Sec 1Express Final Revision End-of-Year Examinations 2021

Name: _________________________________ ( ) Class: ____________ C3: Approximation and Estimation

Rounding off numbers to specified place value/decimal places
C1: Factors and Multiples Step 1: Look for the digit in the specified place value/decimal places.
Prime Number – A number that can has exactly 2 factors, 1 and itself. Step 2: Consider the next digit to the right (5 or more round up)
Prime Factorisation – Expressing a composite number as a product of prime factors.
Use factor tree/ladder method to express a number in its prime factorization. Example: Round off 129.5238 to 3 significant figures and 2 decimal places.
129.5238 = 130 (3 s. f. )
Highest Common Factor (HCF) and Lowest Common Multiple (LCM)
129.5238 = 129.52 (2 d. p. )
HCF LCM
Largest whole number that divides the Smallest whole number that is a common
C4 & 5: Basic Algebraic Manipulations & Simple Equations
given numbers multiple of the given numbers
(A) Expansion
Choose lowest power of each common Choose highest power of each prime
Distribute a common factor to each of the term within the brackets.
prime factors of the given numbers factor of the given numbers
𝑎(𝑥 + 𝑦) = 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑎𝑦
Example: Expand the following,
Example: Find the HCF and LCM of 120 and 64.
(i) 5(4𝑥 + 3) = 20𝑥 + 15
120 = 23 × 3 × 5
252 = 22 × 32 ×7 (ii) −2𝑥(3𝑥 − 9) = −6𝑥 2 + 18𝑥
HCF = 22 × 3 = 12
(B) Simplifying Algebraic Expressions
LCM = 23 × 32 × 5 × 7 = 2520
Expand and combine all the like terms.
Square Roots and Cube Roots Example: Expand and simplify each of the following.
To form a perfect square/perfect cube, the integer must be expressed as two or three identical (i) 3(𝑥 + 2) − 5(7 − 2𝑥) = 3𝑥 + 6 − 35 + 10𝑥
groups of prime factors respectively. = 3𝑥 + 10𝑥 + 6 − 35
= 13𝑥 − 29
Example: Find integers 𝑘 and 𝑚 such that 540𝑘 is a perfect square and 540𝑚 is a perfect cube.
540 = 22 × 33 × 5 (ii) 𝑎(𝑏 − 2𝑐) + 2𝑎 − 4𝑎𝑏 = 𝑎𝑏 − 2𝑎𝑐 + 2𝑎 − 4𝑎𝑏
Perfect square (2 identical groups): = 2𝑎 − 2𝑎𝑐 − 3𝑎𝑏
540𝑘 = (2 × 3 × 3 × 5) × (2 × 3 × 𝑘)
= (2 × 3 × 3 × 5) × (2 × 3 × 𝟑 × 𝟓) (C) Simplifying Fractional Expressions
∴ 𝑘 = 3 × 5 = 15 Combine algebraic fractions using LCM into single fraction and reduce to simplest form.
Perfect cube (3 identical groups): Step 1: Find LCM of denominator and make fractions into a common denominator.
540𝑚 = (2 × 3 × 5) × (2 × 3) × (3) × 𝑚 Step 2: Combine into a single fraction (with brackets first, don’t expand).
= (2 × 3 × 5) × (2 × 3 × 𝟓) × (𝟐 × 3 × 𝟓) Step 3: Expand and simplify the terms.
∴ 𝑚 = 2 × 5 × 5 = 50 Example: Express the following as a single fraction in its simplest form.
𝑥 2−3𝑥 3𝑥 5(2−3𝑥)
C2: Real Numbers (i) + = +
5 3 15 15
𝑎 3𝑥+5(2−3𝑥)
Rational Numbers – can be expressed as a fraction in the form , 𝑎 and 𝑏 are integers, 𝑏 ≠ 0. =
𝑏 15
𝑎
Irrational Numbers – cannot be expressed as a fraction in the form , 𝑎, 𝑏 are integers, 𝑏 ≠ 0. =
3𝑥+10−15𝑥
𝑏
3 15
Example of Irrational Numbers: √2 , √20 , 𝜋 10−12𝑥
=
15
Follow BODMAS for Operations of Real Numbers
Brackets, Order (Square/Cube Roots), Divide/Multiply, Addition/Subtraction (ii)
𝑥−1
−
𝑥−3
=
2(𝑥−1)
−
3(𝑥−3)
6 4 12 12
2(𝑥−1)−3(𝑥−3)
Example: Evaluate =
1 1 1 12
(−1.2)2 + 10 ÷ [(− ) + (− )] = 1.44 + 10 ÷ (− ) =
2𝑥−2−3𝑥+9
3 6 2 12
= 1.44 − 20 =
7−𝑥
= −18.56 12
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Sec 1Express Final Revision End-of-Year Examinations 2021
(D) Factorisation (iii)
2
=
7
; LCM = (𝑥 + 3)(2𝑥 − 1)
𝑥+3 2𝑥−1
Extract the highest common factor from a group of terms. Use the box method to factorise. 2 7
(𝑥 + 3)(2𝑥 − 1) × = × (𝑥 + 3)(2𝑥 − 1)
𝑥+3 2𝑥−1
Example: Factorise the following. 2(2𝑥 − 1) = 7(𝑥 + 3)
(i) 5𝑎𝑐 − 20𝑎𝑏 = 5𝑎(𝑐 − 4𝑏) 𝑐 −4𝑏 −3𝑥 = 23
(ii) 12𝑥𝑦 + 27𝑦𝑧 − 18𝑥𝑦𝑧 = 3𝑦(4𝑥 + 9𝑧 − 6𝑥𝑧) 5𝑎 5𝑎𝑐 −20𝑎𝑏 2
𝑥 = −7
3
(iii) 3(𝑎 + 2𝑏) − 5𝑥(𝑎 + 2𝑏) = (𝑎 + 2𝑏)(3 − 5𝑥)
(G) Formulate Linear Equations to Solve Word Problems
(E) Solving Linear Algebraic Equations Step 1: Read the question carefully and identify the unknown.
To find the value of the unknown variable (Commonly used 𝑎/𝑥/𝑦) (Use letter 𝑥 to represent the unknown quantity.)
Step 1: Expand out any terms. Step 2: Express the other quantities in terms of 𝑥.
Step 2: Make algebra and numbers on separate sides. Algebra = Numbers Step 3: Form an equation based on the given information.
(Move algebraic terms to LHS, constants to RHS) Step 4: Solve the equation.
Step 3: Simplify and find 𝑥. Step 5. Answer the question.

