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MASTERING
THE INTERNET,
XHTML,
AND JAVASCRIPT
Second Edition

Ibrahim Zeid
Northeastern University

Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
CIP Data on File

Vice President and Editorial Director, ECS: Marcia Horton

Senior Acquisitions Editor: Kate Hargett
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© 2004 Pearson Education, Inc.

Pearson Prentice Hall
Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458

All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from
the publisher.

Pearson Prentice Hall® is a trademark of Pearson Education, Inc.

The author and publisher of this book have used their best efforts in preparing this book. These efforts include the
development, research, and testing of the theories and programs to determine their effectiveness. The author and publisher
make no warranty of any kind, expressed or implied, with regard to these programs or the documentation contained in this
book. The author or publisher shall not be liable in any event for incidental or consequential damage in connection with, or
arising out of, the furnishing, performance, or use of these programs.

Product names mentioned herein are the trademarks or registered trademarks of their respective owners.

AceHTML, Acoustica, Active Movie, Adobe Illustrator, Adobe Photoshop, AIM, AOLserver, Apache, CoffeeCup, Commerce-
Server, CoolEdit, Crazy Browser, Domino, Enterprise Server, Eudora, FrontPage, GoldWave, HotDog Pro, Hotmail, HotMetal
Pro, Indeo video, Internet Information Server, Java Web server, Kamboo! Factory, Lview, Macromedia, Mapedit, Maplay 32,
Media Player, MicroServer, Microsoft Access, Microsoft Excel, Microsoft Internet Explorer, Microsoft Outlook Express,
mIRC, MSN Messenger, NCSA HTTPD, Netscape Communicator, Netscape Composer, Netscape Enterpirse Server, Netscape
Navigator, Opera, Oracle Web Application Server, Page Mill, Paint, Paint Shop Pro, Personal Web Server, SnagIt, Sound
catcher, SoundEdit Pro II, Sound Forge, Sound Recorder, Sox, Synchrome’s Maestro V, ThumbsPlus, Tomcat, VMPEG, Web-
EditPRO, WebImage, Winamp, Windows, wintel32, winzip, WS FTL LE, ws_ftp32, Yahoo! Mail, and Yahoo! Messenger.

Printed in the United States of America

10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

ISBN: 0-13-140086-X

Pearson Education Ltd., London

Pearson Education Australia Pty. Ltd., Sydney
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Pearson Education Malaysia, Pte. Ltd.
Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, New Jersey
To all my students
who taught me
how to teach.
This page intentionally left blank
Brief Contents

Part I: Internet Literacy

Chapter 1 Overview of the Internet .................................................................3

Chapter 2 Web Browsers...............................................................................35
Chapter 3 E-Mail Tools .................................................................................89
Chapter 4 Instant Messaging ......................................................................145
Chapter 5 Lists and Newsgroups ................................................................175
Chapter 6 Security and Privacy ..................................................................191
Chapter 7 Searching the Internet ...............................................................209
Chapter 8 FTP and Telnet ...........................................................................227

Part II: XHTML

Chapter 9 XHTML Essentials ......................................................................241

Chapter 10 Images and Maps ........................................................................299
Chapter 11 Web Design .................................................................................333
Chapter 12 Tables..........................................................................................351
Chapter 13 Layers .........................................................................................385
Chapter 14 Frames ........................................................................................407
Chapter 15 Forms ..........................................................................................437
Chapter 16 Cascading Style Sheets ..............................................................479
Chapter 17 HTML Editors .............................................................................505
Chapter 18 Server-Side Scripting ..................................................................527

v
vi Brief Contents

Part III: JavaScript

Chapter 19 JavaScript Syntax .......................................................................567

Chapter 20 Functions and Arrays .................................................................607
Chapter 21 Handling Events .........................................................................637
Chapter 22 Objects ........................................................................................671
Chapter 23 Windows and Frames..................................................................715
Chapter 24 Processing Form Input ...............................................................747
Chapter 25 Temporal Control .......................................................................817
Chapter 26 Cookies .......................................................................................835
Appendix A Glossary .....................................................................................871
Index ..............................................................................................................885
Contents

Preface.................................................................................................xxi

Part I: Internet Literacy

Chapter 1 Overview of the Internet ......................................................... 3

1.1 Introduction 4
1.2 The Internet and the World Wide Web 4
1.3 Internet Jargon 6
1.4 Client/Server Model 6
1.5 Client/Server Diagnostic Commands 8
1.6 Evolution of the Internet and the World Wide Web 9
1.7 Transmission across the Internet 11
1.8 IP Addresses and URLs 14
1.9 Internet Domain Names 15
1.10 E-Mail Addresses 16
1.11 File Protocols on the Internet 17
1.12 File Compression and Decompression 18
1.13 Intranets and Extranets 20
1.14 Connecting to the Internet 21
1.14.1 T-Carrier System 22
1.14.2 Point-to-Point Dial-Up Connection 22
1.15 Types of Modems 24
1.16 Internet Tools 26
1.17 Tutorials 26
1.17.1 Use Client/Server Diagnostic Commands (Study Sections 1.4 and 1.5) 26
1.17.2 Use DNS Lookup Tables (Study Sections 1.7, 1.8, and 1.9) 28

vii
viii Contents

1.17.3 Use File Protocols in a Browser (Study Section 1.11) 28

1.17.4 Using WinZip to Zip and Unzip Files (Study Section 1.12) 29
1.17.5 Create a PPP Dial-Up Connection in Windows (Study Section 1.14) 30
1.17.6 Create and Use a Screen Capture (Study Section 1.16) 30
FAQs 30
Blackbox 31
Check Your Progress 33
Problems 34

Chapter 2 Web Browsers........................................................................ 35

2.1 Introduction 36
2.2 Finding a Web Page 37
2.3 Browser Tasks 37
2.4 The Two Major Browsers 39
2.5 Browser Window Structure 43
2.6 Internet Explorer 44
2.6.1 Menus 44
2.6.2 Toolbars 47
2.7 Netscape Communicator 49
2.7.1 Menus 49
2.7.2 Toolbars 52
2.8 Opera 53
2.8.1 Menus 53
2.8.2 Toolbars 55
2.9 Crazy Browser 55
2.9.1 Menus 56
2.9.2 Toolbars 56
2.10 Managing Web Pages in a Browser 58
2.11 Browser Cache 59
2.12 Plug-Ins 61
2.13 Bookmarks 61
2.14 History List 66
2.15 Customization 66
2.16 Security 70
2.17 Wireless Browsing 74
2.18 Tutorials 76
2.18.1 Manage Cookies in Browsers (Study Sections 2.6–2.9 and 2.15) 76
2.18.2 Browser Cache (Study Section 2.11) 77
2.18.3 Use Browser Skins (Study Section 2.15) 78
FAQs 79
Blackbox 81
Quick reference for using the IE 6.0 browser 81
Quick reference for using Netscape 4.8 82
Contents ix

Quick reference for using Netscape 7.01 84

Quick reference for using Opera 7 85
Quick reference for using Crazy Browser 86
Check Your Progress 87
Problems 88

Chapter 3 E-Mail Tools.......................................................................... 89

3.1 Introduction 90
3.2 Communication 91
3.3 Protocols 93
3.4 Content, Attachments, and Etiquette 98
3.5 Acronyms and Emoticons 101
3.6 E-Mail Clients and Web-Based E-Mail 101
3.7 Eudora 103
3.8 Outlook Express 105
3.9 Netscape Messenger and Mailer 109
3.10 Opera M2 111
3.11 Hotmail 113
3.12 Yahoo! Mail 114
3.13 S-Mail 115
3.14 E-Mail Activities 116
3.15 Managing E-Mail 119
3.16 Wireless E-Mail 129
3.17 Tutorials 129
3.17.1 Open and Save E-Mail Attachments (Study Sections 3.4 and 3.14) 129
3.17.2 Word Wrap of an E-Mail Message’s Text (Study Sections 3.7–3.10) 130
3.17.3 Security in Eudora (Study Section 3.7) 130
3.17.4 Security in Outlook Express (Study Section 3.8) 130
3.17.5 Import E-Mail Messages and Address Books (Study Section 3.15) 131
FAQs 131
Blackbox 133
Quick reference for using Eudora 5.2 134
Quick reference for using Outlook Express 136
Quick reference for using Netscape 138
Quick reference for using Opera M2 139
Quick reference for using Hotmail 141
Quick reference for using Yahoo! Mail 142
Check Your Progress 143
Problems 144

Chapter 4 Instant Messaging............................................................... 145

4.1 Introduction 146
4.2 Text-Only Web Chatting 147
x Contents

4.2.1 Bulletin Board System 148

4.2.2 Internet Relay Chat 149
4.3 Instant Messaging 150
4.4 AIM 152
4.5 Yahoo! Messenger 155
4.6 MSN Messenger 160
4.7 Opera Instant Messaging 165
4.8 Webcasting 165
4.9 Wireless Instant Messaging 166
4.10 Tutorials 166
4.10.1 Use Acronyms and Emoticons in AIM (Study Section 4.4) 166
4.10.2 Use AIM to Send an Image or a File (Study Section 4.4) 166
4.10.3 Use Yahoo! Web Messenger (Study Section 4.5) 167
4.10.4 Use MSN Messenger to Send a File or Photo (Study Section 4.6) 168
FAQs 169
Blackbox 170
Quick reference for using AIM 171
Quick reference for using Yahoo! Messenger 172
Quick reference for using MSN Messenger 173
Check Your Progress 174
Problems 174

Chapter 5 Lists and Newsgroups.......................................................... 175

5.1 Introduction 176
5.2 Mailing Lists 176
5.3 Discussion Groups 178
5.4 Usenet Newsgroups 180
FAQs 187
Blackbox 187
Quick reference for using Outlook Express as a newsreader 188
Check Your Progress 188
Problems 189

Chapter 6 Security and Privacy........................................................... 191

6.1 Introduction 192
6.2 Fraud 193
6.3 Crackers 194
6.4 Firewalls 195
6.5 P3P 196
6.6 Sniffing and Web Bugs 198
6.7 Web Stalking 199
6.8 Censorship 200
6.9 TRUSTe 201
6.10 EPIC 201
Contents xi

6.11 .NET Passport 202

6.12 Liberty Alliance Project 203
FAQs 204
Blackbox 205
Check Your Progress 206
Problems 207

Chapter 7 Searching the Internet........................................................ 209

7.1 Introduction 210
7.2 Directories 210
7.3 Open Directory Project 212
7.4 Search Engines 213
7.5 Metasearch Engines 215
7.6 Search Techniques 215
7.6.1 Word and Exact-Phrase Searches 216
7.6.2 Boolean Search 217
7.6.3 Other Searches 218
7.7 Intelligent Agents 220
7.8 Invisible Web 221
FAQs 223
Blackbox 224
Quick reference for using search techniques in Google 224
Check Your Progress 225
Problems 225

Chapter 8 FTP and Telnet ................................................................... 227

8.1 Introduction 228
8.2 File Types 228
8.3 FTP 230
8.4 Telnet 234
8.5 Tutorials 235
8.5.1 Use FTP and Telnet Sessions Together (Study Sections 8.3 and 8.4) 235
FAQs 237
Blackbox 237
Quick Reference for File Types 237
Check Your Progress 238
Problems 238

Part II: XHTML

Chapter 9 XHTML Essentials............................................................... 241

