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SUBJECT CODE: 501 SUBJECT NAME: JAVA PROGRAMMING

UNIT 1: INTRODUCTION TO JAVA

 Features of Java
The primary objective of Java programming language creation was to make it portable, simple and secure
programming language. Apart from this, there are also some excellent features which play an important
role in the popularity of this language. The features of Java are also known as java buzzwords.

A list of most important features of Java language is given below.

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1. Simple
2. Object-Oriented
3. Portable
4. Platform independent
5. Secured
6. Robust
7. Architecture neutral
8. Interpreted
9. High Performance
10. Multithreaded
11. Distributed
12. Dynamic

Simple
Java is very easy to learn, and its syntax is simple, clean and easy to understand. According to Sun,
Java language is a simple programming language because:

o Java syntax is based on C++ (so easier for programmers to learn it after C++).
o Java has removed many complicated and rarely-used features, for example, explicit pointers,
operator overloading, etc.
o There is no need to remove unreferenced objects because there is an Automatic Garbage
Collection in Java.

Object-oriented
Java is an object-oriented programming language. Everything in Java is an object. Object-oriented
we organize our software as a combination of different types of objects that incorporates both data and
behavior.

Object-oriented programming (OOPs) is a methodology that simplifies software development and

maintenance by providing some rules.

Basic concepts of OOPs are:

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1. Object
2. Class
3. Inheritance
4. Polymorphism
5. Abstraction
6. Encapsulation

Platform Independent

Java is platform independent because it is different from other languages like C, C++, etc. which
are compiled into platform specific machines while Java is a write once, run anywhere language.
A platform is the hardware or software environment in which a program runs.

There are two types of platforms software-based and hardware-based. Java provides a software-based
platform.

The Java platform differs from most other platforms in the sense that it is a software-based platform
that runs on the top of other hardware-based platforms. It has two components:

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1. Runtime Environment
2. API(Application Programming Interface)

Java code can be run on multiple platforms, for example, Windows, Linux, Sun Solaris, Mac/OS,
etc. Java code is compiled by the compiler and converted into bytecode. This bytecode is a platform-
independent code because it can be run on multiple platforms, i.e., Write Once and Run Anywhere(WORA).

Secured
Java is best known for its security. With Java, we can develop virus-free systems. Java is secured because:

o No explicit pointer
o Java Programs run inside a virtual machine sandbox

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o Classloader: Classloader in Java is a part of the Java Runtime Environment(JRE) which is

used to load Java classes into the Java Virtual Machine dynamically. It adds security by
separating the package for the classes of the local file system from those that are imported from
network sources.
o Bytecode Verifier: It checks the code fragments for illegal code that can violate access right to
objects.
o Security Manager: It determines what resources a class can access such as reading and writing
to the local disk.

Java language provides these securities by default. Some security can also be provided by an
application developer explicitly through SSL, JAAS, Cryptography, etc.

Robust
Robust simply means strong. Java is robust because:

o It uses strong memory management.

o There is a lack of pointers that avoids security problems.
o There is automatic garbage collection in java which runs on the Java Virtual Machine to get rid of
objects which are not being used by a Java application anymore.
o There are exception handling and the type checking mechanism in Java. All these points make Java
robust.

Architecture-neutral
Java is architecture neutral because there are no implementation dependent features, for example,
the size of primitive types is fixed.

In C programming, int data type occupies 2 bytes of memory for 32-bit architecture and 4 bytes of memory
for 64-bit architecture. However, it occupies 4 bytes of memory for both 32 and 64-bit architectures in Java.

Portable
Java is portable because it facilitates you to carry the Java bytecode to any platform. It doesn't require
any implementation.

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High-performance
Java is faster than other traditional interpreted programming languages because Java bytecode is
"close" to native code. It is still a little bit slower than a compiled language (e.g., C++). Java is an
interpreted language that is why it is slower than compiled languages, e.g., C, C++, etc.

Distributed
Java is distributed because it facilitates users to create distributed applications in Java. RMI and EJB are
used for creating distributed applications. This feature of Java makes us able to access files by calling the
methods from any machine on the internet.

Multi-threaded
A thread is like a separate program, executing concurrently. We can write Java programs that deal with
many tasks at once by defining multiple threads. The main advantage of multi-threading is that it doesn't
occupy memory for each thread. It shares a common memory area. Threads are important for multi-media,
Web applications, etc.

