%d",&key);
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
{
if(A[i] == key)
{
pos= i;
break;
}
}
if(pos == -1)
{
printf("\nElement not found");
}
else
{
prinf("\nElement found at index %d",pos);
}
}

OUTPUT
Enter the size of Array: 5
Enter the number:10
Enter the number:20
Enter the number:30
Enter the number:40
Enter the number:50
Enter the element to search:40
Element found at index 3
BUBBLE SORT
A sorting algorithm is an algorithm that puts elements of a list in a certain order. The
bubble sort makes multiple passes through a list. It compares adjacent items and exchanges
those that are out of order. Each pass through the list places the next largest value in its
proper place. In essence, each item “bubbles” up to the location where it belongs.
Example:
Arrange the following elements in ascending orderPass
1
9 6 5 2
6 9 5 2
6 5 9 2
6 5 2 9
Pass 2

6 5 2 9
5 6 2 9
5 2 6 9

Pass 3

5 2 6 9
2 5 6 9

Write a program to sort the elements usingBubble sort

#include<stdio.h>
void main()
{
int n,A[20],i,j,temp; printf("Enter
the size of Array");
scanf("%d",&n);
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
{
printf("\nEnter the number:");
scanf("%d",&A[i]);
}
printf("Before Sorting");
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
{
printf("%d\t",A[i]);
}
for(i=0;i<n-1;i++)
{
for(j=0;j<n-i-1;j++)
{
 if(A[j]>A[j+1])
{
temp=A[j];
A[j]=A[j+1];
A[j+1]=temp;
}
}
}
printf("\nAfter Sorting \t");
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
{
printf("%d\t",A[i]);
}
}
STRINGS
Strings are defined as an array of characters. The difference between a character array
and a string is the string is terminated with a special character ‘\0’.
Index 0 1 2 3 4 5
Character Array ‘H ‘E ‘L’ ‘L ‘O
’ ’ ’ ’

Declaration of Strings
Declaring a string is as simple as declaring a one dimensional array. Below is the
basic syntax for declaring a string.
char str[20];
In the above syntax str is any name given to the string variable and 20 is used define
the length of the string, i.e. the number of characters strings will store(including null
character). Please keep in mind that there is an extra terminating character which is the Null
character (‘\0’) used to indicate termination of string which differs strings from normal
character arrays.
Initializing a String
A string can be initialized in different ways.
1. char str[] = "Programming";
2. char str[50] = "Programming";
3. char str[] = {'P','r','o','g','r','a','m','m','i','n','g','\0'};
4. char str[12] = {'P','r','o','g','r','a','m','m','i','n','g','\0'};
Read a character from User
1. scanf()
 It is used to read the input (character, string, numeric data) from the standard input
(keyboard).
 It is used to read the input until it encounters a whitespace, newline or End OfFile
(EOF).
#include <stdio.h>
void main()
{
char str[20];
printf("Enter the String: ");
scanf("%s", str);
printf("\nString: %s\n", str);
}
Output
Enter the String : Hello World
String: Hello
2. gets()
 It is used to read input from the standard input (keyboard).
 It is used to read the input until it encounters newline or End Of File (EOF).
#include <stdio.h>
void main()
{
char str[20];
printf("Enter the String:");
gets( str);
printf("\nString: %s\n", str);
}
Output
Enter the String: Hello World
String: Hello World
Issue: gets() reads string from standard input and prints the entered string, but it suffers from
Buffer Overflow as gets() doesn’t do any array bound testing. gets() keeps on reading until it
sees a newline character.
Display String value – printf and puts
#include <stdio.h>
void main()
{
char str[20];
printf("Enter the String:");
gets( str);
printf("%s\n", str);
}
Output
Enter the String: Hello world Hello world

#include <stdio.h>
void main()
{
char str[20];
printf("Enter the String:");
 gets( str);
puts(str);
}
Output
Enter the String: Hello world
Hello world

IN-BUILT STRING FUNCTIONS

Function Working
strlen() computes string's length
strcpy() copies a string to another
strcat() concatenates(joins) two strings
strcmp() compares two strings case sensitive checking
strcmpi() compares two strings case insensitive checking
strlwr() converts string to lowercase
strupr() converts string to uppercase
strlen() vs sizeof()
strlen returns the length of the string stored in array, however sizeof returns the total
allocated size assigned to the array.
#include<stdio.h>
#include<string.h>
void main()
{
char str[]="Hello World"; int len=strlen(str);
int size=sizeof(str); printf("Value=%d",len*size);
}
len value will the length of the string which is 11. But size value will be 12 including the end of
character.
Output
Value=132

strcat
It concatenates two strings and returns the concatenated string.
Syntax: strcat(string1,string2) – concatenate string1 with string2.
#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>
void main()
{
char s1[10] = "Hello";
char s2[10] = "World";
strcat(s1,s2);
printf("After concatenation: %s", s1);
}
Output:
After concatenation: HelloWorld

