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Logarithms Notes

The document provides an overview of logarithms, explaining their definition, properties, and rules for operations such as product, division, and power rules. It includes lesson outcomes for students, examples of converting logarithmic expressions to exponential form, and exercises for evaluating logarithmic expressions and solving equations. Additionally, it outlines activities for expanding logarithmic expressions using various rules.

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everythingnotimportant75
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
2 views

Logarithms Notes

The document provides an overview of logarithms, explaining their definition, properties, and rules for operations such as product, division, and power rules. It includes lesson outcomes for students, examples of converting logarithmic expressions to exponential form, and exercises for evaluating logarithmic expressions and solving equations. Additionally, it outlines activities for expanding logarithmic expressions using various rules.

Uploaded by

everythingnotimportant75
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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LOGARITHMS

A logarithm is a mathematical operation that determines how many times a certain number,
called the base, is multiplied by itself to reach another number. The logarithmic function can be
understood as the inverse of exponentiation and can be defined when the power of certain
numbers is raised in order to get another number.

22 = 4
log2 4 = 4

LESSON OUTCOMES
By the time the student is finished with this section of the workbook, he/she should be able to:
➢ Evaluate a simple logarithm without the aid of a calculator.
➢ Express a logarithmic statement in exponential form.
➢ Express a statement in exponential form in logarithmic form.
➢ Expand a logarithmic expression as the sum or difference of logarithms using the
properties of logs.
➢ Solve logarithmic equations

TAKE NOTE (N.B.)

log 1 = 0

log 10 = 1

log2 2 = 1 (THE VALUE OF A LOG WITH SAME BASE AND NUMBER IS 1.

When you solve for 𝑥: Same base equal logs

For example: log10 (𝑥 − 4) = log10 4

𝑥−4 =4= 8
Express the following logarithmic expressions in exponential forms.

1. log11 121 = 2
112 = 121
2. log 9 81 = 2
92 = 81
3. log 7 49 = 2
72 = 49
1
4. log 216 6 =
3
1
2163 = 6

5. log 𝑥 191 = 𝑦
𝑥 𝑦 = 191

6. log 5 𝑛 = −2
5−2 = 𝑛

7. log 5 𝑥 = 19
519 = 𝑚
8. log 𝑛 𝑚 = −6
𝑛−6 = 𝑚
9. 𝐥𝐨𝐠 2 32 = 5
25 = 3
10. 𝐥𝐨𝐠10 1 = 0
𝟏𝟎𝟎 = 𝟏
CALCULATING THE VALUE OF UNKNOWN WITHOUT USING A CALCULATOR

CALCULATE THE VALUE OF 𝒙 OR 𝑦


𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟒 𝟑𝟐 = 𝒙
𝟒𝒙 = 𝟑𝟐
𝟐𝟐𝒙 = 𝟐𝟓
𝟓
𝒙=
𝟐

Find the value of y.


log 5 25 = 𝑦
5𝑦 = 25
5𝑦 = 52

𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟑 𝟖𝟏 = 𝒙
∴ 𝟑𝒙 = 𝟖𝟏

𝟑𝒙 = 𝟑𝟒
𝒙=𝟒

𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟓 𝟏𝟐𝟓 = 𝒚
1
𝐥𝐨𝐠 2 8 = 𝑥

𝐥𝐨𝐠 1 16 = 𝑦
4

𝑥 if log 5 (𝑥 − 7) = 1

𝒙 − 𝟕 = 𝟓𝟏
𝒙 = 𝟏𝟐
LOGARITHM RULES AND PROPERTIES

There are certain rules based on which logarithmic operations can be


performed. The names of these rules are:

1. Product rule

In this rule, the multiplication of two logarithmic values is equal to the addition of their
individual logarithms.

log𝑏 (𝑚𝑛) = log𝑏 𝑚 + log𝑏 𝑛

For example: log3 (2𝑦) = log 3 2 + log3 𝑦

2. Division rule

The division of two logarithmic values is equal to the difference of each logarithm.