9.1 Introduction 242
9.2 Websites and Web Pages 242
9.3 Content of Web Pages 244
xii Contents

9.4 Authoring of Web Pages 245

9.5 XHTML Syntax 246
9.6 XHTML Document Structure 248
9.7 Authoring Tools 251
9.8 Text Formatting 253
9.9 Special Characters 257
9.10 Hyperlinks 260
9.10.1 Links 260
9.10.2 Anchors 264
9.11 Lists 266
9.11.1 Unordered Lists 266
9.11.2 Ordered Lists 268
9.11.3 Definition Lists 270
9.11.4 Nested Lists 271
9.11.5 Nontext List Items 273
9.12 Metadata 274
9.13 Colors 275
9.13.1 RGB Color Model 275
9.13.2 Hexadecimal Codes 276
9.13.3 Using Colors in Web Pages 276
9.14 Audio and Video 279
9.15 Tutorials 283
9.15.1 Using Character Sets (Study Section 9.9) 283
9.15.2 Personal Web Site (Study Sections 9.8 and 9.10) 284
9.15.3 Create Anchors (Study Section 9.10) 286
9.15.4 Organizational Structure (Study Section 9.11) 288
FAQs 290
Blackbox 291
Quick reference for the tags presented in this chapter 293
Check Your Progress 295
Problems 296

Chapter 10 Images and Maps ............................................................... 299

10.1 Introduction 300
10.2 Color Palettes and Lookup Tables 300
10.3 Dithering 301
10.4 Image Formats 302
10.5 Image and Map Software 303
10.6 Image Operations 305
10.6.1 Image Creation 305
10.6.2 Image Editing 307
10.6.3 Image Capture 307
10.6.4 Image Scaling 308
10.7 Using Images 308
Contents xiii

10.8 Image Animation 314

10.9 Image Maps 315
10.10 Types of Image Maps 316
10.11 Creating Image Maps 316
10.12 Using Image Maps 319
10.12.1 Define the Image 319
10.12.2 Define the Virtual Shapes 319
10.12.3 Define the Context 320
10.13 Tutorials 322
10.13.1 Using Map-Based Buttons (Study Sections 10.9 and 10.12) 322
10.13.2 Overlapping Hot Spots (Study Section 10.12) 323
FAQs 325
Blackbox 328
Quick reference for chapter tags 328
Check Your Progress 329
Problems 330

Chapter 11 Web Design........................................................................ 333

11.1 Introduction 334
11.2 Planning 335
11.3 Elements of Web Design 336
11.4 Navigation Elements 337
11.5 Layout Design 338
11.5.1 Organization Schemes 339
11.5.2 Organization Structures 339
11.5.3 Storyboarding Site Layout 340
11.5.4 Navigation 342
11.5.5 Web Page Layout 342
11.5.6 Tables and Layers 342
11.5.7 Alignment 342
11.5.8 Proximity 343
11.5.9 Repetition 343
11.5.10 Contrast 343
11.5.11 Mapping Web Pages 343
11.6 Website Design 344
11.7 Web Page Design 345
11.8 Design Tools 347
11.9 Validation and Testing 348
11.10 Putting It All Together 348
FAQs 349
Blackbox 349
Check Your Progress 350
Problems 350
xiv Contents

Chapter 12 Tables ............................................................................... 351

12.1 Introduction 352
12.2 Table Structure and Variables 352
12.2.1 Noncell Variables 353
12.2.2 Cell Variables 354
12.3 Table Layout and Design 355
12.4 Using Tables 356
12.5 Table Rendering and Calculations 363
12.6 Nesting Tables 365
12.7 Formatting via Tables 368
12.8 Tutorials 371
12.8.1 Creating a Traditional Table (Study Section 12.4) 371
12.8.2 Creating a Site Map for Navigation (Study Section 12.7) 374
FAQs 378
Blackbox 378
Quick reference for the tags presented in this chapter 379
Check Your Progress 382
Problems 382

Chapter 13 Layers ............................................................................... 385

13.1 Introduction 386
13.2 Layer Positioning 386
13.3 Properties of Layers 387
13.4 Using Layers 388
13.5 Nesting Layers 393
13.6 Layers and Tables 396
13.7 Formatting via Layers 396
13.8 Tutorials 400
13.8.1 Creating Embossing Effects (Study Section 13.4) 400
13.8.2 Creating a Site Map for Navigation (Study Section 13.7) 401
FAQs 403
Blackbox 403
Quick reference for the tags presented in this chapter 404
Check Your Progress 405
Problems 405

Chapter 14 Frames .............................................................................. 407

14.1 Introduction 408
14.2 Frame Layout and Design 408
14.3 Frame Sets and Nesting 410
14.4 Using Frames 412
14.5 Target Frames and Windows 420
14.6 Tutorials 424
14.6.1 Using Ordered Lists in a TOC Frame (Study Section 14.5) 424
Contents xv

14.6.2 Using Image Maps with Frames (Study Section 14.5) 427
FAQs 429
Blackbox 431
Quick reference for the tags presented in this chapter 432
Check Your Progress 434
Problems 434

Chapter 15 Forms ............................................................................... 437

15.1 Introduction 438
15.2 Structure and Communication 438
15.3 Elements 440
15.4 Layout and Design 443
15.5 Using Forms 444
15.6 Formatting Forms 460
15.7 Tutorials 464
15.7.1 Performing E-Commerce (Study Section 15.5) 464
15.7.2 Guest and Alumni Books (Study Section 15.5) 466
15.7.3 Customer Survey (Study Section 15.5) 468
FAQs 471
Blackbox 472
Quick reference for the tags presented in this chapter 473
Check Your Progress 474
Problems 475

Chapter 16 Cascading Style Sheets...................................................... 479

16.1 Introduction 480
16.2 CSS Syntax 481
16.3 Linking CSS to XHTML 484
16.3.1 Inline CSS 485
16.3.2 Embedded CSS 485
16.3.3 External CSS 486
16.3.4 Imported CSS 487
16.3.5 Attributes and Tags 488
16.4 Inheritance and Cascading Order 491
16.5 The Box Model 492
16.6 Font Properties 493
16.7 Text Properties 493
16.8 Color Properties 495
16.9 Content Positioning 496
16.10 Tutorials 497
16.10.1 Using External CSS (Study Sections 16.6–16.8) 497
16.10.2 Styling Using Images (Study Sections 16.6–16.8) 499
FAQs 500
Blackbox 500
xvi Contents

Quick reference for the tags presented in this chapter 502

Check Your Progress 503
Problems 503

Chapter 17 HTML Editors .................................................................... 505

17.1 Introduction 506
17.2 Editors’ Tasks 507
17.3 Overview of Editors 509
17.4 Formatting Text 512
17.5 Creating Hyperlinks 514
17.6 Inserting Images 515
17.7 Creating Tables 516
17.8 Creating Frames and Forms 517
17.9 Tutorials 518
17.9.1 Creating Text and Links (Study Sections 17.4 and 17.5) 518
17.9.2 Creating Images and Tables (Study Sections 17.6 and 17.7) 519
FAQs 523
Blackbox 523
Check Your Progress 524
Problems 524

Chapter 18 Server-Side Scripting......................................................... 527

18.1 Introduction 528
18.2 Client/Server Architecture 530
18.3 Basics of CGI Scripting 531
18.3.1 Script Structure and Tasks 531
18.3.2 Encoding and Decoding Name/Value Pairs 532
18.3.3 Standard Environment Variables 533
18.3.4 Output Structure 534
18.4 Universal CGI Scripts 536
18.5 Web Servers 537
18.6 Apache Server 538
18.6.1 Downloading and Installing Apache 539
18.6.2 Running and Using Apache 539
18.7 Tomcat Server 547
18.7.1 Downloading and Installing Tomcat 547
18.7.2 Running and Using Tomcat 548
18.8 Tutorials 554
18.8.1 Accessing Environment Variables (Study Section 18.3.3) 554
18.8.2 Processing a Hyperlink Click (Study Section 18.7) 558
FAQs 560
Blackbox 561
Check Your Progress 562
Problems 562
Contents xvii

Part III: JavaScript

Chapter 19 JavaScript Syntax ............................................................. 567

19.1 Introduction 568
19.2 JavaScript and Java 569
19.3 Embedding JavaScript in XHTML 569
19.4 Development Environment 570
19.5 Variables 573
19.5.1 Identifiers 573
19.5.2 Types 574
19.5.3 Scope 576
19.5.4 Constants 577
19.5.5 Literals 577
19.5.6 Data-Type Conversion 577
19.5.7 Escaping and Special Characters 577
19.6 Statements 581
19.7 Expressions and Operators 582
19.7.1 Assignment Operators 582
19.7.2 Comparison Operators 582
19.7.3 Arithmetic Operators 583
19.7.4 Logical Operators 584
19.8 Control Structures 587
19.8.1 Conditional Statements 587
19.8.2 Loop Statements 590
19.9 Code Execution 595
19.10 Input and Output 595
19.11 Tutorials 597
19.11.1 Integer Division (Study Section 19.7) 597
19.11.2 Dollars and Cents (Study Section 19.7) 599
FAQs 601
Blackbox 602
Quick reference for the syntax presented in this chapter 603
Check Your Progress 605
Problems 605

Chapter 20 Functions and Arrays ........................................................ 607

20.1 Introduction 608
20.2 Function Definition 609
20.3 Function Calls 610
20.4 Predefined Functions 617
20.5 Recursion 617
20.6 Array Definition and Properties 619
20.7 Multidimensional Arrays 622
xviii Contents

20.8 Array Manipulations 625

20.9 Associative Arrays 627
20.10 Combining Functions and Arrays 628
20.11 Tutorials 630
20.11.1 Flying from Boston (Study Section 20.10) 630
FAQs 632
Blackbox 632
Quick reference for the syntax presented in this chapter 634
Check Your Progress 635
Problems 635

Chapter 21 Handling Events ................................................................ 637

21.1 Introduction 638
21.2 Event Model 639
21.3 Events 643
21.4 Event Handling 647
21.5 Navigation Events 647
21.6 On-the-Fly Web Pages 653
21.7 Web-Page Context 656
21.8 Nesting On-the-Fly Web Pages 658
21.9 Disabling XHTML Actions 662
21.10 Tutorials 664
21.10.1 Handling all Hyperlink Events (Study Section 21.5) 664
FAQs 666
Blackbox 666
Quick reference for the syntax presented in this chapter 667
Check Your Progress 669
Problems 669

Chapter 22 Objects.............................................................................. 671

22.1 Introduction 672
22.2 Definition 673
22.3 Creation and Use 674
22.3.1 Constructor Function 676
22.3.2 Instantiation 679
22.3.3 The Dot Notation (.) 680
22.3.4 The this Reference 680
22.4 Concepts 682
22.5 Inheriting and Nesting Objects 683
22.6 Document Object Model (DOM) 688
22.7 Objects and Arrays 690
22.8 document Object 694
22.9 Math Object 694
Contents xix

22.10 Date Object 698

22.11 String Object 701
22.12 Tutorials 707
22.12.1 Prime Numbers (Study Section 22.9) 707
FAQs 708
Blackbox 708
Quick reference for the syntax presented in this chapter 710
Check Your Progress 712
Problems 712

Chapter 23 Windows and Frames ......................................................... 715

23.1 Introduction 716
23.2 Browser-Related Objects 716
23.3 location Object 719
23.4 history Object 722
23.5 window Object 725
23.6 Frame Objects 732
23.7 Including JavaScript Files 735
23.8 DHTML 737
23.9 Tutorials 737
23.9.1 Animation Sequence (Study Section 23.5) 737
FAQs 743
Blackbox 743
Quick reference for the syntax presented in this chapter 744
Check Your Progress 745
Problems 745

Chapter 24 Processing Form Input ...................................................... 747

