An Industry-Oriented Major Project Report

On
PROCESS OF RO'S WASTE WATER REUSE & WATER MANAGEMENT IN
SOCIETY BY USING IOT AUTOMATION
Submitted in Partial Fulfillment
of the Academic Requirement for the Award of Degree of

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
in
Electronics and Communication Engineering

Submitted by

Kammari Swetha (20R01A04E2)

Kimidi Mary (20R01A04E8)
Mamidi Pranitha (20R01A04F5)
Tekumal Mounika (21R05A0413)

Under the esteemed guidance of

Mrs. E.Aparna
Assistant Professor
Department of ECE

CMR INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

(UGCAUTONOMOUS)
Approved by AICTE, Permanent Affiliation to JNTUH, Accredited by NBA and NAAC
Kandlakoya(V),Medchal Dist-501 401
www.cmrithyderabad.edu.in

2023-24
 CMR INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
(UGCAUTONOMOUS)
Approved by AICTE, New Delhi, Permanently Affiliated to JNTUH, Hyderabad
Accredited by NBA and NAAC With A Grade
Kandlakoya (V), Medchal Dist-501401
www.cmrithyderabad.edu.in

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that an Industry oriented Mini Project entitled with “ PROCESS OF RO'S WASTE
WATER REUSE & WATER MANAGEMENT IN SOCIETY BY USING IOT AUTOMATION” is
being submitted by:
K.Swetha (20R01A04E2)
K.Mary (20R01A04E8)
M.Pranitha (20401A04F5)
T.Mounika (21R05A0413)

To JNTUH, Hyderabad, in partial fulfillment of the requirement for award of the degree of
B.Tech in Electronics &Communication Engineering and is a record of a bonafide work carried
out under our guidance and supervision. The results in this project have been verified and are
found to be satisfactory. The results embodied in this work have not been submitted to have any
other University forward of another degree or diploma.

Project Supervisor Project Coordinator HOD, ECE

(Mrs. E. Aparna) (Dr.Pradeep Kumar) (Dr. K. Niranjan Reddy)

EXAMINER
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We are extremely grateful to Dr. M Janga Reddy, Director, Dr. B. Satyanarayana, Principal
and Dr. K. Niranjan Reddy, Head of Department, Dept of Electronics & Communication
Engineering, CMR Institute of Technology for their inspiration and valuable guidance during
entire duration.

We are extremely thankful to Project Coordinator Dr.Pradeep Kumar, Mini Project

Coordinator and internal guide Mrs. E.Aprana, Dept of Electronics &Communication
Engineering, CMR Institute of Technology for their constant guidance, encouragement and
moral support throughout the project.

We will be failing in duty if we do not acknowledge with grateful thanks to the authors of their
references and other literatures referred in this Project.

We express our thanks to all staff members and friends for all the help and coordination
extended in bringing out this Project successfully in time.

Finally, we are very much thankful to our parents and relatives who guided directly o in
directly for every step towards success.

K.Swetha (20R01A04E2)
K.Mary (20R01A04E8)
M.Pranitha (20401A04F5)
T.Mounika (21R05A0413)
PROCESS OF RO’s WASTE WATER REUSE & WATER MANAGEMENT IN SOCIETY BY USING
IOT AUTOMATION

Declaration

We Kammari Swetha(20R01A04E2), Kimidi Mary(20R01A04E8), Mamidi

Pranitha(20R01A04F5), Tekumal Mounika(21R05A0413) of the Mini-Project entitled as
hereby declared that the matter embodied in this project is the genuine work done by us only and
has not been submitted either to the university or to any university/institute for the fulfillment of
the requirement of any course of study.

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ABSTRACT

In this paper, we are making a water purifier which works on solar energy. The basic
principle behind this project is reverse osmosis. The solar radiations are collected by solar
panel. This energy is then stored in a battery. The battery is connected to the purification unit
through a electromagnetic relay. The purification unit consists of highpressure motor, reverse
osmosis system and the water tank. The high pressure creates the necessary pressure required to
carry out reverse osmosis. The microcontroller keeps a watch to the level of water in the
water tank and prevents it from over flow. Through his process we obtain the purified
water in the water tank.

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IOT AUTOMATION

INDEX

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 1
DECLARATION 2
ABSTRACT 3
INDEX 4-5
LISTOFFIGURES 6
LISTOFTABLES 7

1.INTRODUCTION 8
1.1 ABOUTPROJECT 7-8
1.2 EXISTINGSYSTEM 8-9
1.3 LITERATURE REVIEW 9-10
1.4 PROPOSEDSYSTEM 10
1.5 BLOCK DIAGRAM
2.EMBEDDED SYSTEM 11
2.1 INTRODUCTION 11-12
2.2 CLASIFFICATION 12-13
2.3 COMMOM PARTS OF EMBEDDED SYSTEM 13-15
2.4 DESIGN PROCESS
3.ARDUINO
3.1 INTRODUCTION 16-17
3.2 DIGITAL PINS 17
3.3 ANALOG PINS 18
3.4 ATMEGHA328 18-20
3.5 ALU 21-24

4.HARDWARE COMPONENTS
4.1 LCD DISPLAY 25-32
4.2 REGULATED POWERSUPPLY 33-37
4.3 RECTIFIERS 37-38
4.4 CAPACTIORS 39-40
4.5 VOLTAGE REGULATORS 41
4.6 RESISTORS 41-42
4.7 LED 42-44
5.SOFTWARE DESCRIPTION
5.1ARDUINO SOFTWARE 46-50

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5.2 SOIL MOISTURE 50-51

5.3 DHT SENSOR 51-53
5.4 ESP8266 54-56
5.5 RELAY MODULE 56-59
5.6 DC WATER PUMP 60
6. RESULTS 61

7.CONCLUSION 62
8. REFERENCES 62-63

9. PUBLISHED PAPER 63

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LIST OF FIGURES
Figure no Particulars Page no
2.1 Life cycle of embedded 15
development
3.1 Arduino Board 16
3.2 Pin configuration of atmega 18
328
3.3 AVR Status Register 21
3.4 Stack pointer higher and 23
lower redister
4.1.1 Address location for a 1*16 26
lines lcd
4.1.2 Blockdiagram Of LCD 27
4.1.3 LCD Power Supply 27
4.1.4 Pin Diagram LCD 28
4.1.6 Flashing Symbol 31
4.1.7 Flow diagram of LCD 32
4.2.1 Regulated Power Supply 33
4.2.2 Circuit of power supply 34
4.2.3 Step-down transform 35
4.2.4 Battery 9V 36
4.2.5 Pencil Battery of 1.5V 37
4.3.1 Bridge Rectifier 38
4.3.2 DB107 39
4.4.1 Construction of a capacitors 39
4.4.2 Electrolytic capactior 39
4.4.3 Regulator 40
4.5 Voltage Regulator 41
4.6.1 Resistors 42
4.6.2 Color Band in Resistor 42
4.7.1 Inside LED 43
4.7.2 Parts Of a LED 43
4.7.3 Electrical Symbol & 44
polarities of LED
5.1 Arduino Board and Connecter 46
5.2 Soil Moisture 50
5.3 DHT Sensor 52
5.4 ESP8366 pin module 55
5.5.1 Relay Module 57
5.5.2 Working of relay module 58
5.5.3 Arduino Relay Module 59
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5.6 DC Water pump 60

6 Graph of soil 61
moisture ,temperature
&Humidity

LIST OF TABLES

Table no Particulars Page no

3.1 Stack Pointer Instructions 22
4.1.5 LCD Functions 28

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Process of RO's Waste Water Reuse & Water Management in Society by

Using IOT Automation
OBJECTIVES
 To provide pure water for all and it’s affordable for everyone.
 Detaching sediments and particulate matter from drinking water.
 Destroying pathogen, viruses, bacteria’s and other diseases causing elements from water,
thus making it purified.

ABSTRACT
In this paper, we are making a water purifier which works on solar energy. The basic
principle behind this project is reverse osmosis. The solar radiations are collected by solar
panel. This energy is then stored in a battery. The battery is connected to the purification unit
through a electromagnetic relay. The purification unit consists of highpressure motor, reverse
osmosis system and the water tank. The high pressure creates the necessary pressure required to
carry out reverse osmosis. The microcontroller keeps a watch to the level of water in the
water tank and prevents it from over flow. Through his process we obtain the purified
water in the water tank.

CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION

1. INTRODUCTION
The decreasing availability of water has necessitated in the search for fresh sources of drinking
water. The available water in many areas in the country is brackish, saline or impure. Salinity is a
major problem in the coastal areas of Kutch and Gujarat. In our country pure drinking water is a
major problem in tribal/rural area .There are many processes available for purification of
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IOT AUTOMATION