log𝑏 (𝑚/𝑛) = log𝑏 𝑚 − log𝑏 𝑛

For example: log3 (2/𝑦) = log3 2 − log3 𝑦

3. Power rule/Exponential Rule

In the exponential rule, the logarithm of m with a rational exponent is equal to the

exponent times its logarithm.

log𝑏 (𝑚𝑛 ) = 𝑛 log𝑏 𝑚

WRITE THE FOLLOWING AS A SINGLE LOGARITHM

1. 2 log3 10 − log3 4

= log3 102 − log3 4

= log3 100 − log3 4


100
= log3 ( )
4

= log3 25

2
2. log2 𝑥 + log2 𝑦
3

= log2 𝑥 2/3 + log2 𝑦

= log2 (𝑥 2/3 𝑦)

1
3. log5 𝑥 + log5 𝑦
2

= log5 𝑥1/2 + log5 𝑦

= log5 (𝑥1/2 𝑦

4. 𝟑 𝐥𝐨𝐠𝟑 𝒙 + 𝟒 𝐥𝐨𝐠𝟑 𝒚

5. 6 log3 𝑥 + 2 log3 11

= log3 𝑥 6 + log3 112

= log3 (𝑥 6 × 121)

= log3 (121𝑥 6 )

6. 4 log5 𝑥 − log5 𝑦 + log5 𝑧

= log5 𝑥 4 − log5 𝑦 + log5 𝑧

= log5 𝑥 4 + log5 𝑧 − log5 𝑦

𝑥4 × 𝑧
= log5 ( )
𝑦

1
7. log3 144 − log3 4
2
= log3 1441/2 − log3 4

= log3 12 − log3 4

12
= log3 ( )
4

= log3 3

ACTIVITIES
EXPAND THE FOLLOWING LOGARITHMS. USE EITHER THE POWER RULE, PRODUCT
RULE OR QUOTIENT RULE.

1. log2 95
= 5 log2 9

= 5 log2 32

= 10 log2 3

2. log2 21

log2 (7 × 3)

log2 7 + log2 3

19
3. log5 2

log5 19 − log5 2

4. log2 6𝑎

= log2 6 + log2 𝑎

= log2 (3 × 2) + log2 𝑎

= log2 3 + log2 2 + log2 𝑎 + log2 𝑎


= log2 3 + 1 + log2 𝑎

5. log3 𝑥𝑦

= log3 𝑥 + log3 𝑦

𝑏
6. log5 3

= log5 𝑏 − log5 3

7. log3 5𝑦

= log3 5 + log3 𝑦

8. log3 𝑎10

= 10 log3 𝑎

12𝑎
9. log5 ( )
2

= log5 6𝑎

= log5 6 + log5 𝑎

10. log2 (𝑏)5


𝑎

𝑎
= 5 log2
𝑏

= 5(log2 𝑎 − log2 𝑏)

3
11. log3 √9𝑥 3

= log3 (9𝑥 3 )1/3

= log3 32×1/3 𝑥 3×1/3

= log3 32/3 𝑥

= log3 32/3 + log3 𝑥


2
= log 3 + log3 𝑥
3 3

2
= + log3 𝑥
3

9𝑥 10
12. log2 ( )
𝑦2

= log2 9𝑥10 − log2 𝑦 2

= log2 9 + log2 𝑥10 − log2 𝑦 2

= log2 32 + log2 𝑥10 − log2 𝑦 2

= 2 log2 3 + 10 log2 𝑥 + 2 log2 𝑦

4𝑎
13. log2 5

= log2 4𝑎 − log2 5

= log2 22 + log2 𝑎 − log2 5

= 2 log2 2 + log2 𝑎 − log2 5

= 2 + log2 𝑎 − log2 5

3
14. log2 √𝑥 2 𝑎

= log2 (𝑥 2 𝑎)1/3

1
= log 𝑥 2 𝑎
3 2

1
= (log2 𝑥 2 + log2 𝑎)
3

1
= (2 log2 𝑥 + log2 𝑎)
3
15. log2 √2

= log2 21/2

1
= log 2
2 2

1
=
2

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