Dynamic
Java is a dynamic language. It supports dynamic loading of classes. It means classes are loaded on demand.
It also supports functions from its native languages, i.e., C and C++.

Java supports dynamic compilation and automatic memory management (garbage collection).

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 JDK: Java Development Kit

 JDK is an acronym for Java Development Kit. The Java Development Kit (JDK) is a software development
environment which is used to develop java applications and applets. It physically exists. It contains JRE
+ development tools.
 JDK is an implementation of any one of the below given Java Platforms released by Oracle corporation:

o Standard Edition Java Platform

o Enterprise Edition Java Platform
o Micro Edition Java Platform

 The JDK contains a private Java Virtual Machine (JVM) and a few other resources such as an interpreter/
loader (Java), a compiler (javac), an archiver (jar), a documentation generator (Javadoc) etc. to complete
the development of a Java Application.

Components of JDK
Following is a list of primary components of JDK:

appletviewer: This tool is used to run and debug Java applets without a web browser.

apt: It is an annotation-processing tool.

extcheck: it is a utility that detects JAR file conflicts.

idlj: An IDL-to-Java compiler. This utility generates Java bindings from a given Java IDL file.

jabswitch: It is a Java Access Bridge. Exposes assistive technologies on Microsoft Windows systems.

java: The loader for Java applications. This tool is an interpreter and can interpret the class
files generated by the javac compiler. Now a single launcher is used for both

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development and deployment. The old deployment launcher, jre, no longer comes with
Sun JDK, and instead it has been replaced by this new java loader.

javac: It specifies the Java compiler, which converts source code into Java bytecode.

javadoc: The documentation generator, which automatically generates documentation from

source code comments

jar: The specifies the archiver, which packages related class libraries into a single JAR file.
This tool also helps manage JAR files.

javafxpackager: It is a tool to package and sign JavaFX applications.

jarsigner: the jar signing and verification tool.

javah: the C header and stub generator, used to write native methods.

javap: the class file disassembler.

javaws: the Java Web Start launcher for JNLP applications.

JConsole: Java Monitoring and Management Console.

jdb: the debugger.

jhat: Java Heap Analysis Tool (experimental).

jinfo: This utility gets configuration information from a running Java process or crash dump.

jmap: Oracle jmap - Memory Map- This utility outputs the memory map for Java and can print
shared object memory maps or heap memory details of a given process or core dump.

jmc: Java Mission Control

jps: Java Virtual Machine Process Status Tool lists the instrumented HotSpot Java Virtual
Machines (JVMs) on the target system.

jrunscript: Java command-line script shell.

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jstack: It is a utility that prints Java stack traces of Java threads (experimental).

jstat: Java Virtual Machine statistics monitoring tool (experimental).

jstatd: jstat daemon (experimental).

keytool: It is a tool for manipulating the keystore.

pack200: JAR compression tool.

Policytool: It specifies the policy creation and management tool, which can determine policy for a
Java runtime, specifying which permissions are available for code from various sources.

VisualVM: It is a visual tool integrating several command-line JDK tools and lightweight [clarification
needed] performance and memory profiling capabilities

wsimport: It generates portable JAX-WS artifacts for invoking a web service.

xjc: It is the part of the Java API for XML Binding (JAXB) API. It accepts an XML schema and
generates Java classes.

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 C++ vs Java

Comparison C++ Java

Index

Platform- C++ is platform-dependent. Java is platform-independent.

independent

Mainly used C++ is mainly used for system Java is mainly used for application programming.
for programming. It is widely used in window, web-based,
enterprise and mobile applications.

Design Goal C++ was designed for systems and Java was designed and created as an interpreter
applications programming. It was an for printing systems but later extended as a
extension of C programming support network computing. It was designed
language. with a goal of being easy to use and accessible to
a broader audience.

Goto C++ supports the goto statement. Java doesn't support the goto statement.

Multiple C++ supports multiple inheritance. Java doesn't support multiple inheritance
inheritance through class. It can be achieved by interfaces in
java.