drinking water like Chlorine tablets , Pot chlorination of wells, Slow and rapid sand filters,
Fluoride removal , Reverse osmosis plants, etc .In this project, we are making a water
purifier which works on solar energy.[1-3] The basic principle behind this project is reverse
osmosis. We are using solar energy which is a renewable source, abundant and cheap. In case of
power failures, this purifier will continue to work as solar energy can be stored. Here, we use
microcontroller 8051 which prevents the water from over flowing. This purifier can be used in
remote and rural areas where there is no electricity. It can also be used in places affected by
natural disasters. It also reduces the salt content in sea water. It provides pollution free operation.
Water is one of the most significant resources on this earth. Earth is covered from water is 70%
and 30% is land. Humans as well as animals are fully dependent on water to survive and to live
healthily. Water purification is the process of removing undesirable chemicals, biological
contaminants, suspended solids as well as gases from water. As we Survey from doctors shows
that to maintain a healthy lifestyle, an average intake of water in male/female approximately 3.7
litres/2.7 litres of water .In India near about 2439 peoples died in 2018 because of water borne
disease such as cholera, diarrhea, typhoid and almost 1.5 million were diagnosed with this
disease. A water resource should be safe and reliable but also affordable to people. The
available water in many areas in the country is brackish, saline or impure. Salinity is a major
problem in the coastal areas of thane and Mumbai district.RO is the Process available for water
purification, and sunlight is one of the source of Conventional energy that can be utilized in our
system as energy source.RO Filtration is most Stable method for purification of contaminated
water the RO system has semi permeable membrane that filters excessive minerals and other
soluble presents such as bacteria, Fungi, algae, viruses in the water. Particles as tiny as 0.0001
microns are effectively removed by the system while rotating the motor. In India pure drinking
water is a major problem in urban/rural area .There are many traditional methods available for
water purification of drinking water Chlorine tablets, pots chlorination of wells, Slow and rapid
sand filters, Fluoride removal ,but this methods has very difficult procedure also purification
level is less than RO. In this paper we are designing which is works on Solar panel to lift up the
water in tank and provide electricity to RO system for Purification process .If any
environmental problem or power failure will be happen such as flood or something then the
solar purifier has store their energy in battery so this process will be continue to work as Solar
energy. It is an portable purifier which is easy to assemble where you can use it on rural areas
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where there is lack of Electricity. This Purifier provides pollution free Working.
1.2.LITERATURE REVIEW
All over the countries, rural groups have adopted simple and simple and rudimentary remedy
techniques that in particular intention at filtering out the visible impurities from the water
collected from nearby assets. Even though those traditional methods are expedient and can
remove sure sort’s particles from the water, they don’t offer water necessarily of what could can
be taken under the present situation of drinking quality water. This is ideal process for rural
communities and in most cases with easy step of disinfection they may yield water loose from
pathogens. There are several methods.
 Filtration along Winnowing Sieve
 Filtration through Cloth
 Filtration through Clay Vessels

a) Filtration along Winnowing Sieve: This type of filtration is used when the water source is
polluted by air-borne impurities such as dry leaves, stalks, and coarse particles. The raw water is
passed through a winnowing sieve, and the impurities are filtered. This kind of filter is widely
used in villages of the Bamako area, Mali. This method cannot be used when the raw water is
highly turbid or muddy, since the sieve cannot filter fine suspended particles in raw water.
b) Filtration through cloth: In villages they use white skinny cotton material or a discarded
garment is used as the filter medium. This filter can clear out uncooked water containing such
impurities as plants bacteria, insects, dust particles or mud debris. This purification process
suspended particles present in water may be removes in only small amount. This practices of
fabric filtration is pretty common in villages in India.
c) Filtration through Clay Vessels (Earthen Pot):In Clay vessels with a appropriate pore size are
every so often used to filter fairly turbid water. Muddy water is gathered in massive clay jar or
pot and allowed to rest on lower surface of pot, then the water in jar will trickle through the
porous clay wall in jar. The trickled water is composed in a vessel (clay pot) through setting it at
lowest of the porous clay jar.
K. Dikgale, D.F. Ntobela, B.G.V. Mendes, et. al.[2], proposed that solar-powered water
purification systems is thus regarded as an important means of producing clean water. Solar
energy poses no polluting effect and has become a dependable energy source for usage. The

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design of a solarpowered water purification system is based totally on the thermal method by
using the thermal heating system principle which converts sunlight rays into heat. The most vital
aspect is the absorption of heat to induce evaporation of water. Research shows that flat plate
collectors produce heat at relatively low temperatures (27°C to 60°C) and are commonly used to
heat liquids. A solar-powered water purification system consists of a solar collector that absorbs
sunlight to ensure vaporization, which is the first stage of purifying and a filter that removes
contaminants. Four different concepts have been developed
Gazi Nazia Nur, Mohammad Ahnaf Sadat et al. [3] proposed that Conventional energy
sources are limited and they cause environmental pollution. By using a renewable energy source
as solar power to purify water, these problems can be avoided. Solar water purifier is an
advancement of current water purification system. Design methodology of the solar water
purifier is presented in this paper. Solar water purifier takes solar power as energy source and
stores energy in a battery. Main components of solar water purifier are solar panel, battery,
heating coil, filtering chalk, double layer condenser and several water vessels. This purifier uses
filtering mechanism to remove dirt from water and boiling mechanism to kill organisms.
Through this process, pure drinking water is achieved
Lamma OA & Abubaker M. Outhman et al. [4] proposed that impact of reverse osmosis on
purification of water Raw water reverse osmosis technology has taken many leaps towards the
development of energy efficient and high yielding systems. The reduction in energy
consumption, improvement in membrane life and increase in energy recovery emerged as the
primary criteria for research in this field. The key objective of the work involves the optimization
of the variables involved in the pre-treatment process of different water sources (pond, canal and
surface water) reverse osmosis plant which would lead to an increase in the membrane life by
reducing solids content of the raw water. Experiments were carried out to ensure maximum total
solids reduction and also reduction of different chemical parameters (BOD, TDS and Bacteria).
These parameters were found to be desirable for the discharge from the pretreatment to be fed
into the reverse osmosis part of the plant and RO water plant is used drinking purpose and free
from contaminants.[4]
Yogita V.Gaikwad, PoojaV.Gavande et al. [5] proposed that a reverse osmosis purification
process. This system contains mainly power supply circuit, purification circuit and control
circuit. Power supply consists of solar panel, charge controller, battery and inverter. Purification
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unit consist of booster pump, Reverse Osmosis system and control circuit contains sensor,
microcontroller and relays. High pressure is create by booster pump to carry out reverse osmosis
process. The microcontroller keeps watch to level of the water tank and prevents it from the
overflow. By using this process we obtain pure water in the water tank.
Dr.S.Prakash, Deepak Toppo. et al., (2017), [6] The basic principle behind this project is
reverse osmosis. The solar radiations are collected by solar panel. This energy is then stored in a
battery. The battery is connected to the purification unit through a electromagnetic relay. The
purification unit consists of high pressure motor, reverse osmosis system and the water tank. The
high pressure creates the necessary pressure required to carry out reverse osmosis. The
microcontroller 8051 keeps a watch to the level of water in the water tank and prevents it from
over flow. Through this process we obtain the purified water in the water tank.
1.3.EXISTING SYSTEM
Sourav Kumar Ghosh and Md. Mamunur Rashid et. al. [1], (2020), This research work uses
solar energy as an energy source and stores it in a batteries which is a free source of energy. This
energy is then used by inexpensive heating coils to heats the water to a specific temperature
(below boiling points).After condensation, the cold water undergoes futher purification through
the filtering chalk. At this stage, the water condenses again to give water room temperature.
Through this process, we obtain clean drinking water. We went through almost at every stage of
a product development process ,from gathering customer requirements to finalizing the design.

1.4 PROPOSED SYSTEM

SOLAR PANNEL LCD

BATTERY

ESP32

PH SCALE
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WATER PURIFIER
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CHAPTER 2
INTRODUCTION TO EMBEDDED SYSTEMS

Many embedded systems have substantially different design constraints than desktop
computing applications. No single characterization applies to the diverse spectrum of embedded
systems. However, some combination of cost pressure, long life-cycle, real-time requirements,
reliability requirements, and design culture dysfunction can make it difficult to be successful
applying traditional computer design methodologies and tools to embedded applications.
Embedded systems in many cases must be optimized for life-cycle and business-driven factors
rather than for maximum computing throughput. There is currently little tool support for
expanding embedded computer design to the scope of holistic embedded system design.
However, knowing the strengths and weaknesses of current approaches can set expectations
appropriately, identify risk areas to tool adopters, and suggest ways in which tool builders can
meet industrial needs. If we look around us, today we see numerous appliances which we use
daily, be it our refrigerator, the microwave oven, cars, PDAs etc. Most appliances today are
powered by something beneath the sheath that makes them do what they do. These are tiny
microprocessors, which respond to various keystrokes or inputs. These tiny microprocessors,
working on basic assembly languages, are the heart of the appliances. We call them embedded
systems. Of all the semiconductor industries, the embedded systems market place is the most
conservative, and engineering decisions here usually lean towards established, low risk solutions.
Welcome to the world of embedded systems, of computers that will not look like computers and
won’t function like anything we are familiar with.

2.1 CLASSIFICATION

Embedded systems are divided into autonomous, realtime, networked & mobile
categories.

Autonomous systems

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IOT AUTOMATION

They function in standalone mode. Many embedded systems used for process control in

manufacturing units& automobiles fall under this category.

Real-time embedded systems

These are required to carry out specific tasks in a specified amount of time. These systems

are extensively used to carry out time critical tasks in process control.

Networked embedded systems

They monitor plant parameters such as temperature, pressure and humidity and send the

data over the network to a centralized system for on line monitoring.

Mobile gadgets

Mobile gadgets need to store databases locally in their memory. These gadgets imbibe

powerful computing & communication capabilities to perform realtime as well as nonrealtime

tasks and handle multimedia applications. The embedded system is a combination of computer

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hardware, software, firmware and perhaps additional mechanical parts, designed to perform a

specific function. A good example is an automatic washing machine or a microwave oven. Such

a system is in direct contrast to a personal computer, which is not designed to do only a specific

task. But an embedded system is designed to do a specific task with in a given timeframe,

repeatedly, endlessly, with or without human interaction.

Hardware

Good software design in embedded systems stems from a good understanding of the

hardware behind it. All embedded systems need a microprocessor, and the kinds of

microprocessors used in them are quite varied. A list of some of the common microprocessors

families are: ARM family, The Zilog Z8 family, Intel 8051/X86 family, Motorola 68K family

and the power PC family. For processing of information and execution of programs, embedded

system incorporates microprocessor or micro- controller. In an embedded system the

microprocessor is a part of final product and is not available for reprogramming to the end user.

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An embedded system also needs memory for two purposes, to store its program and to store its

data. Unlike normal desktops in which data and programs are stored at the same place, embedded

systems store data and programs in different memories. This is simply because the embedded

system does not have a hard drive and the program must be stored in memory even when the

power is turned off. This type of memory is called ROM. Embedded applications commonly

employ a special type of ROM that can be programmed or reprogrammed with the help of

special devices.

2.2 OTHER COMMON PARTS FOUND ON MANY EMBEDDED

SYSTEMS
 UART& RS232
 PLD
 ASIC’s& FPGA’s
 Watch dog timer etc.

