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The document provides an overview of stones and rocks, including their definitions, classifications, and uses in construction. It details the types of rocks (igneous, sedimentary, metamorphic) and their physical and chemical classifications, as well as the quarrying and dressing processes. Additionally, it discusses the properties of good building stones, common types used in construction, testing methods, and artificial stones.

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Yandrapu Santosh
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
0 views

notes

The document provides an overview of stones and rocks, including their definitions, classifications, and uses in construction. It details the types of rocks (igneous, sedimentary, metamorphic) and their physical and chemical classifications, as well as the quarrying and dressing processes. Additionally, it discusses the properties of good building stones, common types used in construction, testing methods, and artificial stones.

Uploaded by

Yandrapu Santosh
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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1.

Introduction to Stones and Rocks


 Definition and classification of rocks
 Uses of stones in construction
2. Classification of Rocks
 Geological Classification
o Igneous Rocks
o Sedimentary Rocks
o Metamorphic Rocks
 Physical Classification
o Stratified
o Unstratified
o Foliated
 Chemical Classification
o Siliceous Rocks
o Argillaceous Rocks
o Calcareous Rocks
3. Quarrying and Dressing of Stones
 Methods of quarrying
 Tools used in quarrying
 Objectives of stone dressing
 Types of stone dressing
4. Properties of Good Building Stones
 Strength
 Durability
 Hardness
 Porosity and Absorption
 Resistance to Fire
 Specific Gravity
 Texture and Structure
5. Common Building Stones and Their Uses
 Granite
 Basalt
 Limestone
 Sandstone
 Marble
 Slate
 Laterite
 Gneiss
6. Testing of Stones
 Crushing Strength Test
 Water Absorption Test
 Hardness Test
 Impact Test
 Acid Test
7. Artificial Stones
 Types of artificial stones
 Manufacturing process
 Applications
1. Introduction to Stones and Rocks
Definition of Rocks and Stones
 Rocks: Rocks are naturally occurring solid aggregates of minerals found in the Earth's crust.
They form the basic foundation of the Earth's surface and serve as a primary source for
construction materials.
 Stones: Stones are small, naturally occurring pieces of rock, generally used in construction.
When rocks are quarried and processed, they are termed stones.

Uses of Stones in Construction

Stones have been widely used in construction due to their strength, durability, and availability.
Some common uses include:

 Foundation Material: Strong and durable stones like Granite and Basalt are used in
building foundations.
 Wall Construction: Sandstone, Limestone, and Laterite are used for constructing walls.
 Pavements and Roads: Hard stones like Granite and Basalt are used for road construction.
 Roofing and Flooring: Slate is used for roofing, while Marble and Quartzite are used for
flooring.
 Monuments and Decorative Works: Marble is extensively used in sculptures and
monuments.
 Dams and Bridges: Strong stones like Gneiss and Granite are used in heavy structures.

2. Classification of Rocks
Rocks are classified based on their origin, structure, and composition. The three main classifications
are:
A. Geological Classification (Based on origin)
B. Physical Classification (Based on structure)
C. Chemical Classification (Based on composition)
A. Geological Classification of Rocks
1. Igneous Rocks /Primary Rocks/unstratified or eruptive rocks are of volcanic origin
 Formation: These rocks are formed by the cooling and solidification of molten magma or
lava from volcanoes.
 Properties:
o Hard and durable
o Crystalline structure
o Non-porous and resistant to weathering
 Types of Igneous Rocks: based on the place of solidification of molten magma
o Intrusive /Plutonic Igneous Rocks – if magma solidifies below the earth surface,
the solid crystalline rock termed as deep seated plutonic rock
o Extrusive (Volcanic) Igneous Rocks – Formed on the surface of the Earth (e.g.,
Basalt, Pumice, Obsidian).
 Uses: Used in construction of foundations, bridges, roads, and monuments.

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