Complete Notes from “Thermodynamics of Energy Systems”

Lecturer: Prof. Dong Hae Ho

February 24, 2025

Contents
1 Overview 3

2 Slide 1. Thermodynamics of Energy Systems 3

3 Slide 2. Background of Prof. Dong Hae Ho 3

4 Slide 3. Soft Materials and Electronics 3

5 Slide 4. Basic Information (Course Details) 4

6 Slide 5. Additional Textbooks 4

7 Slide 6. “Entropy: A New World View” (1980) 4

8 Slide 7. Grade Policy (Short Overview) 4

9 Slide 8. Grade Policy (Detailed) 4

10 Slide 9. Observed Holidays & Scheduling 4

11 Slide 10. Game Plan (Initial) 5

12 Slide 11. Game Plan (Current Status/Update) 5

13 Slide 12. Introduction and Historical Context 6

14 Slide 13. Other Notable Figures 6

15 Slide 14. 1.1: The Scope of Thermodynamics 6

16 Slide 15. 1.2: International System of Units (SI) 6

17 Slide 16. Prefixes for SI Units 6

18 Slide 17 and 18. Research Articles 6

19 Slide 19. 1.3: Measures of Amount or Size 6

20 Slide 20. 1.4: Temperature Scales 7

1
21 Slide 21. Force 7

22 Slide 22. 1.5: Pressure 7

23 Slide 23. Pressure Example 7

24 Slide 24. 1.6: Work 7

25 Slide 25. 1.6: Work (Continued) 7

26 Slide 26. 1.7: Energy 7

27 Slide 27. 1.8: Heat 8

28 Slide 28. 2. The First Law and Other Basic Concepts 8

29 Slide 29. 2.1: Joule’s Experiments 8

30 Slide 30. 2.2: Internal Energy (U ) 8

31 Slide 31. 2.3: The First Law of Thermodynamics 8

32 Slide 32. 2.4: Energy Balance for Closed Systems 8

33 Slide 33. Extensive vs. Intensive Properties 8

34 Slide 34. 2.5: Equilibrium and the Thermodynamic State 8

35 Slide 35. Thermodynamic State and State Functions 9

36 Slide 36. Representation on a P–V Diagram 9

37 Slide 37. Example 2.4 9

38 Slide 38. 2.6: The Reversible Process 9

39 Slide 39. 2.7: Closed-System Reversible Processes 9

40 Slide 40. Constant-Volume (Isochoric) Process 9

41 Slide 41. Constant-Pressure (Isobaric) Process 9

42 Slide 42. Enthalpy 9

43 Slide 43. 2.8: Heat Capacity 9

44 Slide 44. Measures of Flow 10

45 Slide 45. Mass Balance for Open Systems 10

46 Slide 46. The General Energy Balance 10

47 Slide 47. Work Rate 10

2
48 Slide 48. Simplified Energy Balance 10

49 Slide 49. Energy Balances for Steady-State Processes 10

1 Overview
These notes consolidate the major content from the provided slides (“Thermodynamics of Energy
Systems”). Topics range from basic introductions to detailed coverage of the First Law, thermo-
dynamic properties, and energy balances for both closed and open systems. Also included are the
course structure, policies, and references to additional resources.

2 Slide 1. Thermodynamics of Energy Systems

• Title: “Thermodynamics of Energy Systems”

• Instructor: Prof. Dong Hae Ho

3 Slide 2. Background of Prof. Dong Hae Ho

• Academic Path:

– B.S. in Chemical Engineering, SKKU (2015)

– Ph.D. in Nano Engineering, SKKU (2020)
– Postdoc in Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Yonsei University (2022)
– Postdoc in Mechanical Engineering, Virginia Tech (2024)
– Assistant Professor, Energy Science & Engineering, DGIST (Present)

• Research Interests:

– Cation Selective Boosting System (e.g., DMAPS M ACP [EMI]+ [DCA]– )

– Electric Energy Harvesting: Combining triboelectric and thermoelectric effects, viewed
from materials process engineering.
– Electric Energy Conversion: Wide bandgap materials for improved electrical energy
management.
– Electric Energy Transmission: Flexible electrical interconnects suitable for harsh envi-
ronments (e.g., EGaInGaOx coatings).

4 Slide 3. Soft Materials and Electronics

• Distinguishes solid electronics from soft electronics.

• Configurational Entropy:
W
X
S = −kB Pn ln Pn .
n=1

3
 • Stretching a soft material reduces its configurational entropy. The work done to stretch can
partially convert into internal energy.