Operator C++ supports operator overloading. Java doesn't support operator overloading.
Overloading

Pointers C++ supports pointers. You can Java supports pointer internally. However, you
write pointer program in C++. can't write the pointer program in java. It means
java has restricted pointer support in java.

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Compiler and C++ uses compiler only. C++ is Java uses compiler and interpreter both. Java
Interpreter compiled and run using the source code is converted into bytecode at
compiler which converts source compilation time. The interpreter executes this
code into machine code so, C++ is bytecode at runtime and produces output. Java
platform dependent. is interpreted that is why it is platform
independent.

Call by Value C++ supports both call by value and Java supports call by value only. There is no call
and Call by call by reference. by reference in java.
reference

Structure and C++ supports structures and unions. Java doesn't support structures and unions.
Union

Thread Support C++ doesn't have built-in support Java has built-in thread support.
for threads. It relies on third-party
libraries for thread support.

Documentation C++ doesn't support documentation Java supports documentation comment (/** ...
comment comment. */) to create documentation for java source
code.

Virtual C++ supports virtual keyword so Java has no virtual keyword. We can override all
Keyword that we can decide whether or not non-static methods by default. In other words,
override a function. non-static methods are virtual by default.

unsigned right C++ doesn't support >>> operator. Java supports unsigned right shift >>> operator
shift >>> that fills zero at the top for the negative
numbers. For positive numbers, it works same
like >> operator.

Inheritance C++ creates a new inheritance tree Java uses a single inheritance tree always
Tree always. because all classes are the child of Object class in
java. The object class is the root of
the inheritance tree in java.

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Hardware C++ is nearer to hardware. Java is not so interactive with hardware.

Object- C++ is an object-oriented language. Java is also an object-oriented language.

oriented However, in C language, single root However, everything (except fundamental types)
hierarchy is not possible. is an object in Java. It is a single root hierarchy as
everything gets derived from java.lang.Object.

 Java OOPs Concepts

OOPs (Object-Oriented Programming System)

Object means a real-world entity such as a pen, chair, table, computer, watch, etc.

Object-Oriented Programming is a methodology or paradigm to design a program using

classes and objects. It simplifies software development and maintenance by providing some concepts:

o Object
o Class
o Inheritance
o Polymorphism
o Abstraction
o Encapsulation

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Object

Any entity that has state and behavior is known as an object. For example, a chair, pen, table,
keyboard, bike, etc. It can be physical or logical.

An Object can be defined as an instance of a class. An object contains an address and takes up
some space in memory. Objects can communicate without knowing the details of each other's data or code.
The only necessary thing is the type of message accepted and the type of response returned by the objects.

Example: A dog is an object because it has states like color, name, breed, etc. as well as behaviors like
wagging the tail, barking, eating, etc.

Class
Collection of objects is called class. It is a logical entity.

A class can also be defined as a blueprint from which you can create an individual object.

Class doesn't consume any space.

Inheritance
When one object acquires all the properties and behaviors of a parent object, it is known as inheritance.

It provides code reusability. It is used to achieve runtime polymorphism.

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Polymorphism
If one task is performed in different ways, it is known as polymorphism. For example: to convince the
customer differently, to draw something, for example, shape, triangle, rectangle, etc.

In Java, we use method overloading and method overriding to achieve polymorphism.

Another example can be to speak something; for example, a cat speaks meow, dog barks woof, etc.

Abstraction
Hiding internal details and showing functionality is known as abstraction. For example phone call,
we don't know the internal processing.

In Java, we use abstract class and interface to achieve abstraction.

Encapsulation
Binding (or wrapping) code and data together into a single unit are known as encapsulation.

For example, a capsule, it is wrapped with different medicines.

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A java class is the example of encapsulation. Java bean is the fully encapsulated class
because all the data members are private here.

 Stucture of Java Program

First Java Program | Hello World Example

In this page, we will learn how to write the simple program of java. We can write a simple hello java
program easily after installing the JDK.

To create a simple java program, you need to create a class that contains the main method. Let's
understand the requirement first.

The requirement for Java Hello World Example

For executing any java program, you need to
o Install the JDK if you don't have installed it, download the JDK and install it.
o Set path of the jdk/bin directory. http://www.javatpoint.com/how-to-set-path-in-java
o Create the java program
o Compile and run the java program

Creating Hello World Example

Let's create the hello java program:

class Simple
{
public static void main(String args[])
{
System.out.println("Hello Java");
}
}

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save this file as Simple.java

To compile: javac Simple.java

To execute: java Simple

Output:Hello Java

Compilation Flow:

When we compile Java program using javac tool, java compiler converts the source code
into byte code.

