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Dynamic Programming Class Room Notes

Dynamic Programming (DP) is a technique for solving complex problems by breaking them into simpler overlapping subproblems with optimal substructure. Key techniques include memoization (top-down) and tabulation (bottom-up), with steps involving defining subproblems, writing recurrence relations, and implementing solutions. Classic examples of DP problems include the Fibonacci sequence, 0/1 Knapsack problem, and Longest Common Subsequence.

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Dynamic Programming Class Room Notes

Dynamic Programming (DP) is a technique for solving complex problems by breaking them into simpler overlapping subproblems with optimal substructure. Key techniques include memoization (top-down) and tabulation (bottom-up), with steps involving defining subproblems, writing recurrence relations, and implementing solutions. Classic examples of DP problems include the Fibonacci sequence, 0/1 Knapsack problem, and Longest Common Subsequence.

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🔹 What is Dynamic Programming?

Dynamic Programming is a method for solving complex problems by breaking them down
into simpler subproblems. It is applicable when the problem has:

Overlapping Subproblems: The same subproblems are solved multiple times.

Optimal Substructure: The optimal solution to a problem can be built from optimal
solutions of its subproblems.

🔹 Key Techniques
1. Memoization (Top-Down)
Solve the problem recursively.

Store results of subproblems in a data structure (usually an array or a hash map)


to avoid redundant computations.

2. Tabulation (Bottom-Up)
Solve all possible subproblems starting from the smallest.

Use an iterative approach to build the solution from the bottom up.

🔹 Steps to Solve a DP Problem


Define subproblem: What does the problem depend on?

Write the recurrence relation: How is the current state related to previous states?

Determine base cases: What's the simplest version of the problem?

Choose memoization or tabulation: Decide the approach.

Implement: Carefully code the logic, often using arrays or matrices.

🔹 Classic Examples
1. Fibonacci Sequence
python
Copy
Edit
# Memoization
def fib(n, memo={}):
if n in memo: return memo[n]
if n <= 1: return n
memo[n] = fib(n-1, memo) + fib(n-2, memo)
return memo[n]
2. 0/1 Knapsack Problem
Choose to include or exclude an item to maximize value within a weight limit.

Uses a 2D DP array for values based on items and capacity.

3. Longest Common Subsequence (LCS)


Find the longest sequence common to two strings.

Use a 2D DP table to build up solutions.

🔹 Tips
Identify repeated work in recursion → it’s a DP candidate.

Use visualization (tables or recursion trees) to understand the problem.

Optimize space where possible (e.g., from 2D to 1D arrays).

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