2.3 DESIGN PROCESS

Embedded system design is a quantitative job. The pillars of the system design
methodology are the separation between function and architecture, is an essential step from
conception to implementation. In recent past, the search and industrial community has paid
significant attention to the topic of hardware-software (HW/SW) codesign and has tackled the
problem of coordinating the design of the parts to be implemented as software and the parts to be
implemented as hardware avoiding the HW/SW integration problem marred the electronics
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system industry so long. In any large scale embedded systems design methodology, concurrency
must be considered as a first class citizen at all levels of abstraction and in both hardware and
software. Formal models & transformations in system design are used so that verification and
synthesis can be applied to advantage in the design methodology. Simulation tools are used for
exploring the design space for validating the functional and timing behaviors of embedded
systems. Hardware can be simulated at different levels such as electrical circuits, logic gates,
RTL e.t.c. using VHDL description. In some environments software development tools can be
coupled with hardware simulators, while in others the software is executed on the simulated
hardware. The later approach is feasible only for small parts of embedded systems. Design of an
embedded system using Intel’s 80C188EB chip is shown in the figure. Inorder to reduce
complexity, the design process is divided in four major steps: specification, system synthesis,
implementation synthesis and performance evaluation of the prototype.
2.3.1 SPECIFICATION
During this part of the design process, the informal requirements of the analysis are
transformed to formal specification using SDL.

2.3.2 SYSTEM-SYNTHESIS
For performing an automatic HW/SW partitioning, the system synthesis step translates
the SDL specification to an internal system model switch contains problem graph& architecture
graph. After system synthesis, the resulting system model is translated back to SDL.

2.3.3 IMPLEMENTATION-SYNTHESIS
SDL specification is then translated into conventional implementation languages such as
VHDL for hardware modules and C for software parts of the system.

2.3.4 PROTOTYPING
On a prototyping platform, the implementation of the system under development is
executed with the software parts running on multiprocessor unit and the hardware part running
on a FPGA board known as phoenix, prototype hardware for Embedded Network Interconnect
Accelerators.

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2.3.5 APPLICATIONS
Embedded systems are finding their way into robotic toys and electronic pets, intelligent
cars and remote controllable home appliances. All the major toy makers across the world have
been coming out with advanced interactive toys that can become our friends for life. ‘Furby’ and
‘AIBO’ are good examples at this kind. Furbies have a distinct life cycle just like human beings,
starting from being a baby and growing to an adult one. In AIBO first two letters stands for
Artificial Intelligence. Next two letters represents robot. The AIBO is robotic dog. Embedded
systems in cars also known as Telematic Systems are used to provide navigational security
communication & entertinment services using GPS, satellite. Home appliances are going the
embedded way. LG electronics digital DIOS refrigerator can be used for surfing the net,
checking e-mail, making video phone calls and watching TV.IBM is developing an air
conditioner that we can control over the net. Embedded systems cover such a broad range of
products that generalization is difficult. Here are some broad categories.

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Requirement
analysis

Specification

System
architecture

H/w design S/w design

H/w S/w
implementation implementation

H/w testing S/w testing

System integration

System validation

Operation
Maintenance
Evolution

Fig 2.1: Embedded Development Life Cycle

 Aerospace and defence electronics: Fire control, radar, robotics/sensors, sonar.

 Automotive: Autobody electronics, auto power train, auto safety, car information
systems.

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 Broadcast & entertainment: Analog and digital sound products, camaras, DVDs, Set
top boxes, virtual reality systems, graphic products.
 Consumer/internet appliances: Business handheld computers, business network
computers/terminals, electronic books, internet smart handheld devices, PDAs.
 Data communications: Analog modems, ATM switches, cable modems, XDSL
modems, Ethernet switches, concentrators.
 Digital imaging: Copiers, digital still cameras, Fax machines, printers, scanners.
 Industrial measurement and control: Hydro electric utility research & management
traffic management systems, train marine vessel management systems.
 Medical electronics: Diagnostic devices, real time medical imaging systems, surgical
devices, critical care systems.
 Server I/O: Embedded servers, enterprise PC servers, PCI LAN/NIC controllers, RAID
devices, SCSI devices.
 Telecommunications: ATM communication products, base stations, networking
switches, SONET/SDH cross connect, multiplexer.
 Mobile data infrastructures: Mobile data terminals, pagers, VSATs, Wireless LANs,
Wireless phones.

CHAPTER 3
NODE-MCU
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ESP32:
ESP32
ESP32 is a single 2.4 GHz Wi-Fi-and-Bluetooth combo chip designed with the TSMC ultra-low-
power 40 nm technology. It is designed to achieve the best power and RF performance, showing
robustness, versatility and reliability in a wide variety of applications and power scenarios. The
ESP32 series of chips includes ESP32-D0WD-V3, ESP32-D0WDQ6-V3, ESP32-D0WD,
ESP32-D0WDQ6, ESP32-D2WD, ESP32-S0WD, and ESP32-U4WDH, among which, ESP32-
D0WD-V3, ESP32-D0WDQ6-V3, and ESP32-U4WDH are based on ECO V3 wafer
3.1 Featured Solutions
3.1.1 Ultra LowPower Solution ESP32 is designed for mobile, wearable electronics, and
Internet-of-Things (IoT) applications. It features all the state-of-the-art characteristics of low-
power chips, including fine-grained clock gating, multiple power modes, and dynamic power
scaling. For instance, in a low-power IoT sensor hub application scenario, ESP32 is woken up
periodically and only when a specified condition is detected. Low-duty cycle is used to minimize
the amount of energy that the chip expends. The output of the power amplifier is also adjustable,
thus contributing to an optimal trade-off between communication range, data rate and power
consumption
3.1.2 Complete Integration Solution ESP32 is a highly-integrated solution for Wi-Fi-and-
Bluetooth IoT applications, with around 20 external components. ESP32 integrates an antenna
switch, RF balun, power amplifier, low-noise receive amplifier, filters, and power management
modules. As such, the entire solution occupies minimal Printed Circuit Board (PCB) area. ESP32
uses CMOS for single-chip fully-integrated radio and baseband, while also integrating advanced
calibration circuitries that allow the solution to remove external circuit imperfections or adjust to
changes in external conditions.
As such, the mass production of ESP32 solutions does not require expensive and specialized Wi-
Fi testing equipment.

3.2 WIFI KEY FEATURES

• 802.11 b/g/n
• 802.11 n (2.4 GHz), up to 150 Mbps
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• WMM
• TX/RX A-MPDU, RX A-MSDU
• Immediate Block ACK
• Defragmentation
• Automatic Beacon monitoring (hardware TSF)
• 4 × virtual Wi-Fi interfaces
• Simultaneous support for Infrastructure Station, SoftAP, and Promiscuous modes Note that
when ESP32 is in Station mode, performing a scan, the SoftAP channel will be changed.
• Antenna diversity
3.3 BT KEY FEATURES
• Compliant with Bluetooth v4.2 BR/EDR and BLE specifications
• Class-1, class-2 and class-3 transmitter without external power amplifier
• Enhanced Power Control
• +12 dBm transmitting power
• NZIF receiver with –94 dBm BLE sensitivity
• Adaptive Frequency Hopping (AFH)
• Standard HCI based on SDIO/SPI/UART
• High-speed UART HCI, up to 4 Mbps
• Bluetooth 4.2 BR/EDR BLE dual mode controller
• Synchronous Connection-Oriented/Extended (SCO/eSCO)
• CVSD and SBC for audio codec
• Bluetooth Piconet and Scatternet
• Multi-connections in Classic BT and BLE
• Simultaneous advertising and scanning

3.4 MCU and Advanced Features

3.4.1 CPU AND MEMORY
• Xtensa® single-/dual-core 32-bit LX6 microprocessor(s), up to 600 MIPS (200 MIPS for
ESP32-S0WD/ESP32-U4WDH, 400 MIPS for ESP32-D2WD)
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• 448 KB ROM
• 520 KB SRAM
• 16 KB SRAM in RTC
• QSPI supports multiple flash/SRAM chips
3.4.2 CLOCKS AND TIMERS
• Internal 8 MHz oscillator with calibration
• Internal RC oscillator with calibration
• External 2 MHz ~ 60 MHz crystal oscillator (40 MHz only for Wi-Fi/BT functionality)
• External 32 kHz crystal oscillator for RTC with calibration
• Two timer groups, including 2 × 64-bit timers and 1 × main watchdog in each group
• One RTC timer
• RTC watchdog
3.4.3 ADVANCED PERIPHERAL INTERFACES
• 34 × programmable GPIOs
• 12-bit SAR ADC up to 18 channels
• 2 × 8-bit DAC
• 10 × touch sensors
• 4 × SPI
• 2 × I²S
• 2 × I²C
• 3 × UART
• 1 host (SD/eMMC/SDIO)
• 1 slave (SDIO/SPI)
• Ethernet MAC interface with dedicated DMA and IEEE 1588 support
• Two-Wire Automotive Interface (TWAI®, compatible with ISO11898-1)
• IR (TX/RX)
• Motor PWM
3.4.4 SECURITY
• Secure boot
• Flash encryption
• 1024-bit OTP, up to 768-bit for customers
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• Cryptographic hardware acceleration: – AES – Hash (SHA-2) – RSA – ECC – Random

Number Generator (RNG)
3.5 APPLICATIONS (A NONEXHAUSTIVE LIST)
• Generic Low-power IoT Sensor Hub
• Generic Low-power IoT Data Loggers
• Cameras for Video Streaming
• Over-the-top (OTT) Devices
• Speech Recognition
• Image Recognition
• Mesh Network
• Home Automation – Light control – Smart plugs – Smart door locks • Smart Building – Smart
lighting – Energy monitoring
• Industrial Automation – Industrial wireless control – Industrial robotics
• Smart Agriculture – Smart greenhouses – Smart irrigation – Agriculture robotics • Audio
Applications – Internet music players – Live streaming devices – Internet radio players – Audio
headsets
• Health Care Applications – Health monitoring – Baby monitors
• Wi-Fi-enabled Toys – Remote control toys – Proximity sensing toys – Educational toys •
Wearable Electronics – Smart watches – Smart bracelets
• Retail & Catering Applications – POS machines – Service robots

OVERVIEW
ESP32-WROOM-32 is a powerful, generic Wi-Fi+BT+BLE MCU module that targets a wide
variety of applications, ranging from low-power sensor networks to the most demanding tasks,
such as voice encoding, music streaming and MP3 decoding.