Parameters used in First Java Program

Let's see what is the meaning of class, public, static, void, main, String[], System.out.println().

o class keyword is used to declare a class in java.

o public keyword is an access modifier which represents visibility. It means it is visible to all.
o static is a keyword. If we declare any method as static, it is known as the static method.

The core advantage of the static method is that there is no need to create an object to invoke
the static method. The main method is executed by the JVM, so it doesn't require to create an
object to invoke the main method. So it saves memory.

o void is the return type of the method. It means it doesn't return any value.
o main represents the starting point of the program.
o String[] args is used for command line argument. We will learn it later.

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o System.out.println() is used to print statement. Here, System is a class, out is the object of
PrintStream class, println() is the method of PrintStream class. We will learn about the internal
working of System.out.println statement later.

To write the simple program, you need to open notepad by start menu -> All Programs ->
Accessories -> notepad and write a simple program as displayed below:

As displayed in the above diagram, write the simple program of java in notepad and saved it as
Simple.java. To compile and run this program, you need to open the command prompt by
start menu -> All Programs -> Accessories -> command prompt.

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To compile and run the above program, go to your current directory first;
my current directory is c:\new. Write here:

To compile: javac Simple.java

To execute: java Simple

How many ways can we write a Java program

There are many ways to write a Java program. The modifications that can be done in a
Java program are given below:

1) By changing the sequence of the modifiers, method prototype is not changed in Java.

Let's see the simple code of the main method.

static public void main(String args[])

2) The subscript notation in Java array can be used after type, before the variable or
after the variable.

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Let's see the different codes to write the main method.

public static void main(String[] args)

public static void main(String []args)
public static void main(String args[])

3) You can provide var-args support to the main method by passing 3 ellipses (dots)

Let's see the simple code of using var-args in the main method. We will learn about var-args later in Java New
Features chapter.

public static void main(String... args)

4) Having a semicolon at the end of class is optional in Java.

Let's see the simple code.

class A{
static public void main(String... args){
System.out.println("hello java4");
}
};

Valid java main method signature

public static void main(String[] args)
public static void main(String []args)
public static void main(String args[])
public static void main(String... args)
static public void main(String[] args)
public static final void main(String[] args)
final public static void main(String[] args)
final strictfp public static void main(String[] args)

Invalid java main method signature

public void main(String[] args)
static void main(String[] args)
public void static main(String[] args)
abstract public static void main(String[] args)

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 Java Variables
A variable is a container which holds the value while the Java program is executed.

A variable is assigned with a data type.

Variable is a name of memory location. There are three types of variables in java: local, instance and static.

There are two types of data types in Java: primitive and non-primitive.

Variable
Variable is name of reserved area allocated in memory. In other words, it is a name of memory
location. It is a combination of "vary + able" that means its value can be changed.

int data=50;//Here data is variable

Types of Variables
There are three types of variables in Java:

o local variable
o instance variable
o static variable

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1) Local Variable

A variable declared inside the body of the method is called local variable.

You can use this variable only within that method and the other methods in the class aren't even
aware that the variable exists.

A local variable cannot be defined with "static" keyword.

2) Instance Variable

A variable declared inside the class but outside the body of the method, is called instance variable.

It is not declared as static.

It is called instance variable because its value is instance specific and is not shared among instances.

3) Static variable

A variable which is declared as static is called static variable. It cannot be local.

You can create a single copy of static variable and share among all the instances of the class.

Memory allocation for static variable happens only once when the class is loaded in the memory.

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Example to understand the types of variables in java

class A{
int data=50;//instance variable
static int m=100;//static variable
void method(){
int n=90;//local variable
}
}//end of class

Java Variable Example: Add Two Numbers

class Simple{
public static void main(String[] args){
int a=10;
int b=10;
int c=a+b;
System.out.println(c);
}}

Output:

20

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 Data Types in Java

Data types specify the different sizes and values that can be stored in the variable.

