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EE230 Analog LAB Experiment 3

Analog Circuits Laboratory (Indian Institute of Technology Bombay)

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EE 230 – Analog Lab - 2021-22/I (Autumn)

Experiment 3: BJT Voltage Amplifiers (CE and CC)
(Ver 2, Aug 10,2021)
Part A – Common-Emitter Amplifier

Learning Objectives
1. Understanding the basic parameters that characterize a single-stage BJT voltage amplifier (midband
gain, frequency response, input resistance and output resistance).
2. Understanding the benefits of negative feedback and the trade-offs involved.
3. Understanding the benefits of multistage amplifiers in improving voltage amplifier parameters.

1.1 Common-Emitter Amplifier: Biasing Circuit

Circuit diagram of the Common-Emitter amplifier is shown below.

Fig 1 Common-Emitter Amplifier (Biasing circuit)

Analysis
For this part (biasing circuit) the component values are: Vcc = 12 V; R1=10 kΩ, R2 = 2.2 kΩ, RE = 1 kΩ,
RC = 1.2 kΩ. Analyse the circuit and determine the currents IB, IC and the node voltages VB, VC and VE.
Assume β = 200. Comment on the mode of the BJT.
Hint: Apply Thevenin’s theorem at the base terminal for the analysis.

1.1.1 NGSPICE Simulation (using BC547 model)

Using NGSPICE simulations determine the operating point of the given CE amplifier. Use the model of
BC547A given below. Verify the results you obtained through analysis.

.model bc547a NPN IS=10f BF=200 ISE=10.3f IKF=50m NE=1.3

+ BR=9.5 VAF=80 IKR=12m ISC=47p NC=2 VAR=10 RB=280 RE=1 RC=40
+ tr=0.3u tf=0.5n cje=12p vje=0.48 mje=0.5 cjc=6p vjc=0.7 mjc=0.33 kf=2f

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1.2 Common-Emitter Amplifier (with bypass Capacitor CE): Midband Voltage Gain

A) Case 1: RS = 0, RL = 100 kΩ

.
Fig 2 Full Common-Emitter Amplifier (with Vin and RL)

For this part the component values are: Vcc = 12 V; R1=10 kΩ, R2 = 2.2 kΩ, RE = 1 kΩ, RC = 1.2 kΩ.
RS = 0, RL = 100 kΩ, C1 = 10 μF, C2 = 10 μF, CE = 100 μF.
Assume Vin = 10 sin ωt mV

Analytical Results (for Voltage Gain)

For the given circuit parameters, calculate the midband voltage gain (for RL = ∞).

1.2.1 NGSPICE Simulation

Through NGSPICE simulation determine the midband gain of the CE amplifier. Compare your
simulation results with your analytical results.

1.3 Common-Emitter Amplifier (with bypass Capacitor CE): Frequency Response

Optional - Analytical Results (for fL and fH)
Use the analytical results for fL (lower 3-dB frequency) and fH (upper 3-dB frequency) and calculate
estimates for fL and fH values.

1.3.1 NGSPICE Simulation

Use .ac command to do ac analysis to obtain the amplitude frequency response of the CE amplifier. Find out
the two points which are 3 dB lower than the mid-band flat region. Directly measure from the amplitude
response the coordinates of fH and fL (ampl and freq).

Obtain bandwidth (=(fH – fL). Also evaluate the product of midband gain and bandwidth.

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1.4 Common-Emitter Amplifier (with bypass Capacitor CE): Effect of RL on the Midband Gain
Optional - Analytical Results (for the Rout of the CEAmp)
Based on your analytical estimate of Rout of the CE amp, calculate the amplitude of Vout .

1.4.1 NGSPICE Simulation

For the CE amplifier of Fig.2, obtain the midband voltage gain for the following two values of RL.
Case (i): RL = 12 kΩ
Case (ii): RL = 1.2 kΩ

1.5 Common-Emitter Amplifier (with bypass Capacitor CE): Effect of RS on the Midband Gain
Optional - Analytical Results (for the Rin of the CE Amp)
Based on your analytical estimate of Rin of the CE amp, calculate the amplitude of Vout .

