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Machine Learning Guide for Oil
and Gas Using Python

A Step-by-Step Breakdown with

Data, Algorithms, Codes, and
Applications

Hoss Belyadi
Obsertelligence, LLC

Alireza Haghighat
IHS Markit
Table of Contents

Cover image

Title page

Copyright

Biography

Acknowledgment

Chapter 1. Introduction to machine learning and Python

Introduction

Artificial intelligence

Data mining

Machine learning

Python crash course

Anaconda introduction

Anaconda installation
Jupyter Notebook interface options

Basic math operations

Assigning a variable name

Creating a string

Defining a list

Creating a nested list

Creating a dictionary

Creating a tuple

Creating a set

If statements

For loop

Nested loops

List comprehension

Defining a function

Introduction to pandas

Dropping rows or columns in a data frame

loc and iloc

Conditional selection

Pandas groupby

Pandas data frame concatenation

 Pandas merging

Pandas joining

Pandas operation

Pandas lambda expressions

Dealing with missing values in pandas

Dropping NAs

Filling NAs

Numpy introduction

Random number generation using numpy

Numpy indexing and selection

Chapter 2. Data import and visualization

Data import and export using pandas

Data visualization

Chapter 3. Machine learning workflows and types

Introduction

Machine learning workflows

Machine learning types

Dimensionality reduction
Chapter 4. Unsupervised machine learning: clustering algorithms

Introduction to unsupervised machine learning

K-means clustering

Hierarchical clustering

Density-based spatial clustering of applications with noise

(DBSCAN)

Important notes about clustering

Outlier detection

Local outlier factor using scikit-learn

Chapter 5. Supervised learning

Overview

Linear regression

Logistic regression

Metrics for classification model evaluation

Logistic regression using scikit-learn

K-nearest neighbor

Support vector machine

Decision tree

Random forest

Extra trees (extremely randomized trees)

 Gradient boosting

Extreme gradient boosting

Adaptive gradient boosting

Frac intensity classification example

Handling missing data (imputation techniques)

Rate of penetration (ROP) optimization example

Chapter 6. Neural networks and Deep Learning

Introduction and basic architecture of neural network

Backpropagation technique

Data partitioning

Neural network applications in oil and gas industry

Example 1: estimated ultimate recovery prediction in shale

reservoirs

Example 2: develop PVT correlation for crude oils

Deep learning

Convolutional neural network (CNN)

Convolution

Activation function

Pooling layer

Fully connected layers

 Recurrent neural networks

Deep learning applications in oil and gas industry

Frac treating pressure prediction using LSTM

Chapter 7. Model evaluation

Evaluation metrics and scoring

Cross-validation

Grid search and model selection

Partial dependence plots

Size of training set

Save-load models

Chapter 8. Fuzzy logic

Classical set theory

Fuzzy set

Fuzzy inference system

Fuzzy C-means clustering

Chapter 9. Evolutionary optimization

Genetic algorithm

Particle swarm optimization

Index
Copyright
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This book and the individual contributions contained in it

are protected under copyright by the Publisher (other than
as may be noted herein).

Notices
Knowledge and best practice in this field are constantly
changing. As new research and experience broaden our
understanding, changes in research methods, professional
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Practitioners and researchers must always rely on their
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described herein. In using such information or methods
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Typeset by TNQ Technologies

Biography
Hoss Belyadi is the founder and CEO of Obsertelligence,
LLC, focused on providing artificial intelligence (AI) in-
house training and solutions. As an adjunct faculty member
at multiple universities, including West Virginia University,
Marietta College, and Saint Francis University, Mr. Belyadi
taught data analytics, natural gas engineering, enhanced oil
recovery, and hydraulic fracture stimulation design. With

over 10 years of experience working in various

conventional and unconventional reservoirs across the
world, he works on diverse machine learning projects and
holds short courses across various universities,
organizations, and the department of energy (DOE). Mr.
Belyadi is the primary author of Hydraulic Fracturing in
Unconventional Reservoirs (first and second editions) and is
the author of Machine Learning Guide for Oil and Gas Using
Python. Hoss earned his BS and MS, both in petroleum and
natural gas engineering from West Virginia University.
Dr. Alireza Haghighat is a senior technical advisor and
instructor for Engineering Solutions at IHS Markit, focusing
on reservoir/production engineering and data analytics.
Prior to joining IHS, he was a senior reservoir engineer at

Eclipse/Montage resources for nearly 5 years. As a

reservoir engineer, he was involved in well performance
evaluation with data analytics, rate transient analysis of
unconventional assets (Utica and Marcellus), asset
development, hydraulic fracture/reservoir simulation, DFIT
analysis, and reserve evaluation. He was an adjunct faculty
at Pennsylvania State University (PSU) for 5 years, teaching
courses in Petroleum Engineering/Energy, Business and
Finance departments. Dr. Haghighat has published several
technical papers and book chapters on machine learning
applications in smart wells, CO2 sequestration modeling,
and production analysis of unconventional reservoirs. He
has received his PhD in petroleum and natural gas
engineering from West Virginia University and a master's
degree in petroleum engineering from Delft University of
Technology.
Acknowledgment
We would like to thank the whole Elsevier team including
Katie Hammon, Hilary Carr, and Poulouse Joseph for their
continued support in making the publication process a
success. I, Hoss Belyadi, would like to thank two
individuals who have truly helped with the grammar and
technical review of this book. First, I would like to thank
my beautiful wife, Samantha Walstra, for her continuous

support and encouragement during the past 2 years of

writing this book. I would also like to express my deepest
appreciation to Dr. Neda Nasiriani for her technical review
of the book.
I, Alireza Haghighat, want to acknowledge Dr. Shahab D.
Mohaghegh, who was my PhD advisor. He, a pioneer of AI
& ML applications in the oil and gas industry, has guided
me in my journey to learn petroleum data analytics. I
would like to thank my wife, Dr. Neda Nasiriani, who has
been incredibly supportive throughout the process of
writing this book. She encouraged me to write, made
recommendations that resulted in improvements, and
reviewed every chapter of the book from a computer
science point of view. I also want to thank Samantha
Walstra for reviewing the technical writing of this book.
Chapter 1: Introduction to
machine learning and Python
Abstract
This chapter covers basic definitions of Artificial
Intelligence, machine learning, and data mining. It then
provides step-by-step instructions on how to set up
Python Anaconda and Jupyter Notebook and all useful
shortcuts. Afterward, an introduction to the following
Python concepts is given; including data structures, e.g.,
lists, dictionary, tuples, sets, and control flows, e.g., if
statements, for loops, nested loops, while loops, list
comprehension, and functions. These concepts are
explained using step-by-step examples. Next, pandas and
numpy libraries are discussed in depth with multiple oil
and gas examples. Various pandas' functions and concepts
such as column selection, basic statistics, column
renaming/manipulation, loc/iloc, column calculations,
column dropping, conditional selection, grouping by,
joining, merging, concatenating, pandas operations, and
dealing with missing values are discussed with examples.
Finally, various numpy library concepts such as creating
numpy array, n by n matrix, identity function, random
numbers (both real and integer), etc., are discussed with
examples. Numpy indexing and selections are also
discussed at the end of this chapter.

Keywords
Anaconda installation; Artificial Intelligence; Data mining;
Jupyter Notebook; Machine learning; Numpy library; Pandas
library; Python

Introduction
Artificial Intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) have grown in
popularity throughout various industries. Corporations, universities,
government, and research groups have noticed the true potential of
various applications of AI and ML to automate various processes
while increasing predicting capabilities. The potential of AI and ML
is a remarkable game changer in various industries. The
technological AI advancements of self-driving cars, fraud detection,
speech recognition, spam filtering, Amazon and Facebook's product
and content recommendations, etc., have generated massive
amounts of net asset value for various corporations. The energy
industry is at the beginning phase of applying AI to different
applications. The rise in popularity in the energy industry is due to
new technologies such as sensors and high-performance computing
services (e.g., Apache Hadoop, NoSQL, etc.) that enable big data
acquisition and storage in different fields of study. Big data refers to
a quantity of data that is too large to be handled (i.e., gathered,
stored, and analyzed) using common tools and techniques, e.g.,
terabytes of data. The number of publications in this domain has
exponentially increased over the past few years. A quick search on
the number of publications in the oil and gas industry with Society
of Petroleum Engineer's OnePetro or American Association of
Petroleum Geologists (AAPG) in the past few years attests to this
fact. As more companies realize the value added through
incorporating AI into daily operations, more creative ideas will
foster. The intent of this book is to provide a step-by-step, easy-to-
follow workflow on various applications of AI within the energy
industry using Python, a free open source programming language.
As one continues through this book, one will notice the incredible
work that the Python community has accomplished by providing
various libraries to perform ML algorithms easily and efficiently.
Therefore, our main goal is to share our knowledge of various ML
applications within the energy industry with this step-by-step guide.
Whether you are new to data science/programming language or at
an advanced level, this book is written in a manner suitable for
anyone. We will use many examples throughout the book that can be
followed using Python. The primary user interface that we will use
in this book is “Jupyter Notebook” and the download process of
Anaconda package is explained in detail in the following sections.

Artificial intelligence
Terminologies such as AI, ML, big data, and data mining are used
interchangeably across different organizations. Therefore, it is
crucial to understand the true meaning of each terminology before
diving deeper into various applications. AI is simply the use of
machine or computer intelligence rather than human or animal
intelligence. It is a branch of computer science that studies the
simulation of human intelligence processes such as learning,
reasoning, problem-solving, and self-correction by computers.
Creating intelligent machines that work, react, and mimic cognitive
functions of humans is the primary goal of AI. Examples of AI
include email classification (categorization), smart personal
assistants such as Siri, Alexa, and Google, automated respondents,
process automation, security surveillance, fraud detection and
prevention, pattern and image recognition, product recommendation
and purchase prediction, smart searches, sales, volumes, and
business forecasting, advertisement targeting, news feed
personalization, terrorist activity detection, self-driving cars, health
diagnostics, mortgage default prediction, house pricing prediction,
robo-advisors (automated portfolio manager), and virtual travel
assistant. As shown, the field of AI is only growing with
extraordinary potential for decades to come. In addition, the
demand for data science jobs has also exponentially grown in the
past few years where companies search desperately for computer
scientists, mathematicians, data scientists, and engineers that have
postgraduate and preferably PhD degrees from accredited
universities.

Data mining
Data mining is a terminology used in computer science and is
defined as the process of extracting specific information from a
database that was hidden and not explicitly available for the user,
using a set of different techniques such as ML. It is also called
knowledge discovery in databases (KDD). Teaching someone how
to play basketball is ML; however, using someone to find the best
basketball centers is data mining. Data mining is used by ML
algorithms to find links between various linear and nonlinear
relationships. Data mining is often used to help collect data on
various aspects of the business such as nonproductive time, sales
trend, production key performance indicators, drilling data,
completions data, stock market key indicators and information, etc.
Data mining can also be used to go through websites, online
platforms, and social media to collect and compile information
(Belyadi et al., 2019).

Machine learning
ML is a subset of AI. It is defined as the collection of using various
algorithms to teach computers to find patterns in data to be used for
future prediction and forecasting or as a quality check for
performance optimization. ML provides computers the ability to
learn without being explicitly programmed. Some of the patterns
may be hidden and therefore, finding those hidden patterns can add
significant shareholder value to any organization. Please note that
data mining deals with searching specific information while ML
focuses on performing a certain task. In Chapter 2 of this book,
various types of ML algorithms will be discussed. Also note that
deep learning is a subset of machine learning in which multi-layer
neural networks are used for various purposes including but not
limited to image and facial recognition, time series forecasting,
autonomous cars, language translation, etc. Examples of deep
learning algorithms are convolution neural network (CNN) and
recurrent neural network (RNN) that will be discussed with various
O&G applications in Chapter 6.