Program to concatenate two strings without using string handling function

#include <stdio.h>
void main()
{
char str1[50], str2[25], i, j;
printf("\nEnter first string: ");
gets(str1);
printf("\nEnter second string: ");
gets(str2);
for(i=0; str1[i]!='\0'; i++);
for(j=0; str2[j]!='\0'; j++, i++)
{
str1[i]=str2[j];
}
str1[i]='\0'; printf("\nOutput:
%s",str1);
}
strcpy
It copies the string str2 into string str1, including the end character (terminator char
‘\0’).
Syntax: strcpy(string1,string2) - copy the content of string2 to string1
#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>
void main()
{
char s1[30];
char s2[30] = "Hello World";
strcpy(s1,s2);
printf("String s1: %s", s1);
}
Output:
String s1 : Hello World
Program to copy a string to another without using string handling function
#include<stdio.h>
void main()
{
char a[50], b[50];
int i=0;
printf(“Enter string1:”);
gets(a);
for(i=0;a[i]!=‘\0’;i++)
 {
b[i]=a[i];
}
b[i]=‘\0’;
}
strcmp
It compares the two strings same (equal) then this function would return 0 otherwise it may
return a negative or positive value based on the comparison.
strcmp(string1,string2) -- Compares the content of string1 and string2
•If string1 < string2 OR string1 is a substring of string2 then it would result in a negative
value.
•If string1 > string2 then it would return positive value.
•If string1 == string2 then you would get 0(zero) when you use this function for compare
strings.
#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>
void main()
{
char s1[20] = "Hello";
char s2[20] = "World";
if (strcmp(s1, s2) ==0)
{
printf("string 1 and string 2 are equal");
}
else
{
printf("string 1 and 2 are different");
}
}
Output
string 1 and 2 are different
Program to check two strings are equal without using string handling functions
#include<stdio.h>
void main()
{
char str1[100], str2[100];
int i, flag=0;
printf("Enter the First string :\n");
gets(str1);
printf("Enter the Second string :\n");
gets(str2);
for(i=0;str1[i]!='\0’&&str2[i]!=‘\0’;i++)
{
if(str1[i]!=str2[i])
break;
}
}
 if(flag==0&& str1[i]!='\0’&&str2[i]!=‘\0’)
printf("Strings are equal \n");
else
}
printf("Strings are not equal \n");
1. Write a program to display the content of string in upper and lower case.
#include<stdio.h>
#include<string.h>
void main()
{
char str[20];
printf("Enter the string:");
gets(str);
printf("\nUpper Case String:%s",strupr(str));
printf("\nLower Case String:%s",strlwr(str));
}
Output
Enter the string: Hello World Upper
Case String: HELLO WORLD
Lower Case String: hello world
2. Write a program to reverse a string.
#include<stdio.h>
#include<string.h>
void main()
{
char str[20];
int len,i,j;
printf("Enter the string:");
gets(str);
i=strlen(str)-1;
j=0;
while(i>=0)
{
rev[j]=str[i]; j++;
i--;
}
rev[j]='\0'; printf("\nReverse=%s",rev);
}
Output
Enter the string: hello
Reverse=olleh
3. Write a program to check whether a string is palindrome or not without using in built
functions.
#include<stdio.h>
#include<string.h>
void main()
{
char str[20]; int
 len,i,j,flag;
printf("Enter the string:");
gets(str);
// Code to find string length
for(len=0;str[len]!='\0';len++);
// Code to check the Palindrome
flag=0;
for(i=0;i<len/2;i++)
{
if(str[i] != str[len-i-1])
{
flag=1;
break;
}
}
if(flag == 0)
{
printf("\nPalindrome");
}
else
{
printf("\nNot Palindrome");
}
}
Output
Enter the string: malayalam Palindrome
4. Write a program to count number of vowels in a given string.
#include<stdio.h>
#include<string.h>
void main()
{
char str[20
int i,count;
printf("Enter the string:");
gets(str);
count=0; for(i=0;i<strlen(str);i++)
{
switch(str[i])
{
case 'A':
case 'a':
case 'E':
case 'e':
case 'i':
case 'I':
case 'O':
case 'o':
case 'U':
case 'u':
 }
}
count++; break;
printf("\nCount of vowels=%d",count);
}
Output
Enter the string:hello
Count of vowels=2
TWO DIMENSIONAL ARRAY
An array of arrays is known as 2D array. The two dimensional (2D) array is also
known as matrix. A matrix can be represented as a table of rows and columns. The syntax to
declare the 2D array is given below.