24.1 Introduction 748
24.2 Form Object 748
24.3 Form-Element Objects 749
24.4 Form Input Validation 749
24.5 Footer Scripts 768
24.6 Form Data Processing 771
24.6.1 Servlets and Spreadsheets 771
24.6.2 PHP and MySQL Database 783
24.6.3 Perl and E-Mail Processing 789
24.7 Tutorials 805
24.7.1 Automatic Filling of Form Elements (Study Section 24.4) 805
FAQs 812
Blackbox 812
Quick reference for the syntax presented in this chapter 813
Check Your Progress 814
Problems 814
xx Contents

Chapter 25 Temporal Control .............................................................. 817

25.1 Introduction 818
25.2 Timeline Animation 819
25.3 Timeline Control 819
25.4 Animation Techniques 824
25.5 Animation Tips 828
25.6 Tutorials 829
25.6.1 Creation of Random Popup Windows (Study Sections 25.3 and 25.4) 829
FAQs 831
Blackbox 832
Quick reference for the syntax presented in this chapter 832
Check Your Progress 832
Problems 833

Chapter 26 Cookies ............................................................................. 835

26.1 Introduction 836
26.2 Privacy 837
26.3 System Security 837
26.4 Types 838
26.5 Parameters 838
26.6 The cookie Property 841
26.7 Dealing with Cookies 844
26.8 Visibility 851
26.9 Tutorials 853
26.9.1 Web-Page Hit Counter (Study Sections 26.5 and 26.6) 853
26.9.2 Remember Web-Page Visitors (Study Sections 26.5 and 26.6) 856
FAQs 866
Blackbox 867
Quick reference for the syntax presented in this chapter 868
Check Your Progress 868
Problems 869

Appendix A Glossary .......................................................................... 871

Index ................................................................................................. 885

Preface

This second edition has been redesigned from the ground up to reflect and respond to many of
the suggestions the author has received since the first edition was written. It has also been rewrit-
ten to accommodate the new Internet concepts that have been developed since the first edition
was released.
This edition has many new pedagogical and content features:

• The page design and layout are completely new, with many eye-catching graphics features
for section and example headings.
• Abundant figures and screen captures have been included to illustrate concepts.
• Each chapter begins with a goal, a set of objectives, and a list of section titles; and ends
with tutorials, FAQs, a summary, a progress checklist, and problems.
• Many chapters have a “Quick reference” section at the end that summarizes software use
(Part I of the book), syntax of XHTML tags (Part II), and JavaScript syntax (Part III).
• Each section has at least one pedagogical tool, be it an image insert, a figure, a table, an
example, a tutorial, an FAQ, or a piece of advice. These tools make it easy to follow and
understand the material and minimize the need to thumb through pages in order to find
material.
• Each example and tutorial in the book has three pedagogical elements that inspire inter-
activity and deeper understanding. “Code explained” describes what particular code lines
and sections do. “Discussion” provides insight on why certain segments of code are
written the way they are. It also provides tips on running the code and cites pitfalls to
avoid. “Hands-on” asks the reader to extend the existing code to accomplish a new task.
This element is a confidence builder, as it is hard to write completely new code during the
learning process.

xxi
xxii Preface

• Each example focuses on one chapter concept only, while each tutorial combines a few
chapter concepts together to provide a more practical application.
• Concepts are explained first and then applied, using many existing software tools in one
place, so that the reader can have a conceptual overview and can compare the available
tools.
• The “FAQs” are organized by chapter sections and serve as a stimulus for discussion.
• The “Blackbox” (summary) section is tightly integrated with the chapter material. It lists
the section and example numbers where the corresponding detailed information can be
found.
• The “Check your progress” section is tightly integrated with the chapter sections. It can
serve to focus group discussions in class or as a review for exams.
• The text is written in an easy-to-follow writing style.
• All topics are covered with great attention to both depth and breadth.
• The book covers three essential elements of today’s Web pages: the Internet, XHTML, and
JavaScript.
• The book covers four major leading browsers: IE 6.0, Netscape 4.8 & 7.0, Opera 7, and
Crazy Browser 1.05.
• The book covers seven major leading e-mail tools: Eudora, Hotmail, Outlook Express 6.0,
Yahoo! Mail, Netscape 4.8 Messenger, Netscape 7.01 mailer, and Opera 7 M2.
• The book covers three major leading HTML editors: FrontPage 2002, Composer 7.01, and
AceHTML 5.0.
• The book covers two leading servers: Apache server version 2.0.45 and Tomcat server ver-
sion 4.1.24, both from the Apache Software Foundation.
The rationale behind this edition is simple, but effective: We need to provide a comprehen-
sive and complete source of Web knowledge for students to be able to learn the basics that allow
them to be proficient in client-side technologies. These technologies include Internet literacy,
XHTML, and client-side JavaScript—three essential elements that one begins studying in order
to understand the Web and Web pages today. As the Web matures and its users become more
sophisticated, both students and instructors should continue to find this book useful as a single
source for all their learning and teaching needs.
The purpose of this edition is to present the fundamental concepts of the Internet and its
scripting tools (XHTML and JavaScript) in a generic framework. These concepts and tools are
supplemented with examples, tutorials, and problems to provide readers with hands-on experi-
ence so that they can master the concepts. The book strikes a delicate balance between subject
depth and breadth, and between generic and practical aspects of the Internet. As an example of
the book’s coverage of depth and breadth, the text covers the basic topics pertaining to the Inter-
net and its effective use in daily tasks such as e-mail and searching, as well as all aspects of
client-side XHTML and JavaScript. As an example of its coverage of generic and practical
aspects, the book always relates the generic concepts to their use in technology, software, and
practical applications. For instance, the book discusses the generic concepts behind e-mail tools
Preface xxiii

and then covers the details of seven popular tools today, including e-mail clients and Web-based
mail. Another example is the use of XHTML editors: After covering the generic aspects of
XHTML, the book presents some of the commonly used HTML editors and relates their user
interfaces to the raw XHTML.
This book fills an important need in the market. Students need a book that explains the
subject matter in a simple, yet comprehensive and coherent, way, with ample examples and
hands-on tutorials. As a matter of fact, this book’s approach is a response to the nature of surf-
ing the Web: If surfers do not find what they need on a Web page in about 30 seconds, they
move on to another one. So, if a Web site does not offer visitors concentrated services and
information, it loses them. This book offers concentrated knowledge to its readers so that they
can find what they need very quickly. Students can also use the book’s companion website,
located at http://www.prenhall.com/zeid, to download the source code for each chapter
and can use the chapter’s multiple-choice questions to study and prepare for exams.
Instructors need a book that provides them with ample topics, examples, tutorials, prob-
lems, and pedagogy. For example, the instructor may use the examples, tutorials, or exercises in a
lab setting. Or the instructor may use the “Blackbox” (summary) section at the end of each chap-
ter as the basis for class discussion and review to prepare students for exams. The instructor can
also access the book’s companion website to download a complete set of PowerPoint slides and
all the book’s source code, or to use the online test bank to prepare quizzes and exams. A solu-
tions manual accompanies the book as well. Moreover, instructors who wish to have only portions
of the book, such as individual parts or selected chapters, can do so through custom publishing—
a request that Prentice Hall handles with ease through its sales representatives.
The book covers three topics: Internet literacy, XHTML, and JavaScript. If you cover the
three topics in one course, use the book as is. If you cover each topic in a separate course, order
one part per course through Prentice Hall’s custom-publishing service. Why should instructors
use this three-part volume instead of three separate books? Consistency in style, format, and
pedagogy is the reason. This consistency significantly increases the ease of using the book for
both instructors, who must prepare the material, and students, who must learn it. Reducing the
overhead of preparation and learning allows both instructors and students to devote their scarce
time to using and learning the material instead of weaving through page after page trying to fol-
low and understand three styles of three different books and authors. With the three parts of this
book, instructors and students know what to expect and where to find it.
Professionals, who are usually pressed for time, need a book that they can use for self-teach-
ing purposes. They also need a book that provides them with answers to specific questions they
may have when developing websites and Web pages. With this volume, professionals can tap into
the “Blackbox” (summary) and “FAQs” sections for quick consultation. In fact, many of the ques-
tions in the “FAQs” sections of this book are questions asked by past students and professionals.
The book is organized into three related parts. Part I covers the effective use of the Internet.
This part develops the basic skills required for using the Internet. While many readers have been
using the Internet for a long time, Part I formalizes this experience. Part II discusses, in detail,
XHTML and Web-page design and development. Part III covers client-side JavaScript. This
xxiv Preface

organization is beneficial in accommodating different course requirements and reader back-

grounds. Those who want to focus on XHTML can also use the early chapters of Part III. Those
who want to focus on JavaScript can use Part II as a review. As stated previously, if instructors or
professionals want only portions of the book, the solution is custom publishing.
As in the first edition, the problems section is divided into two parts: exercises and home-
work. The exercises can be used in a lab where class time is limited. The homework problems
are designed to be more extensive, and some of them are open ended in nature, as students have
more time outside the classroom to do them.
I am indebted to all the people who helped directly and indirectly to improve this book. I
would like to thank the following reviewers (of both the first and second editions) for their valu-
able comments, suggestions, and advice throughout the project: Floyd LeCureux of California
State University at Sacramento, Harold Grossman of Clemson University, Rayford Vaughn of
Mississippi State University, Scott Henninger of the University of Nebraska–Lincoln, Michelle
Ratliff Lee of Sante Fe Community College, Patricia Gregory of Anne Arundel Community Col-
lege, Denny Czejdo of Loyola University, and Hayden Schultz of Northeastern University. There
is no doubt that their suggestions have influenced and enhanced this book.
I would also like to thank all my students and colleagues who contributed to both editions
of this book in many ways through seminars, discussions, and courses. Special thanks are due to
the following former students who gave me their generous permission to use their work in this
book: Janet Beaudoin, Debra Buchanan, Ted Catino, John Daley, Cindy Desmond, John Doyle,
Roger Eames, Lisa Evans, Walter Frank, Adrian Goneau, Linda Haviland, Anatoli Kurkil,
Regina Lagakos, Tim Martel, Rick Mashburn, Tom Medlar, Lissa Pierson, Stephanie Rogers,
Margery Rosenblatt, David Shadmon, Suzanne Sigman, John Trainor, Donna Waugh, and Paul
Wikstrom. I also would like to acknowledge the following readers of the first edition who
informed me of typos and errata: Mohamed Assim, Lass Hellvig, Donna Mistal-Houle, Bob
Sherman, and Arnold Worsley.
Thanks are due to the Prentice Hall staff for its patience and professional help. The valu-
able experience and vision of Petra Recter permitted the successful completion of the manu-
script. Her e-mail messages and phone calls kept the project moving, and her coordination of the
review process ensured the reception of valuable feedback in a timely manner. I would also like
to thank Marcia Horton for her support of the project. In addition, I greatly appreciate the efforts
and support of Kate Hargett in finishing the review process and the project. I would like to thank
Camille Trentacoste and Lakshmi Balasubramanian for helping with all production issues as
well. Many thanks are also due to Jessica Fitzpatrick for editing the early chapters of the book
and providing very valuable feedback and suggestions.
Last, but not least, very special thanks are due to my family and friends, who supported
me from start to finish with their love and encouragement, which are greatly appreciated.
IBRAHIM ZEID
Boston
 P A R T I

Internet Literacy

This part covers all the plumbing of the Internet, an important foundation that students must
understand. This part helps put Parts II and III in context. The goal of this part is to provide a
solid and clear understanding of the basic concepts of the Internet and World Wide Web. To
achieve this goal, this part helps readers accomplish the following objectives:
1. Understand and master the client/server model, IP addresses, URLs, e-mail addresses, file
protocols and compression, and Internet connections (Chapter 1).
2. Understand and master four Web browsers (Internet Explorer 6.0, Netscape 4.8 and 7.01,
Crazy Browser 1.05, and Opera 7) (Chapter 2).
3. Understand and master e-mail concepts, e-mail clients (Eudora 5.2, Outlook Express 6.0,
Netscape 4.8 and 7.01, and Opera 7), and Web-based e-mail (Hotmail and Yahoo! Mail)
(Chapter 3).
4. Understand and master synchronous Web communication such as instant messaging, Web
chat (BBS, chat rooms, and IRC channels), and Webcasting (Chapter 4).
5. Understand and master asynchronous Web communication such as mailing lists, discus-
sion groups, and Usenet newsgroups (Chapter 5).
6. Understand and master the security and privacy issues associated with using the Internet
(Chapter 6).
7. Understand and master searching the Internet via a number of techniques (Chapter 7).
8. Understand and master FTP and Telnet concepts (Chapter 8).