Python crash course

Before covering the essentials of all the algorithms as well as the
codes in Python, it is imperative to understand the fundamentals of
Python. Therefore, this chapter will be used to illustrate the
fundamentals before diving deeper into various workflow and
examples.

Anaconda introduction
It is highly recommended to download Anaconda, the standard
platform for Python data science which includes many of the
necessary libraries with its installation. Most libraries used in this
book are already preinstalled with Anaconda, so they don't need to
be downloaded individually. The libraries that are not preinstalled
in Anaconda will be mentioned throughout the chapters.

Anaconda installation
To install Anaconda, go on Anaconda's website
(www.anaconda.com) and click on “Get Started.” Afterward, click
on “Download Anaconda Installers” and download the latest
version of Anaconda either using Windows or Mac. Anaconda
distribution will have over 250 packages some of which will be used
throughout this book. If you do not download Anaconda, most
libraries must be installed separately using the command prompt
window. Therefore, it is highly advisable to download Anaconda to
avoid downloading majority of the libraries that will be used in this
book. Please note that while majority of the libraries will be installed
by installing Anaconda, there will be some libraries where they
would have to separately get installed using the command prompt
or Anaconda prompt window. For those libraries that have not been
preinstalled, simply open “Anaconda prompt” from the “start”
menu, and type in “pip install (library name)” where “library name”
is the name of the library that would like to be installed. Once the
Anaconda has been successfully installed, search for “Jupyter
Notebook” under start menu. Jupyter Notebook is a web-based,
interactive computing notebook environment. Jupyter Notebook
loads quickly, is user-friendly, and will be used throughout this
book. There are other user interfaces such as Spyder, JupyterLab, etc.
Fig. 1.1 shows the Jupyter Notebook's window after opening. Simply
go into “Desktop” and create a folder called “ML Using Python.”
Afterward, go to the created folder (“ML Using Python“) and click
on “New” on the top right-hand corner as illustrated in Fig. 1.2.
You now have officially launched a new Jupyter Notebook and are
ready to start coding as shown in Fig. 1.3.
Displayed in Fig. 1.4, the top left-hand corner indicates the
Notebook is “Untitled.” Simply click on “Untitled” and name the
Jupyter Notebook “Python Fundamentals.”
FIGURE 1.1 Jupyter Notebook window.

FIGURE 1.2 Opening a new Jupyter Notebook.

FIGURE 1.3 A blank Jupyter Notebook.
FIGURE 1.4 Python Fundamentals.
Jupyter Notebook interface options
To run a line in Jupyter Notebook, the “Run” button or preferably

“SHIFT + ENTER” can be used. To add a line in Jupyter Notebook,

hit “ALT + ENTER” or simply use “Insert → Cell Below.” “Insert

Cell Above can also be used for inserting a cell above where the
current cell is. To delete a line in Jupyter Notebook, while that line is
selected, hit “DD” (in other words, hit the “D” word key button
twice in a row). If at any point when coding, the Jupyter Notebook

would like to be stopped, select “Kernel → Interrupt” or

“Kernel → Restart” to restart the cell. “Kernel → Restart and

Run All” is another handy tool in Jupyter Notebook that can be used
to run the whole notebook from top to bottom as opposed to using

“SHIFT + ENTER” to run each line of code manually which can

reduce productivity. Below are some of the handy shortcuts that are
recommended to be used in Jupyter Notebook:

Shift + Enter → Run the current cell, select below

Ctrl + Enter → Run selected cells

Alt + Enter → Run the current cell, insert below

Ctrl + S → Save and checkpoint

Enter → Takes you into an edit mode

When in command mode “ESC” will get you out of edit mode.

H → Shows all shortcuts (use H when in command mode)

 Up → Select cell above

Down → Select cell below

Shift + Up → Extends selected cells above (use when in

command mode)

Shift + Down → Extends selected cells below (use when in

command mode)

A → Inserts cell above (use when in command mode)

B → Inserts cell below (use when in command mode)

X → Cuts selected cells (use when in command mode)

C → Copy selected cells (use when in command mode)

V → Paste cells below (use when in command mode)

Shift + V → Paste cells above (use when in command

mode)

DD (press the “D” keyword twice) → Deletes selected cells

(use when in command mode)

Z → Undo cell deletion (use when in command mode)

Ctrl + A → Selects all (use when in command mode)

Ctrl + Z → Undo (use when in command mode)

Please spend some time using these key shortcuts to get
comfortable with the Jupyter Notebook user interface. Other
important notes throughout this book:
 - Jupyter Notebook is extremely helpful when it comes to
autocompleting some codes. The keyword to remember is the
“tab” keyword which will help in autocompleting and faster
coding. For example, if one wants to import the matplotlib
library, simply type in “mat” and hit tab. Two available
options such as “math” and “matplotlib” will be populated.
This important feature enables one to obtain a library more
quickly. In addition, it helps with remembering the syntax,
library, or command names when coding. Therefore, for
faster coding habits, feel free to use the “tab” keyword for
autopopulating and autocompleting.

- Another especially useful shortcut is “shift + tab.” Pressing

this keyword inside a library's parenthesis one time will open
all the features associated within that library. For example, if
after importing “import numpy as np” np.linspace() is typed

and “shift + tab” is hit once, it will populate a window that

will show all the arguments that can be passed inside.

Pressing “shift + tab” two, three, and four times will keep
expanding the argument window until it occupies half of the
page.

Basic math operations

Next, let's go over the basic operations in Python:
4∗4
Python output=16

Please note that if a mathematical operation below is typed in a

cell, Python will use order of operations to solve this; therefore, the
answer is 42 for the example below.
4∗4+2∗4+9∗2
Python output=42
(4∗2)+(8∗7)
Python output=64

To raise a variable or number to power, “∗∗” can be used. For

example,
10∗∗3
Python output=1000

The remainder of a division can also be found using “%” sign. For
example, remainder of 13 divided by 2 is 1.
13%2

Assigning a variable name

To assign a variable name in Python, it is important to note that a
variable name cannot start with a number
x=100
y=200
z=300
d=x+y+z
d
Python output=600

To separate variable names, it is recommended to use underscore.

If a variable name such as “critical rate” is defined with a space in
between, Python will give an “invalid syntax” error. Therefore,
underscore (_) must be used between critical and rate and
“critical_rate” would be used as the variable name.

Creating a string
To create a string, single or double quotes can be used.
x='I love Python'
Python output='I love Python'
x=“I love Python”
Python output='I love Python'
 To index a string, bracket ([]) notation along with the element
number can be used. It is crucial to remember that indexing in
Python starts with 0. Let's assume that variable name y is defined as
a string “Oil_Gas.” Y[0] means the first element in Oil_Gas, while a
y[5] means the sixth element in Oil_Gas since indexing starts with 0.
y="Oil_Gas"
y[0]
Python output='O'
y[5]
Python output='a'

To get the first 4 letters, y [0:4] can be used.

y[0:4]
Python output='Oil_'

To obtain the whole string, it is sufficient to use y[:]. Therefore,

y[:]
Python output='Oil_Gas'

Another way of indexing everything until an n-element is as

follows:
y[:6]
Python output='Oil_Ga'

y[:6] essentially indicates indexing everything up until the sixth

element (excluding the sixth element). y[2:] can also be used to index
the second element and thereafter.
y[2:]
Python output='l_Gas'

To obtain the length of a string, “len()” can simply be used. For

instance, to obtain the length of the string “The optimum well

spacing is 950 ft” that is defined in variable z, len() can be used to

do so.
z='The optimum well spacing is 950ft'
len(z)

Defining a list
A list can be defined as follows:
list=['Land','Geology','Drilling']
list
Python output=['Land', 'Geology', 'Drilling']
list.append('Frac')
list
Python output=['Land', 'Geology', 'Drilling', 'Frac']

To append a number such as 100 to the list above, the following

line of code can be performed:
list.append(100)
list
Python output=['Land', 'Geology', 'Drilling', 'Frac', 100]

To index from a list, the same bracket notation as string indexing

can be used. For example, using the print syntax to print a different
element in the defined list above would be as follows:
print (list[0])
print (list[1])
print (list[2])
print (list[3])
print (list[4])
Python output=Land
Geology
Drilling
Frac
100

To get elements 1 to 4 (excluding the fourth element), the

following line can be used:
list[0:4]
Python output=['Land', 'Geology','Drilling', 'Frac']
 Notice that list[0,4] excludes the fourth element which is 100 in
this example.
To replace the first element with “Title_Search,” the following line
can be used:
list[0]='Title_Search'
list
Python output=['Title_Search', 'Geology', 'Drilling', 'Frac',
100]

To replace more elements and keeping the last element of 100, the
following lines can be used:
list[0]='Reservoir_Engineer'
list[1]='Data_Engineer'
list[2]='Data_Scientist'
list[3]='Data Enthusiast'
list

Creating a nested list

A nested list is when there are list(s) inside of another list.
nested_list=[10,20, [30,40,50,60]]
nested_list
Python output=[10, 20, [30, 40, 50, 60]]

To grab number 30 from the nested_list above, the following line

can be used:
nested_list[2][0]
Python output=30

Nested lists can become confusing, especially as the number of

nested lists inside the bracket increases. Let's examine the example
below called nested_list2. If the objective is to get number 3 from
the nested_list2 shown below, three brackets will be needed to
accomplish this task. First, use nested_list2[2] to obtain [30, 40, 50,
60, [4, 3, 1]]. Afterward, use nested_list2[2][4] to get [4, 3, 1], and
finally to get 3, use nested_list2[2][4][1].
nested_list2=[10,20, [30,40,50,60, [4,3,1]]]
nested_list2[2][4][1]

Creating a dictionary
Thus far, we have covered strings and lists and the next section is to
talk about dictionary. When using dictionary, wiggly brackets ({})
are used. Below, a dictionary was created and named “a” for various
ML models and their respective scores.
a={'ML_Models':['ANN','SVM','RF','GB','XGB'],'Score':
[90,85,95,90,100]}
a
Python output={'ML_Models': ['ANN', 'SVM', 'RF', 'GB', 'XGB'],
'Score': [90, 85, 95, 90, 100]}

To index off this dictionary, the below command can be used. As

shown, calling a[‘ML_Models’] lists the name of the ML models that
are under ML_Models.
a['ML_Models']
Python output=['ANN', 'SVM', 'RF', 'GB', 'XGB']

To yield the name of the ML models including ANN, SVM, and RF

and excluding the rest, the following command can be used.
a['ML_Models'][0:3]
Python output=['ANN', 'SVM', 'RF']

Another nested dictionary example is listed below:

d={'a':{'inner_a':[1,2,3]}}
d
{'a': {'inner_a': [1, 2, 3]}}

If the objective is to show number 2 in the above dictionary, the

following indexing can be used to accomplish this task. The first step
is to use d[‘a’] which would result in showing {‘inner_a‘: [1, 2, 3]}.
Next, using d[‘a’] [‘inner_a‘] would result in [1, 2, 3]. Finally, to pick
number 2, we simply need to add index 1 to yield d[‘a’] [‘inner_a‘]
[1].
d['a']['inner_a'][1]

Creating a tuple
As opposed to lists that use brackets, tuples use parentheses to
define a sequence of elements. One of the advantages of using a list
is that items can be assigned; however, tuples do not support item
assignments which means they are immutable. For instance, let's
create a list and replace one of its elements and examine the same
concept with tuples. As shown below, a list with 4 elements of 100,
200, 300, and 400 was created. The first index of 100 was replaced
with “New” and the new list is as follows:
list=[100,200,300,400]
list[0]='New'
list
Python output=['New', 200, 300, 400]

Next, let's create a tuple with the same numbers as follows:

t= (100,200,300,400)
t
Python output= (100, 200, 300, 400)

As shown, Python generated a list of tuples. Now, let's assign

“New” to the first element in the generated tuple above. However,
after running this, Python will return an error indicating that
“tuple's object does not support item assignment.” This is
essentially the primary difference between lists and tuples.
t[0]='New'

Creating a set
Set is defined by unique elements which means defining the same
numbers multiple times will only return the unique numbers and
will not show the repetitive numbers. The wiggly brackets ({}) can be
used to generate a set as follows. As displayed, the generated output
only has 100,200,300 since each number was repeated twice.
set={100,200,300,100,200,300}
set
Python output={100, 200, 300}

The add() syntax can be attached to a set to add a number at the

end of the set as shown below:
set.add(400)
set

If statements
If statements are perhaps one of the most important concepts in any
programming language. Let's start with a simple example and define
if 100 is equal to 200, print good job, otherwise, print not good. Make

sure the print statements following “if 100 = = 200:” and “else:”
are indented, otherwise, an error will be received. The “tab”
keyword can be used to indent in Jupyter Notebook. Please note that
indenting in Python means 4 spaces.
if 100= =200:
print('Good Job!')
else:
print('Not Good!')
Python output=Not Good!