Example: Solve the following equations. Example (a): Andy is 3 times as old as his daughter. In seven years’ time, he will be twice the age
(i) −4𝑥 = 3𝑥 + 14 of his daughter. Find Andy’s present age.
−4𝑥 − 3𝑥 = 14
−7𝑥 = 14 Step 1: Let 𝑥 be Andy’s daughter present age.
𝑥 = 14 ÷ (−7) Step 2: Express Andy and his daughter’s age in terms of 𝑥.
𝑥 = −2
Present Five Years Later
(ii) 4(𝑥 − 1) = 2𝑥 + 3
Andy’s Daughter = 𝑥 Andy’s Daughter = 𝑥 + 7
4𝑥 − 4 = 2𝑥 + 3 Andy = 3𝑥 Andy = 3𝑥 + 7
4𝑥 − 2𝑥 = 4 + 3
2𝑥 = 7 Step 3: Form an equation.
𝑥 = 3.5 3𝑥 + 7 = 2(𝑥 + 7)
Step 4: Solve the equation and find 𝑥.
(F) Solving Linear Equations Involving Fractional Coefficients 3𝑥 + 7 = 2(𝑥 + 7)
Step 1: Find the LCM of the denominators and multiply both sides by the LCM. 3𝑥 + 7 = 2𝑥 + 14
Step 2: Expand the terms. 𝑥=7
Step 3: Move all the algebraic terms to LHS, constants to RHS. Step 5: Andy’s present age = 3𝑥 = 21 years old
Step 4: Solve 𝑥.