1
This page intentionally left blank
 1
Overview of the
Internet

Goal
Understand and master some of the basic concepts of the Internet and the World Wide Web in
order to be able to use them effectively in ordinary life, as well as in professional activities.

Objectives
• Client/server model
• Data and file transmission across the Internet
• URLs and IP addresses as unique Internet IDs
• The structure of e-mail addresses
• File protocols and compression and decompression of files
• Inranets and extranets
• Requirements and types of Internet connections
• Modem types

3
4 Chapter 1 • Overview of the Internet

Outline
1.1 Introduction
1.2 The Internet and the World Wide Web
1.3 Internet Jargon
1.4 Client/Server Model
1.5 Client/Server Diagnostic Commands
1.6 Evolution of the Internet and the World Wide Web
1.7 Transmission across the Internet
1.8 IP Addresses and URLs
1.9 Internet Domain Names
1.10 E-mail Addresses
1.11 File Protocols on the Internet
1.12 File Compression and Decompression
1.13 Intranets and Extranets
1.14 Connecting to the Internet
1.15 Types of Modems
1.16 Internet Tools
1.17 Tutorials
FAQs -Blackbox -Check Your Progress - Problems

1.1 Introduction
The Internet has been acknowledged as the source of a profound information revolution. It has
already changed our lives and the ways in which we communicate and conduct business. For
example, many of us send e-mail messages back and forth to friends, colleagues, customers, cli-
ents and relatives all over the world. The Internet provides an instant mode of communication in
the form of electronic mail—or e-mail for short—and instant messaging. You can even meet
people on the Internet. Web pages clutter the Internet. Today, Internet Yellow Pages assist in
helping people sift through the clutter. There is no doubt that this medium of communication
will dominate and surpass any other medium. The Internet had more users in its first 5 years than
the telephone did in its first 30 years, and the volume of e-mail sent everyday already outnum-
bers that of regular mail.
While hearing and reading about the Internet is exciting, putting all its related pieces
together is often confusing. This chapter provides an overview of the structure of the Internet,
explains how the Internet works, and discusses the different types of connections to the Internet.

1.2 The Internet and the World Wide Web

The Internet encompasses diverse computers and programs working together seamlessly as a
network. A network is a collection of devices (such as computers and printers) that are con-
nected together by communication paths. These devices are called the nodes of the network, and
The Internet and the World Wide Web 5

the communication paths may be wires, fiber-optic cables, or wireless connections. The Internet
is a network of networks. These networks include various federal networks, a set of regional net-
works, campus networks, and foreign networks. The Internet connects many geographical
regions; sometimes it is known as the “information superhighway.” It also enables worldwide
international networks to communicate with each other.
This definition of the Internet typically does not mean much to the end user. The user only
wants to do something specific, such as run a program, access a website, or download a particu-
lar file. As such, an end user does not need to worry about how the Internet is put together. A
good analogy is the telephone system; it, too, is a network. Phone companies such as AT&T,
MCI, and Sprint are all separate corporations running pieces of the telephone system. They
worry about how to make it all work together; all the user has to do is dial the number. The user
begins to worry only when a problem occurs, such as when a phone call cannot be completed. In
such cases, the company that owns the part of the phone system causing the problem should fix
it. The same is true for the Internet: Each network has its own operations center. If something
goes wrong with the network, the center that operates it should fix the problem.
The Internet’s driving force is the World Wide Web (also known as WWW, W3, or the
Web), the section of the Internet that features multimedia capabilities (i.e., has video, audio,
images, graphics, and text). The Web began to take off after Mosaic, the first graphical Web
viewer (browser), came out in 1994 and has quickly become a vast network of data, news, shop-
ping guides, promotional materials, periodicals, and Web pages, displayed in colors, often with
audio and video output. As described in detail in Part II of the book, extensible hypertext markup
language (XHTML) allows website creators to link their Web pages to other pages, with each
page accessed by a simple click of the mouse button.

Internet

WWW

The Internet links powerful servers in every part of the world. A server is a program that
resides on a computer and provides services for other computer programs known as clients. A
particular computer may contain both client and server programs. Web users can transfer files to
and from other computers (known as uploading and downloading, respectively), send electronic
messages to the e-mail addresses of other users, and set up their own Web pages for whatever
purpose they desire. Companies, universities, government agencies, and individuals throughout
the world now maintain pages on the Web, and the demand for Web access is increasing PC
(personal computer) use.
The methods for finding and accessing information on the Internet are very unique. Tradi-
tionally, as found in libraries, information is organized in books that are indexed and shelved in
6 Chapter 1 • Overview of the Internet

order, according to a standard classification system. Unlike information in libraries, however,

information on the Internet is not organized at all. Information is contained in Web pages. In
order to find a particular piece of information, a Web surfer uses a search engine. A Web surfer
is a person who uses the Internet to find desired information. A search engine is a computer pro-
gram that helps you find specific information on the Web. The Web surfer types a search string
(one or more words that might be found in websites containing the information), and the search
engine returns links to the Web pages that contain the string (usually known as hits).
The conclusion drawn from the foregoing analogy is that we need to use a different mental
model when dealing with information on the Web. The heart of this model is a dynamic nature
and randomness of information. Thus, one should not tend to memorize the addresses and titles
of websites, but rather learn how to search for information effectively.

1.3 Internet Jargon

The Internet field is full of acronyms and new words. The chapters of this book introduce defini-
tions as we need them, and these definitions are listed again in the glossary in Appendix A. For
additional information on Internet jargon, refer to the following websites or use a search engine:
http://www.whatis.com and http://www.webopaedia.com.

1.4 Client/Server Model

The client/server model is central to Internet communication, distributed networked computing,
and services. This model uses two computer programs installed on two separate, but networked,
computers at different locations. The client program (or client, for short) installed on one com-
puter (known as the client computer) communicates with the server program (or server, for short)
installed on the other computer (known as the server computer), as shown in Figure 1.1. The client
requests services from the server. While the server is running, it acts as a daemon. A daemon is a
process that awaits (“listens” to) client requests. When it receives a request from a client, it grants
the request and sends a response back to the client. A common example of client/server communi-
cation is a Web browser acting as a client when requesting a Web page from a Web server.
Multiple clients can access a server concurrently. This situation increases the demand
(known as the server load, traffic, or number of hits) on the server and may slow its response
time significantly. In such a case, the server computer (also known as the host computer or host
machine, or host for short) must be upgraded or replaced with a faster computer to handle the
increased demand. Balancing a server’s load to improve its response time is a very interesting
and practical problem, but is beyond the scope of this book.

Client
Server

Clients

Client
Client/Server Model 7

Client computer Server computer

Client request

Daemon

Client Internet Server

Server response
(a) One client and one server

Server 1 Server 2

Client 1 Internet Client 2

(b) Multiple clients and servers

Figure 1.1 Client/server model.

Client/server databases are used extensively on the Web. A database is a set of data that is
organized and stored in a file or many files. For example, a bank customer can use a browser to
access the bank’s database, installed on a server, to check his or her account balance. A common
architecture of a client/server database is the two-tier model, where two networked computers
are used as shown in Figure 1.1(a). The client, running as an application in a browser, sends
requests (queries) to the database. The database, accessed through a server, sends the query
results back to the client. Another architecture is the three-tier model, where a middle server is
added between the database and the client for security purposes.

Client Middle server DB server

Database
access
Application Database
program
and rules

Three-tier database model

8 Chapter 1 • Overview of the Internet

The client/server model and the increasing accessibility of the Internet have spurred the
concept of remote hosting of applications for delivery over the Internet. A subscriber can rent
any of these applications from an ASP (application server provider) for a fee, instead of install-
ing and maintaining the applications in-house. The ASP hosts the software on its Web servers,
which entails purchasing, installing, maintaining, managing, and upgrading it. The burden of
computing then shifts from the client (subscriber) to the ASP server. Renting software applica-
tions from ASPs frees subscribers’ resources, saves subscribers money, and allows them to focus
on their core activities. The evaluation and choice of an ASP should include an assessment of the
service, support, scalability (can it handle a significant increase in the number of users or
amount of data?), and security the ASP provides.

1.5 Client/Server Diagnostic Commands

There are many operating system–level (OS-level) commands that a client can use to probe
communication with a server. These commands are supported by major OSs such as Windows
and Unix. We cover three commands in this section: finger, ping, and traceroute.
Refer to Tutorial 1.17.1 for an exercise in their use. We cover the nslookup command in
Section 1.8.
The finger command allows you to find out who is currently logged into a given host
or whether a particular user is logged in. To finger a host, use the command finger
hostname—for example, finger neu.edu, for which the result would be a list of the
users currently logged into the neu.edu host. To finger a particular user, use the command
finger username@hostname—for example, finger zeid@coe.neu.edu. If the
user is logged in, you will receive back the login name, the last name, and the logging time of
the user. You need to realize that some computers may reject the finger command, for secu-
rity reasons.
The ping command allows a client to check whether a server is up and running. The gen-
eral command syntax is ping hostname—for example, ping neu.edu. The command
returns whether the host is up or down. This command is helpful to use before you connect to a
host.
The traceroute (Unix) and tracert (Windows) commands trace the transmission
route that data take from a client to a server. The general command syntax is traceroute
hostname—for example, traceroute www.mit.edu. The route is measured in term of
hops. A hop is the trip that data take from one router to another. Alternatively, a hop is an inter-
mediate network node that data pass through. The command also calculates and displays the
amount of time each hop takes. traceroute is useful in debugging network problems, espe-
cially with respect to determining where they are.
There are computer programs that include finger, ping, traceroute, and other
diagnostic commands. Interested readers can search for Internet sites from which they may
download and install one of these programs. To do so, go to a search engine and enter the string
“ping and trace tools”. Examples of the programs include NetMaps and CyberKit.
Evolution of the Internet and the World Wide Web 9

☞
Example 1.1 Use client/server diagnostic commands.
Check the status of the following two hosts: mit.edu and neu.edu. How many hops it takes
to connect to each host?
Solution 1.1 Type the following two commands in a DOS window: ping mit.edu and
ping neu.edu. Observe the output. Then enter these two commands: tracert mit.edu
and tracert neu.edu. Count the number of hops for each command. See Tutorial 1.17.1
for more details.

1.6 Evolution of the Internet and the World Wide Web

This section provides a brief history of the Internet and some of its milestone events. For further
information, the reader can enter a search string such as “history of the Internet” into a search
engine. Early research on the concept of the Internet began in 1962 at the Advanced Research
Project Agency (ARPA; then known as DARPA) within the Department of Defense (DoD).
Researchers sought to study the feasibility of communication using packets (see page 11 for def-
initions). This concept is what fueled computer networking. The Internet was born when ARPA
established ARPAnet in an effort to connect together the U.S. DoD networks. In 1969, four com-
puters were connected via ARPAnet, and in 1971 this connection was successfully demonstrated
to military personnel 1971 also brought the invention of e-mail.
Much of the time during the 1970s was spent on researching the idea of open-architecture
networking, as well as on the development of Ethernet (the most widely installed network tech-
nology today) by Xerox. With ARPAnet and Ethernet, the United States was able to develop a
working network, and academic and research users had access to it. Other networks were soon
developed in the late 1970s and early 1980s, including CSNET, USENET, and BITNET. At
about the same time, Ethernet local area networks (LANs) were developed to allow computers,
printers, and other hardware to communicate. When desktop computers and workstations
became available, local networking exploded. Users wanted to connect their LANs to ARPAnet.
Many companies and organizations began building private networks.

