Unit 6: Data Collection for Quantitative Research

Practices in Collecting
Quantitative Data

Practical Research 2
Senior High School Applied - Academic
How do
quantitative
data collection
procedures
differ in terms
of the type
data produced?

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 ● Identify the different types of
Learning data in quantitative research.
Objectives ● Explain the different
quantitative data collection
At the end of the methods.
lesson, you should
be able to do the ● Apply the appropriate
following: instruments for data collection.

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As a worker in a
media company, you
were tasked to find
out about the
preferences of the
masses on television
shows.

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 Research Data and its Forms

Research data are recorded materials which

are evidence-based and collected from
systematic observations for analysis.

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 Research Data and its Forms

Information is processed data which forms

meaningful context making it useful for
research.

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Examples of Data in Quantitative Research

Quantitative data vary in forms and can be

classified into primary and secondary data
which may be acquired in several ways.

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Examples of Data in Quantitative Research

Primary data are based on firsthand

observations and experiences. While
secondary data are interpreted data based on
primary sourced data.

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 Journal and diary entries
Primary contain records and
Data documentation during the data
gathering process.

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 Evaluative records are based on
evaluating projects that depict
rates of responses among a
Primary
sample or population. For
Data
example, a business researcher
may use evaluative records in a
month for analysis.

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 Artifacts, specimens, and
laboratory samples are seen in
experimental research in varying
Primary fields. Some artifacts vary from
Data coins to tools while specimens
and laboratory samples may be
animals and plants.

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 Framework and methodologies
are data found in scientific
Primary journal articles based on
Data experimental research results.
These may contain different
processes used by researchers to
come up with valid results.

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 Survey forms and polls allow
researchers to gather collective
Primary information regarding certain
Data topics or phenomena, which may
be summarized for interpretation
and analysis.

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 Official statistics is data
gathered by an official body of
Primary the government that provides
Data information on a large scale of
samples within a community,
province, region or country.

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 Web information refers to any
Secondary information accessed through the
Data Internet, which may be used to
support the research work.

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 Articles from journals, news
articles, and published
research provide existing
Secondary information about certain issues
Data or phenomenon which may have
happened in the past that
supports the current research.

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Remember

Different data collection

procedures produce different
types of data. It is important to
determine which type of research
data is needed to know which data
collection procedure to use.
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Quantitative The collection of quantitative data
Data is predetermined by the type of
Collection data collected and the sampling
Methods used in research.

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According to Walliman (2011), typical
quantitative data collection practices include
administering quantitative surveys,
quantitative observations, and various types
of experiments.

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How do quantitative data
collection procedures differ in
terms of the type of data
produced?

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 Makes use of questionnaires that
Quantitative contain closed-ended questions
Survey with given answers for the
respondents to choose from.

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 Quantitative Survey
Advantages Disadvantages
● Convenient for ● Limited due to
large populations predetermined
and geographical choices
areas ● Difficult to control
● Generalizable responses
results
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 Quantitative Survey
Advantages Disadvantages

● Anonymity of ● Restriction in
responses summary and
● Objectivity analysis
● Cost-efficient ● Difficulty in
monitoring of
responses
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Examples

● Satisfaction surveys on food and beverage in

marketing research
● Survey research on degree program
preference of high school students

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 Makes use of standardized
questions and structured
interview formats. These
Quantitative
interviews may take the forms of
Interview
face-to-face interviews,
telephone calls, or web-based
interviews.

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Face-to-Face Interviews

Gathers data through personal interaction

between the researcher and the respondent
using structured interview questions

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 Face-to-Face Interviews
Advantages Disadvantages

● Open ● Unsuitable for

communication large population
● Prompt replies ● Can be expensive
during ● Time-consuming
clarifications
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Telephone calls

Done through the use of telephone or existing

online calling platforms.

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 Telephone calls
Advantages Disadvantages

● Less expensive and ● Time-consuming

more convenient ● Technical
● Can be conducted difficulties
despite difference
in location
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Web-based interviews

Collects data using online platforms that

consist of audio and/or video capabilities.

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 Web-based Interviews
Advantages Disadvantages

● Cost-efficient and ● Issues on software

convenient and hardware
● Can be conducted ● Possible technical
despite difference in difficulties
location

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Examples

● Factors that affect the decision-making

process among voters in choosing
politicians
● How the student-teacher relationship affects
the academic performance of a student
● How a person’s weight affects one’s self-
concept
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 Involves following a structured
Quantitative
procedure in observation to
Observation
acquire reliable information for
analysis.

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It involves the standardization of observed
elements, which are put into numerical
contexts making them measurable and
quantifiable in nature.

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 Quantitative Observation
Advantages Disadvantages

● It makes insights ● It may be

and perspectives subjected to bias.
through
observation.

