Why JavaScript is a single-thread language that can be non-

blocking ?
The JavaScript within a chrome browser is implemented by a V8
engine.
 Memory Heap
 Call Stack
Memory Heap: It is used to allocate the memory used by your
JavaScript program. Remember memory heap is not the same as the
heap data structures, they are totally different. It is the free space
inside your OS.
Call Stack: Within the call stack, your JS code is read and gets
executed line by line.
Now, JavaScript is a single-threaded language, which means it has
only one call stack that is used to execute the program. The call
stack is the same as the stack data structure that you might read in
Data structures. As we know stacks are FILO that is First In Last Out.
Similarly, within the call stack, whenever a line of code gets inside
the call stack it gets executed and moves out of the stack. In this
way, JavaScript is a single-thread language because of only one call
stack.
JavaScript is a single-threaded language because while running code
on a single thread, it can be really easy to implement as we don’t
have to deal with the complicated scenarios that arise in the multi-
threaded environment like a deadlock.
Since JavaScript is a single-threaded language, it is synchronous in
nature. Now, you will wonder if you have used async calls in
JavaScript so is it possible then?
So, let me explain to you the concept of async calls within JavaScript
and how it is possible with single-threaded language. Before
explaining it let’s discuss briefly why we require the async call or
asynchronous calls. As we know within the synchronous calls, all the
work is done line by line i.e. the first task is executed then the
second task is executed, no matter how much time one task will
take. This arises the problem of time wastage as well as resource
wastage. These two problems are overcome by asynchronous calls,
where one doesn’t wait for one call to complete instead it runs
another task simultaneously. So, when we have to do things like
image processing or making requests over the network like API calls,
we use async calls.
Now, coming back to the previous question of how to use async calls
within JS. Within JS we have a lexical environment, syntax parser,
and an execution context (memory heap and call stack) that is used
to execute the JS code. But these browsers also have Event Loops,
Callback queue, and WebAPIs that are also used to run the JS code.
Although these are not part of JS it also helps to execute the JS
properly as we sometimes used the browser functions within the JS.
 JavaScript RunTime Environment

As you can see in the above diagram, DOM, AJAX, and Timeout are
not actually part of JavaScript but part of RunTime Environment or
browser, so these can be run asynchronously within the WebAPI
using the callback queue and again put in the call stack using event
loop to execute.
Example: Let us take an example to be very clear of the concept.
Suppose we have the following piece of code that we want to
execute in the JS run-time environment.
 javascript

console.log('A');

setTimeout(() => {
console.log('B');
}, 3000);