1.5.1 NGSPICE Simulation

For the CE amplifier of Fig.2, obtain the midband voltage gain for the following two values of RS.
Case (i): RS = 10 kΩ
Case (ii): RS = 2.2 kΩ

1.6 Common-Emitter Amplifier (without bypass Capacitor CE): Midband Gain

For the subsequent parts of CE amp (i.e. with capacitor CE open), assume Vin = 1 sin ωt V

Analytical Results
For the case with the bypass capacitor CE open, calculate the voltage gain (for RL = ∞).

1.6.1 NGSPICE Simulation

Using NGSPICE simulations to determine the midband gain of the given CE amplifier assuming the bypass
capacitor CE is open. Compare your simulation results with your analytical results.

1.7 Common-Emitter Amplifier (without bypass Capacitor CE): Frequency Response

Optional - Analytical Results (for fL and fH)
Use the analytical results for fL (lower 3-dB frequency) and fH (upper 3-dB frequency) and calculate
estimates for fL and fH values.

1.6.1 NGSPICE Simulation

Using .ac command to do ac analysis and obtain the amplitude frequency response for the case of un-
bypassed RE. Find out the two points which are 3 dB lower than the mid-band flat region. Directly
measure from the amplitude response the coordinates of fH and fL (ampl and freq).

Evaluate the bandwidth (=(fH – fL) of this amplifier. Also, evaluate the product of midband gain and
bandwidth.

Compare the above results (bandwidth and Gain-Bandwidth product) with that of the CE amp with RE
bypassed with CE. Comment on the results

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Part B – Common-Collector Amplifier

2.1 Common-Collector Amplifier: Biasing Circuit

Circuit diagram of a Common-Collector (CC) amplifier is shown in Fig.3. We shall study this amplifier
first as a buffer and then use it in cascade with the earlier CE amplifier

Fig. 3 Common-Collector (CC) amplifier – biasing

Analysis
For this part (biasing circuit) the component values are: Vcc = 12 V; RB=1 MΩ, RE = 10 kΩ. Analyse the
circuit and determine the currents IB, IE and the node voltages VB, and VE. Assume β = 200, VBE = 0.7 V.
Comment on the mode of the BJT.

2.1.1 NGSPICE Simulation

Using NGSPICE simulations determine the operating point of the above CC amplifier. Use the model of
BC547A. Verify the results you obtained through analysis.

2.2 Common-Collector Amplifier: Midband Gain

Complete circuit diagram (with Vin, and RL) of the CC amplifier is shown in Fig.4.
Circuit parameters: Vcc = 12 V; RB=1 MΩ, RE = 10 kΩ, C1 = C2 = 10μF. Assume RS = 0 and RL to be
infinite. Analyse the circuit and determine the currents IB, IE and the node voltages VB, and VE.
Assume β = 200. Take Vin = 1 sin ωt V.

Analytical Results (for midband Voltage Gain)

For the given circuit parameters, calculate the midband voltage gain (for RL = ∞).

Fig. 4 Common-Collector (CC) amplifier

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2.2.1 NGSPICE Simulation

Through NGSPICE simulation determine the midband gain of the CC amplifier. Compare your simulation
results with your analytical results.

2.3 Common-Collector Amplifier: Freq Response

Optional - Analytical Results (for fL and fH)
Use the analytical results for fL (lower 3-dB frequency) and fH (upper 3-dB frequency) and calculate
estimates for fL and fH values.

2.3.1 NGSPICE Simulation

Use .ac command to do ac analysis to obtain the amplitude frequency response of the CC amplifier. Find
out the two points which are 3 dB lower than the mid-band flat region. Directly measure from the
amplitude response the coordinates of fH and fL (ampl and freq).

Obtain bandwidth (=(fH – fL). Also evaluate the product of midband gain and bandwidth.