Now, let's define X, Y, and Z variables and write another if

statement referencing these variables. As shown below, if X is bigger
than Y, print “GOOD” which is not the case. Therefore, the term
“elif” can be used to define multiple conditions. The next condition

is if Z < Y to print “SO SO” which is again not the case and
therefore, the term “else” is used to define all other cases, and the
output would be “BAD.”
X=100
Y=200
Z=300
if X>Y:
print('Good')
elif Z<Y:
print('SO SO')
else:
print('BAD')
Python output=BAD

The if statement above can also be written as follows to obtain

numeric output as opposed to string.
X=100
Y=200
Z=300
if X>Y:

A=X+Y
elif Z<Y:
B=X+Y+Z
else:
C=2∗(X+Y+Z)
C
Python output=1200

Let's do another if statement example. First, let's define n as an

input number that the user can enter. If n is equal to 0, print
“ZERO.” If n is less than 0, print “NEGATIVE Number,” and finally
if n is bigger than 0, print “POSITIVE Number.” When the code
below is run, enter a number and click on enter. Next, depending on
the number that was entered, an appropriate statement will be
printed.
n=float(input(“Enter any number“))
if n==0:
print('ZERO')
elif n>0:
print('POSITIVE Number')
else:

For loop
For loop is another very useful tool in any programming language
and allows for iterating through a sequence. Let's define i to be a
range between 0 and 5 (excluding 5). A for loop is then written to
result in writing 0 to 4. As shown below, “for x in i” is the same as
“for x in range(0,5)”
i=range(0,5)
for x in i:
print(x)
Python output=
0
1
2
3
4

Another for loop example can be written as follows:

for x in range(0,3):
print('Edge computing in the O&G industry is very valuable')
Python output=Edge computing in the O&G industry is very
valuable
Edge computing in the O&G industry is very valuable
Edge computing in the O&G industry is very valuable

The “break” function allows stopping through the loop before

looping through all the items. Below is an example of using an if
statement and break function within the for loop. As displayed
below, if the for loop sees “Frac_Crew_2,” it will break and not finish
the for-loop iteration.
Frac_Crews=['Frac_Crew_1', 'Frac_Crew_2', 'Frac_Crew_3',
'Frac_Crew_4']
for x in Frac_Crews:
print(x)
if x=='Frac_Crew_2':
break
Python output=Frac_Crew_1
Frac_Crew_2

With the “continue” statement, it is possible to stop the current

iteration of the loop and continue with the next. For example, if it is
desirable to skip “Frac_Crew_2” and move to the next name, the
continue statement can be used as follows:
Frac_Crews=['Frac_Crew_1', 'Frac_Crew_2', 'Frac_Crew_3',
'Frac_Crew_4']
for x in Frac_Crews:
if x=='Frac_Crew_2':
continue
print(x)
Python output=Frac_Crew_1
Frac_Crew_3
Frac_Crew_4

The “range” function can also be used in different increments. By

default, the range function uses the following sequence to generate
the numbers: start, stop, increments. For example, if the number that
is desirable to start with is 10 with the final number of 18, and an
increment of 4, the following lines can be written:
for x in range(10, 19, 4):
print(x)
Python output=10
14

Nested loops
A nested loop refers to a loop inside another loop. In various ML
optimization programs such as grid search (which will be
discussed), nested loops are very common to optimize the ML
hyperparameters. Below is a simple example of a nested loop:
Performance=[“Low_Performing”, “Medium_Performing”,
'High_Performing']
Drilling_Crews=[“Drilling_Crew_1”, “Drilling_Crew_2”,
“Drilling_Crew_3”]
for x in Performance:
for y in Drilling_Crews:
print(x, y)
Python output=Low_Performing Drilling_Crew_1
Low_Performing Drilling_Crew_2
Low_Performing Drilling_Crew_3
Medium_Performing Drilling_Crew_1
Medium_Performing Drilling_Crew_2
Medium_Performing Drilling_Crew_3
High_Performing Drilling_Crew_1
High_Performing Drilling_Crew_2
High_Performing Drilling_Crew_3

Let's try another for loop example except for creating an empty list
first, followed by performing basic algebra on a list of numbers as
follows:
i=[10,20,30,40]
out=[] for x in i:
out.append(x∗∗2+200)
print(out)

List comprehension
List comprehension is another powerful way of performing
calculations quickly. The calculations listed above could have been
simplified in the following list comprehension:
[x∗∗2+200 for x in i]
Python output=[300, 600, 1100, 1800]

As shown in the list comprehension example above, first write

down the mathematical calculations that is desired followed by “for
x in i” inside a bracket. Below is another example:
y=[5,6,7,8,9,10]
[x∗∗2+3∗x+369 for x in y]
Python output=[409, 423, 439, 457, 477, 499]

As demonstrated above, each element in y goes through the

quadratic equation of “xˆ2+3x+369.” This is a more advanced way of
writing the same code above. At first glance, it might not be intuitive,
but over time, list comprehension becomes much easier to
understand and apply.

Defining a function
The next concept in Python is defining a function. A function can be
defined by using “def” followed by “return” to perform various
mathematical equations:
def linear_function(n):
return 2∗n+20
linear_function(20)
Python output=60

As shown above, first use the syntax “def” to define any name that
is desirable. Afterward, return the equation that is desirable. Finally,
call the defined name followed by the number that is desired to use
to run the calculations.
Below is another example:
def Turner_rate(x):
return x∗∗2+50
Turner_rate(20)

Introduction to pandas
Pandas is one of the most famous libraries in Python, and it is
essentially designed to replicate the excel sheet formats in Python.
The primary role of pandas is data manipulation and analysis, and it
is heavily used for data preprocessing before implementing ML
models. Building various ML models becomes much easier after
learning the fundamentals of pandas and numpy (which will be
discussed next) libraries. To start off, let's create a dictionary and
covert that dictionary into a pandas table format as follows:
dictionary={'Column_1':[10,20,30],'Columns_2':
[40,50,60],'Column_3':[70,80,90]}
dictionary
Python output={'Column_1': [10, 20, 30], 'Columns_2': [40, 50,
60], 'Column_3': [70, 80, 90]}

To convert this dictionary into a data frame, the pd.DataFrame

command line can be used. It is also important to “import pandas as
pd” prior to the command line as follows:
import pandas as pd
dictionary=pd.DataFrame(dictionary)
dictionary
Python output=Fig. 1.5
 FIGURE 1.5 Converted dictionary to data frame.

The above command could have been performed in one step as

follows:
dictionary=pd.DataFrame({'Column_1':[10,20,30],'Columns_2':
[40,50,60],'Column_3':[70,80,90]})
dictionary

For practice, let's create another data frame with 3 columns

including drilling_CAPEX, completions_CAPEX, and production
CAPEX but also have well_1, well_2, and well_3 as indices in lieu of
0, 1, and 2. As shown below, the “index” can be added to define the
name of each row or index. Note that backslash (\) symbol was
added twice in to the code below. Adding backslash will essentially
tell Python that the remaining portion of the code is being continued
on the next line. Otherwise, Python will return an error when a
portion of the code is abruptly located in the next line.
CAPEX=pd.DataFrame({'Drilling_CAPEX':
[2000000,2200000,2100000],'Completions_CAPEX':
[5000000,5200000,5150000], 'Production_\CAPEX':\
[500000,550000,450000]}, index=['Well_1','Well_2','Well_3'])
CAPEX
Python output=Fig. 1.6

FIGURE 1.6 CAPEX data frame table.