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At the core of this module is the ESP32-D0WDQ6 chip*. The chip embedded is designed
to be scalable and adaptive. There are two CPU cores that can be individually controlled,
and the CPU clock frequency is adjustable from 80 MHz to 240 MHz. The user may also
power off the CPU and make use of the low-power co-processor to constantly monitor
the peripherals for changes or crossing of thresholds. ESP32 integrates a rich set of
peripherals, ranging from capacitive touch sensors, Hall sensors, SD card interface,
Ethernet, high-speed SPI, UART, I2S and I2C.
For more details Read ESP32-WROOM32 Data sheet

The integration of Bluetooth, Bluetooth LE and Wi-Fi ensures that a wide range of
applications can be targeted, and that the module is future proof: using Wi-Fi allows a
large physical range and direct connection to the internet through a Wi-Fi router, while
using Bluetooth allows the user to conveniently connect to the phone or broadcast low
energy beacons for its detection. The sleep current of the ESP32 chip is less than 5 μA,
making it suitable for battery powered and wearable electronics applications. ESP32
supports a data rate of up to 150 Mbps, and 20.5 dBm output power at the antenna to
ensure the widest physical range. As such the chip does offer industry-leading
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specifications and the best performance for electronic integration, range, power
consumption, and connectivity. The operating system chosen for ESP32 is freeRTOS
with LwIP; TLS 1.2 with hardware acceleration is built in as well. Secure (encrypted)
over the air (OTA) upgrade is also supported, so that developers can continually upgrade
their products even after their release.

ESP32 WROOM32 DevKit Pinout

ESP32 Peripherals Features

 18 Analog-to-Digital Converter (ADC) channels

 10 Capacitive sensing GPIOs
 3 UART interfaces
 3 SPI interfaces
 2 I2C interfaces
 16 PWM output channels
 2 Digital-to-Analog Converters (DAC)
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GPIO Pins

ESP32 Wroom32 DevKit has total 25 GPIOs out of that few pins are Input only Pins,
Input Only Pins

 GPIO 34
 GPIO 35
 GPIO 36
 GPIO 39

Not all pins have input pullup, you need external pullup on these pins when using as
input pullup.
Pins with internal pull up INPUT_PULLUP

 GPIO14
 GPIO16
 GPIO17
 GPIO18
 GPIO19
 GPIO21
 GPIO22
 GPIO23

Pins without internal pull up

 GPIO13
 GPIO25
 GPIO26
 GPIO27
 GPIO32
 GPIO33

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In arduino to use these pins you can simply use common commands
Example: To make GPIO22 as input and GPIO23 as output
pinMode(22,INPUT_PULLUP);
pinMode(23,OUTPUT);
digitalWrite(23,HIGH);

Analog Input Pins

Note that only a subset of ADC pins and functions are exposed. First, the supplied drivers
expose only ADC1. The board layout of the ESP32-DevKitC only exposes some of the
pins. Specifically, the following are exposed: ADC1_CH0 , ADC1_CH3 , ADC1_CH4 ,
ADC1_CH5 , ADC1_CH6 and ADC1_CH7 .
see ESP32 Analog Read Example
Analog to digital conversion is the ability to read a voltage level found on a pin between
0 and some maximum value and convert that analog value into a digital representation.
Varying the voltage applied to the pin will change the value read. The ESP32 has an
analog to digital converter built into it with a resolution of up to 12 bits which is
4096 distinct values. What that means is that 0 volts will produce a digital value of 0
while the maximum voltage will produce a digital value of 4095 and voltage ranges
between these will produce a correspondingly scaled digital value.
One of the properties on the analog to digital converter channels is attenuation. This is a
voltage scaling factor. Normally the input range is 0-1V but with different attenuations
we can scale the input voltage into this range. The available scales beyond the 0-1V
include 0-1.34V, 0-2V and 0-3.6V.

Capacitive touch GPIOs

ESP32 Capacitive Touch Example Code

The ESP32 has 10 internal capacitive touch sensors. These can sense variations in
anything that holds an electrical charge, like the human skin. So they can detect
variations induced when touching the GPIOs with a finger. These pins can be easily

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integrated into capacitive pads, and replace mechanical buttons. The capacitive touch
pins can also be used to wake up the ESP32 from deep sleep.
Those internal touch sensors are connected to these GPIOs:

 T0 (GPIO 4)
 T1 (GPIO 0)
 T2 (GPIO 2)
 T3 (GPIO 15)
 T4 (GPIO 13)
 T5 (GPIO 12)
 T6 (GPIO 14)
 T7 (GPIO 27)
 T8 (GPIO 33)
 T9 (GPIO 32)

Digital to Analog Converter (DAC)

Example code is available here

There are 2 x 8 bits DAC channels on the ESP32 to convert digital signals into analog
voltage signal outputs. These are the DAC channels:

 DAC1 (GPIO25)
 DAC2 (GPIO26)

RTC GPIOs

There is RTC GPIO support on the ESP32. The GPIOs routed to the RTC low-power
subsystem can be used when the ESP32 is in deep sleep. These RTC GPIOs can be used
to wake up the ESP32 from deep sleep when the Ultra Low Power (ULP) co-processor is
running. The following GPIOs can be used as an external wake up source.

 RTC_GPIO0 (GPIO36)
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 RTC_GPIO3 (GPIO39)
 RTC_GPIO4 (GPIO34)
 RTC_GPIO5 (GPIO35)
 RTC_GPIO6 (GPIO25)
 RTC_GPIO7 (GPIO26)
 RTC_GPIO8 (GPIO33)
 RTC_GPIO9 (GPIO32)
 RTC_GPIO10 (GPIO4)
 RTC_GPIO11 (GPIO0)
 RTC_GPIO12 (GPIO2)
 RTC_GPIO13 (GPIO15)
 RTC_GPIO14 (GPIO13)
 RTC_GPIO15 (GPIO12)
 RTC_GPIO16 (GPIO14)
 RTC_GPIO17 (GPIO27)

PWM

PWM Example Code is here

The ESP32 LED PWM controller has 16 independent channels that can be configured to
generate PWM signals with different properties. All pins that can act as outputs can be
used as PWM pins (Input only pin GPIOs 34 to 39 can’t generate PWM).
To set a PWM signal, you need to define these parameters in the code:

 Signal’s frequency;
 Duty cycle;
 PWM channel;
 GPIO where you want to output the signal.

Serial
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Hardware Serial2 Example Code

ESP32 has three serial ports

First Serial RX0, TX0 is used for programming,

 GPIO3 (U0RXD)
 GPIO1(U0TXD)

Another Serial port is available on

 GPIO16 (U2RXD).
 GIIO17 (U2TXD).

When programming it is named as Serial2.

I2C

When using the ESP32 with the Arduino IDE, you should use the ESP32 I2C default pins
(supported by the Wire library):

 GPIO 21 (SDA)
 GPIO 22 (SCL)

SPI

By default, the pin mapping for SPI is:

SPI MOSI MISO CLK CS

VSPI GPIO 23 GPIO 19 GPIO 18 GPIO 5

HSPI GPIO 13 GPIO 12 GPIO 14 GPIO 15

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Interrupts

All GPIOs can be configured as interrupts.

Enable (EN)

Enable (EN) is the 3.3V regulator’s enable pin. It’s pulled up, so connect to ground to
disable the 3.3V regulator. This means that you can use this pin connected to a
pushbutton to restart your ESP32.

CHAPTER 4
HARDWARE COMPONENTS

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4. LCD (Liquid Cristal Display)

4.1 Introduction:
A liquid crystal display (LCD) is a thin, flat display device made up of any number of
color or monochrome pixels arrayed in front of a light source or reflector. Each pixel consists of
a column of liquid crystal molecules suspended between two transparent electrodes, and two
polarizing filters, the axes of polarity of which are perpendicular to each other. Without the
liquid crystals between them, light passing through one would be blocked by the other. The
liquid crystal twists the polarization of light entering one filter to allow it to pass through the
other.
A program must interact with the outside world using input and output devices that
communicate directly with a human being. One of the most common devices attached to an
controller is an LCD display. Some of the most common LCDs connected to the contollers are
16X1, 16x2 and 20x2 displays. This means 16 characters per line by 1 line 16 characters per line
by 2 lines and 20 characters per line by 2 lines, respectively.

available. Line lengths of

8, 16,
20, 24,
32 and
40
charact
ers are
all
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4.2 Shapes and sizes:

Even limited to character based modules,there is still a wide variety of shapes and sizes
available. Line lenghs of 8,16,20,24,32 and 40 charecters are all standard, in one, two and four
line versions.

Several different LC technologies exists. “supertwist” types, for example, offer Improved
contrast and viewing angle over the older “twisted nematic” types. Some modules are available
with back lighting, so so that they can be viewed in dimly-lit conditions. The back lighting may
be either “electro-luminescent”, requiring a high voltage inverter circuit, or simple LED
illumination.

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4.2.1 Electrical blockdiagram:

4.2.2 Power supply for lcd driving:

4.3 PIN DESCRIPTION:

Most LCDs with 1 controller has 14 Pins and LCDs with 2 controller has 16 Pins (two
pins are extra in both for back-light LED connections).

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Fig: 4.3 pin diagram of 1x16 lines lcd

4.4 CONTROL LINES:

EN:
Line is called "Enable." This control line is used to tell the LCD that you are
sending it data. To send data to the LCD, your program should make sure this line is low
(0) and then set the other two control lines and/or put data on the data bus. When the
other lines are completely ready, bring EN high (1) and wait for the minimum amount of
time required by the LCD datasheet (this varies from LCD to LCD), and end by bringing
it low (0) again.