Ethernet hub
LAN

NSFnet, one of the important networks developed in 1980s, was created in 1986 by the
National Science Foundation (NSF) to connect five supercomputer centers at major universities.
NSFnet was built as a result of collaboration between the NSF and ARPA. NSFnet divided the
United States into five regions. Each region had a supercomputer center as a hub or gateway.
Universities and organizations belonging to a region could connect to the designated center via a
10 Chapter 1 • Overview of the Internet

regional network. Because of the overloading of these centers in 1987, NSFnet was upgraded
with faster telephone lines and more powerful computers. By 1990, NSFnet replaced ARPAnet,
with a well-developed set of regional and metropolitan area networks feeding into the NSF
backbone. NSFnet’s major objective was to serve educational, research, and government net-
working needs. In 1991, the CIX (Commercial Internet Exchange) Association was formed by
Internet service providers to commercialize the Internet and establish the legitimate uses of the
Internet for business and profit purposes.
PCs, which become a major platform in the 1980s, helped promote the widespread use of
the Internet. LANs became available from major players in the market such as Novell. These
LANs were connected to Ethernet, which allowed PCs to connect to the Internet. PCs at home
could access the Internet via modems and telephone lines.
In 1989, the World Wide Web was conceived by Tim Berners-Lee of the European Labora-
tory for Particle Physics, or CERN (an acronym for the group’s original name in French), in
Geneva, Switzerland. By the end of 1991, CERN released a line-by-line text browser. The actual
explosive growth of the Web started when the first graphically oriented browser, Mosaic, was
developed at the National Center for Supercomputing Applications (NCSA) at the University of
Illinois at Urbana-Champaign (UIUC) in 1994. The Web has quickly become the predominant part
of the Internet, since it supports documents with multimedia elements: text, graphics, colors,
images, and sounds. In addition, the tools needed to utilize the Web, such as browsers and search
engines, are fairly easy to use. With the wide use of the Web, an organization called the World
Wide Web Consortium (W3C) has taken the responsibility for evolving the various protocols and
standards related to the Web.

Mosaic Browser window (Courtesy of the National

Center for Supercomputing Applications (NCSA) and
the Board of Trustees of the University of Illinois)

In 1996, the Internet2 project was established. This project developed the NSF High-
Performance Connections program. The Internet2 project is a collaborative effort by many uni-
versities to develop advanced Internet technologies and applications. The target next-generation
applications for Internet2 include health care, national security, distance learning, digital
libraries, video teleconferencing, virtual laboratories, and manufacturing. Internet2 is not
intended to replace the current Internet. Instead, they are expected to complement each other.
During the 1990s, the wireless World Wide Web (WWWW) began to evolve in response
to the need for instant communication anytime and anywhere by many Web users. The concept
Transmission across the Internet 11

of the mobile Internet has been possible because of the availability of many wireless gadgets
such as PDAs (personal digital assistants), cell phones, and other handheld mobile devices and
the accessibility of wireless networks, satellite communications, and GPS (Global Positioning
System) technology.
During the late 1990s and early 2000s, the “connected home” concept started to emerge,
wherein home devices and appliances can be connected to the Internet by using a home gateway.
A home gateway is a black box that connects home devices and appliances to each other and to
the Internet. The Internet and smart embedded devices are the key drivers of the connected
home. The home gateway enables dynamic delivery of network services on demand, including
communication (e.g., phones, e-mail, voice mail, fax, and answering service), entertainment
(e.g., video on demand and digital video recorders), home control (e.g., monitoring and integra-
tion of home devices, such as the alarm clock telling the coffeemaker to turn on), and informa-
tion services (e.g., clicking a button on the TV remote control in order to store items like recipes
and TV programs).

Home gateway

Connected Home

☞
Example 1.2 Become familiar with the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C).
What are W3C technologies, and what are some of the W3C’s latest developments?
Solution 1.2 Visit http://www.w3c.org to find information on current Web technolo-
gies and much more. Familiarize yourself with the W3C website, and visit it frequently to stay
current.

1.7 Transmission across the Internet

The best way to understand how the Internet works is to think of mail delivery via a postal ser-
vice. The postal service has its network of offices, its hardware (mail trucks, cars, sorting
machines, etc.), and its distribution system, consisting mainly of letter carriers. Similarly, the
Internet has its network of computers, its hardware (computers, routers, telephone lines, etc.),
and its software needed to distribute the data (files) from one location to another.
12 Chapter 1 • Overview of the Internet

Internet

Network 1 Router 1 Network 3

Computer Computer
A C

Router 2 Router 3 Router 4

Modem Network 2 Router 5 Network 4

Computer
Computer D
B

Figure 1.2 A four-network model of the Internet.

As shown in Figure 1.2, the basic idea of communication across the Internet is to have two
remote sites or computers connected together via a network. Figure 1.2 shows four networks,
five routers (a router is a computer that decides how to route data across the Internet), one
modem, and four computers. The four networks resemble the Internet. They could be LANs,
regional networks, national networks, or international networks. Computers A, C, and D are con-
nected to the Internet via dedicated lines. Laptop computer B is connected to the Internet via a
modem and a typical telephone line. The dedicated and telephone lines are equivalent to postal
trucks and cars. They move the data from one place to another. The routers are the postal substa-
tions. They decide how to route the data transmitted through the network lines, finding the short-
est and best way to deliver the data. To do so, the routers use sophisticated routing software and
algorithms.
How does the Internet know where data are coming from and going to? It uses a communi-
cation protocol (a protocol is a set of telecommunication rules that two computers use to commu-
nicate) called TCP/IP (transmission control protocol/Internet protocol) that allows the inclusion of
the IP addresses (see page 12 for definition) of the sending and receiving computers in the trans-
mitted data, be they an e-mail message, a Web page, or any other file. A TCP program residing on
the sending computer breaks the data to be transmitted into one or more chunks, called packets. It
Transmission across the Internet 13

numbers the packets and adds both the sender’s and receiver’s IP addresses to each packet. It then
forwards the packets to an IP program that resides on the same sending computer. The IP program
delivers them to the receiving computer, using the IP address that is included in each packet.

Sender IP address
Receiver IP address
Packet #

TCP/IP handles packets in a similar way to how the traditional postal service handles mail.
The postal service receives envelopes, addressed with both sending and receiving addresses, and
delivers them to the right destinations. Similarly, TCP/IP is a two-layer protocol. The lower
layer, IP, delivers the packets. The higher layer, TCP, breaks the data into packets and manages
their transmission for efficient routing through the Internet. Although each packet has the same
receiver’s IP address, it may get routed differently than the other packets. A TCP program resid-
ing on the receiving computer awaits the delivery of the packets and then collects and reassem-
bles them together in the right order, thus generating the original data that were sent and making
them available on the receiving computer. A user can utilize an application program to view the
data (e.g., an e-mail tool to read an e-mail message, or a Web browser to view a Web page) at a
convenient time. Figure 1.3 shows the steps of the transmission process.
Packet transmission across the Internet employs the Internet’s heterarchical structure. A
heterarchical network has its nodes connected randomly, which implies that no one node is
more important than another in the network. When a part of the Internet is down, packets are
routed to avoid it. Only the users of the down part are affected. Packets are routed dynamically at

Node
Heterarchical structure

Packets
(original data
Original data  Assembled
Sender IP addresses of Receiver
(file) data (file)
sender and
receiver)

Figure 1.3 Transmission across the Internet.

14 Chapter 1 • Overview of the Internet

the time of transmission, based on the conditions of the networks. Dynamic routing is done to
ensure robust communication.

1.8 IP Addresses and URLs

The IP protocol uses a logical address scheme to guarantee that a host or a node in any network
has a unique address. An IP address is a 32-bit integer composed of four 8-bit numbers written
in base 10 and separated by periods. A bit is a computer storage space that holds a binary value
of 0 or 1. A byte is an 8-bit storage space. Thus, each of the four numbers of an IP address holds
a value between 0 and 255, inclusive (28 = 256 values). An example of an IP address is
155.33.227.141. Like a house address, an IP address is assigned to one and only one host.
While numbers are convenient for machines and computers, they are not for humans.
Therefore, we use names to refer to IP addresses. The DNS (domain name system) is a software
application that converts names to IP addresses, and vice versa, by using a technique called
reverse lookup. Both Windows and Unix OSs provide the command nslookup, which converts
a host name to an IP address. Linux OS uses the dig and host commands. The nslookup
command and its equivalents can also do reverse name lookup to find the name for an IP
address. Tutorial 1.17.2 provides instruction in use of this command. DNS servers maintain the
lookup tables of name and address correspondences. For example, the name www.neu.edu
corresponds to an IP address of 155.33.227.141. So if a client requests to be connected to
www.neu.edu, the DNS server converts this address into an IP address, locates the site, and
connects the client to it. This conversion is sometimes known as DNS name resolution. If the site
is down or the given address is incorrect, no communication takes place between the client and
the site, and a communication error is reported.
The name version of an IP address is a part of what is commonly known as a uniform
resource locator, or URL. A URL is an address of an accessible file, say a Web page, on the
Internet. An example of a valid URL is http://www.neu.edu. A URL consists of the proto-
col name required to access the file (http for Web pages), the name of the server computer that
hosts the file (www.neu.edu), and the file name, including its directory name (none for
www.neu.edu). When no file is specified in the URL, a default file name in a default directory
is used. The webmaster (the administrator in charge of the Web server’s operations) sets up the
default file name, usually as index.html or index.htm.
The entire system of assigning and managing IP addresses is managed and controlled by
national and international organizations. There are companies that sell IP addresses around the
globe. These companies charge a purchase price and an annual fee to maintain an IP address. It
is the responsibility of these companies to ensure that IP addresses are unique.

☞
Example 1.3 Use the nslookup command.
Find the name of the IP address 66.135.192.83 and the IP address of the name
www.harvard.edu.
Internet Domain Names 15

Solution 1.3 Type the following two commands into a DOS window: nslookup
66.135.192.83 and nslookup www.harvard.edu. The name of the IP address is
www.ebay.com; use nslookup www.ebay.com to confirm. The IP address of Harvard is
128.103.60.24. See Tutorial 1.17.2 for more details.

1.9 Internet Domain Names

The name version of an IP address is also known as the domain name. A domain name consists
of subdomains (usually fewer than five) separated by periods. The first subdomain (on the far
left of the domain name) is the host name, and the last subdomain (on the far right) is the top-
level domain (TLD). The second-level domain name excludes the host name of the domain
name. For example, the domain name of the College of Engineering at Northeastern University
is www.coe.neu.edu. The host name is www, and edu is the TLD. The second-level domain
name is coe.neu.edu.