There are two types of data types in Java:

1. Primitive data types: The primitive data types include boolean, char, byte, short, int, long, float and
double.
2. Non-primitive data types: The non-primitive data types include Classes, Interfaces, and Arrays.

Java Primitive Data Types

In Java language, primitive data types are the building blocks of data manipulation.

These are the most basic data types available in Java language.

Java is a statically-typed programming language. It means, all variables must be declared before its use.

That is why we need to declare variable's type and name.

There are 8 types of primitive data types:

o boolean data type

o byte data type
o char data type
o short data type
o int data type
o long data type
o float data type
o double data type

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Data Default Value Default size

Type

boolean false 1 bit

char '\u0000' 2 byte

byte 0 1 byte

short 0 2 byte

int 0 4 byte

long 0L 8 byte

float 0.0f 4 byte

double 0.0d 8 byte

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 Operators in Java
Operator in Java is a symbol which is used to perform operations. For example: +, -, *, / etc.

There are many types of operators in Java which are given below:

o Unary Operator,
o Arithmetic Operator,
o Shift Operator,
o Relational Operator,
o Bitwise Operator,
o Logical Operator,
o Ternary Operator and
o Assignment Operator.

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 Java Keywords
Java keywords are also known as reserved words. Keywords are particular words which
acts as a key to a code. These are predefined words by Java so it cannot be used as a variable or
object name.

List of Java Keywords

A list of Java keywords or reserved words are given below:

1. abstract: Java abstract keyword is used to declare abstract class. Abstract class can provide the
implementation of interface. It can have abstract and non-abstract methods.
2. boolean: Java boolean keyword is used to declare a variable as a boolean type. It can hold True
and False values only.
3. break: Java break keyword is used to break loop or switch statement. It breaks the current flow
of the program at specified condition.
4. byte: Java byte keyword is used to declare a variable that can hold an 8-bit data values.
5. case: Java case keyword is used to with the switch statements to mark blocks of text.
6. catch: Java catch keyword is used to catch the exceptions generated by try statements.

It must be used after the try block only.

7. char: Java char keyword is used to declare a variable that can hold unsigned 16-bit Unicode
characters
8. class: Java class keyword is used to declare a class.
9. continue: Java continue keyword is used to continue the loop. It continues the current flow
of the program and skips the remaining code at the specified condition.
10. default: Java default keyword is used to specify the default block of code in a switch statement.
11. do: Java do keyword is used in control statement to declare a loop. It can iterate a part of the
program several times.
12. double: Java double keyword is used to declare a variable that can hold a 64-bit floating-point
numbers.
13. else: Java else keyword is used to indicate the alternative branches in an if statement.

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14. enum: Java enum keyword is used to define a fixed set of constants. Enum constructors are
always private or default.
15. extends: Java extends keyword is used to indicate that a class is derived from another class or
interface.
16. final: Java final keyword is used to indicate that a variable holds a constant value. It is applied
with a variable. It is used to restrict the user.
17. finally: Java finally keyword indicates a block of code in a try-catch structure. This block is always
executed whether exception is handled or not.
18. float: Java float keyword is used to declare a variable that can hold a 32-bit floating-point number.
19. for: Java for keyword is used to start a for loop. It is used to execute a set of instructions/functions
repeatedly when some conditions become true. If the number of iteration is fixed,
It is recommended to use for loop.
20. if: Java if keyword tests the condition. It executes the if block if condition is true.
21. implements: Java implements keyword is used to implement an interface.
22. import: Java import keyword makes classes and interfaces available and accessible to the current
source code.
23. instanceof: Java instanceof keyword is used to test whether the object is an instance of the
specified class or implements an interface.
24. int: Java int keyword is used to declare a variable that can hold a 32-bit signed integer.
25. interface: Java interface keyword is used to declare an interface. It can have only abstract
methods.
26. long: Java long keyword is used to declare a variable that can hold a 64-bit integer.
27. native: Java native keyword is used to specify that a method is implemented in native code
using JNI (Java Native Interface).
28. new: Java new keyword is used to create new objects.
29. null: Java null keyword is used to indicate that a reference does not refer to anything.
It removes the garbage value.
30. package: Java package keyword is used to declare a Java package that includes the classes.
31. private: Java private keyword is an access modifier. It is used to indicate that a method or variable
may be accessed only in the class in which it is declared.
32. protected: Java protected keyword is an access modifier. It can be accessible within package and
outside the package but through inheritance only. It can't be applied on the class.
33. public: Java public keyword is an access modifier. It is used to indicate that an item is accessible
anywhere. It has the widest scope among all other modifiers.
34. return: Java return keyword is used to return from a method when its execution is complete.