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RS:
Line is the "Register Select" line. When RS is low (0), the data is to be treated as
a command or special instruction (such as clear screen, position cursor, etc.). When RS is
high (1), the data being sent is text data which sould be displayed on the screen. For
example, to display the letter "T" on the screen you would set RS high.
RW:
Line is the "Read/Write" control line. When RW is low (0), the information on the
data bus is being written to the LCD. When RW is high (1), the program is effectively
querying (or reading) the LCD. Only one instruction ("Get LCD status") is a read
command. All others are write commands, so RW will almost always be low.
Finally, the data bus consists of 4 or 8 lines (depending on the mode of operation
selected by the user). In the case of an 8-bit data bus, the lines are referred to as DB0,
DB1, DB2, DB3, DB4, DB5, DB6, and DB7.
Logic status on control lines:
• E - 0 Access to LCD disabled
- 1 Access to LCD enabled

• R/W - 0 Writing data to LCD

- 1 Reading data from LCD
• RS - 0 Instructions
- 1 Character

Writing data to the LCD:

1) Set R/W bit to low
2) Set RS bit to logic 0 or 1 (instruction or character)
3) Set data to data lines (if it is writing)
4) Set E line to high
5) Set E line to low

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Read data from data lines (if it is reading)on LCD:

1) Set R/W bit to high

2) Set RS bit to logic 0 or 1 (instruction or character)
3) Set data to data lines (if it is writing)
4) Set E line to high
5) Set E line to low
Entering Text:
First, a little tip: it is manually a lot easier to enter characters and commands in
hexadecimal rather than binary (although, of course, you will need to translate commands from
binary couple of sub-miniature hexadecimal rotary switches is a simple matter, although a little bit
into hex so that you know which bits you are setting). Replacing the d.i.l. switch pack with a of
re-wiring is necessary.
The switches must be the type where On = 0, so that when they are turned to the zero
position, all four outputs are shorted to the common pin, and in position “F”, all four outputs are
open circuit.
All the available characters that are built into the module are shown in Table 3. Studying
the table, you will see that codes associated with the characters are quoted in binary and
hexadecimal, most significant bits (“left-hand” four bits) across the top, and least significant bits
(“right-hand” four bits) down the left.
Most of the characters conform to the ASCII standard, although the Japanese and Greek
characters (and a few other things) are obvious exceptions. Since these intelligent modules were
designed in the “Land of the Rising Sun,” it seems only fair that their Katakana phonetic symbols
should also be incorporated. The more extensive Kanji character set, which the Japanese share
with the Chinese, consisting of several thousand different characters, is not included!
Using the switches, of whatever type, and referring to Table 3, enter a few characters onto
the display, both letters and numbers. The RS switch (S10) must be “up” (logic 1) when sending
the characters, and switch E (S9) must be pressed for each of them. Thus the operational order is:
set RS high, enter character, trigger E, leave RS high, enter another character, trigger E, and so
on.
The first 16 codes in Table 3, 00000000 to 00001111, ($00 to $0F) refer to the CGRAM.
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This is the Character Generator RAM (random access memory), which can be used to hold user-
defined graphics characters. This is where these modules really start to show their potential,
offering such capabilities as bar graphs, flashing symbols, even animated characters. Before the
user-defined characters are set up, these codes will just bring up strange looking symbols.

Codes 00010000 to 00011111 ($10 to $1F) are not used and just display blank characters.
ASCII codes “proper” start at 00100000 ($20) and end with 01111111 ($7F). Codes 10000000 to
10011111 ($80 to $9F) are not used, and 10100000 to 11011111 ($A0 to $DF) are the Japanese
characters.

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4.5 Initialization by Instructions:

If the power conditions for the normal operation of the internal reset circuit

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are not satisfied, then executing a series of instructions must initialize LCD unit. The
procedure for this initialization process is as above show.

CHAPTER 5
REGULATED POWER SUPPLY:

5.1 Introduction:

Power supply is a supply of electrical power. A device or system that

supplies electrical or other types of energy to an output load or group of loads is called a power
supply unit or PSU. The term is most commonly applied to electrical energy supplies, less often
to mechanical ones, and rarely to others.

A power supply may include a power distribution system as well as primary or

secondary sources of energy such as

 Conversion of one form of electrical power to another desired form and voltage, typically
involving converting AC line voltage to a well-regulated lower-voltage DC for electronic
devices. Low voltage, low power DC power supply units are commonly integrated with the
devices they supply, such as computers and household electronics.
 Batteries.
 Chemical fuel cells and other forms of energy storage systems.
 Solar power.
 Generators or alternators.

5.2 Block Diagram:

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Fig .5.2Regulated Power Supply

The basic circuit diagram of a regulated power supply (DC O/P) with led
connected as load is shown in fig:

Fig5.3 Circuit diagram of Regulated Power Supply with Led connection

The components mainly used in above figure are

 230V AC MAINS
 TRANSFORMER
 BRIDGE RECTIFIER(DIODES)
 CAPACITOR
 VOLTAGE REGULATOR(IC 7805)
 RESISTOR
 LED(LIGHT EMITTING DIODE)
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The detailed explanation of each and every component mentioned above is as follows:
Step 1: Transformation: The process of transforming energy from one device to another is
called transformation. For transforming energy we use transformers.
Transformers:
A transformer is a device that transfers electrical energy from
one circuit to another through inductively coupled conductors without changing its
frequency. A varying current in the first or primary winding creates a varying magnetic
flux in the transformer's core, and thus a varying magnetic field through
the secondary winding. This varying magnetic field induces a varying electromotive force
(EMF) or "voltage" in the secondary winding. This effect is called mutual induction.
If a load is connected to the secondary, an electric current will flow in the
secondary winding and electrical energy will be transferred from the primary circuit
through the transformer to the load. This field is made up from lines of force and has the
same shape as a bar magnet.
If the current is increased, the lines of force move outwards from the coil.
If the current is reduced, the lines of force move inwards.
If another coil is placed adjacent to the first coil then, as the field moves
out or in, the moving lines of force will "cut" the turns of the second coil. As it does this,
a voltage is induced in the second coil. With the 50 Hz AC mains supply, this will happen
50 times a second. This is called MUTUAL INDUCTION and forms the basis of the
transformer.
The input coil is called the PRIMARY WINDING; the output coil is the
SECONDARY WINDING. Fig: 5.3.1shows step-down transformer.

Fig 5.3.1: Step-Down Transformer

The voltage induced in the secondary is determined by the TURNS RATIO.
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For example, if the secondary has half the primary turns; the secondary
will have half the primary voltage.
Another example is if the primary has 5000 turns and the secondary has
500 turns, then the turn’s ratio is 10:1.
If the primary voltage is 240 volts then the secondary voltage will be x 10
smaller = 24 volts. Assuming a perfect transformer, the power provided by the primary
must equal the power taken by a load on the secondary. If a 24-watt lamp is connected
across a 24 volt secondary, then the primary must supply 24 watts.
To aid magnetic coupling between primary and secondary, the coils are
wound on a metal CORE. Since the primary would induce power, called EDDY
CURRENTS, into this core, the core is LAMINATED. This means that it is made up
from metal sheets insulated from each other. Transformers to work at higher frequencies
have an iron dust core or no core at all.
Note that the transformer only works on AC, which has a constantly
changing current and moving field. DC has a steady current and therefore a steady field
and there would be no induction.
Some transformers have an electrostatic screen between primary and
secondary. This is to prevent some types of interference being fed from the equipment
down into the mains supply, or in the other direction. Transformers are sometimes used
for IMPEDANCE MATCHING.
We can use the transformers as step up or step down.
Step Up transformer:
In case of step up transformer, primary windings are every less compared
to secondary winding.
Because of having more turns secondary winding accepts more energy,
and it releases more voltage at the output side.
Step down transformer:

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Incase of step down transformer, Primary winding induces more flux than
the secondary winding, and secondary winding is having less number of turns because of
that it accepts less number of flux, and releases less amount of voltage.
Battery power supply:
A battery is a type of linear power supply that offers benefits that
traditional line-operated power supplies lack: mobility, portability and reliability. A
battery consists of multiple electrochemical cells connected to provide the voltage
desired. Fig: 5.3.4 shows Hi-Watt 9V battery

Fig 5.3.4 : Hi-Watt 9V Battery

The most commonly used dry-cell battery is the carbon-zinc dry cell
battery. Dry-cell batteries are made by stacking a carbon plate, a layer of electrolyte
paste, and a zinc plate alternately until the desired total voltage is achieved. The most
common dry-cell batteries have one of the following voltages: 1.5, 3, 6, 9, 22.5, 45, and
90. During the discharge of a carbon-zinc battery, the zinc metal is converted to a zinc
salt in the electrolyte, and magnesium dioxide is reduced at the carbon electrode. These
actions establish a voltage of approximately 1.5 V.
The lead-acid storage battery may be used. This battery is rechargeable; it
consists of lead and lead/dioxide electrodes which are immersed in sulfuric acid. When
fully charged, this type of battery has a 2.06-2.14 V potential (A 12 volt car battery uses 6
cells in series). During discharge, the lead is converted to lead sulfate and the sulfuric
acid is converted to water. When the battery is charging, the lead sulfate is converted
back to lead and lead dioxide A nickel-cadmium battery has become more popular in
recent years. This battery cell is completely sealed and rechargeable. The electrolyte is
not involved in the electrode reaction, making the voltage constant over the span of the

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batteries long service life. During the charging process, nickel oxide is oxidized to its
higher oxidation state and cadmium oxide is reduced. The nickel-cadmium batteries have
many benefits. They can be stored both charged and uncharged. They have a long service
life, high current availabilities, constant voltage, and the ability to be recharged. Fig:
5.3.5 shows pencil battery of 1.5V.