INITIALIZATION OF TWO DIMENSIONAL ARRAY

There are two ways to initialize a two Dimensional arrays during declaration.
1. int A[2][3] = { {10, 11, 12},{14, 15, 16}};
int A[][3] = { {10, 11, 12},{14, 15, 16}};
2. int A[2][3] = { 10, 11, 12, 14, 15, 16};
int A[][3] = { 10, 11, 12, 14, 15, 16};
When we initialize a 1 dimensional array during declaration, we need not to specify
the size of it. However that’s not the case with 2D array, you must always specify the second
dimension even if you are specifying elements during the declaration.
/* Valid declaration*/ int
A[2][2] = {1, 2, 3 ,4 }
/* Valid declaration*/
int A[][2] = {1, 2, 3 ,4
}
/* Invalid declaration – you must specify second dimension*/ int A[][] = {1, 2, 3 ,4 }
/* Invalid because of the same reason mentioned above*/ int A[2][] = {1, 2, 3 ,4 }
Structure of two dimensional array of size - A[3][5]
A[0][0] A[0][1] A[0][2] A[0][3] A[0][4]
A[1][0] A[1][1] A[1][2] A[1][3] A[1][4]
A[2][0] A[2][1] A[2][2] A[2][3] A[2][4]
1. Write a program to read a matrix of size mXn.
#include<stdio.h>
void main()
{
int m,n,A[20][20],i,j;
printf("Enter the order of matrix:");
scanf("%d%d",&m,&n);
for(i=0;i<m;i++)
{
for(j=0;j<n;j++)
 {
printf("Enter the element:");
scanf("%d",&A[i][j]);
}
}
printf(“\nMatrix\n”); for(i=0;i<m;i++)
{
for(j=0;j<n;j++)
{
printf("%d\t",A[i][j]);
}
printf("\n");
}
}
OUTPUT
Enter the order of matrix: 2 2
Enter the element: 10
Enter the element: 20
Enter the element: 30
Enter the element: 40
Matrix
10 20
30 40
2. Write a program to read a matrix of size m*n and display its transpose.
#include<stdio.h>
void main()
{
int m,n,A[20][20],i,j;
printf("Enter the order of matrix:");
scanf("%d%d",&m,&n);
for(i=0;i<m;i++)
{
for(j=0;j<n;j++)
{
printf("Enter the element:");
scanf("%d",&A[i][j]);
}
}
printf(“\nTranspose of Matrix\n”);
for(j=0;j<n;j++)
{
for(i=0;i<m;i++)
{
printf("%d\t",A[i][j]);
}
printf("\n");
}
}
 OUTPUT
Enter the order of matrix: 2 2
Enter the element: 10
Enter the element: 20
Enter the element: 30
Enter the element: 40
Transpose of Matrix
10 30
20 40
3. Write a program to read a matrix of size mXn and display the sum of principal
diagonal elements.
#include<stdio.h>
void main()
{
int m,n,A[20][20],i,j;
printf("Enter the order of matrix:");
scanf("%d",&m,&n);
for(i=0;i<m;i++)
{
for(j=0;j<n;j++)
{
printf("Enter the element:");
scanf("%d",&A[i][j]);
}
}
for(i=0;i<m;i++)
{
sum = sum + A[i][i];
}
printf("\nSum=%d",sum);
}
OUTPUT
Enter the order of matrix: 2 2
Enter the element: 10
Enter the element: 20
Enter the element: 30
Enter the element: 40
Sum=50
4. Write a program to multiply two matrices
To multiply two matrices, the number of columns of the first matrix should be
equal to the number of rows of the second matrix.
#include <stdio.h>
void main()
{
int i,j,k,m, n, p, q,sum = 0;
int A[10][10], B[10][10], C[10][10];
printf("Enter number of rows and columns of first matrix\n");
scanf("%d%d", &m, &n);
 printf("Enter number of rows and columns of second matrix\n");
scanf("%d%d", &p, &q);
if (n != p)
printf("The multiplication isn't possible.\n");