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35. short: Java short keyword is used to declare a variable that can hold a 16-bit integer.
36. static: Java static keyword is used to indicate that a variable or method is a class method.
The static keyword in Java is used for memory management mainly.
37. strictfp: Java strictfp is used to restrict the floating-point calculations to ensure portability.
38. super: Java super keyword is a reference variable that is used to refer parent class object.
It can be used to invoke immediate parent class method.
39. switch: The Java switch keyword contains a switch statement that executes code based on
test value. The switch statement tests the equality of a variable against multiple values.
40. synchronized: Java synchronized keyword is used to specify the critical sections or methods in
multithreaded code.
41. this: Java this keyword can be used to refer the current object in a method or constructor.
42. throw: The Java throw keyword is used to explicitly throw an exception.
The throw keyword is mainly used to throw custom exception. It is followed by an instance.
43. throws: The Java throws keyword is used to declare an exception. Checked exception can be
propagated with throws.
44. transient: Java transient keyword is used in serialization. If you define any data member as
transient, it will not be serialized.
45. try: Java try keyword is used to start a block of code that will be tested for exceptions.
The try block must be followed by either catch or finally block.
46. void: Java void keyword is used to specify that a method does not have a return value.
47. volatile: Java volatile keyword is used to indicate that a variable may change asynchronously.
48. while: Java while keyword is used to start a while loop. This loop iterates a part of the program
several times. If the number of iteration is not fixed, it is recommended to use while loop.

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 Java If-else Statement

The Java if statement is used to test the condition.

It checks boolean condition: true or false. There are various types of if statement in Java.

o if statement
o if-else statement
o if-else-if ladder
o nested if statement

 Java Switch Statement

The Java switch statement executes one statement from multiple conditions.

It is like if-else-if ladder statement. The switch statement works with byte, short, int, long,
enum types, String and some wrapper types like Byte, Short, Int, and Long. Since Java 7,
you can use strings in the switch statement.

In other words, the switch statement tests the equality of a variable against multiple values.

Points to Remember
o There can be one or N number of case values for a switch expression.
o The case value must be of switch expression type only. The case value must be literal or constant.
It doesn't allow variables.
o The case values must be unique. In case of duplicate value, it renders compile-time error.
o The Java switch expression must be of byte, short, int, long (with its Wrapper type), enums and
string.
o Each case statement can have a break statement which is optional. When control reaches to break
statement, it jumps the control after the switch expression. If a break statement is not found,
it executes the next case.
o The case value can have a default label which is optional.

Syntax:

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switch(expression){
case value1:
//code to be executed;
break; //optional
case value2:
//code to be executed;
break; //optional
......

default:
code to be executed if all cases are not matched;
}

 Loops in Java
In programming languages, loops are used to execute a set of instructions/functions
repeatedly when some conditions become true. There are three types of loops in Java.

o for loop
o while loop
o do-while loop

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 Java Arrays
Normally, an array is a collection of similar type of elements which has contiguous memory location.

Java array is an object which contains elements of a similar data type. Additionally, The elements
of an array are stored in a contiguous memory location. It is a data structure where we store similar
elements. We can store only a fixed set of elements in a Java array.

Array in Java is index-based, the first element of the array is stored at the 0th index, 2nd element is
stored on 1st index and so on.

Unlike C/C++, we can get the length of the array using the length member.

In C/C++, we need to use the sizeof operator.

In Java, array is an object of a dynamically generated class. Java array inherits the Object class, and
implements the Serializable as well as Cloneable interfaces. We can store primitive values or objects in an
array in Java. Like C/C++, we can also create single dimentional or multidimentional arrays in Java.

Moreover, Java provides the feature of anonymous arrays which is not available in C/C++.

Advantages
o Code Optimization: It makes the code optimized, we can retrieve or sort the data efficiently.
o Random access: We can get any data located at an index position.