console.log('C');
Output:
A
C
B
Let’s see why this happens as JavaScript is a single-threaded
language so, the output should be A B C but it is not.
When JS tries to execute the above program, it places the first
statement in the call stack which gets executed and prints A in the
console and it gets to pop out of the stack. Now, it places the second
statement in the call stack and when it tries to execute the
statement, it finds out that setTimeout() doesn’t belong to JS so it
pops out the function and puts in the WebAPI to get executed there.
Since the call stack is now again empty, it places the third statement
in the stack and executes it thus printing C in the console.
In the meanwhile, the WebAPI executes the timeout function and
places the code in the callback queue. The event loop checks if the
call stack is empty or not or whether there is any statement in the
callback queue that needs to be executed all the time. As soon as
the event loop checks that the call stack is empty and there is
something in the callback queue that needs to be executed, it places
the statement in the call stack and the call stack executes the
statement and prints B in the console of the browser.
Q. What is JavaScript?
JavaScript is a high-level, dynamic programming language used to
make web pages interactive. It is a core technology of the World
Wide Web, alongside HTML and CSS.
Q. What is JavaScript used for?
JavaScript is a versatile language used for web development, adding
interactivity, dynamic content, and user-friendly features like
sliders, forms, and animations. It’s also used in web apps, backend
services (via Node.js), game development, and mobile apps.
Q. What is the difference between JavaScript and Java?
JavaScript and Java are distinct languages with different purposes.
Java is an object-oriented programming language for building
standalone applications, while JavaScript is primarily used to
enhance web pages with interactivity and dynamic content.
Q. What is JavaScript DOM?
The JavaScript DOM (Document Object Model) lets you interact with
and manipulate HTML and CSS. It represents a web page as a tree
of objects, enabling real-time updates, style changes, and event
handling for dynamic, responsive pages.
Q. How do you include JavaScript in an HTML document?
JavaScript can be included in an HTML document in three ways:
 Inline, by placing it directly within HTML elements.
 Internal, by placing it within a <script> tag in the HTML
document.
 External, by linking to a separate .js file using the <script
src=”filename.js”></script> tag.
Q. What are variables in JavaScript?
Variables in JavaScript store data values. They can be declared
using var, let, or const.
Q. What is Hoisting in JavaScript?
Hoisting in JavaScript refers to the behavior where variable and
function declarations are moved to the top of their containing scope
during compilation. However, only the declarations are hoisted, not
the initializations, leading to potential issues with uninitialized
variables.
Q. What is ECMAScript?
ECMAScript (ES) is the standardized scripting language specification
upon which JavaScript is based. It standardizes the core features
and functionalities of JavaScript.
Q. What is ES6?
ES6, also known as ECMAScript 2015, is the sixth edition of the
ECMAScript standard. It introduced significant improvements and
new features to JavaScript, including arrow functions, classes,
template literals, and more.
Q. What are some key features introduced in ES6
(ECMAScript 2015)?
 Arrow functions
 Classes
 Template literals
 Default parameters
 Destructuring assignment
 Modules
 Promises
 let and const keywords
Q. What is ES5?
ES5, or ECMAScript 5, is the fifth edition of the ECMAScript
standard, released in 2009. It added new features to the language,
including strict mode, JSON support, and new array methods.
Q. What is the basic syntax of JavaScript?
The basic syntax of JavaScript includes statements, expressions,
variables, functions, operators, and control flow constructs. A
typical JavaScript statement ends with a semicolon and can include
variable declarations, function calls, loops, and conditionals.
Q. What is the syntax for defining a JavaScript function?
The syntax for defining a function in JavaScript is:
function functionName(parameter1, parameter2) {
// Code to be executed
}
This function can then be called using functionName(argument1,
argument2);.
Q. Is JavaScript syntax easy to learn?
Yes, JavaScript syntax is considered easy to learn, especially for
beginners. It is intuitive and has a C-like structure, which is familiar
to those who have experience with languages like C, C++, or Java.
Q. What is the JavaScript syntax for embedding code in
HTML?
JavaScript code is embedded in HTML using the <script> tag. The
script can be placed within the <head> or <body> sections of the
HTML document, or it can be included as an external file:
<script>
// JavaScript code here
</script>
Q. What does “syntax” mean in coding?
In coding, “syntax” refers to the set of rules that defines the
structure and format of the code in a programming language. It
dictates how code should be written so that it can be correctly
interpreted and executed by the compiler or interpreter.
Q. How to show JavaScript output?
Use console.log() for console output, alert() for pop-up messages,
document.write() for direct document writing, or update HTML
elements via DOM manipulation.
Q. How many types of output are there in JavaScript?
Four types: console output, alert boxes, document writing, and DOM
updates.
Q. What is input and output in JavaScript?
 Input: user or program data.
 Output: processed data displayed via console, alerts,
document, or DOM.
Q. How to run a JavaScript file?
Include it in an HTML document using the <script> tag and open
the HTML file in a browser.
Q. How to print a name in JavaScript?
Use console.log(), alert(), document.write(), or update an HTML
element with DOM manipulation.
Q. What are comments in JavaScript?
Comments are non-executable parts of the code used for
explanations, documentation, and debugging.
Q. How do you write a single-line comment in JavaScript?
Use // at the beginning of the line.
Q. How do you write a multi-line comment in JavaScript?
Enclose text with /* and */.
Q. Can comments be nested in JavaScript?
No, nesting comments is not allowed and causes syntax errors.
Q. Why are comments useful in JavaScript?
They enhance code readability, aid debugging, and document
complex logic.
Q. Can comments affect the performance of JavaScript code?
No, comments are ignored during execution but may increase file
size.
LET
Q. What is let in JavaScript?
let is a keyword used to declare variables in JavaScript, introduced
in ES6, providing block scope, unlike var which has function scope.
Q. How does let differ from var?
let has block scope, meaning it is only accessible within the block it
is defined in, whereas var has function scope and is hoisted.
Q. What is block scope in JavaScript?
Block scope means the variable is only accessible within the curly
braces {} where it is declared, such as in loops, conditionals, or
functions.
Q. Can you redeclare a variable using let in the same scope?
No, variables declared with let cannot be redeclared in the same
scope, which prevents accidental overwriting of variables.
Q. What happens if you try to access a let variable before it
is declared?
Accessing a let variable before its declaration results in a
ReferenceError due to the Temporal Dead Zone (TDZ), where the
variable exists but is not yet initialized.
Q. Can let be used in loops?
Yes, let is commonly used in loops for variable declaration, ensuring
each iteration has its own scope, avoiding issues with closures in
asynchronous code.