Next, let's create an 8 × 5 matrix using “np.random.seed” (with a

seed number of 100) and transfer this matrix array to a data frame
named “life_cycle” as shown below. Note that instead of defining
index and column names inside single or double quotes, “.split”
function can be used as shown below to save typing. Please note that
numpy will be covered in detail in this chapter. For now, simply
make sure to import the numpy library using “import numpy as np”
as illustrated below:
from numpy.random import randn
import numpy as np
seed=100
np.random.seed(seed)
life_cycle=pd.DataFrame(randn(8,5),index='Land Seismic Geology\
Drilling Completions Production Facilities Midstream'.split(),
columns='Cycle_1 Cycle_2 Cycle_3 Cycle_4 Cycle_5'.split())
life_cycle
Python output=Fig. 1.7
Other documents randomly have
different content
smoak’d Tobacco amongst the Seamen, made a noise like a Child
when beaten. The Inhabitants of Sierra Leona, where these
Monsters run in great Companies through the Woods, believe that
the Souls of the Deceased reside in them.
John de Laet, in his annual Journal of the Transactions of the
West-India Company, affirms, That he saw a Female of these
monstrous Creatures, which usually had her monethly Flowers.
The Fleet, as is before mention’d, Sailing The Hollanders ill
from Sierra Leona, came to an Anchor at success before the
Commany, and Landed twelve hundred Castle Del Mine.
Men at Poquena, besides a hundred and fifty Negro’s; which
Regiment Andries Veron and Arend Jacobszoon carry’d to the Castle
Del Mine, whither they before sent a Company, Commanded by
Hans Gryf, to prevent the Sallies of the Enemy. The Hollanders tir’d
and thirsty, Encamp’d themselves near the Fort, and whilest some of
the Men were seeking for Water, others smoaking Tobacco, and lying
without their Arms and in disorder on the Ground, and the
Commanders were taking a view of the Fort from a neighboring Hill,
two hundred Negro’s fell upon the scatter’d Army with great rage
and fury, and so much the greater, in regard the Portuguese had
promis’d them great sums of Money for every Hollander they kill’d:
never any Army was in such a distraction, they being dispers’d and
kill’d like so many Sheep, the Admiral Veron and all the Officers
slain, and in a short time four hundred and forty Men cut off; and
had not Captain Arend Jacobszoon been in League with the
Inhabitants of Commany, whither the routed Regiments fled, not
one Man had escap’d that bloody Slaughter: Nor was it to much
purpose to Besiege the Castle Del Mine, because the Bullets hitting
against the Walls of the Castle, built all of Rock-stones, did no
Execution. But the four Ships inform’d of this miserable destruction,
fell down to Commany, to fetch those that were left alive, and
return’d home with the other eleven.
During the unfortunate Expedition of this Fleet, the West-India
Company fitted out nine great Ships and five Ketches in the
beginning of the Year 1626. under the Command of Peter Peterszoon
Hein, to Cruise for the Spanish Ships that were expected from New
Spain and Honduras.
 The Fox Frigat being sent before to inform Henrickszoon of Heyn’s
coming, reach’d about the latter end of May beyond the Isles
Dominico, Guadalupa, Mevis, St. Christophers, and by Santa Crux;
there not finding a Harbor on the South-side, because of the Rocks,
she Sail’d from Mona over to the Main Coast, where seven Leagues
Westward of Carakess, he discover’d a high broken Land, whose
Mountains seem’d to reach to the Clouds; from thence she steer’d to
the Promontory Caldera, the Isles Margareta and Coche, on which
last he took abundance of Goats, not without the loss of forty six
Men, kill’d by the Spaniards and Indians.
Mean while the Admiral Peter Heyn, in the beginning of June,
Sail’d to the Southward of Barbados, an Island pretty mountainous,
as hath been formerly mention’d, and full of Woods, and by
Martinino, whose Hills are very high and overgrown with Trees.
Here Peter Heyn could get nothing else but sweet Water, and a Fruit
resembling a green Grape, which grew on a round Leav’d Tree,
whose Juice cur’d the Scurvey. Sailing from hence, and Landing on
Guadalupa, he found a Canoo seven Fathom long and one broad,
and cut out of one Tree. The Inhabitants, a well timber’d People,
went stark naked, and desir’d to be excus’d, that they could not
furnish the Hollanders with more Provisions, because the French
and English, Inhabitants of St. Christophers, had pillag’d them.
Near Mona the Fox Frigat joyn’d with the Success of the
Fleet, with information, that he could hear Dutch against the
no tydings of Henrickszoon; wherefore Portuguese Fleet.
Peter Heyn judg’d it convenient to Sail along the South-Coast of
Hispaniola with a separated Fleet, which was to joyn again near the
great Caiman. Near Cape de Corientes the Dutch took a Spanish
Ship laden with Sarsaparilla; after that another with Salt and Fish,
and on the Shelves before Coche before the Promontory Antonio, a
Fly-boat with Tallow and Hides, and at the same places two Vessels
more with Ballast, the Men whereof inform’d him, that the Fleet
from New Spain had about a Moneth before weigh’d Anchor from
the Haven Juan de Ulva, and set Sail to Havana, so that without
doubt they were arrived there; wherefore Peter Heyn steer’d towards
Tortugos, in hopes, if he could, to overtake some of the heavy Sailers.
Before the Promontory De Florida he discover’d seven Sail, and
coming up nearer, above thirty, which, had Henrickszoon been
united with Peter Heyn, had without doubt fallen into the hands of
the Netherlanders; but it being judg’d a madness to set upon so great
a Fleet with so small a number of Ships, they Sail’d away undisturb’d.
Peter Heyn steer’d his Course along Florida, where he met three
Canoos with strange Men in them, who came aboard of him, their
Bodies being naked, were painted with several colours, onely Mats of
Rushes about their Middle, and on their Backs long Tassels hanging
down: their Merchandise consisted of a sort of Gum of little value.
The Netherlanders in this Place took also a Vessel with Sina Leaves,
and some pounds of Ambergreece: but the Scurvey increasing daily
amongst them, they Tack’d about, and ran to an Anchor at Sierra
Leona, where they stay’d till the latter end of January 1627. and then
set Sail to Brasile, and overtook a Vessel from Madera laden with a
hundred and fifty Pipes of Wine, and other rich Goods, and ran into
the Inlet Todos los Sanctos with undaunted courage, not regarding
the Guns that were fir’d from the Fort and Battlements of the City St.
Salvador, near which lay thirty Sail of Ships, to which he making up,
steer’d between the Portuguese Admiral and Rere-Admiral, whom
sinking, he forc’d the Admiral to surrender, whilest the Hollandia
and Gelria Frigats fell upon the rest, which were forsaken by the
Seamen, who leap’d over-board; then several Mann’d Boats of the
Hollanders (notwithstanding the Enemy’s continual firing) went and
fetch’d off twenty two Sail of the Portuguese Vessels; all which they
did in three hours time, onely with the loss of fifty Men, besides some
that were wounded, amongst whom was the Admiral, being shot with
a Bullet through the Arm, and wounded in the Legs with a Splinter;
his Ship also was, with the Gelria Frigat, driven with the Spring-Tide
on a Bank, whence, after the Gelria had receiv’d above sixty Shot
from the Enemy, they both got off at last; but the Admiral’s Frigat
being shot in a manner to a Wreck, was set on fire, which Misfortune
ended not there, for the Orange-tree Frigat blew up, with sixty Men,
fourteen whereof, though miserably scorch’d, had their Lives sav’d.
Soon after which the Admiral sent into Holland the Ship St. Peter,
the Hoop, Nostra Sennora de la Vittoria, and the Black-Lyon, which
besides their Lading of Hides, Silver, Gold, and Precious Stones,
were most of them full of Sugar; which safely arriving, did not a little
encourage the West-India Company. After this Heyn took two Ships
with Slaves from Angola, which because the Governor of St.
Salvador would not redeem, were put ashore on Taperica. On the
last of March he set Sail from the Inlet Todos los Sanctos, pass’d by
Morro Pablo, and on Easter Eve with a strong Gale by the Abrolhos:
before the Highland between Cape Frio and the River De Jenero, he
discover’d two Sail, one whereof being laden with Sugar was taken,
but the other escap’d in the Night; then Sailing on to the meandring
Stream Spirito Sancto, he digg’d Pits on some of the River-Isles to
get fresh Water, because it was not safe to Land on the Continent on
each side, because the Inhabitants shot frequent showers of Arrows
from the Thickets, in which they lay ambuscaded. Moreover the
Town Spirito Sancto sent off several Fire-ships at the time of Flood,
but they being easily quench’d did no harm. Here also a Vessel laden
at Lisbon with Wines and Piece-Goods, was taken by Heyn, who
setting Sail again divided the Fleet into three Squadrons, the Vice-
Admiral Cornelis Oole keeping three Ships to Cruise withal before
the River La Plata, Henrick Best had one Frigat, a Ketch, and a
Carvel, to guard the Mouth of the Stream Jenero, whilest the
Admiral himself Sail’d with four Frigats, three Ketches, and a
Barque, towards the Inlet Todos los Sanctos, where two Ships riding
near the Shore by the Fort Tapecipe, were by him set on fire. Also
taking a Barque he was inform’d, that six laden Vessels lay in the
River Tapecipe, whither he sending some Boats to explore the truth,
they found a great Ship without Men in the Mouth of the Stream, and
half a League farther six Portuguese Vessels lying near the Shore;
bringing back news thereof to the Admiral, he went aboard of the Fox
Ketch the next Morning, and taking two Ketches and several Boats
with him, Sail’d up the River, and perceiv’d that the fore-mention’d
six Ships were gotten up higher, and were Mann’d with a hundred
and fifty Soldiers, Commanded by Captain Padilha; the Portuguese
Admiral lying in Ambuscade, no sooner perceiv’d the Netherlanders
Boats, but he let flie a whole Volley of small Shot at them, insomuch
that it made them Retreat, and their whole Design had been fruitless,
had not Heyn animated his Men to board the Vice-Admiral; which
encouragement prov’d so successful that they master’d the same,
killing all those that fell into their hands; which so amaz’d the two
Vessels that lay by, that all the Men swam ashore, and left their rich
Lading to the disposal of the Hollanders, besides which the
vanquish’d Party lost above a hundred and fifty Men, and the
Conquerors but fifteen. Somewhat farther up lay three Ships more,
but the River being dry there at Low-water, and so narrow that the
Trees on each Shore could touch one another, Heyn judg’d it
convenient to prosecute the Design no farther, but to return with the
three fore-mention’d Prizes, which he did not without great
difficulty; for the Portuguese had rais’d Battlements on each side of
the Mouth of the River Tapecipe, and stopt the same with a sunk
Vessel, which Heyn himself set on fire at Low-water, and return’d
untouch’d through thick Volleys of Shot, which flew about his Ears to
the Fleet, leaving the three Ships to be fetcht off afterwards; to which
end he commanded that they should hang some of the taken Hides
about the Fox Ketch’s Pinnace, the Carvel and Boats, that so the Men
which were in them might stand secure from the small Shot, and the
rather, because the Ships could not be got out of the shallow and
narrow River but by Toeing. Mean while the Governor of St.
Salvador lay with a considerable number of Citizens and Soldiers
behind the fore-mention’d Battlements, not doubting but to take
revenge for the Losses sustain’d by Heyn; who nevertheless coming
down thither Toed out the three Prize-ships with Boats hung about
with Hides, firing into the Enemies Battlements with his great Guns,
which he had put aboard of the Fox Ketch. About the middle of June
he took in the Prize-goods in view of the City St. Salvador, where
seven Netherland Ships from several places lay at an Anchor. Setting
Sail from hence on the fourteenth of July, and reaching Noronho,
known by a Mountain which appears like a Steeple, he met with
Cornelis Oole’s Fleet, (who had been Cruising before La Plata) with
whom he arriv’d safe in the Texel, having in their Way thither from
Noronho taken a Prize, laden with Sugar, Tobacco, and Brasile
Wood.
During Peter Heyn’s Expedition Thomas Thomas Sickes his
Sickes, fitted out by the West-India Expedition.
Company, weighed Anchor out of the Texel Henrick Lucifer set
with two Sail, and coming to St. Vincent he out by the West-
found a Spanish Vessel burnt down to the India Company.
Hulk, took a Portuguese Pink with Slaves from Angola: Near the
Inlet Todos los Sanctos he sunk a Barque, having first taken several
Pots of Oyl and Packs of Linnen out of the same: Before Pernambuco
he took a Carvel with a hundred and eighty Pipes of Wine, and a
Vessel with Sugar and Hides, and drove another ashore against the
Promontory St. Augustine. But Sickes being supply’d and
strengthned by three Ships from the Texel, and four taken Vessels,
ran with four to Todos los Sanctos, sent two to Cruise about Cape St.