Second-level domain name

domain name: www.coe.neu.edu

Host name TLD

Anatomy of domain names

As a general rule, the subdomains in a domain name get more general from left to right;
for example, the College of Engineering (coe) is part of Northeastern University (neu), which,
in turn, is part of the education sphere (edu). Within the college itself, there are many hosts,
including www (www.coe.neu.edu) and ftp (ftp.coe.neu.edu).

edu
mit

coe
neu
www ftp

The TLD can be geographic if needed. For international use, the TLD is the country code,
e.g., au for Australia and uk for the United Kingdom. Thus, in general, the format of a domain
name looks as follows: h.p1.p2.....oo.tt.cc, where each element is defined as follows:
h is the host name. The host name is usually www.
p1.p2.... are parts of an organization tree, e.g., dept1.coe. That tree organization
can be as deep as needed. For example, dept1 may be broken down into a number of groups,
and each group may have subgroups for both faculty and students. In this case, we keep adding
different subdomains separated by periods, i.e., p1.p2.p3.p4.....
oo is the organization name, e.g., neu, harvard, mit, sun, ibm, or dell.
16 Chapter 1 • Overview of the Internet

tt is the TLD (unless we have a cc). It is usually three characters long. The most com-
mon top-level domain names used are as follows:

.com: commercial organization;

.edu: educational institution;
.gov: government agency;
.org: nonprofit organization;
.net: network service provider;
.mil: U.S. military.

cc is the country code. This code identifies countries or geographical zones. While the
country code us is optional for the United States, it is mandatory for other countries. Here are
some sample codes: at (Austria), au (Australia), nz (New Zealand), ca (Canada), ch (Swit-
zerland), dk (Denmark), es (Spain), fr (France), de (Germany), gr (Greece), jp (Japan), uk
(United Kingdom), se (Sweden), and ie (Republic of Ireland). Country codes are defined in
the ISO-3166-1 standard.
With the explosive growth of the Internet, available domain names using the top-level
domains .com, .net, and .org are running out. To address this problem, new top-level
domains have been created—for example, .web, .shop, .firm, .rec, .biz, .tv, .inc,
and .law.

☞
Example 1.4 Find the latest TLDs.
What are some TLDs that exist or have been proposed?
Solution 1.4 Perform a Web search, using a search engine. Use search strings such as “new
TLD”. Some of the TLDs you may find are as follows:

.pro: accountants, lawyers, and physicians; .name: individuals;

.museum: museums; .aero: air-transport industry;
.coop: cooperative businesses; .info: unrestricted use.

1.10 E-mail Addresses

The aforementioned naming scheme for a domain name is extended by the Internet to assign
e-mail addresses to its users. Each node or user on the Internet has a unique e-mail address.
Often, e-mail addresses employ the username@second-levelDomainName format.
The username could be a combination of the user’s first and last names, or any fictitious name.
Some usernames employ the first letter of the user’s first name followed by a period or an
underscore and then the user’s last name, e.g., p.smith or p_smith for Paul Smith. Others
use the user’s last name only. The author’s e-mail address is zeid@coe.neu.edu. In general,
an e-mail address can be represented in one of the following formats:
File Protocols on the Internet 17

username@organization.extension, e.g., smith@company.tt;

username@organization.extension.country-code,
e.g., smith@company.tt.cc;
username@organizational-unit.organization.extension,
e.g., smith@sales.company.tt;
username@server.organization.extension.country-code,
e.g., smith@alpha.company.tt.cc.

1.11 File Protocols on the Internet

While the TCP/IP protocol transmits files between servers and clients, file protocols determine
the formats and rules of exchanging files between them. For example, exchanging a Web-page
file is different from exchanging a plain-text file, although both files are transmitted as packets.
The concept of a file protocol is analogous to making a phone call. While the voices of both the
caller and the recipient are transmitted as sound waves, both the caller and the recipient must
speak the same language in order to exchange the phone call correctly, i.e., understand each
other. Relative to TCP/IP, a file protocol is an application protocol. Several types of file proto-
cols are used on the Web, including the following:

1. HTTP (hypertext transfer protocol): Allows a client to request a Web page from a server.
An example is http://www.neu.edu.
2. HTTPS (secure HTTP): Ensures secure communication between a client and a server. An
example is https://www.amazon.com.
3. Mailto: Sends an e-mail message to a specified address, e.g.,
mailto:zeid@coe.neu.edu. When this command is typed in a browser, it invokes
the client’s default e-mail tool.
4. NNTP (network news transfer protocol): Allows a client to read (post) messages from (to)
newsgroups and bulletin boards. Refer to Chapter 5 for an explanation of how to use this
protocol.
5. FTP (file transfer protocol): Allows you to receive (download) and send (upload) files
from a remote computer. An example is ftp://ftp.coe.neu.edu.
6. Telnet: Allows you to access a remote computer. An example is telnet://gate-
way.coe.neu.edu.
7. File: Displays a file that exists on any of a client’s local drives, such as a hard or floppy
drive. An example is c:\dir1\dir2\filename.txt.

Tutorial 1.17.3 demonstrates how to use some of these protocols. The default protocol is
HTTP. If a user does not specify a protocol, the browser uses HTTP to send and receive infor-
mation from the Web server. In addition to protocols, URLs may occasionally use port num-
bers. A port is a logical connection or channel that allows a client to communicate with a
server. For example, HTTP communication occurs through port 80. An example is http://
www.neu.edu:80.
18 Chapter 1 • Overview of the Internet

Port numbers used by the Web are standard and do not have to be specified. They are 80,
25, 110, 119, 21, and 23 for HTTP, SMTP (send mail), POP (retrieve mail), NNTP, FTP, and Tel-
net, respectively. The TCP/IP protocol hands off packets to a server through the standard port
number. This arrangement guarantees that the server is able to handle the packets successfully.
Some servers may request that packets of a certain type go to a nonstandard port number. In this
case, this number is used as part of the server’s URL. A port number may be used in a URL
when the website is experimental, in a development stage, or otherwise not ready for public use.

1.12 File Compression and Decompression

Users surfing the Internet often find music and video files to download. Multimedia files can be
very large, making them slow to download. File transfer depends on factors such as the speed of
the Internet connection transferring the file, the file size, and the server traffic. In particular, the
file size affects both the transfer time and the disk space required to store the file on a computer.
File compression (encoding) and decompression (decoding) are two techniques that control the
size of a file. File compression reduces the file size and therefore its downloading time. Typi-
cally, large files available on server computers are stored in compressed mode in order to speed
up their transfer. A user decompresses them after downloading in order to use them.
File compression software, such as WinZip, uses complex algorithms to scan a file for
repeating patterns and redundancy in the data. An algorithm may replace the repeating patterns
with a code storing their content and locations more efficiently. A repeating pattern could be
composed of either characters (in text files) or pixels (in image files). For example, consider the
following string of characters:
AAAAAAAAAAGGGGWWZZZZZ
We can compress (encode) this string in a more compact form by writing it as
10A4G2W5Z
where 10A means 10 A’s, 4G means 4 G’s, and so on.
As another example, consider the following single-color bit-mapped image:
000000000000000000000000000000
000000000011111111110000000000
111110000000000000111111111111
111111111111111111111111111111
This image file can be compressed to 30 0; 10 0, 10 1, 10 0; 5 1, 13 0, 12
1; 30 1, where rows of data are separated by semicolons. The first row of the image has 30 0’s.
The second row has 10 0’s followed by 10 1’s followed by 10 0’s, and so on for the other rows.
To view compressed files, a compatible decompression program is required to read the
codes stored and restore the file to its orginal state. Typically, the same program can perform both
compression and decompression. For example, we can use the WinZip program to decompress
(unzip) and compress (zip) files on Windows OS, or we can use a zip command on Unix OS.
Two types of compressed files exist: self-extracting and non-self-extracting. A self-
extracting zip file has a zip program built into it. It has the .exe file extension. This file unzips
File Compression and Decompression 19

and installs itself. Executable files of application programs are zipped in this way. Examples
include browser and Java software. A non-self-extracting file requires a zip–unzip program to
decompress it. Examples include large text and multimedia files. To find out if a zipped file is
self-extracting or not, simply double-click on it. If it is self-extracting, then, as stated previously,
it will unzip and install itself. If not, a dialog box will appear stating that the file must first be
unzipped before it can be open.
The most commonly used extensions for compressed files are .zip, .sit, and .gzip
(or .zip) for PC, Mac, and Unix, respectively. File extensions used on Linux OS include
.arc, .arj, .lzh, .rar, .sit, .zip, and .zoo.
When we package multiple files together, we create an archive (one file) that holds them.
Archives can maintain a file directory structure. Archive programs provide their users with this
option. WinZip, for example, can maintain a file directory structure, or it can flatten it (i.e., put
all of the files at one level). WinZip uses the .zip file extension for archives. On Unix OS,
archives use the .tar (tape archive) extension. In the Java community, archives use the .jar
(Java archive) extension. While compression is not required in order to create archives, it is com-
monly used. For example, as started previously, WinZip compresses archives and then uses the
.zip file extension for them; see Tutorial 1.17.4.

☞
Example 1.5 Zip a file.
Choose a file on your computer and zip it. What is the file size before and after zipping?
Solution 1.5 Use WinZip and Windows OS. Follow this sequence to create a zip file with
the name zipFile: Right-click on the desktop => Select New => Select WinZip File.
The file we will compress is an Excel file and has the name mim3140new. Drag and drop it
onto the zipFile icon. To find the file size, right-click on the file icon => Click Properties
=> Click OK. The file sizes before and after zipping are 19.5 KB (1KB = 1024 bytes, and 1 byte
= 8 bits) and 3.88 KB, respectively. The compression ratio (19.5/3.88) is not constant and
depends on the file type.
20 Chapter 1 • Overview of the Internet

1.13 Intranets and Extranets

The underlying concept for the Internet, intranets, and extranets is the same. They are all networks
using the same hardware and software. The differences occur with respect to their geographical
domains and the level of security they use. Figure 1.4 shows the three types of networks. An
intranet is a network that is contained within an organization; that is, it is an internal or private
network. Organizations use intranets to share information and computing resources among
employees in different departments and widespread offices.
Like the Internet, intranets connect heterogeneous computer hardware, including server
computers, workstations, and PCs. Because intranets provide companywide (intracompany)
access to the internal private information of the entire company, they must be protected from
outside intruders. Thus, it is typical for companies to install firewalls around their intranets in
order to prevent unauthorized access. A firewall is a collection of related computer programs
installed on a server computer that acts as a gateway to the intranet. The firewall intercepts each
incoming packet and examines the sender’s IP address to determine whether to forward it to its
destination.
An extranet is an organization network that allows access to outside networks such as the
Internet. It allows users outside a company to communicate with its employees, and vice versa.
The users can access the company’s internal information and resources as well. An extranet
facilitates intercompany relationships. Extranets typically link companies and businesses with
their customers, suppliers, vendors, partners, and other businesses over the Internet. Extranets
provide secure and private links via advances in network security and the use of firewalls. An
extranet may be viewed as an intermediate network between the Internet and an intranet.

Internet

Organization

Extranet

Firewall

Intranet

Figure 1.4 The Internet, intranets, and extranets.