Disadvantages
o Size Limit: We can store only the fixed size of elements in the array. It doesn't grow its size at
runtime. To solve this problem, collection framework is used in Java which grows automatically.

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Types of Array in java

There are two types of array.

o Single Dimensional Array

o Multidimensional Array

Single Dimensional Array in Java

Syntax to Declare an Array in Java

dataType[] arr; (or)

dataType []arr; (or)
dataType arr[];

Instantiation of an Array in Java

arrayRefVar=new datatype[size];

Example of Java Array

//Java Program to illustrate how to declare, instantiate, initialize
//and traverse the Java array.
1. class Testarray{
2. public static void main(String args[]){
3. int a[]=new int[5];//declaration and instantiation
4. a[0]=10;//initialization
5. a[1]=20;
6. [2]=70;
7. a[3]=40;
8. a[4]=50;
//traversing array
9. for(int i=0;i<a.length;i++)//length is the property of array
10. System.out.println(a[i]);
11. }}

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Output:

10
20
70
40
50

Multidimensional Array in Java

In such case, data is stored in row and column based index (also known as matrix form).

Syntax to Declare Multidimensional Array in Java

dataType[][] arrayRefVar; (or)

dataType [][]arrayRefVar; (or)
dataType arrayRefVar[][]; (or)
dataType []arrayRefVar[];

Example to instantiate Multidimensional Array in Java

int[][] arr=new int[3][3];//3 row and 3 column

Example of Multidimensional Java Array

//Java Program to illustrate the use of multidimensional array
class Testarray3{
public static void main(String args[]){
//declaring and initializing 2D array
int arr[][]={{1,2,3},{2,4,5},{4,4,5}};
//printing 2D array
for(int i=0;i<3;i++){
for(int j=0;j<3;j++){
System.out.print(arr[i][j]+" ");
}
System.out.println();

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}
}}

Output:

1 2 3
2 4 5
4 4 5

 Java String
In Java, string is basically an object that represents sequence of char values.

An array of characters works same as Java string. For example:

char[] ch={'j','a','v','a','t','p','o','i','n','t'};
String s=new String(ch);

same as:

String s="javatpoint";

Java String class provides a lot of methods to perform operations on strings such as
compare(), concat(), equals(), split(), length(), replace(), compareTo(), intern(), substring() etc.

Immutable String in Java

In java, string objects are immutable. Immutable simply means unmodifiable or unchangeable.

Once string object is created its data or state can't be changed but a new string object is created.

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Java String class methods

1. toUpperCase() and toLowerCase() method

The java string toUpperCase() method converts this string into uppercase letter and string

toLowerCase() method into lowercase letter.

2. trim() method
The string trim() method eliminates white spaces before and after string.

3. charAt() method
The string charAt() method returns a character at specified index.

4. length() method
The string length() method returns length of the string.

5. valueOf() method
The string valueOf() method coverts given type such as int, long, float, double, boolean, char and

char array into string.

6. replace() method
The string replace() method replaces all occurrence of first sequence of character with second sequence
of character.

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 Java StringBuffer class

Java StringBuffer class is used to create mutable (modifiable) string.

The StringBuffer class in java is same as String class except it is mutable i.e. it can be changed.

1) StringBuffer append() method

The append() method concatenates the given argument with this string.

2) StringBuffer insert() method

The insert() method inserts the given string with this string at the given position.

3) StringBuffer replace() method

The replace() method replaces the given string from the specified beginIndex and endIndex.

4) StringBuffer delete() method

The delete() method of StringBuffer class deletes the string from the specified beginIndex to endIndex.

5) StringBuffer reverse() method

The reverse() method of StringBuilder class reverses the current string.

6) StringBuffer capacity() method

The capacity() method of StringBuffer class returns the current capacity of the buffer. The default
capacity of the buffer is 16. If the number of character increases from its current capacity, it increases the
capacity by (oldcapacity*2)+2. For example if your current capacity is 16, it will be (16*2)+2=34.

7) StringBuffer ensureCapacity() method

The ensureCapacity() method of StringBuffer class ensures that the given capacity is the minimum to the
current capacity. If it is greater than the current capacity, it increases the capacity by (oldcapacity*2)+2.
For example if your current capacity is 16, it will be (16*2)+2=34.

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