Augustine, and two more to the North of Pernambuco; At the Isle
Noronho they were order’d to stay a Moneth one for another, from
whence, after much hardship, they return’d home with so many rich
Prizes, that they pay’d their Charges ten times double; which so
encourag’d the Adventurers, that the Chamber of the West-India
Company in Zealand fitted out three Sail under the Command of
Henrick Lucifer, who weighing Anchor from Flushing Anno 1627.
steer’d along the Coast of Africa to the Amazone River, and from
thence North North-West to the Stream Wiapoco, to settle a Colony
there; to which purpose Rowing up the River with Sloops, they came
in the Night to two empty Houses, built at a place call’d Wacogenive,
which they judg’d fit for their purpose; wherefore they carry’d all
things ashore which they had brought out of Zealand with them for
the new Planters, who while they were all busie building of Huts, a
Negro was taken Prisoner, who being ask’d why the Inhabitants fled?
reply’d, That it was occasion’d from a guilty Conscience; for two
years before a Barque and two Sloops with Christians coming thither
from the Amazone River, had stay’d thirty days on Wacogenive,
when unawares they were set upon by the Natives, and all kill’d
except three, who were yet living. Upon which Lucifer, having four
Indians, three Men and one Woman, aboard of his Vessel, threatned
to put them all to the Sword, unless they would produce the three
foremention’d Christians: Whereupon the next day a German came
to the Water side, of whom they could get little Information, he
having in a manner forgot his native Tongue; but at length the other
two coming thither, the eldest of them, nam’d John Hendricszoon,
related to him, That the Portuguese in great numbers fell upon the
Plantations near the Amazone River, Govern’d by Captain Oudaen,
who after he had fought valiantly a whole day, being overpower’d by
number, retreated to his Barque, and Sail’d into the Creek inhabited
by the English, whither the Portuguese following in Canoos, cut off
not onely Oudaen, but the English also, forty six Men onely escaping
in a Barque under the Command of Lieutenant Peter de Bruine to
the River Wiapoco; where they had stay’d about three days, when
Sergeant Matruit treacherously shot Lieutenant Bruine: after which
the forty six divided themselves into four Parties; but the Inhabitants
to rid themselves of these Strangers, under the shew of great
friendship, made them Drunk with the Liquor call’d Pernau, and
then murder’d them all, except himself and two Germans. Which
villanous act Lucifer judg’d worthy of punishment; but his Orders
being to shew Kindness and Civility to the Inhabitants, he suffer’d
the Murder to go unpunish’d, but built a triangular Fort near the
River Wiapoco, on a Hill eight Fathom above the Shore, to prevent
the passing by of Sloops; which done, he went to visit the Island
Blanco, where he caught three hundred Goats. From thence he went
to the Bay of Honda, the Inhabitants whereof are a valiant People,
tall of Stature, having long Beards, and wearing Copper Rings
through their Ears. Near the Sea-side is a Salt-pan, of which the
Inhabitants make great benefit. Lucifer setting Sail again from
hence, met with three Ketches sent out by the West-India Company
at Amsterdam, before Corientes. The Commander Dirk Simonszoon
van Uitgeest, steering his Course towards the Promontory St. Anton,
took a Frigat laden with Meal, Silk, and other rich Goods, and within
view of Cuba near the River Poros, descrying two brave Gallions
from Honduras, bore up to them with his three Ketches; one of
which, call’d The Lyon, being got betwixt both the Gallions, was in no
small danger, the Netherlanders not being able to get up out of their
little Vessel into the high Gallions, in which the Spaniards stood
pushing them down with their Pikes; but no sooner did the
Netherlanders throw their Hand-Granado’s amongst them, but
Uitgeest got aboard of the Gallion, and carry’d her off, whilest the
other by nimble Sailing got away. With this Prize Uitgeest thinking
himself sufficiently enrich’d, steer’d homewards.
Joost Johnson and Claes Henrickszoon, Commanding each of
them a Ketch, took a Ship coming from Lisbon before Pernambuco,
laden with Meal, Salt, Wine, and thirty Monks; and not long after a
Pink with six hundred Negro’s, a Barque with Salt and Iron, a Ketch
with Wine, and a Frigat with Brasile Wood, Sugar and Tobacco:
Before Itamerica they took two Prizes more; with all which they
return’d to the Texel.
The West-India Company thus enrich’d Peter Adrianszoon’s
by the Spoil taken from their Enemies, Expedition.
fitted out twelve Ships again under the Command of Peter
Adrianszoon Ita, which set Sail in the beginning of the Year 1628.
and anchor’d first before Blanca, an Isle abounding with Goats, the
Ground stonie, and in some places Rocky, and having a small, but
very convenient Haven, from whence Ita ran beyond Porto Rico,
where he took a Vessel with seven thousand weight of Ginger, and
Landed opposite to Hispaniola on the stonie Isle Catalina, where he
took in fresh Water, and then Cruis’d to and again before Cuba, took
six Barques, the Prisoners whereof inform’d him, That the Honduras
Traders were on their Way coming thither, and that they had two
small Men of War for their Convoy: Not long after Ita discover’d
them Sailing along the Shore towards the Haven of Havana, but
before they could get in, Captain John Peters, whose Ketch carry’d
two Brass, and fourteen Iron Guns, boarded the Vice-Admiral, but
having no Graplings to take hold with, the Spanish Ship ran aground,
as likewise John Peterszoon in the pursuit of him; which the Admiral
seeing, came to assist his Vice-Admiral, and ran aground on one side
of John Peters, which drove the Netherlanders Ketch in great
danger, she not being able to do Execution with her small Guns,
whilest the Spaniards with their Demy-Cannon play’d vehemently
upon her; neither was Ita, by reason of calmness and contrary Tide,
able to come up with them, but was forc’d to stand Northerly, that so
he might get an Easterly Wind, which about Noon always blows fresh
here, and so by degrees got near the Spanish Fleet, till at last coming
up with the Vice-Admiral, call’d St. Jago, he threw Fire-pots into her,
and presently after boarding her, enter’d with that Valor, that of
three hundred Spaniards above a hundred and fifty were slain; for
those that leapt over-board were kill’d in the Water, whilest Joachim
Guyszoon, John Braems, and Anthony Gonde fell upon the Admiral
Sennora de los Remedios, and took her. In both these Ships Ita took
Two thousand five hundred Chests of Indigo, above Six thousand
Hides, Two thousand five hundred Packs of Sarsaparilla, several
Pots of Balsam Oyl, Seventy thousand Pound of Ginger, One and
twenty Bars of Silver, Twelve Brass, and Twenty eight Iron Guns; all
which having taken out, he set fire in both the Ships.
A little before this Victory, the Fortune Frigat weighed Anchor
from Flushing, with sixty three Men of War, to be Landed on the
Island Tabago. At St. Vincent they found two Men that were left of
seven, who having setled along the River Wiapow, under Captain
John Van Ryen, were forc’d by the salvage Natives to remove, two
whereof dyed by the way, the remaining five landing on the Isle
Trinidad, had three of their Companions kill’d by the Indians of
Granada, they being French-men, to whom the Natives bore an
inveterate Hatred, so that they left onely the two Hollanders alive.
The Fortune assisted by the South-star Ketch, took a rich Barque
near the Isles des Virgines.
Not long after the West-India Company Vitgeest’s Exploits.
set out twelve Ships more, under the
Command of Derick Simonszon Uitgeest, (who had the year before
brought home the two fore-mention’d great Prizes,) who setting Sayl
and getting into the large Bay of the Rocky Island Vincent, catch’d
several Goats and Tortels. Before the Coast of Brasile he took two
rich Carvels, one from Pernambuco, and another from the Inlet
Todos los Sanctos; which Prizes having sent home with three
Ketches, he sayl’d towards Sierra Leona, known by high and thick
Woods, which grow on a high Coast; from whence returning again to
Pernambuco, he took six rich laden Vessels, amongst which was one
Gallioon from Goa, with a great Treasure of Diamonds.
These successful Expeditions of the Fleets Peter Hein’s
set out from time to time by the West-India Expedition.
Company, enabled and encourag’d them to He gives chace to
undertake Matters of greater consequence, the Spanish Plate-
viz. They fitted out one and thirty Sail, Fleet, & takes
several of them.
which carryed four thousand Men, one
hundred and thirty Brass Guns, and five hundred fifty eight Iron
Guns; of which Peter Peterszoon Hein being Admiral, took near the
Soundings of Tortuga, two Barques from Havana, the Men whereof
inform’d him, that the Plate-Fleet was not yet arriv’d there, nor that
from Terra Firma, but were both expected every day. The strong
Current drove Peter Hein farther Eastward beyond Havana than he
expected, insomuch that he got sight of Matanca, where he overtook
a Barque sent out by Landronce de Cabrera, Governor of Havana, to
give notice to the Plate Fleet of the Hollanders Ships, which he had
seen from the Castle Morro before Havana: Mean while John Van
Hoorn took a Vessel which was sent out before by the Plate Fleet, the
Men whereof inform’d him that the Fleet it self was near at hand;
which Peter Hein found to be true, when the next Morning before
Sun-rising he descry’d ten Sayl, of which some had ignorantly sayled
to Leeward, and others to Windward of the Dutch Fleet; nine of them
which were Laden with Hides, Meal, Campeche-Wood, Cochinele,
Indigo, and other rich Goods, were taken by several Mann’d Sloops,
because the Ships were not able to come up to them by reason of the
Calm. About Noon Peter Hein discovering nine Gallions more, made
sudden Chace after them; which they perceiving, made toward the
Shore, and about Twilight in the Evening they ran aground in the
Bay of Matanca, where the Commanders Landing saved themselves,
each carrying with him what Jewels they could. About Break of Day
Peter Hein made all the Sayl he could possible to come up with them,
and seeing them fast aground, leapt into a Boat and Rowed up to the
Admiral, who fired eight Guns, whilest his Men got ashore: Hein
approaching the Gallioon, saw no way to get up, till at last one of his
Men spying a Rope, climb’d up the same, and made fast other Ropes
for his Companions to get up by, the Spaniards standing still gaping
upon him, as if their feet and hands had been ty’d, which made Peter
Hein grant them their Lives; which the other Gallions seeing,
surrender’d themselves upon promise of Quarter; by which the
Spanish Crown lost, besides the Musk, Bezoar, Ambergreece, and the
Cargo of two Gallioons and a rich Prize, above One hundred and fifty
Tun of Gold.
The Night succeeding this great Victory being somewhat
Tempestuous, drove the Gallioons from the Bank on which they
stuck the Day before, into deeper Water: Five Days they spent in
unlading of the taken Vessels, after which Peter Hein set Sayl with
four Gallioons, a new Spanish Merchant-Man, and his own Fleet, out
of the Bay of Matanca, on the Seventh of September, Anno 1628. for
Holland, where in a short time he safely arriv’d.
The Tyger Frigat sent from Zealand, and The Expedition of
Commanded by Lucas Pol, Anchor’d before Lucas Pol.
Blanca, where he brought away above five hundred Goats: This
Island which is six Leagues in circumference, hath on the West a
Sandy Inlet, fit for great Ships to Ride at Anchor; Moreover, it is deep
and Rocky, in the Valleys the Grass grows above half a Mans length.
The Woods are overgrown with Thorns; the Soyl also would produce
much more fruit, did not the Rats, Leguanes, Hedge-hogs, and other
Animals, devour and spoil the Plants.
Pol leaving this Island ran to Tortuga, a low Isle, except on the
West side; it produces Guaiacum, or Pock-wood, in great abundance,
and nourishes great Flocks of Goats, and hath an eminent Salt-Pan;
in all which things it is parallel’d with the Island Orchilla, known by
its high Mountains on the East and West; the other part thereof not
being above six Foot above the Water: Pol Landing here, carry’d off
above two hundred Goats near the Western Shore, whose bryny Soil
produces neither Grain, nor Grass. The Trees which are on the same
are so dry and weak, that they may be pusht down with one hand;
Neither are there any Birds to be found here, except Owls; nor
Beasts, except Goats and great Hedge-hogs. Pol sayling from hence,
steer’d by the nine Wooddy Isles call’d Roccas, and the three call’d
Aves, to Bonaire, a pretty large rising Isle, which on the North-West
hath a convenient Road, a fresh Water-spring, store of Sheep, on
which the Spaniards live; Pock-wood, and Cotton Trees: Then
steering to the Isle Mona, he found the same to be surrounded with
Rocks, and full of Horned Cattel difficult to be catch’d because of the
thick Woods, in which grow exceeding good Oranges. Pol leaving this
Isle, set sayl and steer’d for Flushing, where he safely arriv’d without
having perform’d any remarkable Exploits.