Other documents randomly have
different content
 THE following detailed account of the Montreal Athletic Fair may prove of service in affording hints to
organizations of a similar description:
In September, 1887, the Montreal Amateur Athletic Association purchased a fine piece of property in
the West End for an athletic ground. The purchase price was $45,000; of this they paid $15,000 in cash.
An active canvass among the members and friends resulted in $17,000 being subscribed towards the
liquidation of the liability. The leveling of the grounds, fencing, grand-stands and cinder-path (one-third
of a mile) cost upwards of $10,000 more, with pavilions and dressing-rooms and other improvements
yet to build. The idea of a bazaar or fair, which had been mooted two years previously, was again
advanced, the fair friends of the members becoming enthusiastic over it. After some preliminaries the
idea took shape; a committee was formed to further the scheme; each club in the association formed a
fair committee. A lady was chosen and appointed president of each club table, with power to select as
many young ladies as were deemed necessary to assist. Before the summer holidays the scheme was
well under way, and during the months of July and August, at most of the Canadian summer resorts,
groups of ladies could be seen at work making costly and handsome fancy work for the fair.
The Executive Committee finally stood as follows: F. M. Larmonth, president; D. J. Watson, hon.
sec.; Wm. Bruce, treasurer. James Paton, S. M. Baylis, A. G. Walsh, I. Sutherland, A. G. Higginson, and
the following chairmen: W. H. White (association), F. C. A. McIndoe (lacrosse), A. W. Stevenson (snow-
shoe), F. G. Gnaedinger (bicycle), M. Freeman (toboggan), G. L. Cains (football), W. D. Aird (hockey),
W. J. Cleghorn (Junior Lacrosse Club), Harry Brophy (Cinderella), Fred. S. Brush (baseball), W. A. Coates
(entertainment).
The lady presidents of each table had from twenty to forty young ladies as assistants, each wearing
their particular club color. The lady presidents were as follows: Mrs. W. L. Maltby (association), flower
table; Mrs. F. M. Larmonth (lacrosse) fancy table; Mrs. Fred. Birks (snow-shoe), general store table;
Mrs. C. W. Dickinson (bicycle), candy and fruit table; Mrs. I. L. Wiseman (toboggan), bric-a-brac table;
Mrs. Geo. Drummond (football), art gallery; Mrs. Will H. Whyte (Cinderella), refreshment parlor; Mrs.
James Paton (hockey), fancy goods table; Mrs. Fred. Massey (junior lacrosse), fancy table; Mrs. Fred. S.
Brush (baseball), linen and basket table. In all ten tables and two hundred and fifty assistants.
The fair was held the last week in September, in the Victoria Skating Rink. Booths for each club were
erected on the promenade around the sides of the building, leaving the centre part free for the visitors
and patrons, with the exception of the flower table, which occupied a place in the centre. Each table or
booth was arranged differently, and prettily decorated with the bunting and ribbons of each club color,
and the various and distinct implements of each particular sport. Lacrosses, snow-shoes, bicycles,
toboggans, footballs, hockey sticks and skates, baseballs and bats, were decorated and used to
decorate in every conceivable way. Many of the ladies wore costumes made in their favorite club colors.
Gifts poured in from every quarter. Among the many donations received was a $500 piano, $200 (pipe-
top) organ, $250 sealskin sacque, three sewing-machines, six ranges and stoves, desks, writing cabinet,
bookcase, Remington typewriter, silverware from Tiffany of New York, fancy goods from A. G. Spalding
& Bro. and Peck & Snyder, of New York, and hundreds of smaller and equally handsome gifts.
The fair realized from the sales of goods about $8,500; this, with the handsome donation of a
cheque for $1,000 from Sir Donald A. Smith, who kindly presided at the opening, and a cheque of $500
from Mr. R. B. Angus, will make the total result about $10,000, a very satisfactory week’s work, and a
gratifying result to the ladies interested in the association, who worked so faithfully and steadfastly to
achieve this great success.
In order to show that the members had brains as well as muscles, a literary magazine entitled
“Athletic Leaves,” with original articles from a dozen of the members, was published under the
editorship of Messrs. Baylis and Whyte. Three thousand copies were issued to serve as a souvenir of the
fair, some $800 being made for the fair out of the venture. Where all worked well it would be invidious
to particularize. Both the ladies’ and gentlemen’s committee of each section did everything in their
power to make the event a success; the brunt and responsibility, however, devolved on the lady
presidents and Executive Committee, and how well they did their allotted parts the result testifies.
 BASEBALL.

CAPTAIN WILLARD, of the Harvard University nine, has begun work. The positions left vacant by
Campbell and Gallivan at shortstop and second base, respectively, will be difficult to fill, as these men
were perhaps the strongest all-round players on the team. Henshaw will probably again go behind the
bat, and with Bates will make a first-class battery. Of the latter great things are expected. He has all the
curves and a wonderful command of the ball.

THE New York League Club and the St. Louis American Association, the respective champions of the
two organizations, competed in an annual series of games for the baseball championship of the world in
October, the series consisting of ten games, four of which were played in New York, four in St. Louis,
and one each in Brooklyn and Philadelphia. The League team won the pennant by their victories in six
out of the first eight games played, their success being largely due to the effective battery work of
Keefe and Ewing, and the splendid infield play of shortstop Ward. Here is the full record of the series:
Oct. 16. New York vs. St. Louis, at New York. Pitchers, Keefe and King. 2–1
“ 17. St. Louis vs. New York, at New York. Pitchers, Chamberlain and Welch. 3–0
“ 18. New York vs. St. Louis, at New York. Pitchers, Keefe and King. 4–2
“ 19. New York vs. St. Louis, at Brooklyn. Pitchers, Crane and Chamberlain. 6–3
“ 20. New York vs. St. Louis, at New York. Pitchers, Keefe and King. 6–4
“ 22. New York vs. St. Louis, at Philadelphia. Pitchers, Welch and Chamberlain. 12–5
“ 24. St. Louis vs. New York, at St. Louis. Pitchers, King and Crane. 7–5
“ 25. New York vs. St. Louis, at St. Louis. Pitchers, Keefe and Chamberlain. 11–3
“ 26. St. Louis vs. New York, at St. Louis. Pitchers, King and George. 14–11
“ 27. St. Louis vs. New York, at St. Louis. Pitchers, Chamberlain and Titcomb. 18–7
Total games won: New York 6, St. Louis 4. Total runs scored: New York 64, St. Louis 60. Batting
average: New York 275, St. Louis 223. Fielding average: New York 930, St. Louis 918. Keefe pitched in
four victories and no defeats; Welch and Crane in one victory and one defeat each, and King and
Chamberlain in two victories and three defeats, and George and Titcomb in one defeat each. The
financial result of the series of contests was as follows: Receipts in New York, $15,406.50; St. Louis,
$5,612; Philadelphia, $1,781; Brooklyn, $1,562. Total, $24,362.10. Expenses, $8,000. Amount cleared,
$16,382. Messrs. Gaffney and John Kelly acted as umpires under the double umpire rule of one official
judging the balls and strikes, and the other the base running.

THE fall exhibition contests between the League and the American clubs in October resulted as
follows:
ASSOCIATION. LEAGUE.
Vic- De- Vic- De-
tories. feats. tories. feats.
Brooklyn 5 0 New York 6 5
St. Louis 5 6 Pittsburgh 2 1
Baltimore 1 1 Philadelphia 2 1
Cincinnati 1 2 Indianapolis 1 3
Athletics 1 2 Washington 0 3
Totals 13 11 Totals 11 13

THE contest for the diamond medal offered by the Cincinnati Enquirer, for the longest throw of the
season, resulted in the success of shortstop Williamson of the Chicago Club. The best on record was
John Hatfield’s throw of 400 feet 7 inches, made over a dozen years ago. Crane, the pitcher of the New
York Club, claimed to have exceeded this by two feet, but the trial was not officially recorded. John
Hatfield stated recently that he once threw a ball 420 feet, but it was not officially scored and was never
counted. The record of the official contest of 1888 is as follows:
Player. Club. Distance thrown.
1. Williamson Chicago 399 ft. 11 in.
2. Griffin Baltimore 372 8
3. Stovey Athletic 369 2
4. Vaughn Louisville 366 9
5. Burns Brooklyn 364 6
6. O’Brien Brooklyn 361 5
7. Collins Brooklyn 354 6
8. Tebeau Cincinnati 353 0
9. Gilks Cleveland 343 11
10. Reilly Cincinnati 341 6
11. Brennan Kansas City 339 6
12. Stricker Cleveland 337 8
13. Foutz Brooklyn 335 4
14. Davis Kansas City 333 6
15. O’Connor Cincinnati 330 0
16. McTamany Kansas City 327 6

CANOEING.

THE Princeton College Canoe Club was organized October 4, 1888. The following officers were
elected: Commodore, A. N. Bodine, ’90; vice-commodore, C. Agnew, ’91; secretary, George Trotter, ’91;
treasurer, G. Agnew, ’91. All the members of the club are students. It is probable the Princeton
canoeists will apply for admittance to the American Canoe Association in the Spring.

THE Pequot Canoe Club elected the following Board of Officers: Commodore, W. A. Borden; vice-
president, T. P. Sherwood; secretary-treasurer, F. P. Lewis; measurer, E. C. Bogert; Rev. A. N. Lewis,
chaplain.

COURSING.

THE Hempstead Coursing Club began its second season at Cedarhurst, November 3. The morning
was bright and clear, but before the sport commenced rain came on, and it continued to shower until
the afternoon. As was the case last year, rabbits were scarce. The law allowed their capture only since
November 1. The consequence was the demand exceeded the supply, and several nominators
“scratched” their entries. As a whole the rabbits were a fairly good lot.
The officers were: Judge, Mr. A. Belmont Purdy; breed judge, J. E. Cowdin; field steward, O. W. Bird;
flag steward, J. L. Kernochan; secretary, A. Belmont, Jr. and slipper, German Hopkins. The following is a
summary of the events:
NOVICE STAKES.
An open sweepstakes for fox-terriers of 20 lb. or under, at $2 each, play or pay, with a silver cup
presented by Mr. James L. Kernochan to the winner. The runner up to receive 25 per cent. of the stakes
and a pewter mug. Fifteen entries.
 First Round.—J. B. Kernochan nominates A. Belmont Purdy’s white, black and tan dog Pincher, who
beat T. B. Burnham’s white, black and tan dog Jack. L. and W. Rutherford’s white dog Warner Spider
beat S. D. Ripley’s white dog Bayonet. H. B. Richardson’s white, black and tan dog Meadow Brook Jack
beat E. Kelly’s white and tan dog Earl Leicester. H. P. Frothingham’s white and tan dog Mugwump, C.
Rathbone’s white, black and tan dog Beverwyck Tippler, F. O. Beach’s white, black and tan bitch Media,
Blemton Kennel’s white and tan bitch Tiara, and O. W. Bird’s white, black and tan bitch Warren Jingle
had byes.
Second Round.—Pincher beat Mugwump, Beverwyck Tippler beat Warren Spider, Tiara beat Media,
and Meadow Brook Jack beat Warren Jingle.
Third Round.—Beverwyck Tippler beat Pincher, Meadow Brook Jack beat Tiara.
Final Round.—Beverwyck Tippler beat Meadow Brook Jack.
ROCKAWAY CUP.
An open sweepstakes for fox-terriers of 18 lb. or under, at $3 each, play or pay, with a cup
presented by the Rockaway Steeplechase Association for the winner. The runner-up to receive 25 per
cent. of the stakes and a pewter mug. 19 entries.
First Round.—L. and W. Rutherford’s white dog Warren Spider beat T. B. Burnham’s white, black and
tan dog Jack. C. Rathbone’s white, black and tan dog Beverwyck Tippler beat A. T. French’s white and
tan dog Blemton Volunteer. J. B. Kernochan nominates A. Belmont Purdy’s white, black and tan dog
Pincher, who beat F. O. Beach’s white, black and tan bitch Medice. O. W. Bird’s white, black and tan
bitch Warren Jingle beat H. P. Frothingham’s white and tan bitch Lottery. H. V. R. Kennedy’s white, black
and tan dog Antic beats Blemton Kennel’s white, black and tan dog Regent Fox. Edward Kelly’s white,
black and tan bitch Votary a bye.
Second Round.—Warren Spider beats Votary, Beverwyck Tippler beats Pincher, Antic beats Warren
Jingle.
Third Round.—Warren Spider beats Tippler, Antic a bye.
Final Round.—Antic beats Warren Spider, after an undecided.
COTTON-TAIL STAKES.
An open sweepstakes for fox-terriers of 16 lb. or under, at $2 each, play or pay, with $20 added, to
the winner; the runner up to receive 60 per cent. of the stakes and a pewter mug. Sixteen entries.
L. and W. Rutherford’s white and tan bitch Warren Dainty beat H. P. Frothingham’s white and tan
bitch Lottery. C. Rathbone’s white, black and tan bitch Blemton Lilly beat Blemton Kennel’s white, black
and tan dog Dusky Trap. A. T. French’s white and tan dog Blemton Volunteer, E. D. Morgan’s white,
black and tan dog Tancred, L. and W. Rutherford’s white dog Warren Discord, and James Mortimer’s
white, black and tan bitch Suffolk Syren had byes.
Second Round.—Warren Dainty beat Tancred, Blemton Lilly beat Blemton Volunteer, Warren Discord
beat Suffolk Syren.
Third Round.—Warren Dainty beat Blemton Lilly; Warren Discord a bye.
Deciding Round.—Warren Discord beat Warren Dainty.