Example: Solve the following equations. Example (b): A ticket for an adult visiting the zoo cost $𝑥. A ticket for a child cost $7 less than
9−2𝑥 an adult’s ticket. Ivan brought his wife and 2 children to the zoo and spend a total of $50 on the
(i) =4 ; LCM = 3
3 tickets. Find the cost of a child ticket.
9 − 2𝑥 = 12
−2𝑥 = 3 Step 1: Let adult ticket = $𝑥
𝑥 = −1.5 Step 2: Child’s ticket = $(𝑥 − 7)
2𝑥+7 3−𝑥
Step 3: 2 Adults + 2 Children = $50
(ii) − =1 ; LCM = 15 2𝑥 + 2(𝑥 − 7) = 50
3 5
2𝑥+7 3−𝑥
15 × ( − ) = 1 × 15
3 5 Step 4: 2𝑥 + 2(𝑥 − 7) = 50
5(2𝑥 + 7) − 3(3 − 𝑥) = 15 2𝑥 + 2𝑥 − 14 = 50
10𝑥 + 35 − 9 + 3𝑥 = 15 4𝑥 = 64
13𝑥 = −11 𝑥 = 16
11
𝑥=−
13
Step 5: Child’s ticket = $(16 − 7) = $9
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Sec 1Express Final Revision End-of-Year Examinations 2021
C6 & 7: Angles & Polygons Polygons
Acute Angle Obtuse Angle Reflex Angle Sum of interior angles of 𝑛-sided polygon = (𝑛 − 2) × 180°
Less than 90° 90° to 180° More than 180° Sum of exterior angles of 𝑛-sided polygon = 360°

Regular polygon – all sides same, all angles same

360°
No of sides of regular polygon =
Ext. ∠

To solve number of sides of regular polygon (Given Interior Angle)