Fig 5.3.5 : Pencil Battery of 1.5V

Step 2: Rectification
The process of converting an alternating current to a pulsating direct
current is called as rectification. For rectification purpose we use rectifiers.
Rectifiers:
A rectifier is an electrical device that converts alternating current (AC) to
direct current (DC), a process known as rectification. Rectifiers have many uses including
as components of power supplies and as detectors of radio signals. Rectifiers may be
made of solid-state diodes, vacuum tube diodes, mercury arc valves, and other
components.
A device that it can perform the opposite function (converting DC to AC)
is known as an inverter.
When only one diode is used to rectify AC (by blocking the negative or
positive portion of the waveform), the difference between the term diode and the term
rectifier is merely one of usage, i.e., the term rectifier describes a diode that is being used
to convert AC to DC. Almost all rectifiers comprise a number of diodes in a specific
arrangement for more efficiently converting AC to DC than is possible with only one
diode. Before the development of silicon semiconductor rectifiers, vacuum tube diodes
and copper (I) oxide or selenium rectifier stacks were used.
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5.4 Bridge full wave rectifier:

The Bridge rectifier circuit is shown in figure, which converts an ac
voltage to dc voltage using both half cycles of the input ac voltage. The Bridge rectifier
circuit is shown in the figure. The circuit has four diodes connected to form a bridge. The
ac input voltage is applied to the diagonally opposite ends of the bridge. The load
resistance is connected between the other two ends of the bridge.
For the positive half cycle of the input ac voltage, diodes D1 and D3
conduct, whereas diodes D2 and D4 remain in the OFF state. The conducting diodes will
be in series with the load resistance RL and hence the load current flows through RL.
For the negative half cycle of the input ac voltage, diodes D2 and D4
conduct whereas, D1 and D3 remain OFF. The conducting diodes D2 and D4 will be in
series with the load resistance R L and hence the current flows through R L in the same
direction as in the previous half cycle. Thus a bi-directional wave is converted into a
unidirectional wave.

Input Output

Fig 5.4.1: Bridge rectifier: a full-wave rectifier using 4 diodes

DB107:
Now -a -days Bridge rectifier is available in IC with a number of DB107.
In our project we are using an IC in place of bridge rectifier.
Features:

 Good for automation insertion

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 Surge overload rating - 30 amperes peak

 Ideal for printed circuit board
 Reliable low cost construction utilizing molded
 Glass passivated device
 Polarity symbols molded on body
 Mounting position: Any
 Weight: 1.0 gram

Fig : DB107
Step 3: Filtration
The process of converting a pulsating direct current to a pure direct current
using filters is called as filtration.
Filters:
Electronic filters are electronic circuits, which perform signal-processing
functions, specifically to remove unwanted frequency components from the signal, to
enhance wanted ones.
Introduction to Capacitors:
The Capacitor or sometimes referred to as a Condenser is a passive
device, and one which stores energy in the form of an electrostatic field which produces a
potential (static voltage) across its plates. In its basic form a capacitor consists of two
parallel conductive plates that are not connected but are electrically separated either by
air or by an insulating material called the Dielectric. When a voltage is applied to these
plates, a current flows charging up the plates with electrons giving one plate a positive
charge and the other plate an equal and opposite negative charge. This flow of electrons
to the plates is known as the Charging Current and continues to flow until the voltage
across the plates (and hence the capacitor) is equal to the applied voltage Vcc. At this
point the capacitor is said to be fully charged and this is illustrated below.
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Fig5.4.2:Construction Of a Capacitor Fig :Electrolytic

Capaticor
Units of Capacitance:
Microfarad (μF) 1μF = 1/1,000,000 = 0.000001 = 10-6 F
Nanofarad (nF) 1nF = 1/1,000,000,000 = 0.000000001 = 10-9 F
Pico farad (pF) 1pF = 1/1,000,000,000,000 = 0.000000000001 = 10-12 F
Operation of Capacitor:
Think of water flowing through a pipe. If we imagine a capacitor as being
a storage tank with an inlet and an outlet pipe, it is possible to show approximately how
an electronic capacitor works.

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First, let's consider the case of a "coupling capacitor" where the capacitor
is used to connect a signal from one part of a circuit to another but without allowing any
direct current to flow.

If the current flow is alternating between

zero and a maximum, our "storage tank"
capacitor will allow the current waves to pass
through.

However, if there is a steady current, only the

initial short burst will flow until the "floating
ball valve" closes and stops further flow.

So a coupling capacitor allows "alternating current" to pass through because the

ball valve doesn't get a chance to close as the waves go up and down. However, a steady
current quickly fills the tank so that all flow stops.
A capacitor will pass alternating current but (apart from an initial surge) it
will not pass d.c.

Where a capacitor is used to decouple a

circuit, the effect is to "smooth out ripples".
Any ripples, waves or pulses of current are
passed to ground while d.c. Flows smoothly.

Step 4: Regulation
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The process of converting a varying voltage to a constant regulated

voltage is called as regulation. For the process of regulation we use voltage regulators.
Voltage Regulator:
A voltage regulator (also called a ‘regulator’) with only three terminals
appears to be a simple device, but it is in fact a very complex integrated circuit. It
converts a varying input voltage into a constant ‘regulated’ output voltage. Voltage
Regulators are available in a variety of outputs like 5V, 6V, 9V, 12V and 15V. The
LM78XX series of voltage regulators are designed for positive input. For applications
requiring negative input, the LM79XX series is used. Using a pair of ‘voltage-divider’
resistors can increase the output voltage of a regulator circuit.
It is not possible to obtain a voltage lower than the stated rating. You
cannot use a 12V regulator to make a 5V power supply. Voltage regulators are very
robust. These can withstand over-current draw due to short circuits and also over-heating.
In both cases, the regulator will cut off before any damage occurs. The only way to
destroy a regulator is to apply reverse voltage to its input. Reverse polarity destroys the
regulator almost instantly. Fig: 3.3.10 shows voltage regulator.

Fig5.4.3 : Voltage Regulator

Resistors:
A resistor is a two-terminal electronic component that produces a voltage across
its terminals that is proportional to the electric current passing through it in accordance
with Ohm's law:

V = IR

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Resistors are elements of electrical networks and electronic circuits and are
ubiquitous in most electronic equipment. Practical resistors can be made of various
compounds and films, as well as resistance wire (wire made of a high-resistivity alloy,
such as nickel/chrome).
The primary characteristics of a resistor are the resistance, the tolerance,
maximum working voltage and the power rating. Other characteristics include
temperature coefficient, noise, and inductance. Less well-known is critical resistance, the
value below which power dissipation limits the maximum permitted current flow, and
above which the limit is applied voltage. Critical resistance is determined by the design,
materials and dimensions of the resistor.
Resistors can be made to control the flow of current, to work as Voltage
dividers, to dissipate power and it can shape electrical waves when used in combination
of other components. Basic unit is ohms.
Theory of operation:

Ohm's law:

The behavior of an ideal resistor is dictated by the relationship specified in Ohm's

law:

V = IR

Ohm's law states that the voltage (V) across a resistor is proportional to the
current (I) through it where the constant of proportionality is the resistance (R).

Power dissipation:

The power dissipated by a resistor (or the equivalent resistance of a resistor

network) is calculated using the following:

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Fig : Resistor Fig 5.4.4 : Color Bands In Resistor

5.5 LED:
A light-emitting diode (LED) is a semiconductor light source. LEDs are
used as indicator lamps in many devices, and are increasingly used for lighting.
Introduced as a practical electronic component in 1962, early LEDs emitted low-intensity
red light, but modern versions are available across the visible, ultraviolet and infrared
wavelengths, with very high brightness. The internal structure and parts of a led are
shown below.

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Fig 5.5.1: Inside a LED Fig 5.5.2: Parts of a LED

Working:
The structure of the LED light is completely different than that of the light
bulb. Amazingly, the LED has a simple and strong structure. The light-emitting
semiconductor material is what determines the LED's color. The LED is based on the
semiconductor diode.

When a diode is forward biased (switched on), electrons are able to recombine
with holes within the device, releasing energy in the form of photons. This effect is called
electroluminescence and the color of the light (corresponding to the energy of the photon) is
determined by the energy gap of the semiconductor. An LED is usually small in area (less than
1 mm2), and integrated optical components are used to shape its radiation pattern and assist in
reflection. LEDs present many advantages over incandescent light sources including lower
energy consumption, longer lifetime, improved robustness, smaller size, faster switching, and
greater durability and reliability. However, they are relatively expensive and require more
precise current and heat management than traditional light sources. Current LED products for
general lighting are more expensive to buy than fluorescent lamp sources of comparable output.
They also enjoy use in applications as diverse as replacements for traditional light sources in
automotive lighting (particularly indicators) and in traffic signals. The compact size of LEDs has
allowed new text and video displays and sensors to be developed, while their high switching
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rates are useful in advanced communications technology. The electrical symbol and polarities of
led are shown in fig:

Fig 5.5.3 : Electrical Symbol & Polarities of LED

LED lights have a variety of advantages over other light sources:

 High-levels of brightness and intensity

 High-efficiency
 Low-voltage and current requirements
 Low radiated heat
 High reliability (resistant to shock and vibration)
 No UV Rays
 Long source life
 Can be easily controlled and programmed

Applications of LED fall into three major categories:

 Visual signal application where the light goes more or less directly from the LED to the
human eye, to convey a message or meaning.
 Illumination where LED light is reflected from object to give visual response of these
objects.
 Generate light for measuring and interacting with processes that do not involve the
human visual system.

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5.6 PH SCALE
A pH meter is a scientific instrument that measures the hydrogen-ion activity in water-based
solutions, indicating its acidity or basicity expressed as pH.[2] The pH meter measures the
difference in electrical potential between a pH electrode and a reference electrode, and so the pH
meter is sometimes referred to as a "potentiometric pH meter". The difference in electrical
potential relates to the acidity or pH of the solution.[3] The pH meter is used in many
applications ranging from laboratory experimentation to quality control
APPLICATIONS
The rate and outcome of chemical reactions taking place in water often depends on the acidity of
the water, and it is therefore useful to know the acidity of the water, typically measured by
means of a pH meter.[5] Knowledge of pH is useful or critical in many situations, including
chemical laboratory analyses. pH meters are used for soil measurements in agriculture, water
quality for municipal water supplies, swimming pools, environmental remediation; brewing of
wine or beer; manufacturing, healthcare and clinical applications such as blood chemistry; and
many other applications.Advances in the instrumentation and in detection have expanded the
number of applications in which pH measurements can be conducted. The devices have been
miniaturized, enabling direct measurement of pH inside of living cells.[6] In addition to
measuring the pH of liquids, specially designed electrodes are available to measure the pH of
semi-solid substances, such as foods. These have tips suitable for piercing semi-solids, have
electrode materials compatible with ingredients in food, and are resistant to clogging
Design and use

Using an early Beckman pH meter in a lab

Principle of operation
Potentiometric pH meters measure the voltage between two electrodes and display the result
converted into the corresponding pH value. They comprise a simple electronic amplifier and a
pair of electrodes, or alternatively a combination electrode, and some form of display calibrated
in pH units. It usually has a glass electrode and a reference electrode, or a combination electrode.
The electrodes, or probes, are inserted into the solution to be tested.[8]

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The design of the electrodes is the key part: These are rod-like structures usually made of glass,
with a bulb containing the sensor at the bottom. The glass electrode for measuring the pH has a
glass bulb specifically designed to be selective to hydrogen-ion concentration. On immersion in
the solution to be tested, hydrogen ions in the test solution exchange for other positively charged
ions on the glass bulb, creating an electrochemical potential across the bulb. The electronic
amplifier detects the difference in electrical potential between the two electrodes generated in the
measurement and converts the potential difference to pH units. The magnitude of the
electrochemical potential across the glass bulb is linearly related to the pH according to the
Nernst equation.