Mean while the West-India Company Adrian Pater his
fitted out twelve Sayl more, under the Expedition.
Command of Adrian Johnzon Pater, who set sayl in the middle of
August, and Cruised in vain about the Flemmish Isles for Spanish
Ships: About the beginning of the Year 1629. he sent away three
Ships under the Command of Martin Landrode, from the Island of
St. Vincent, whilest he himself ran with the rest of the Fleet into the
Inlet Todos los Sanctos, within a League from the City Salvador,
where there lay onely seven Barques near the Shore, which he
judging not worth the while to hazard his Ships and Men for, steer’d
to Pernambuco, took a rich Laden Barque in his Voyage, and was
inform’d by a Brasilian that came aboard of him on floating Pieces of
Timber, that three Sayl of Ships full of Goods were return’d to
Reciffa, so soon as they heard of the Dutch Fleet: But Pater judging
no good to be done there, return’d back to the Caribbee Islands,
where near Granada he found three Dutch Vessels, which had
likewise Cruis’d in vain before the Coast of Brasile. Moreover, the
Pegasus, Raven, and Hart Frigats, parted from the Fleet to Cruise
about Monges, touching at Blanca, they took above a thousand
Goats, and between the Cliffs of the little Isles Monges, abundance of
Fish; but descrying no Spanish Ships, they Sail’d to the Island De
Vacca, which hath a brave Harbor, delightful Woods, pleasant
Pastures, fresh-water Brooks, and abundance of wild Horses, Hogs,
and Lyons, of which the Sea-men took an infinite number. Before the
low Promontory Corientes, overgrown with Trees, they got two
Prizes laden with Campeche Wood.
These three fore-mention’d Frigats, as also the Walcheren and
South-star from Zealand, joyn’d with Pater’s Fleet, when he receiv’d
Information, that a considerable number of Spanish Ships were
suddenly expected from Campeche: Whereupon Paters divided his
Fleet into three Squadrons, whereof the Forlorn consisted of three
Sail, the Reserve of the like number, and the Admiral kept five under
his own Command: Thus divided, they stood to and again before
Cape Corientes, when Captain John Stapel brought three, and John
van Hoorn four Netherland Ships to their assistance.
Hoorn having set Sail from the Texel Hoorn’s Expedition.
about the latter end of April, was beaten off
from Granada with poyson’d Arrows, and took a Prize before the
Promontory St. Anthony, the Men whereof inform’d him, that the
Governor Gabriel de Chaves Osorio, an old Soldier, had great trouble
in repairing the Walls, Forts and Houses in the City, which two years
before had been blown down by a great Storm, and that six great
Ships were lading to go for Carthagena with the Gallions for Spain,
because they durst not Steer by Porto Rico for fear of the
Netherlanders; moreover, that abundance of Ginger was spoyl’d for
want of Vessels to carry it away; and that the Citizens were in great
want for Stuffs, none having come in a long time from Spain; in like
manner there went none but Copper Coin, so that nothing was to be
got there. The Silver and Gold Mines were not look’d after, the
Spaniards not caring to work, and the old Natives were long since
cut off, insomuch that if the Imperial Court was not kept in St.
Domingo, to which belong’d Cumana and Coro, that City and Island,
and Hispaniola it self, would soon be left desolate. Hoorn therefore
Sail’d by the Promontory St. Cruiz, being a low Point overgrown with
Trees, into the Bay, twenty Leagues from the Mouth whereof lie the
Isles Jardin de la Reyna. Before Corientes he took a Barque with
three hundred and six Guns, sent from Havana, the Men whereof
inform’d him, That the Governor of Havana, call’d Laurence de
Cabrera, having Intelligence of the Dutch Fleets approach, rais’d
many Men, and gave notice to the Ships in all the Harbors
thereabouts; after which he took another rich Prize, and joyn’d at last
with Paters Fleet, which now consisted of twenty Sail, with which he
Steer’d for the Soundings of Tortugas, where the Fleet met with a
dreadful Tempest, wherein a Thunderbolt splitting the Main-Yard of
the Hunter Frigat, fell down by the Mast, and rowl’d out at one of the
Port-holes, kill’d the Purser, and wounded two more in the Head:
great showers of Rain fell daily, when Samuel Lucas and Captain
Outger Minne brought seven Sail of Ships more to the Fleet, with
which Paters put in for fresh Provisions into the spacious and secure
Haven De Cabannas, where several Isles lie, formerly inhabited by
Shepherds and Carpenters.
From hence Paters Sail’d by Havana, mended the Port-holes of his
lower Deck, and took off the Top-gallant Masts, because in
September the usual Storms begin here; and seeing that he could not
do any Exploit with so great a Fleet, he sent nine Ships home, and
with the rest went to Barbados, where at that time there were about
fifteen hundred English that Planted Tobacco.
Paters Sailing from hence, ran to the Main Continent of America,
inspected the River Oronoque, where he quenched the Town St.
Thomas, that had been set on fire by the fled Inhabitants, and
brought aboard all what they had left.
During his fruitless Expedition, the West- Henrick Lonque’s
India Company Rigg’d out twenty seven Sail Expedition.
under the Command of Henrick Lonque, Takes Olinda.
Peter Ita, and Joost Bankart; the Land-
Soldiers being Commanded by Diederick Van Waerdenberg. Lonque
coming to St. Vincent, stay’d a long time at Anchor there; for in
regard the Spaniard in the Low Countreys rang’d on the Veluwe,
and had taken Amersfoort, the States of the United Netherlands
were forc’d to keep those Men in their Service which the West-India
Company had rais’d; but so soon as Wesel was re-taken, and the
Hartogen-Bosch won by Frederick Henrick, Prince of Orange, thirty
six Sail were sent to Lonque’s assistance; of which some came sooner
to him than others at St. Vincent, where he had stay’d four Moneths
without doing any remarkable Exploit. On St. Steven’s Day he set
Sail with fifty two Ships, thirteen Sloops, and two Prizes, all Mann’d
with seven thousand Men, which meeting with contrary Winds and
Calms, lay a great while under the Line, the Scurvey began to
encrease amongst them daily, insomuch that above twelve hundred
lay sick, and three hundred dy’d since they set Sail from St. Vincent;
yet at last Lonque getting sight of Olinda, sent Waerdenberg on the
fourth of February with sixteen Ships, carrying three thousand Men
to Pavo Morello, a Wood, lying two Leagues Northward from Olinda,
where he suddenly Landed, notwithstanding the Portuguese guarded
the Shore with two thousand Men, whom Waerdenberg, after a short
Skirmish, putting to flight, was the whole Night in Arms, and the
next day became Master of Olinda, by breaking in on the North at
the same time, when Colonel Schutte Storm’d on the South.
Moreover, the Enemy surrendred the two Forts on Reciffa, and
forsook the Island.
About the middle of March nine Ships which were wanting to
make up Lonque’s Fleet, came to an Anchor by him, having brought
him above six hundred Soldiers, many Guns, all manner of
Ammunition under the Command of Lieutenant Colonel Alexander
Seton, and the three Adjutants John de Bruine, Philip Serooskerken,
and Horatius Calandryn, who immediately order’d the Cloyster on
Antonio Vaes to be fortifi’d, and built a Fort with four Bulwarks at
the Entrance of Pozo in the Countrey Reciffa. Seton also set fire on
the Suburbs of Olinda, in which the Enemy had Lodg’d the Night
before, and endeavor’d to poyson the fresh Water on Antonio Vaes,
when on a sudden the Netherlanders fell upon them; two which
drank of the Water dy’d, and others fell into great Fits of Sicknesses,
and it wanted little but that the Admiral Lonque, with a Company of
fifty Musquetteers, had been kill’d returning from Reciffa to Olinda,
he being unawares set upon by two Companies of Portugueses and
Brasilians, who kill’d above thirty six of his Men, and dangerously
wounded six more, so that he brought off but eight Men unhurt. The
like Misfortune befell the Wood-cutters on Antonio Vaes, surpris’d
by the Portuguese from an Ambuscade.
Whilest Affairs stood thus about Olinda, there first arriv’d two
Ships from the United Netherlands at Reciffa, not long after four
more, Commanded by John Walbeek, and eight more under the
Admiral Dirik Van Uitgeest, who was follow’d by the Noahs Ark.
About the same time Dirk de Ruiter set Sail with six Ships, and
Peter Ita with ten, to Cruise at Sea.
About the beginning of February, Lonque Ita being set upon
having put all things in good order, prepar’d by the Enemy,
to return home, and weigh’d Anchor with escapes very
nine Ships. But Ita going from Reciffa to narrowly.
Olinda, to take his leave of the Council there, was suddenly surpris’d
after a strange manner; he had ninety Musquetteers for his Guard,
whose Matches were all put out, and their Arms all wet by a great
shower of Rain, which they perceiving from their Ambuscades,
immediately got cross the River, and kill’d thirty of the
Netherlanders, the rest running away, left Ita to defend himself,
which he did for some time with his Sword, but had absolutely been
slain, had he not receiv’d Aid from Olinda.
Because the Portuguese made several Attempts upon the
Netherlanders, not without damage on both sides, the West-India
Company often sent Ships to their assistance; and likewise many
Brasilians deserting the Portuguese, joyn’d with the Netherlanders,
who built a five-corner’d Fort with Bulwarks about the Cloyster on
Antonio Vaes; which to prevent, the Portuguese ventur’d many a
Sally, though not without considerable loss on their part. They also
reported, that Frederick de Toledo was making thither with a great
Fleet, to drive the Netherlanders out of Brasile; at which they taking
the Alarm, put themselves all into a posture of Defence, rais’d new
Works about the Castle on Reciffa, whilest the Ships which Cruis’d
on that Coast brought in several Prizes.
John Walbeek being chosen General by the West-India Company
over Brasile, had a Design on the Promontory St. Augustine; but it
came to no effect, because the Sea beat so vehemently against the
Shore.
The Report of the great preparation of a Great Supplies sent
Fleet which was making ready in Spain, to Brasile by the
mov’d the West-India Company to raise Netherland West-
India Company.
more Men, and to send out Admiral Paters
with seventeen Ships, which all arriv’d safe, except the Black Lyon
Frigat, which carrying the Lieutenant-Colonel Eltz and Captain
Uitgeest, was never heard of.
Joost Bankart was also sent out in March with eight Ships to St.
Helena, to Cruise there for the rich Carraks which us’d to Water
there; but though he stay’d till August before this fruitful Island, yet
saw not one Ship at Sea, nor a Man on the Island, but great numbers
of Sea-pies, which are so tame, that they suffer themselves to be
taken up with the Hand, or knock’d on the Head with Sticks.
Near this Isle Ita took a Ketch Prize, and rallying his whole Fleet
together, Steer’d for the Caimans; the most Eastern Isle whereof
being about three Leagues long, is full of Rocks, with a high Point on
the East; the other part thereof is plain. Then dividing his Fleet into
seven Squadrons, he made them all ready for an Engagement, when
he was inform’d by an English-man before Corientes, that Frederick
de Toledo had set Sail with eighty Ships from Havana to Spain, of
which he had sent back eight Gallions to Carthagena: Hereupon
bending his Course near Havana, he put the whole Countrey to an
Alarm, burnt a rich laden Vessel, and another that carry’d a Flag on
the Fore-top, and a third laden with Ballast.
Joachim Guysen being made Commander of the Dolphin Frigat,
and sent to joyn with Admiral Pater’s Squadron, was driven below
Jamaica, and at last strook against the great Caiman, where his
Vessel was all shatter’d to pieces; but all his Men and Goods being
sav’d, he spent sixteen Weeks in making a Ketch of the pieces of the
Dolphin, and brought a hundred and twenty Men, four Brass, and
two Iron Guns to the Fleet, having buried the rest on Caiman.
Five Leagues beyond Havana, a Spanish Ship laden with
Campeche Wood and Sarsaparilla, being chased against the Shore,
was set on fire by her own Men, which the Hollanders attempted
twice in vain to put out.
After this Ita’s Fleet lay long upon the Coast of Cuba, but finding
no Spanish Vessels, and their Provisions growing scarce, return’d
back to the Texel, where they arriv’d without doing any farther
Exploits.
In the mean while Pater lying before St. Martha taken by
Punta del Gallo, intending to Invade the the Dutch.
City built on the Shore of the Island Trinidad; but the Fort built at
the Mouth of the River, and contrary Current preventing his Design,
he ran through the middlemost Hole of Boccas to Blanca, where he
caught two thousand Goats and a Bonaire, set several Towns on fire,
whilest the Spaniards made a Smother of dry Stubble all along the
Fields, through which the Hollanders were to return, that so they
might be choak’d with the Smoak; which their Invention had prov’d
successful, had not the Hollanders forc’d a Way through a Wood. At
last the Fleet leaving Hispaniola, Steer’d for St. Martha, a Town