5 Slide 4. Basic Information (Course Details)

• Course Code: ES601c(01)

• Time: Monday, 9:00 AM – 12:00 AM

• Textbook: Introduction to Chemical Engineering Thermodynamics, Smith J. M. et al.,

McGraw-Hill

6 Slide 5. Additional Textbooks

1. Introduction to Thermodynamics by Yunus A. Cengel

2. A Farewell to Entropy: Statistical Thermodynamics Based on Information by Arieh Ben-Naim

3. Entropy: A New World View by Jeremy Rifkin (Viking Press, 1980)

7 Slide 6. “Entropy: A New World View” (1980)

Highlights the broader sociotechnical implications of entropy theory.

8 Slide 7. Grade Policy (Short Overview)

• Attendance: 20

• Homework: 10

• Midterm Exam: 30

• Final Exam: 40

9 Slide 8. Grade Policy (Detailed)

• Attendance: Required; 1 point deducted for each unexcused absence.

• Midterms and Quizzes: Missing an exam yields 0, no makeup exams.

• Late Assignments: Accepted within one week at up to 50% credit.

• Reevaluation: Submit a written petition within one week if you suspect an error in grading.

• Classroom Etiquette: Refrain from mobile phone usage or any disturbance.

10 Slide 9. Observed Holidays & Scheduling

A general calendar (March–June 2025) marking midterm and final exam periods, plus up to “12
Days of Thermodynamics.”

4
11 Slide 10. Game Plan (Initial)
1. Chapter 1: Introduction (scope, dimension, F, T, P, W, E)

2. Chapter 2: The First Law and Other Basic Concepts (internal energy, energy & mass balance,
enthalpy)

3. Chapter 3: Volumetric Properties of Pure Fluids (PVT relations, virial/cubic EOS)

4. Chapter 4: Heat Effects (sensible, latent heat, standard heats of reaction)

5. Chapter 5: The Second Law of Thermodynamics (heat engines, entropy, lost work)

6. Chapter 6: Thermodynamic Properties of Fluids (property relations, residual properties)

7. Midterm Examination
“Equilibrium and Non-equilibrium states with chemical/electrochemical reactions”

8. Chapter 7: Chemical Equilibrium and Kinetics

9. Chapter 8: Thermodynamics in Electrochemistry

10. Chapter 9: Applications of Thermodynamics

11. Final Examination

12 Slide 11. Game Plan (Current Status/Update)

1. Chapter 1: Introduction (scope, dimension, F, T, P, W, E)

2. Chapter 2: The First Law and Other Basic Concepts

3. Chapter 3: Volumetric Properties of Pure Fluids

4. Chapter 4: Heat Effects

5. Chapter 5: The Second Law of Thermodynamics

6. Chapter 6: Thermodynamic Properties of Fluids

7. Midterm Examination

8. Chapter 7: Application of Thermodynamics to Flow Processes (duct flow, turbines, compres-

sion)

9. Chapter 8: Production of Power from Heat

• Basics of Bayesian Probability

• Shannon’s Information Theory
• Statistical Thermodynamics

10. Final Examination

5
13 Slide 12. Introduction and Historical Context
• 1824: Sadi Carnot, Reflections on the Motive Power of Fire

• 1850: Lord Kelvin, On the Moving Force of Heat

• Early thermodynamic pioneers (pre-1880s)

14 Slide 13. Other Notable Figures

• Walther Nernst (1864–1941): Third Law of Thermodynamics

• Ilya Prigogine (1917–2003): Nobel laureate (1977) for non-equilibrium thermodynamics

• Sir Ralph H. Fowler (1889–1944): Introduced the Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics in 1931

15 Slide 14. 1.1: The Scope of Thermodynamics

• Developed from studying steam engines (Carnot)

• First Law: Energy is conserved

• Second Law: Entropy imposes directionality on processes

16 Slide 15. 1.2: International System of Units (SI)

• Base units: second (s), meter (m), kilogram (kg), Kelvin (K), mole (mol)

17 Slide 16. Prefixes for SI Units

f (femto) 10−15 p (pico)
10−12 n (nano) 10−9 µ (micro)
10−6 m (milli) 10−3 c (centi)
10−2 h (hecto) 102 k (kilo)
103 M (mega) 106 G (giga)
109 T (tera) 1012 P (peta)
1015

18 Slide 17 and 18. Research Articles

• Slide 17: Scanning electron micrographs (Chichkov et al., 1996)

• Slide 18: Zhao et al. (2024), Nature (3D nanoscale optical disk memory)

19 Slide 19. 1.3: Measures of Amount or Size

• n = m/M

• v= Vt
m, V = Vt
n, ρ = m/Vt

6
20 Slide 20. 1.4: Temperature Scales
T (K) = t(◦ C) + 273.15, T (R) = 1.8 T (K), t(◦ F ) = 1.8 t(◦ C) + 32

21 Slide 21. Force

• SI: Newton (N) = kg · m/s2

• U.S. units: 1 lbf = 1 lbm · 32.1740 ft/s2

• F = (ma)/gc , with gc = 32.1740 lbm ft s−2 lbf −1

22 Slide 22. 1.5: Pressure

F
P = ,
A
Units: Pa (N/m2 ), psi, atm, bar.