The reference electrode is insensitive to the pH of the solution, being composed of a metallic
conductor, which connects to the display. This conductor is immersed in an electrolyte solution,
typically potassium chloride, which comes into contact with the test solution through a porous
ceramic membrane.[9] The display consists of a voltmeter, which displays voltage in units of pH.
[9]

On immersion of the glass electrode and the reference electrode in the test solution, an electrical
circuit is completed, in which there is a potential difference created and detected by the
voltmeter. The circuit can be thought of as going from the conductive element of the reference
electrode to the surrounding potassium-chloride solution, through the ceramic membrane to the
test solution, the hydrogen-ion-selective glass of the glass electrode, to the solution inside the
glass electrode, to the silver of the glass electrode, and finally the voltmeter of the display
device.[9] The voltage varies from test solution to test solution depending on the potential
difference created by the difference in hydrogen-ion concentrations on each side of the glass
membrane between the test solution and the solution inside the glass electrode. All other
potential differences in the circuit do not vary with pH and are corrected for by means of the
calibration.[9]

For simplicity, many pH meters use a combination probe, constructed with the glass electrode
and the reference electrode contained within a single probe. A detailed description of
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combination electrodes is given in the article on glass electrodes.[10]

The pH meter is calibrated with solutions of known pH, typically before each use, to ensure
accuracy of measurement.[11] To measure the pH of a solution, the electrodes are used as
probes, which are dipped into the test solutions and held there sufficiently long for the hydrogen
ions in the test solution to equilibrate with the ions on the surface of the bulb on the glass
electrode. This equilibration provides a stable pH measurement.[12]

pH electrode and reference electrode design

Details of the fabrication and resulting microstructure of the glass membrane of the pH electrode
are maintained as trade secrets by the manufacturers.[13]:125 However, certain aspects of design
are published. Glass is a solid electrolyte, for which alkali-metal ions can carry current. The pH-
sensitive glass membrane is generally spherical to simplify the manufacture of a uniform
membrane. These membranes are up to 0.4 millimeters in thickness, thicker than original
designs, so as to render the probes durable. The glass has silicate chemical functionality on its
surface, which provides binding sites for alkali-metal ions and hydrogen ions from the solutions.
This provides an ion-exchange capacity in the range of 10−6 to 10−8 mol/cm2. Selectivity for
hydrogen ions (H+) arises from a balance of ionic charge, volume requirements versus other
ions, and the coordination number of other ions. Electrode manufacturers have developed
compositions that suitably balance these factors, most notably lithium glass.[13]:113–139

The silver chloride electrode is most commonly used as a reference electrode in pH meters,
although some designs use the saturated calomel electrode. The silver chloride electrode is
simple to manufacture and provides high reproducibility. The reference electrode usually
consists of a platinum wire that has contact with a silver/silver chloride mixture, which is
immersed in a potassium chloride solution. There is a ceramic plug, which serves as a contact to
the test solution, providing low resistance while preventing mixing of the two solutions.[13]:76–
91

With these electrode designs, the voltmeter is detecting potential differences of ±1400 millivolts.
[14] The electrodes are further designed to rapidly equilibrate with test solutions to facilitate ease
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of use. The equilibration times are typically less than one second, although equilibration times
increase as the electrodes age.[13]:164
MAINTENANCE
Because of the sensitivity of the electrodes to contaminants, cleanliness of the probes is essential
for accuracy and precision. Probes are generally kept moist when not in use with a medium
appropriate for the particular probe, which is typically an aqueous solution available from probe
manufacturers.[11][15] Probe manufacturers provide instructions for cleaning and maintaining
their probe designs.[11] For illustration, one maker of laboratory-grade pH gives cleaning
instructions for specific contaminants: general cleaning (15-minute soak in a solution of bleach
and detergent), salt (hydrochloric acid solution followed by sodium hydroxide and water), grease
(detergent or methanol), clogged reference junction (KCl solution), protein deposits (pepsin and
HCl, 1% solution), and air bubbles

5.6.1 TYPES OF PH SENSORS: WHAT YOU NEED TO KNOW

A pH sensor is one of the most essential tools that’s typically used for water measurements. This
type of sensor is able to measure the amount of alkalinity and acidity in water and other
solutions. When used correctly, pH sensors are able to ensure the safety and quality of a product
and the processes that occur within a wastewater or manufacturing plant.

In most cases, the standard pH scale is represented by a value that can range from 0-14. When a
substance has a pH value of seven, this is considered to be neutral. Substances with a pH value
above seven represent higher amounts of alkalinity whereas substances with a pH value that’s
lower than seven are believed to be more acidic. For instance, toothpaste typically comes with a
pH value of 8-9. On the other hand, stomach acid has a pH value of two.

The difference between an alkaline substance and an acidic substance is very important for
any company that uses a cooling tower, boiler, manufacturing processes, swimming pool control,
and various types of environmental monitoring. The human body has a standard pH level of 7.4,
which is essential for the body to run effectively. If the composition of the body every becomes
too acidic or overly alkaline, it will look to return to the neutral state.

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No matter what application you’re using it for, a pH sensor will allow you to keep pH levels at
a level most ideal for the process. This could be anywhere from strong acids to caustics.
There are many different types of pH sensors that you can obtain for your application in the
course of liquid measurement; these could include combination pH sensors, laboratory pH
sensors, process pH sensors, and differential pH sensors.

1. A combination pH sensor uses a reference electrode and a measuring electrode. The

reference electrode is used to provide a stable signal, while the measuring electrode is
designed to detect any changes that have occurred with the pH value.
2. Differential sensors are comprised of three distinct electrodes, the third of which is a
metal ground electrode. These sensors are unique in that they can prevent reference
fouling.
3. Laboratory sensors can be made with combination sensors that are contained within
plastic bodies and 12mm glass. These sensors are designed for lighter applications such
as pool monitoring and environmental sampling.
4. Process pH sensors are made from combination sensors but built in large and durable
bodies that contain a process connection for continuous pH monitoring.

Different pH sensors are built for different applications, which you should fully understand
before purchasing one of these sensors.

pH Sensors for Quality Water

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A pH sensor helps to measure the acidity or alkalinity of the water with a value between 0-
14. When the pH value dips below seven, the water starts to become more acidic. Any number
above seven equates to more alkaline. Each type of pH sensor works differently to measure the
quality of the water. The pH of water can help determine the quality of water. Measuring the pH
can also provide indications of pipe corrosion, solids accumulation, and other harmful
byproducts of an industrial process.

In an environmental setting, the changing pH could also be an early indicator increasing

pollution. If the pH level reaches above 8.5, the water would be considered hard, which would
likely cause scale development in boilers and pipes. As aforementioned, there are four main
types of pH sensors that you can select from, which include combination sensors, differential
sensors, laboratory sensors, and process sensors, each of which is suitable to different
applications.

Combination pH Sensors

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A combination pH sensor is by far the most commonly used sensor available, which is mainly
because this type of sensor can act as the base for the creation of laboratory sensors and process
sensors. This electrochemical sensor is outfitted with two different electrodes, which include a
reference electrode and a measuring electrode. While the reference electrode focuses on keeping
the signal stable when you record the pH level, the measuring electrode will identify if there
have been any recent changes in the pH level.

At Sensorex, the technology with combination pH sensors is primarily used for the creation of
laboratory and process sensors. The best aspect of this type of sensor is that the technology is
highly versatile. The two electrodes are able to provide the most important functions of reading
and measuring the pH levels of water, which ensures that you’re provided with quick and
accurate measurements.

Differential pH Sensors

Differential pH sensors work somewhat differently than combination pH sensors in that they
come equipped with three electrodes. While the first two electrodes are the same as the ones
used in combination sensors, the third one is a metal ground electrode that can be very beneficial
for the prevention of reference fouling. This type of sensor is considered to be a heavy-duty
sensor because of its third electrode.

While it’s possible for a standard pH sensor to become contaminated whenever the pH levels
change, the usage of a third electrode acts as a buffer for the measuring electrode, which ensures
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an accurate reading even when contamination occurs. As such, these sensors should hold up for
longer and are ideal for tough wastewater and industrial applications.

There are three main series of differential

sensors that you can purchase, which include the SD7000 series, the SD7420 series, and
the SD7500 series. Each sensor offers reliable results and a range of additional features that
should prove useful when measuring the quality of your water.

Laboratory pH Sensors

Laboratory pH sensors use combination pH sensor technology but are housed in plastic
bodies and 12mm glass. These lightweight sensors are perfect for light applications, which can
include research and education, pool monitoring, and environmental sampling. The versatility of
these sensors are fantastic. If you’re searching for a laboratory sensor, the junctions, cables, and
sensor fill can be customized to fit the exact application needs that you have.

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When searching for the right

laboratory sensor, the three categories of sensors available to you include basic, advanced, and
research. Basic sensors like the pH1000 are durable yet easy-to-use, which makes them ideal for
use in swimming pools, aquariums, and hydroponics. Advanced sensors such as
the pH2000 can be used for a variety of different sample types, which makes them perfect for
wastewater and environmental sampling. Finally, research-grade sensors like the pH3000 are
best for low ionic samples, which include drinking water and pharmaceutical applications.