built on the Main Coast between Carthagena, and the River La
Hacha, being instigated thereto by a Letter (taken by the Hollanders
in a Prize) writ by the Governor Hieronymo de Quero to the Spanish
King; which Letter set forth the present Condition of St. Martha,
whereby they conceiv’d great hopes of a possibility of taking it, and of
the Advantages that would accrue thereby: nor did it happen
contrary to their expectation; for the Admiral Landing his Men, took
the City without the least resistance; and though the great Fort fir’d
some Guns, yet it soon surrendred on promise of Quarter; the City
also was sav’d from being burn’d, by paying fifty five hundred Pieces
of Eight, after they had plunder’d the same, and carry’d away
whatsoe’re they thought good. Mean while the Provisions growing
scarce in the Fleet, Pater judg’d it convenient to return home, where
he arriv’d safely with all his Prizes.
Notable Exploits were perform’d by John The valiant Exploit
Lichthart, one of which, amongst others of John Lichthart.
ought not to be omitted, viz. he setting Sail homewards from Reciffa
about the beginning of October Anno 1630. chanc’d to fall with his
Ship, the Over-yzel, amongst five Biscayan Pyrats, Cruising between
the French and English Coast, which thought to clap him aboard on
a sudden; but they seeing him bear up to them, were afraid to
venture, and Tack’d about: after which he was set upon about three
Leagues to the Northward of the Lizard, by three Frigats belonging
to Dunkirk, the biggest whereof carry’d thirty six Guns, the second
twenty eight, and the last twelve; with which three he maintain’d a
Fight eight hours, in which he had fourteen Men kill’d, and thirty two
wounded; his Ship resembled a Wreck, the Main-mast being shot
overboard, the Rudder hung by pieces at the Stern, and the Tackling
all shatter’d and torn, besides seven Shot under Water, and not less
than four hundred through the sides above, but not without
sufficient marks of retribution on the Dunkirkers side; but Lichthart
getting into Plymouth, mended his Ship, and from thence Sail’d to
Amsterdam, where he was Presented with a Gold Chain in
recompence of his Valor.
The Expedition of the Brown-Fish Frigat The Expedition of
is also remarkable, which Sailing beyond the Brown-Fish
Cape de Verd, Steer’d by Cape Roxo along Frigat.
the Shore to the River Catchieu, at whose Mouth lie two Shelves, and
between them ran a Channel through which the Ships pass’d. The
Brown-Fish Sailing about a League up the River, which is a Mile in
breadth, took a Portuguese Barque. The Seamen also Landing on the
Isle Bissis, spake Portuguese with the Natives, who are Coal-black,
and have strong Bodies, go Arm’d with Darts, Bowes, Arrows,
Symiters, and were Baptiz’d by a Priest sent thither from Portugal,
who with a few Countrey-men had built a Chappel and some Houses
there.
From hence the Brown-Fish Sail’d to the most Northern Isle
Bisegos, which is continually at Wars with Bissis. The King of this
Isle receiving some Presents from the Netherlanders, gave leave to
his Subjects, shie at first, to go aboard of them.
Steering from hence to Noronho, they found the Inhabitants
carry’d away, and their Gardens and Houses ruin’d, so that they
could get nothing but wild Pumpions to refresh themselves with;
therefore leaving the Isle they anchor’d at Reciffa.
In the interim, whilest these Expeditions were carry’d on as hath
been related, Captain John Boon-eter (who parted from the Admiral
Ita’s Fleet with eight Sail of Ships) Cruis’d to and again before
Hispaniola till May Anno 1631. near Mona he took a rich Vessel
coming from Porto Rico, another before the Island Vacca, and a
third full of Ginger, with which he Steer’d to the Tortugas, being
seven in number, resembling rather sandy Flats than Isles. Before
Havana he also chased several Vessels, but lost sight of them in the
Night. Mean while their Provisions growing short, the Seamen were
desirous to return; which Boon-eter would no way yield to, because
the time began to approach in which the Spanish Ships came from all
places to Havana; but the Men mutinying forc’d him to Steer to the
Texel, where they arriv’d without doing any considerable Exploit
advantageous to the West-India Company.
But at the same time fourteen Ships, The Fort of
three Sloops, and seven great Pinnaces, Tamarica assault’d
weighed Anchor from Reciffa with a by the Dutch in
vain.
thousand two hundred and sixty Men,
divided into twelve Companies, under the Command of Hartman
Godefrid and Stein Callenfels; who Landing on the Island Tamarica,
march’d along a bad and narrow Path, partly craggy and partly
sandy, to a Fort built on a high Ascent overgrown with Brambles in
such a manner, that it was impossible for them to break through,
whilest they in the Fort fir’d continually upon Stein Callenfels, who
judg’d it convenient to draw off, and Storm the Castle on another
side.
The Admiral Pater newly come from the Texel to Olinda, sent
three Ketches, a Sloop, and two Pinnaces, beyond the Town
Tamarica, to prevent the Enemies crossing over to the Main, and
keep off their Fire-ships. They also receiv’d Information from three
Portuguese and five Brasilian Prisoners, That the Castle, surrounded
with Fens and Brambles, had sixteen Guns; and that Albuquerque
had sent eight hundred Men to assist the three hundred that lay in
Garrison there before. The Captains Le Grand and Arcisseusky
found two other Ways that led to the Fort, but altogether unfit to
march along with their Men and Guns. Pater also Row’d round the
Island with Sloops, and fathom’d the Water, whilest Arcisseusky
Sailing up the River to Garasi, suppos’d that he had found a much
better place to make an Onset on the Castle in, than had been found
out yet; but the Council of Olinda and Stein Callenfels look’d upon it
as too great a hazard to Storm a Fort, to which the Ways lay so much
to the Enemy’s advantage, a small number in the same being able to
beat off a considerable Party; therefore it was judg’d best, and
concluded upon, to build a Fort on a little Isle near Tamarica, at the
Mouth of the River; to which purpose the Engineer Buuren contriv’d
a square Castle with a long Horn-work, which was call’d Orange; in
which the Captains Arcisseusky, Mellingen, and Beyer, were left in
Garrison with their Companies, whilest the rest of the Regiment
return’d to Reciffa.
Mean while Antonio de Oquendo brought a great Fleet to St.
Salvador; and Callenfels drew four Companies of Musquetteers, and
a great company of Seamen with Pick-axes and Spades out of the
Fort Frederick Henrick into the Field, and marching Southward
along private Ways, he found the River strongly fortifi’d near the
Forts Affogados, having above and below a row of strong Pallisado’s;
yet the Portuguese that guarded these Works after a small resistance
fled, and left all: But because a general Alarm drew many People in
Arms out of Real, and several other places, Callenfels drew off in
good order, and was inform’d by a Prisoner call’d Peter Alves, that
the Fort Affogados receiv’d that Denomination from the River on
which it was built; that there lay generally a hundred and fifty Men in
Garrison there; that about a Mile farther was the Fort Pirange. that
Peter de Acunha bore the chief Command next to Albuquerque over
the Militia, who us’d few Musquets but what had Fire-locks; and that
they wanted no Ammunition, for six great Carvels loaden with the
same had not long since stor’d them with great plenty thereof. The
Netherlanders also understanding by Letters which they had taken,
that the Tapuyans were very much incens’d against the Portuguese,
who stood in great fear of these salvage People, it was judg’d
convenient by the Council at Olinda, to invite the Tapuyans to be
their Friends.
On the eleventh of September Anno 1631. Fight between the
Admiral Pater and Vice-Admiral Martin Dutch and Spanish
Thyszoon, whose joint Forces were fifteen Fleet.
Men of War and three Ketches, carrying Admiral Pater
nine Companies of Foot, Commanded by drown’d.
Captain Engelbert Schutte, descrying the Spanish Fleet about an
hour before Sun-set, animated all the Officers and Captains to regard
their Honor and Oath which they had taken; telling them, That on
this Engagement would depend the Welfare or Ruine of the West-
India Company. But his Men were not so much heartned by his
Speech, as daunted at the sight of the Spanish Fleet, which consisted
of twelve Castilian and five Portuguese Gallions, and twenty six
other Vessels, as Pinks, Fly-boats and Carvels, all well Mann’d and
full of Guns, the Gallions carrying whole and Demi-Cannons; the
Admiral, call’d Antonio de Oquendo, carrying forty eight great Guns
in his Gallion, call’d St. Jago; whereas they had receiv’d Information
but of four Gallions and eighteen lesser Vessels; nevertheless Pater
no whit discourag’d, boarded him about ten a Clock the next
Morning, whilest Captain John Mast boarded him on the other side,
which occasion’d a bloody Engagement; and it would have prov’d
fatal to the Spaniard, had not Pater’s Stern taken fire, which he
endeavoring in vain to put out, and none coming to his assistance,
after he had hung a good while by a Rope at the Spanish Admiral’s
Bowe, he was forc’d through faintness to let go and fall into the
Water, whilest his Ship was blown up, a few of his Men onely being
sav’d by Oquendo. In the mean time Martin Thyszoon boarded the
Gallion Antonio de Padua, Commanded by the Vice-Admiral
Francisco de Vallezilla on one side, and the Utrecht Frigat on the
other, which after half an hours Engagement lost her Main-mast, and
after a sharp Fight of four hours the Fire took hold of her Sails;
which the Netherlanders not being able to quench, leap’d
desperately over into the Spanish Vice-Admiral; but he having two
hundred and sixty Men aboard, beat them off, forcing them to leap
into the Water, or sell their Lives at a dear rate. But Captain
Thyszoon had better success, for he not onely sunk the Vice-Admiral,
but took the Bonaventura Gallion, and likewise gave the Gallion
John Baptista so many shot under Water, that she sunk likewise. The
Night approaching ended this bloody Engagement; and the
Netherlanders Fleet much damnifi’d stood Northwards, with
intention to return to Reciffa. The next Morning Oquendo had lost
sight of them, but descry’d them again on the fifteenth of September,
and kept in view of them the six following days, five Leagues from
him to the East, or East South-East, Martin Thyszoon coming to an
Anchor before Reciffa on the twenty second of September.
About the same time the Amsterdam Frigat set Sail from thence
for St. Salvador, with intention to joyn with Pater’s Fleet there, but
not finding the Admiral, return’d, and near Cape St. Augustine
discover’d the Spanish Fleet; wherefore running close behind them
she receiv’d four Guns from Oquendo, which she answer’d, and kept
at a distance from them the whole Night, in hopes to meet with one
single Vessel or other belonging to the Fleet; but the Spanish Vice-
Admiral bearing little Sail, guarded the Rere, and fir’d continually at
the Amsterdam Frigat, who fearing an unlucky Bullet, made all the
Sail she could possible, and brought news of the approach of the
Spanish Fleet to Reciffa. Soon after which the Elephant came from
the Dutch Fleet thither, with a full Account of the fore-mention’d
Engagement, viz. That besides the Admiral Pater, there were slain
Captain Thomas Sickes, Cormillion, and Lieutenant Steenbergen,
also that two Ships, the Prince William and the Province of Utrecht,
were sunk: In lieu of which they had taken the Gallion call’d The
Bonaventura, with twenty six Brass Guns, weighing above sixty four
thousand Pound, two hundred and forty Castilians, and a great
parcel of Sugar and Tobacco; Amongst the Prisoners was one call’d
Francisco de Fuentes, who being Examin’d, gave this Information,
viz. That the Fleet carry’d two Regiments of Spaniards and one of
Italians; in which three Regiments were four thousand Men, under
the Command of Conde del Bangniola; and that upon the setting out
of Ferdinand, the King’s Brother, to the Netherlands, all the chiefest
Gallions and Dunkirk Ships were sent for, and English Vessels hir’d,
to convey him safe to the Flemmish Coast, which made Oquenda set
Sail with so much the lesser number to St. Salvador; that the sunk
Gallion, call’d Antonio de Padua, had fourteen Brass Guns in her
Hold, besides twenty six that were mounted.
Soon after a Brasilian that had pass’d by Two Tapuyan Kings
Albuquerque’s Army to Olinda, brought offer their Service to
Information, That he was sent by Jandui the Hollanders.
and Oquenou, two Kings belonging to the Tapuyans, to enquire if the
Topatingas (for so they call’d the Netherlanders that belong’d to the
West-India Company) did yet reside in Pernambuco, with Proffers to
assist them with their Forces. Moreover, he inform’d them, That
since his departure from Boudewyn Henrickszoon, a great many of
the Tapuyans Petivares were kill’d by the Portuguese near the River
Grande and Inlet Trajiciaon, because they had assisted
Henrickszoon, who had left them helpless at his departure. He added
also, That if the West-India Company would give the other
Brasilians any assurance to assist the Tapuyans, it would be