Pgauge = Pmeasured − Patm , Pabs = Pgauge + Patm

23 Slide 23. Pressure Example

• F = mg = 6.14 kg × 9.82 m/s2 = 60.295 N

• Diameter = 1 cm =⇒ area = π(0.012 )/4 m2

• Gauge pressure ≈ 7.68 × 105 Pa = 767.7 kPa

• If barometric = 0.997 bar (=0.997 × 105 Pa), then Pabs = 867.4 kPa

24 Slide 24. 1.6: Work

dW = F dl, dW = −P dVt (for expansion/compression)

25 Slide 25. 1.6: Work (Continued)

• Negative sign shows that work done by the system reduces its own energy (W < 0 if dV > 0).

• Ideal gas relation: P V = N kB T .

26 Slide 26. 1.7: Energy

1
EK = mu2 , EP = mgz
2
SI unit of energy: Joule (J) = N · m = kg · m2 /s2
Power: Watt (W) = J/s

7
27 Slide 27. 1.8: Heat
• Heat flows spontaneously from higher T to lower T .

• Measured in J, same as work/energy.

28 Slide 28. 2. The First Law and Other Basic Concepts

A section title page in slides.

29 Slide 29. 2.1: Joule’s Experiments

• Demonstrated conversion between mechanical work and heat.

• Stirring water in an insulated vessel → temperature rise consistent with the input work.

30 Slide 30. 2.2: Internal Energy (U )

• Includes molecular-level kinetic/potential energy.

• We only measure changes ∆U .

31 Slide 31. 2.3: The First Law of Thermodynamics

“Energy can be transformed, but not created or destroyed.”

For a closed system:

∆U = Q + W.

32 Slide 32. 2.4: Energy Balance for Closed Systems

dU = dQ + dW.
No mass crosses boundary, so energy exchange is via Q and W only.

33 Slide 33. Extensive vs. Intensive Properties

• Extensive: depends on total mass/moles (e.g. Ut , Vt ).

• Intensive: independent of total amount (e.g. T , P , specific volume).

34 Slide 34. 2.5: Equilibrium and the Thermodynamic State

• Equilibrium: no net driving forces.

• Thermodynamic State: specified by (T, P, V ) at fixed composition.

8
35 Slide 35. Thermodynamic State and State Functions
• State Functions: U, H, S, . . .

• Path Functions: Q, W .

36 Slide 36. Representation on a P–V Diagram

• The area under the curve can represent work, a path-dependent quantity.

37 Slide 37. Example 2.4

A process from state a to b can have different Q, W for different paths, but ∆U must be the same
for the same end states.

38 Slide 38. 2.6: The Reversible Process

• Frictionless, infinitely slow, can be reversed with no net energy change.

• Sets ideal benchmarks for efficiency.

39 Slide 39. 2.7: Closed-System Reversible Processes

dU = dQ + dW, dW = −P dV ⇒ dU = dQ − P dV.

40 Slide 40. Constant-Volume (Isochoric) Process

dV = 0 ⇒ dW = 0, dU = dQ ⇒ ∆U = Q.

41 Slide 41. Constant-Pressure (Isobaric) Process

dQ = dU + P dV = d(U + P V ) = dH ⇒ ∆H = Q.
Hence H = U + P V is the enthalpy.

42 Slide 42. Enthalpy

H = U + P V.
A state function, often used in flow processes. Term introduced by H. Kamerlingh Onnes.

43 Slide 43. 2.8: Heat Capacity

 
∂U
CV = , dU = CV dT,
∂T V
 
∂H
CP = , dH = CP dT.
∂T P

9
44 Slide 44. Measures of Flow
• Mass flow: ṁ, Molar flow: ṅ, Volumetric: q.

• ṁ = M ṅ, q = uA.

45 Slide 45. Mass Balance for Open Systems

d(mCV ) X X
+ ṁin − ṁout = 0.
dt
At steady state: net in = net out.

46 Slide 46. The General Energy Balance

d
(mU )CV = −∆(U + EK + EP )f low + Q̇ + Ẇrate .
dt
Exact forms differ but it includes internal, potential, and kinetic energies, plus heat & work terms.

47 Slide 47. Work Rate

1. Viscous work (often negligible)

2. PV (flow) work

3. Shaft work (Ws from rotating parts)

48 Slide 48. Simplified Energy Balance

With H = U + P V :
d
(mU )CV + ∆(H + EK + EP )f low = Q̇ + Ẇs .
dt
Often EK and EP changes are neglected for simpler engineering calculations.

49 Slide 49. Energy Balances for Steady-State Processes

∆H = Q + Ws .
Widely used for turbines, compressors, heat exchangers, etc.

10