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 Quantitative Observation
Advantages Disadvantages

● Behaviors and ● There may be little

body language to no control over
may be observed. the environment.

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 Quantitative Observation
Advantages Disadvantages

● It can be done in ● Consciousness

groups, making it among
cost-efficient. respondents may
bring irregularities.

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Examples

● An observation on the number of people

passing by a certain area to see whether the
said location has active foot traffic
● An observation on the attention span of a
student depending on the type of teaching
strategy used

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 Involves manipulation of
variables that test hypotheses
under conditions which may be
Experiments
controlled or not. It takes the
form of laboratory or field
experiments.

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Laboratory experiments

Laboratory experiments follow a scientific

approach in terms of design and execution.
The researcher has strict control over the
research variables being experimented on.

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 Laboratory Experiments
Advantages Disadvantages

● It can demonstrate ● Results may be

cause and effect prone to
relationships extraneous or
between variables. confounding
● Replication is variables.
possible.
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 Laboratory Experiments
Advantages Disadvantages

● The researcher has ● Results may be

control over the difficult to
procedures. generalize due to
the need to
continuously
replicate.
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Examples

● The antibacterial effect of plants on wounds

● Combustion rate of fossil fuels

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Field experiments

Field experiments take place in the natural

environment. The researcher cannot
manipulate variables and can only observe
cause and effect relationships in natural
settings.

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 Field Experiments
Advantages Disadvantages

● The natural setting ● The researchers

may incur high may have little
validity. control over the
variables.

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 Field Experiments
Advantages Disadvantages

● It allows to create ● It is prone to

more questions extraneous
about observed variables.
processes and
activities.

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 Field Experiments
Advantages Disadvantages

● It does not require ● It is difficult to

strict control over replicate.
environment.

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Examples

● An experiment on aquaculture based on pH

level and temperature
● An experiment on the ability of a certain
plant to filter air

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How can the use of technology
affect the choice of data
collection method?

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Guidelines
in Choosing
a Data Analyze the nature of your
Collection research and your variables.
Method

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Guidelines
in Choosing
a Data Assess availability of material
Collection resources.
Method

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Guidelines
in Choosing
a Data
Prepare a timeline of activities.
Collection
Method

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Practice

Choose two data collection methods.

Explain how the chosen data collection
practices can be used in a research topic
related to your strand.

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 Quick Check

These are factually-recorded materials based

on evidence and systematic observations.

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 Quick Check

This quantitative data collection method

makes use of questionnaires that contain
closed-ended questions with a list of choices.

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 Quick Check

What is the role of data collection procedures in

the research process?

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 Wrap Up

Primary data refers to the information

collected or experienced firsthand while
secondary data refers to the information
interpreted based on primary sourced
data.

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 Wrap Up

The most commonly practiced data

collection methods in quantitative
research are administering quantitative
surveys, quantitative interviews,
quantitative observations, and
experiments. These data collection
methods produce different types of
quantitative data.
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 Wrap Up

Determining the appropriate data

collection method is important in
gathering necessary information to
analyze and produce accurate, valid, and
reliable research results.

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 Wrap Up
Practices in Collecting Quantitative Data

Quantitative Experiments
Interviews ● Laboratory
● Face-to-face experiments
Quantitative interviews Quantitative ● Field
Survey ● Telephone Observation experiments
interviews
● Web-based
interviews

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 Bibliography

Balnaves, Mark, and Peter Caputi. Introduction to Quantitative Research Methods: An Investigative
Approach. London: SAGE Publications, Ltd., 2001.

Bordens, Kenneth S., and Bruce Barrington Abbott. Research Design and Methods: A Process
Approach. New York: McGraw-Hill Education, 2018.

Gravetter, Frederick J., and Lori-Ann B. Forzano. Research Methods for the Behavioral Sciences. 6th
ed. Boston: Cengage Learning, 2018.

Hesse-Biber, Sharlene, and Johnson R. Burke.The Oxford Handbook of Multimethod and Mixed
Methods Research Inquiry. New York: Oxford University Press, 2015.

Krippendorf, Klaus. Content Analysis An Introduction to its Methodology. California: SAGE

Publications, Ltd., 2004.

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 Bibliography

Kumar, Ranjit. Research Methodology: A Step-by-Step Guide for Beginners. California: SAGE
Publications, Ltd., 2011.

Sapsford, Roger, and Victor Jupp. Data Collection and Analysis. 2nd ed. London: SAGE Publications,
Ltd., 2006.

University of Leicester. “Research Data: Definitions.” April 9, 2012. https://www2.le.ac.uk/

services/research-data/old-2019-12-
11/documents/UoL_ReserchDataDefinitions_20120904.pdf.

Wallwork, Adrian. English for Writing Research Papers. New York: Springer Science+Business Media,
2011.

Walliman, Nicholas. Research Methods: The Basics. New York: Routledge, 2011.

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