Adjacent Angles on a Angles at a Point Vertically Opposite Angles
Straight Line Example: Find the number of sides of a regular polygon is each interior angle is 165°.
c Method 1:
a b Method 2:
a b (𝑛−2)×180° Step 1: Find Exterior Angle
a b c 𝑛
= 165°
Ext. ∠ = 180° − 165° = 15° (Adj. ∠s on str. line)
d (𝑛 − 2) × 180 = 165𝑛
180𝑛 − 360 = 165𝑛 Step 2: Use formula to find 𝑛.
∠𝑎 + ∠𝑏 = 180° ∠𝑎 + ∠𝑏 + ∠𝑐 = 360° ∠𝑎 = ∠𝑏 and ∠𝑐 = ∠𝑑 15𝑛 = 360 𝑛=
360°
(∠𝑠 on a str. Line) (∠𝑠 at a pt) (vert. opp. ∠𝑠) 𝑛 = 24
15°
𝑛 = 24
Two parallel lines AB and CD are cut by a transversal XY. C8: Ratio Rate & Speed
X Ratio
𝑎
a 𝑎 ∶ 𝑏 = (Use calculator to find ratios in its simplest form)
b 𝑏
A B
d c Rate
Rate – comparison of two or more quantities of different units.
p q Exchange rate 10 SGD/€ means SGD10 for every 1€.
C s D
r Speed
Y Distance
➢ Speed =
Time
∠𝑎 = ∠𝑝 , ∠𝑏 = ∠𝑞 , ∠𝑐 = ∠𝑟 , ∠𝑑 = ∠𝑠 (corr. ∠𝑠, 𝐴𝐵 // 𝐶𝐷) Distance D
➢ Time =
Speed
∠𝑑 = ∠𝑞 , ∠𝑐 = ∠𝑝 (alt. ∠𝑠, 𝐴𝐵 // 𝐶𝐷)
➢ Distance = Speed × Time S T
∠𝑑 + ∠𝑝 = 180° , ∠𝑐 + ∠𝑞 = 180° (int. ∠𝑠, 𝐴𝐵 // 𝐶𝐷)
Total Distance
In triangle ABC, In quadrilateral ABCD, Average Speed =
Total Time
∠𝑎 + ∠𝑏 + ∠𝑐 = 180° (∠ sum of ∆) ∠𝑎 + ∠𝑏 + ∠𝑐 + ∠𝑑 = 360° (∠ sum of quad.)
∠𝑎 + ∠𝑏 = ∠𝑑 (ext. ∠ of ∆) × 3.6
A m/s km/h
A D ÷ 3.6
a 3
a d Example: Alan walks for of a journey at 5 km/h. He then increased his speed by 7 km/h and
4
c jogs for the remaining 30 minutes. Find his average speed for the entire journey.
d b
b c
B D C 30 3
C B Distance 2 = 12 × = 6 km Journey 1 ( of entire) Journey 2
60 4
Distance 1 = 6 × 3 = 18 km
Special Triangle: Special Quadrilaterals: Time 1 = 18 ÷ 5 = 3.6 h D1 = D1 =
Isosceles Triangle, Equilateral Triangle Rectangles, Squares, Parallelograms, Rhombus, Total Distance = 18 + 6 = 24 km
T1 = 30
T1 = h = h
1
60 2
Trapezium, Kite 1
S1 = 5 km/h S1 = (5 + 7) km/h
Total Time = 3.6 h + h = 4.1 h
2
24 35
Average Speed = =5 km/h
4.1 41
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Sec 1Express Final Revision End-of-Year Examinations 2021
C9: Percentage C10: Sequences and Number Patterns
(A) Conversion An ordered list of numbers is called a sequence.
× 100% 2 5 8 11
Decimals/Fractions Percentages
÷ 100% +3 +3 +3
General Term
(B) Percentage Change 𝑇𝑛 = 𝑇1 + 𝑑(𝑛 − 1) , where 𝑑 = common difference
Percentage Increase =
New Value−Orginial Value
× 100% = 𝑇0 + 𝑑𝑛 𝑇1 = first term
Original Value
𝑛 = pattern/position number
Original Value−New Value
Percentage Decrease = × 100%
Original Value Example: Find the general formula for the sequence −11, −5, 1, 7, …
Hence, explain if 125 is a term in the sequence.
Example: The price of a car was $30 000 in 2015.
(i) In 2016, the price of the car increased by 15%. Find the price of the car in 2016. Common Difference, 𝑑 = 6
(ii) In 2017, the car cost $32 000. Find the percentage decrease of the car in 2017. General Term, 𝑇𝑛 = −11 + 6(𝑛 − 1)
= 6𝑛 − 17
Solutions: Sub 125 into 𝑇𝑛 equation, 6𝑛 − 17 = 125
100+15
(i) In 2016, Price of car = × 30 000 = $34 500 6𝑛 = 142
100 2
𝑛 = 23
3
34 500−32 000 2
(ii) Percentage Decrease = × 100% = 7.8125% ∴ Since 𝑛 = 23 is not a positive integer, 125 is not a term in the sequence.
32 000 3
(𝑛 is position number, must be positive integer after solving)
(C) Percentages in Practical Situations
Problems Involving Discounts/GST Number Patterns Involving Geometric Figures
Marked Price – price at which an item is priced at (not the final selling price) Example: Find the pattern that uses 100 matchsticks.
Cost Price – cost of manufacturing an item
GST – Good and Services Tax (7% in Singapore)