2.4 Common-Collector Amplifier: Effect of RL on Midband Gain

Optional - Analytical Results (for the Rout of the CC Amp)
Take Vin = 1 sin ωt V.
Based on your analytical estimate of Rout of the CC amp, calculate the amplitude of Vout for
different RL values:
Case (i): RL = 10 kΩ
Case (ii): RL = 1 kΩ
Case (iii): RL = 100 Ω

243.1 NGSPICE Simulation

For the CC amplifier of Fig.4, obtain the midband voltage gain for the following three values of RL.
Case (i): RL = 10 kΩ
Case (ii): RL = 1 kΩ
Case (iii): RL = 100 Ω

2.5 Common-Collector Amplifier: Effect of RS on Midband Gain

Optional - Analytical Results (for the Rin of the CC Amp)
Take Vin = 1 sin ωt V.
Based on your analytical estimate of Rin of the CC amp, calculate the amplitude of Vout for different RL
values:
Case (i): RS = 1 MΩ
Case (ii): RS = 560 kΩ
Case (iii): RS = 100 kΩ

2.5.1 NGSPICE Simulation

For the CC amplifier of Fig.4, obtain the midband voltage gain for the following three values of RS.
Case (i): RS = 1 MΩ
Case (ii): RS = 560 kΩ
Case (iii): RS = 100 kΩ

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Part C – Two-stage Amplifier (CE and CC)

3.1 Two-stage Amplifier (CE and CC): Biasing Circuit

The circuit diagram of the two-stage amplifier (obtained by cascading the CE amplifier of Part A
cascaded with a modified version of the CC amplifier of Part B) is shown in Fig.5.

Fig. 5 Two-stage amplifier (CE and CC)

Component values of the CE amp

Vcc = 12 V; R1=10 kΩ, R2 = 2.2 kΩ, RE = 1 kΩ, RC = 1.2 kΩ.
RS = 0, C1 = 10 μF, CE = 100 μF.

Component values of the CC amp

Vcc = 12 V, RE2 = 10 kΩ, RL = 10 kΩ, C2 = 10 μF.

Estimate the dc currents (IB2 and IE2) and the voltage at the emitter terminal of Q2 (CC amp).

3.1.1 NGSPICE Simulation

Verify the dc currents (IB2 and IE2) and voltage at the emitter terminal of Q2.

3.2 Two-stage Amplifier (CE and CC): Midband Gain

Theoretical Results for the midband gain
Assuming that there is no loading by the CC amp, the overall gain of the two-stage amplifier will be
(AvCE). (AvCC), for reasonable RL values (say > 1 kΩ).

3.2.1 NGSPICE Simulation

Verify the theoretical results obtained in Sec 3.2 through NGSPICE simulations.

3.3 Two-stage Amplifier (CE and CC): Frequency Response

Analysis of the frequency response of the two-stage amplifier is generally quite complex.

3.3.1 NGSPICE Simulation

Using NGSPICE simulations determine the fL and fH of the two-stage amplifier.

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3.4 Two-stage Amplifier (CE and CC): Effect of RL on Midband Gain

We can argue that the midband gain of the two-stage amplifier will not be affected for reasonable
values of RL (say > 1 kΩ).

3.4.1 NGSPICE Simulation

Obtain the effect of midband gain of the two-stage amplifier on a few RL values and check whether the
gain is affected for RL > 1 kΩ.

Lab Report
1. For Experiment 3, please limit your Lab report to just 4 pages – one page for the biasing circuit of Sec
1.1, one page for the midband gain of CE amplifier (with the bypass capacitor CE), one page for the
effect of RL and RS on the midband gain, and the last page for the two-stage CE-CC amplifier (biasing
and midband gain).
2. In each page, please include one of your NGSPICE programs, and one or two plots or the printed
values, as the case may be. Analysis required only for Sec 1.1. Please also add one line of what you
learned.
3. The purpose of asking you to make shorter Lab reports is to make sure that you save some time.
However, we assume that you have done all that was asked in the Lab handout (analysis and
simulations). These and related topics may be asked in the Quizzes, as well as in the Midsem and
Endsem examinations.

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