Process pH Sensors

Process pH sensors use combination sensor technology in larger and more durable bodies.
These sensors are also outfitted with a process connection, which makes them very suitable for
the continuous monitoring of the pH levels of your water. Because of the high durability of these
sensors, they can be placed into a tank or mounted directly into a pipe. Whether you want to use
the sensor for industrial source water, process water or wastewater monitoring, the three
categories of process sensors include moderate sensors, moderate to heavy-duty sensors, and
heavy-duty/coating sensors that can be configured with a flat bulb glass, which many consider a
self-cleaning design.

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If you want to eliminate ground loop error with a differential measurement technique, the heavy-
duty SD7000 series is right for you. The moderate to heavy-duty S8000 series allows for quick
cartridge replacement and very economical upkeep. Finally, the moderate S272CD sensor comes
with integrated cable assembly for easy use. To determine which of these sensors is right for you,
it’s important that you first identify what your pH measurement needs are.

The Importance of Quality Water Systems

The quality of the water that you use during various industrial processes is essential for the
quality of services and goods that you provide, which means that your ROI can be directly
affected by poor water quality. Managing the quality of your water via different systems is also a
critical aspect of complying with strict environmental, industry, and safety standards.

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When looking specifically at water pre-treatment for manufacturing purposes, this type of water
quality management allows you to remove impurities from intake water before this water is
used in a variety of different manufacturing processes. When these impurities are removed,
operations efficiency will be improved, heating and cooling will be more efficient, and you’ll be
able to more effectively maintain compliance with necessary water quality standards. If you have
a good monitoring system in place, the benefits can be numerous and may include:

 Reducing water waste

 Saving energy
 Meeting sustainability requirements for your supply chain
 Preventing downtime
 Maintaining a healthy workplace for your employees
 Reducing the use of hazardous chemicals

For the everyday consumer, poor water quality can create health concerns, dull hair, rough
clothes, and skin that’s dry and itchy. A pH sensor plays a very important role in water quality
and water treatment. When the pH value of a water treatment plant becomes too high or too low,
the water can be hazardous.

Keep in mind that pH fluctuations are also very costly to fix. Extra amounts of chemicals will
need to be used to get rid of the waste, which leads to excess downtime and higher expenses. In
a standard wastewater facility, a pH value of 6.5-8.5 is considered to be in a neutral range.

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Keeping your water at this level and continuously monitoring pH levels should help you keep
costs down. However, it’s important that you use different pH sensors to get the best water
quality. For instance, the use of a third electrode in differential sensors makes this sensor perfect
for a variety of industrial applications such as wet scrubbers.

WATER PURIFIER
Water purifiers are devices designed to remove impurities, contaminants, and particles from
water, making it safe and suitable for consumption. Different types of water purifiers use various
technologies to achieve this goal. Here is some general information about water purifiers:

Types of Water Purifiers:

Reverse Osmosis (RO) Purifiers: These systems use a semi-permeable membrane to remove
impurities and contaminants from water.
UV (Ultraviolet) Purifiers: UV light is used to kill bacteria, viruses, and other microorganisms
present in water.
Activated Carbon Purifiers: Activated carbon filters trap impurities and chemicals, improving the
taste and odor of water.
Gravity-Based Purifiers: These purifiers use gravity to filter out impurities, typically through a
combination of mechanical and chemical processes.
Key Features:

Filtration Technology: Water purifiers may use a combination of technologies for comprehensive
purification.
Storage Capacity: Some purifiers come with built-in storage tanks to ensure a continuous supply
of purified water.
Water Flow Rate: The rate at which water is purified, measured in liters per hour or minute.
Maintenance Requirements: Regular cleaning and replacement of filters are essential for optimal
performance.
Contaminants Removed:

Bacteria and Viruses: RO and UV purifiers are effective against bacteria and viruses.

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Sediments: Filters can trap sediments, improving water clarity.

Chemicals: Activated carbon filters can remove chlorine, pesticides, and other chemicals.
Hard Water Minerals: RO purifiers can reduce the hardness of water by removing minerals like
calcium and magnesium.
Installation:

Tabletop Purifiers: These are compact units that can be placed on a countertop.
Under-the-Sink Purifiers: Installed beneath the kitchen sink, they are connected to the water
supply.
Wall-Mounted Purifiers: These purifiers are mounted on walls for space efficiency.
Brands and Models:

Popular water purifier brands include Kent, Aquaguard, Pureit, Blue Star, Eureka Forbes, and
many more.
Models may vary in terms of purification technology, capacity, and additional features.
Cost:

The cost of water purifiers varies based on the type, brand, and features. RO purifiers tend to be
more expensive than UV or activated carbon purifiers.
Maintenance and Replacement:

Regular maintenance is crucial for ensuring the continued effectiveness of water purifiers.
Filters and membranes may need replacement according to the manufacturer's recommendations.
It's important to choose a water purifier based on the specific water quality in your area and your
household's requirements. Reading customer reviews and consulting with experts can help you
make an informed decision.

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6. SOFTWARE DESCRIPTION

Getting Started with NodeMCU using Arduino IDE

There’s an add-on for the Arduino IDE that allows you to program the ESP32 using the Arduino
IDE and its programming language. In this tutorial we’ll show you how to install the ESP32
board in Arduino IDE whether you’re using Windows, Mac OS X or Linux
Before starting this installation procedure, make sure you have the latest version of the Arduino
IDE installed in your computer. If you don’t, uninstall it and install it again. Otherwise, it may
not work.

Having the latest Arduino IDE software installed from arduino.cc/en/Main/Software, continue
with this tutorial.
Do you need an ESP32 board? You can buy it here.

Installing ESP32 Add-on in Arduino IDE

To install the ESP32 board in your Arduino IDE, follow these next instructions:

1. In your Arduino IDE, go to File> Preferences

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2. Enter https://dl.espressif.com/dl/package_esp32_index.json into the

“Additional Board Manager URLs” field as shown in the figure below. Then,
click the “OK” button:

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Note: if you already have the ESP8266 boards URL, you can separate the URLs
with a comma as follows:
https://dl.espressif.com/dl/package_esp32_index.json,
http://arduino.esp8266.com/stable/package_esp8266com_index.json

3. Open the Boards Manager. Go to Tools > Board > Boards Manager…

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4. Search for ESP32 and press install button for the “ESP32 by Espressif Systems“:

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5. That’s it. It should be installed after a few seconds.

Testing the Installation

Plug the ESP32 board to your computer. With your Arduino IDE open, follow these steps:
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1. Select your Board in Tools > Board menu (in my case it’s the DOIT ESP32 DEVKIT V1)

2. Select the Port (if you don’t see the COM Port in your Arduino IDE, you need to install
the CP210x USB to UART Bridge VCP Drivers):

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3. Open the following example under File > Examples > WiFi (ESP32) > WiFiScan

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4. A new sketch opens in your Arduino IDE:

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5. Press the Upload button in the Arduino IDE. Wait a few seconds while the code compiles and
uploads to your board.

6. If everything went as expected, you should see a “Done uploading.” message.

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7. Open the Arduino IDE Serial Monitor at a baud rate of 115200:

8. Press the ESP32 on-board Enable button and you should see the networks available near your
ESP32:

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Troubleshooting

If you try to upload a new sketch to your ESP32 and you get this error message “A fatal error
occurred: Failed to connect to ESP32: Timed out… Connecting…“. It means that your ESP32 is
not in flashing/uploading mode.
Having the right board name and COM por selected, follow these steps:

 Hold-down the “BOOT” button in your ESP32 board

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 Press the “Upload” button in the Arduino IDE to upload your sketch:

 After you see the “Connecting….” message in your Arduino IDE, release the
finger from the “BOOT” button:

 After that, you should see the “Done uploading” message

That’s it. Your ESP32 should have the new sketch running. Press the “ENABLE” button to
restart the ESP32 and run the new uploaded sketch.
You’ll also have to repeat that button sequence every time you want to upload a new sketch. But
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if you want to solve this issue once for all without the need to press the BOOT button, follow the
suggestions in the next guide:
 [SOLVED] Failed to connect to ESP32: Timed out waiting for packet header
If you experience any problems or issues with your ESP32, take a look at our in-depth ESP32
Troubleshooting Guide.

7. CONCLUSION
This machine is the most convenient and accessible for the disinfection of water where power
supply and ways to purify water is unmapped. The simple mechanism and integrated structure
rhythmically converts the solar energy through motor and assists the filtration process devoiding
water from bacteria, insolubles, minerals and other unwanted viruses giving potable water. It is
inexpensive and uses solar energy to purify abundant water, so it can be used anywhere there is
no electricity. This could be an area for future research in this era. This type of Water Purifier is
not yet on the market. Therefore, We believe that if solar water purifier are effectively
implemented by removing limitations so they will be able to attract customer from all sector
living in urban and rural areas.

8. REFERENCES
[1] Dr.Prakash,Deepak Toppo,”Solar Energy Water Purification System” International
Jounral of Pure and Water Applied Mathematics, Volume 119 No.12, 78637873.
[2] Mohd Shaikh, Santosh B. Waghmare an Sirajuddin,com Review Paper on Electricity
Generation from Solar Energy Volume 5 Izssue IX, September 2017.
[3] International Advanced Research Journal in Science, Engineering and Technology
(IARJSET) National College, Ghaziabad Conference on Renewable Energy and Environment
(NCREE-2015) IMS Engineering ,Vol May 2015. 2, Special Issue 1.
[4] E.K. Jacobsen,“Water Filtration”, Journal of Chemical Education, Vol.
81,No.2,p.224A,2004
[5] Nimal, R.J.G.R., Hussain, J.H., Effect of deep cryogenic treatment on EN24 steel,
International Journal of Pure and Applied Mathematics, V-116, I-17 Special Issue, PP- 113-116,
2017
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[6] Garud R. M. and Kulkarni G. S ‘’A Short Review on Process and Applications of Reverse
Osmosis’’ Universal Journal of Environmental Research and Technology 1(1), 2011, 233-238.
[7] Drake, Human powered reverse osmosis for producing Portable water for countries “Latin

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