necessary to Consult about it near the River Grande.
This Proposal was found to be of so weighty a Concern, that Ellert
Smient being sent with the Ship call’d The New Netherland, and a
great Sloop, to Siara, to make farther enquiry into the Business, was
accompanied by a Renegado Portuguese call’d Samuel Cochin, and
several Brasilians (whom Henrickszoon upon their Request carry’d
with him from the Inlet Trajiciaon to Holland) who went, under
pretence of visiting their Relations at the River Grande and Siara, to
invite their Countrey-men to joyn with the Netherlanders.
During Smient’s absence many Olinda deserted and
Consultations were held about the demolish’d by the
demolishing or defending of the City Hollanders.
Olinda, about which there had formerly been many Contests; but at
last the Voices carry’d it, which were for the demolishing thereof, in
regard it was of little Consequence; and could not be kept without
many Men and great Charges, because of its bad Situation, whenas
their Men might do greater Service in other places: Wherefore they
began to carry all things necessary from Olinda to Reciffa, and on the
twenty fourth of November the City was set on fire with Barrels of
Pitch and Tar, being in a light flame at every corner, whilest Stein
Callenfels drew off the Garrison in good order to Reciffa; and
immediately sixteen hundred Men under his Command were put
aboard of sixteen Vessels, with intention to go to Parayba; but the
Enemy having a fortnight before had notice of this Design, had
fortifi’d himself all along the River. Callenfels approaching, espy’d
twelve Portuguese Standards, and the Men ready on the Breast-
works to prevent his Landing; yet nevertheless he not regarding their
Bullets, press’d in amongst them, and forc’d the Enemy from his
Works.
Near the Water stood a Stone Castle, and on one side of it a large
Store-house; on the Mountain near the City appear’d the Franciscan
Cloyster; the Fort rais’d of Earth had four Bulwarks, and twenty six
Guns, according to the Information of the Eye-witnesses Drevis and
Berster, who were sent thither as Spies.
Callenfels Landed not so carefully but Callenfels attempts
that he lost forty Men, either kill’d from to take the City, but
behind the Breastworks, or out of a without success.
neighboring Wood. Being inform’d by a Portuguese Prisoner, of the
ill Condition of the Town, and how slenderly it was provided, he
immediately rais’d a Sconce, two Watch-houses, and a Pallisado,
from which he fir’d with two Guns on the Castle, and made several
Trenches; but the Besieged were stronger in People and Guns than
the Besiegers, who being scarce able, by reason of their small
number, to keep Guards in all places, were also tir’d out under a hot
Climate, and fainted for want of Provisions, insomuch that in two
days there dy’d and fell sick above two hundred; wherefore Callenfels
judg’d it best to draw off in time; which that they might do securely,
they made a Redoubt, and the six Companies Commanded by the
Captains Redincheven, Meppelen, Cloppenburg, Schenk, Byma, and
Cook, resolv’d upon a desperate Attempt, as followeth: Marching
privately through a Wood behind the Enemy’s Works, they fell in at
one side upon the Portuguese Trenches, from whence they drove
them after a small resistance, and forc’d them to flie towards the
Fort, whither they were pursu’d with such eagerness, that those who
were in the Fort, lest the Hollanders might get in with them, lock’d
up the Avenues against their own Men; at which they were so
amaz’d, that some of them climb’d up by the Walls of the Fort, but
were either kill’d by the Assailants, or knock’d on the Head by their
own People, because several Hollanders went to climb up amongst
the Portuguese; the rest running about the Fort, fell into the midst of
the Netherlanders, where they were all cut off, being in number
above a hundred. The Hollanders also in this resolute Design, had
about twenty Men kill’d, and fifty wounded; after which they put
lighted Matches on Sticks in their Enemy’s Works, as if they had
never made any Attempt on the City Parayba.
Whilest this Expedition fell out so unfortunately, Smient
performing his Voyage, found in the Inlet Trajiciaon a Portuguese
Vessel hal’d near the Shore under the protection of two Pallisado’s;
wherefore supposing it best not to make any Attempt on the same, he
ran to an Anchor before Ubranduba, twenty Leagues below the River
Grande; where the Natives Marcial, Tacou, Ararova, and Matauwe,
who had been in Holland, Landing, went to see, and speak with their
Countrey-men to joyn with the Netherland West-India Company:
and some days after the Seamen Landing again in the same place,
met with Tacou, together with eight more stout Men, and seventeen
Women and Children, who carry’d a slain Portuguese call’d Juan
Perera, to the River Grande, about whom they had found Letters
containing the whole Condition of Siara; which the Brasilians
imparting to Smient, he sent a Ketch thither before, and follow’d
after himself; they Steer’d along the Shore beyond the Shelves
Guamare, by the Mountains Sailinas and Porto de Mel, the Haven
De Onces, and River Juaguarive, to the White Point, where the
Brasilians Landing spake with their People, and towards the Evening
brought good tydings, and desir’d that they might be Landed at
Siara, where they would put their Design in practice: Smient
following their Advice, receiv’d them aboard the New Netherland,
and Sail’d along by the square Fort Siara towards a smooth Shore on
each side, hedg’d in by thick Woods, where the Brasilians intended
to Land; but the Portuguese, and Brasilians belonging to their Party,
being gotten into the Wood before, fir’d so vehemently, that they
were forc’d to Retreat, and Sail five Leagues farther beyond the Cape
Opese, made dangerous by the many blind Cliffs that lie about the
same. Smient anchoring here, Landed the Brasilians, on promise
that they would return in two days; but the Seamen seeing
sometimes ten, sometimes fifteen Arm’d Portugueses ashore, judg’d
that the Brasilians had been slain by them, and therefore weighed
Anchor to the great dislike of the West-India Company.
Since this unsuccessful Design on Parayba, the Council at Reciffa
were no whit discourag’d, but resolv’d to make an Attempt on the
River Grande with twelve Ships and two Sloops, carrying ten
Companies of Soldiers, besides Seamen; but by reason of the
difficulty of Landing (because the Coast being very Rocky, makes the
Sea go very hollow), the strength of the Place, both in respect of its
Fortification and number of Defendants, and the joyning of the
Brasilians with them, they were forc’d to return without effecting
their Design.
About the same time eight Sail arriv’d at The Expedition of
Reciffa from Holland, and Jonathan de Nekker, Houte-
Nekker, Cornelis Corneliszoon, alias Houte- been, and others.
been, and Reinier Peterszoon, set out with The Marquess
three Frigats from the Texel to the Isle Salinas murther’d
for his Jewels.
Vacca, where with Hunting, Fishing, and
gathering of Fruit, they refresh’d themselves, and afterwards Steer’d
to the River Magdalena, discernable at three Leagues distance by the
thick yellow Water it discharges into the Sea through three Mouths.
Between the Western and middlemost Mouth lies an Isle in the
middle of the River, behind which Houte-been came to an Anchor,
whilest Nekker and Peterszoon kept Guard near Punto Verde; where
though the Wind blew very fresh in the Night, yet the Water remain’d
smooth: About Day-break Nekker discovering a Sail, made chase
after the same, but not able to come up with her, lost her the
following Night, and in the Morning saw a Barque, which running
ashore was set on fire by Peterszoon; after which Nekker chased two
other Ships, which likewise getting from him, he stood off at Sea out
of sight of the Isles Zamba, which are low on the West, and Hilly at
the East-end, where the Sea beats vehemently against a Promontory,
and chased a Barque ashore, whither he sent a Boat with eight Men;
which being beaten to pieces by the Waves, drowned four of them,
and the rest getting ashore were kill’d by the Spaniards. Soon after
which four Spanish Ships set Sail after Nekker and Peterszoon, and
had not the Night favor’d them they had been but in a bad Condition;
for they were not able to get their Sea-men aboard, who having taken
some Wine ashore, had made themselves Drunk; about Day-break
they descry’d the four Spanish Vessels, which were gotten so far from
them, that they could but just discern them from the Main-top. Not
long after they took two Barques, and came to an Anchor behind
Zamba by Houte-been, who being driven by a Storm out of the River
Magdalena to Jamaica, had chased a Barque ashore there, and a
Ship with four hundred Negro’s against St. Martha, and since took a
rich laden Barque near the River Magdalena. In like manner Nekker
and Peterszoon took a Ship coming from Caraques, leaving Houte-
been alone before Magdalena, who not long after discover’d eighteen
Spanish Ships near the High-land St. Martha, which were Steering
to Carthagena; one whereof belonging to Carthagena he made Prize
of, but was forc’d to forsake her in a great Storm; after the ceasing of
which he took another Frigat, the Men whereof inform’d him, That
the Admiral Thomas de Caspure was going with eleven Ships from
Cape Antonio to Porto Belo, to lade the Peruvian Silver there. The
Ship with Angolan Negro’s, taken by Houte-been, he set free, but
kept a Frigat laden with Tallow, Hides, Tobacco, and Flesh, which he
had taken just before the Coast of Rio Grande; and thus he went
Privateering up and down, when the Plate-Fleet from New Spain
weighed Anchor from Juan de Lua, the like of which in Riches had
never set Sail before, for it carry’d 2169340 Ryals of Eight for the
Merchants, an unvaluable Treasure for the King, besides many rich
Commodities which several bought upon their own Accounts, that
were not entred in the Custom-house: all which Treasure, laden in
nine Gallions, besides a considerable number of Frigats and small
Vessels, was committed to the Charge of Miguel de Echacareta; but
he dying before the Fleet set Sail, Manuel Serano de Ribera was
chosen Admiral; but a dreadful Storm arising as they were Sailing
before the Coast of Campeche in their Way to Havana, the whole
Fleet was in a manner utterly destroy’d, with a most unvaluable
Treasure: The Admiral, Vice-Admiral, Gallion Teresia, and several
other Gallions, sunk, with at least two thousand Men, a great number
of Persons of Quality, and amongst the rest the Marquess Salinas,
who was most treacherously slain by thirty Persons, who made
themselves Masters of a Sloop, into which he went for safety out of
the sinking Admiral Juseppe: That which instigated them to this
horrid Act, was the sight of a small Trunk of Jewels which he carry’d
into the Sloop: Not long after falling out amongst themselves about
dividing the Spoil, several of them were discover’d, apprehended,
and put to death.
This Fleet weighed Anchor the day after their Admiral Miguel de
Echacareta was buried, who dy’d so suddenly that he could make no
Will. A few days after the departure of the Fleet, a hundred and
seventy Houses were burnt at Juan de Lua. It appears that the
Spaniards out of fear of the Netherlanders, set Sail on the tenth of
October, notwithstanding it was at an inconvenient time, because
about that Season the Hurricanes rage most terribly in the Bay of
Vera Crux.
By a Letter from the Treasurer Franciscus Suarez it appears, that
the two Regiments in the City St. Salvador, the one Commanded by
Christopher Mexia Bocanegra, consisting of nine Companies, each
of sixty Men, and the other Commanded by Vasco de Mascarennas,
consisting of thirteen Companies, cost the King of Spain yearly 21515
l. to maintain them.
The Netherland Council at Reciffa no way Walbeck’s Exploits.
discourag’d by their successless Attempts
made the last Year on Rio Grande, sent thirteen Companies of
Soldiers aboard of seventeen Vessels, to build a Fort at the River
Formosa, where the Portuguese being too weak to resist them, set
fire on a Store-house with three hundred Chests of Sugar, and fled:
Walbeck was Commander in Chief in this Design, who Landing on
Formosa found no fit place to build a Fort in, because the Shore, not
being above a Musquet-shot broad, was inclos’d with Woods, behind
which lay high Mountains that Commanded the Shore; therefore
marching to Serinhain he burnt several Houses and a new Sugar-
Mill, near which in a Store-house he took twelve hundred Chests of
Sugar, which for want of Carts he could not carry to his Ships. Also
before Porto Calvo he burnt a Carvel, and took a great number of
Cattel on Camarigibi, and return’d without any farther Exploits to
Reciffa, where the Cruisers had brought in several Prizes during his
absence.
The Council resolving not to sit idle, set out another Fleet of
eighteen Ships under the Command of Martin Thyszoon, with a
Regiment of fourteen Companies under Stein Callenfels.
This Fleet approaching Cape Augustin, The Expedition of
they found a ridge of Rocks along the Shore, Martin Thyszoon
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