else
{
printf("Enter elements of first matrix\n");
for (i = 0; i < m; i++)
for (j = 0; j < n; j++)
scanf("%d", &A[i][j]);
printf("Enter elements of second matrix\n");
for (i = 0; i < p; i++)
for (j = 0; j < q; j++)
scanf("%d", &B[i][j]);
for (i= 0; i < m; i++)
{
for (j = 0; j < q; j++)
{
C[i][j]=0;
for (k = 0; k < p; k++)
{
C[i][j]= C[i][j] + A[i][k]*B[k][j];
}
}
}
printf("Product of the matrices:\n"); for
(i = 0; i< m; i++)
{
for (j = 0; j< q; j++)
{
printf("%d\t", C[i][j]);
}
printf("\n");
}
}
}
PREVIOUS YEAR UNIVERSITY QUESTIONS
1. Explain the different ways in which you can declare & initialize a single dimensional
array. [KTU, MODEL 2020]
2. Write a C program to read a sentence through keyboard and to display the count ofwhite
spaces in the given sentence. [KTU, MODEL 2020]
3. Write a C program to check whether a given matrix is a diagonal matrix. [KTU,
MODEL 2020]
4. Write a C program to perform bubble sort. [KTU, MODEL 2020], [KTU, JULY 2017],
[KTU, JULY 2018]
5. Without using any built in string processing function like strlen, strcat etc., write a
program to concatenate two strings. [KTU, MODEL 2020]
6. Explain with an example how multidimensional arrays are declared? [KTU, DECEMBER
 2019]
7. Illustrate sorting of the following elements using bubble sort (ascending) 21,
32, 45, 14,67,8, 54, 9 [KTU, DECEMBER 2019]
8. Write a C program to subtract two matrices. [KTU, MAY 2019]
9. Write a C program to accept a two dimensional matrix and display the row sum,
column sum and diagonal sum of elements. [KTU, MAY 2019]
10. Write a C program to replace a character in a string with another character. [KTU,
MAY 2019]
11. Write a C program to read two sorted arrays and merge them into a single array.
[KTU, MAY 2019]
12. Write a C program to concatenate two strings without using any standard library
functions [KTU, MAY 2017], [KTU, JULY 2017], [KTU, DECEMBER 2018]
13. Give the declaration of variable for storing the string “PROGRAMMING” in C. [KTU,
JULY 2017]
14. Write a C program to find the largest and smallest numbers and their locations in an array
of n numbers. [KTU, JULY 2017]
15. Write a C program to find the transpose of a matrix. [KTU, JULY 2017], [KTU, JULY
2018], [KTU, DECEMBER 2019]
16. Write a C program to accept a 2-D integer matrix and check whether it is symmetric or
not. [KTU, APRIL 2018]
17. Write a C program to check whether a character is present in a string. [KTU, APRIL
2018]
18. Write a C program to sort names in an array in lexicographical order. [KTU,
DECEMBER 2018]
19. Write a C program to find second largest element of an unsorted array. [KTU,
DECEMBER 2018], [KTU, DECEMBER 2019]
20. Given a set of n items, write a C program to find the kth largest item in the list [KTU,
DECEMBER 2018]
21. Explain how the string variables are declared and initialised in C program. [KTU,
JULY 2018]
22. Write a C program that reads a string from keyboard and determines whether the string
is palindrome or not. [KTU, JULY 2018]
23. Give the syntax of four string handling functions in C [KTU, JULY 2018].
24. Write a C program to search a given number from a set of numbers using linear
search method. Explain linear search method with example [KTU, JULY 2018]
25. How do you initialize a two dimensional array during declaration? [KTU, MAY 2017]
26. Give the purpose of following functions with examples. i) strcmp() ii) strcat() iii)
strupr() [KTU, APRIL 2018]
27. Write a program to find the sum, average and product of a set of N numbers, using
arrays. [KTU, APRIL 2018]
28. Write a program to read a matrix, replace all negative elements of the matrix by zero and
print the resulting array. [KTU, APRIL 2018]
29. Develop C program to find the string length without using inbuilt functions [KTU,
JUNE 2017]
30. Write a program which accepts two 3x3 matrices from the user and print its
product. [KTU, APRIL 2018]
31. Write a C program to multiply two 5x5 matrices. [KTU, DECEMBER 2018]
32. Write a C program to receive 10 numbers in an array and to sort it in ascending
order. [KTU, DECEMBER 2018]