Example: A bag is priced at $280. A store provides a 10% discount on the bag during sales. Find
the final selling price of the bag, inclusive of GST. Pattern Number No of Matchsticks
1 4 +3
Solutions:
10 2 7
Discount = × 280 = $28 +3
100 3 10
Final Selling Price of Bag = 280 − 28 = $252 General Term: 𝑇𝑛 = 4 + 3(𝑛 − 1) = 3𝑛 + 1
107 For 100 matchsticks, 3𝑛 + 1 = 100
Price(Including GST) = × 252 = $269.64 𝑛 = 33 , Pattern 33
100

Problems Involving Interest Rates Number Patterns (Finding your own Pattern)
Simple Interest – interest earned or charged in one year using the Principal value Example: Consider the following pattern:
𝑃𝑅𝑇
Simple Interest = , 𝑃 = Principal Value 12 + 1 = 2 = 1 × 2
100
𝑅 = Interest Rate 22 + 2 = 6 = 2 × 3
𝑇 = Time Period 32 + 3 = 12 = 3 × 4
42 + 4 = 20 = 4 × 5
Example: Aaron deposits $5000 in a bank which offers a 1.6% interest per annum. Find the (a) Write down the 5th line in the pattern.
amount Aaron has in his account after 4 years.
(b) Write down the 𝑛th line in the pattern.
Solutions:
Simple Interest =
5000×1.6×4
= $320 Solutions:
100 (a) 5th line ∶ 52 + 5 = 30 = 5 × 6
Total Amount (4 years) = 5000 + 320 = $5320
(b) 𝑛th line: 𝑛2 + 𝑛 = 𝑛2 + 𝑛 = 𝑛(𝑛 + 1)
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Sec 1Express Final Revision End-of-Year Examinations 2021
C11: Linear Equations and Graphs C12 & 13: Perimeter Area & Volume Surface Area
A coordinate point on the graph can be represented by (𝑥𝐴 , 𝑦𝐴 ) where 𝑥𝐴 refers to the 𝑥
coordinate of the point and 𝑦𝐴 refers to the 𝑦 coordinate of the point. Name Shape Area Perimeter

Gradient 1
Gradient measures the steepness of the linear line. Triangle ℎ ×𝑏×ℎ Addition of all 3 sides
Vertical Change Rise 2
Gradient of a line = = 𝑏
Horizontal Change Run

𝑟
Circle 𝜋𝑟 2 Circumference = 2𝜋𝑟
How to identify positive or negative gradient

Parallelogram 𝑏 𝑙×ℎ 2(𝑙 + 𝑏)

ℎ

𝑎
POSITIVE GRADIENT NEGATIVE GRADIENT
1
Trapezium ℎ × (𝑎 + 𝑏) × ℎ Addition of all 4 sides
Four types of Graphs 2
𝑏

Curved
Name Solids (Prism) Total Surface Area Volume
Graph Surface Area

Cube 6𝑥 2 𝑥3
Gradient Positive Negative Zero Undefined 𝑥
Equation
of Line 𝑦 = 2𝑥 + 1 𝑦 = −𝑥 + 5 𝑦=2 𝑥=2
ℎ
(Example) Cuboid 2 (𝑏𝑙 + 𝑏ℎ + ℎ𝑙) 𝑙×𝑏×ℎ
𝑏
Steps for Graph Sketching: 𝑙
1. Plan your graph first (Take note of the different scales on both 𝑥 and 𝑦 axes) 𝑟
➢ Start with the smallest value on 𝑦-axis then moving to 𝑥-axis
2. Locate your origin and draw your axes. Right-circular
3. Plot the points and connect to a straight line graph. ℎ 2𝜋𝑟ℎ 2𝜋𝑟 2 + 2𝜋𝑟ℎ 𝜋𝑟 2 ℎ
Cylinder
➢ Remember to write the equation of the line at the side of the line.
4. Solve the questions.

Prism 2 × Base Area +

Base Area × ℎ
ℎ Base Perimeter × ℎ
Base Area

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