CRICKET.

THE most successful cricket club in Brooklyn in 1888 was the Manhattan Club. The club’s elevens
played thirty-two matches, of which they won twenty-seven, lost four, and had one drawn. Their first
eleven won twenty-six and lost but three, while their second eleven won one, lost one, and had one
drawn. The record of the leading contests of the club is as follows:
 DATE. CONTESTING CLUBS. RESULT OF CONTEST. SCORE.

May 21 Manhattan vs. Won with 10 wickets

Young America to spare 88 to 86
May 30 Staten Island vs. Lost by score of first
Manhattan inning 70 to 83
July 13 Manhattan vs. Won by score of first
Pittsburgh inning 133 to 91
July 28 Staten Island vs. Lost by score of first
Manhattan inning 76 to 127
Aug. 15 Manhattan vs. Won by score of first
Seabright inning 78 to 62
Sept. 3 Manhattan vs. Won with 10 wickets
Newark to spare 125 to 123
Sept. 5 Manhattan vs. Won by score of first
Seabright inning 191 to 57
Sept. 12 Manhattan vs. Won by score of first
Newark inning 60 to 54
Sept. 29 Manhattan vs. Won with 7 wickets
All New York to spare 107 to 77

Besides these leading contests the Manhattans defeated the Albions three times, the New Yorks
twice, the Amateur League twice, and the New Haven, St. George, Alma, Cosmopolitan and Claremont
clubs once each, and lost one game each with the New Havens and Cosmopolitans, they having drawn
games with the Almas and New Yorkers. The second eleven had a drawn game with the Staten
Islanders, and won one and lost one with the Brooklyns.
The club had its annual meeting in October, and elected the following officers for 1889: Edwin C.
Squance, president; H. S. Jewell, first vice-president; B. H. Beasley, second vice-president; J. G. Davis,
secretary; S. E. Hosford, treasurer; S. J. Fisher, captain; H. S. Jewell, sub-captain; S. J. Fisher, M. R.
Cobb, J. E. West, H. Coyne, executive committee.

THE Peninsular Cricket Club, of Detroit, Mich., elected the following officers for the ensuing year:
President, C. R. Emery; vice-president, D. F. O’Brien; secretary, J. J. Dodds; treasurer, W. S. Waugh;
managing committee, A. W. Anderson, R. Humffreys-Roberts, F. D. C. Hinchman, A. C. Bowman, Dr. W.
R. McLaren and Dudley Smith; match committee, F. Bamford, R. B. Ridgley, E. F. Laible.

CYCLING.

THE total number of members in the L. A. W. ranks is 11,804.

AN International Cycle Show is to take place in Leipsic next February.

R. T. MCDANIEL of the Wilmington, Del., Wheel Club, has one of the big records for 1888. He has
traveled 5,300 miles. His largest mileage in one day was 115 1⁄2 miles.

THE cyclists of New Orleans will participate in the coming Mardi Gras festivities. They will endeavor to
present the characters of Mother Goose’s melodies astride of bicycles.

T. W. BUSST, of Victoria, Australia, now holds the title of ten-mile champion of Australia. He won it
recently at the centennial championship meeting of the Australian Bicycle Union at Sydney.
 GEORGE B. THAYER, of Hartford, in five months covered over 2,600 miles in Europe on his bicycle.

G. P. MILLS, the English rider, succeeded some time back in lowering the 100-mile tricycle record to
6h. 58m. 54s. During October, ’88, he covered fifty miles on a tricycle in 2h. 53m. 25s., or 41m. 22s.
better than that for ordinary bicycle record.

A. D. PECK, of the Massachusetts Club, has a cycling record to be proud of. He began wheeling in ’83,
and since then has gone over 17,863 miles of road. Each year’s records were as follows: 1883, 1,760
miles; 1884, 1,840 miles; 1885, 2,785 miles; 1886, 4,404 miles; 1887, 4,002 miles; 1888, 3,102 miles.
It is doubtful if there is another Boston wheelman who can show such a record.

AT the first century run of the Kings County Wheelmen’s Club, the starters were M. L. Bridgman,
Harry Hall, Jr., John Bensinger, Robert Hipson, Frank Douglas, and three others. They had selected a
course which was 7 3⁄4 miles roundabout, and they proposed to make the circuit of this as many times
as possible. John Bensinger did the best work of the day. He not only made his 100 miles, but his total
score was 102 5-8.

I. W. SHURMAN, a cyclist of Lynn, Mass., with a national reputation as a hill-climber, started one fine
morning in October last at the foot of the Orange Mountain to beat Fred Connigsby’s record of climbing
the hill thirteen times without dismounting in 3h. 15m. 45s. Shurman made the attempt and succeeded,
accomplishing the feat in 3h. 5m., beating Connigsby’s record by about 10m. Not content with that,
Shurman continued, and made twenty-four round trips, a distance of forty-eight miles, in 6h. 24m. 15s.,
thus establishing a record which doubtless will hold good some time.

THE 24-hour road-riding craze has struck Chicago wheelmen, and record after record has been going
up. John Mason has the latest—277 miles.

DURING the winter months the Manhattan Bicycle Club will hold a smoking concert every Wednesday
evening.

THE five-mile Challenge Cup of the Pennsylvania Bicycle Club can be raced for by members of that
organization once a month.

MEMBERS of the Racing Board of the League of American Wheelmen have had assigned to them by
Chairman Davol the following territory:
Col. George Sanderson, Scranton, Pa., in charge of New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania and
Delaware.
George S. Atwater, 1206 Pennsylvania Avenue, Washington, D. C., in charge of Maryland, Virginia,
West Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, Florida, Tennessee and Kentucky.
George Collister, care of Davis, Hunt & Co., Cleveland, O., in charge of Ohio, Indiana, Illinois,
Michigan, Wisconsin, Minnesota and Iowa.
W. M. Brewster, 309 Olive Street, St. Louis, Mo., in charge of Missouri, Kansas, Nebraska, Colorado,
California and Oregon.
H. H. Hodgson, New Orleans, La., in charge of Louisiana, Mississippi, Alabama, Arkansas, Texas and
Nevada.
The chairman will have charge of the district embracing the New England States.
 THE second annual handicap road race of the Harvard Bicycle Club was held November 8 over the
ten-mile course through North Cambridge, West Somerville and Arlington. The day was raw and windy,
and the road rough, yet the time was very good. Of the twenty-two entries only ten appeared, of whom
eight finished. The order of the finish, with the handicaps and actual time, was as follows:
1. Barron ’91, 7 min. handicap, 38 min. 45 sec. actual time.
2. Greenleaf ’92, 3 “ “ 35 “ “
3. Holmes ’92, 7 “ “ 39 “ 5 “ “
4. Bailey ’91, 2½ “ “ 34 “ 45 “ “
5. Rogers ’90, 6 “ “ 38 “ 30 “ “
6. Kelley L. S. 6 “ “ 38 “ 45 “ “
7. Saunders ’89, 7 “ “ not taken.
8. Davis ’91, scratch “

Davis was so heavily handicapped that he was practically out of the race from the beginning.

FOOTBALL.

THE Trinity College team defeated the Stevens Institute team, November 3, on the St. George
Grounds, at Hoboken, by a score of 6 to 0.

THE Cornell team beat the team of Union College, 30 to 4, at Ithaca, November 3. The Cornell
footballers played a very good game during the season.

THE first championship game of the season of the Intercollegiate Football Association games—
between Yale, Harvard, Princeton, Wesleyan, University of Pennsylvania—was played November 3, on
the Field, at New Haven, between Yale and the University of Pennsylvania. The latter team did not show
the strong game that had characterized her playing in the other contests this year. Yale, on the other
hand, showed some improvement. In the first half Yale scored 28 points, to which 30 were added in the
second half, due in great part to the excellent playing of Wallace, McClung and Wurtenberg, thus
defeating her opponents by a score of 58 to 0. For Pennsylvania the best playing was done by Hulme,
Wagenhurst, Cash and Hill. The positions were as follows: Yale—rushers, Wallace, Hartwell, Newell,
Corbin (captain), Pike, Heffelfinger, Stagg; quarter-back, Wurtenberg; half-backs, McClung and S.
Morrison; full-back, McBride. University of Pennsylvania—rushers, Wagenhurst, Harris, Spaeth, Meirs,
Rhitt, Cash, Van Loon; quarter-back, McCance; half-backs, Hulme (captain) and Price; full-back, Hill.
Referee, Walter C. Camp, Yale, ’80. Umpire, H. Hodge, Princeton, ’86.

THE second championship game was played on the Polo Grounds, November 6, between Princeton
and Wesleyan, before a large number of people. Many serious faults in Princeton’s play were made
evident. Some of the most noticeable were high tackling, losing the ball when tackled, and failure to get
in a kick when needed. Bovaird played a splendid game, Channing and Black, the half-backs, also did
well. In the first half Princeton made 20 points and in the second 24, defeating Wesleyan by a total
score of 44 to 0. The elevens played as follows: Princeton—rushers, S. Hodge, Cook, Irvine, George,
Janeway, Cowan (captain), Bovaird; quarter-back, R. Hodge; half-backs, Black and Channing; full-back,
Ames. Wesleyan—rushers, Floy, Glenn, Heath, Gardner, Eaton, Pierce, Crane; quarter-back, Eggleston;
half-backs, McDonald and Hall; full-back, Slayback.

ONE of the most stubbornly fought contests in the history of interscholastic football took place
November 10, at Andover, N. H., the occasion being the annual football game between Phillips Exeter
and Phillips Andover academies. For thirty-five minutes after the game began the ball stayed near the
centre of the field. Both teams played a hard game, but were so evenly matched that neither could gain
any appreciable advantage. At last a fumble by Andover allowed Stickney, of Exeter, to secure the ball
with a clear field before him. He was downed about five yards from the line, and a rally on the part of
the Andover eleven prevented Exeter from making a touch-down, and after four downs, having failed to
advance the ball five yards, it went to Andover. Bliss got the ball, and dodging the entire Exeter eleven
ran almost the entire length of the field, scoring a touch-down for Andover, from which a goal was
kicked. Score at end of half time, 6 to 0 in favor of Andover. In the second half the ball was kept in
Exeter’s territory, and a short time before the end of the game Upton secured a second touch-down for
Andover. No goal. The game ended with this score: Andover, 10 points; Exeter, 0. The teams were made
up as follows: Andover—rushers, Hunt, Mowry, Coxe, Speer, Upton, Townsend, Gilbert; quarter-back,
Owsley; half-backs, C. D. Bliss and L. T. Bliss; full-back, Sprague. Exeter—rushers, Hill, Bardwell,
Stickney, Beattie, Furman, Erskine, Heffelfinger; quarter-back, Barbour; half-backs, Morse and Graves;
full-back, Trafford. Referee, Mr. Finney, Princeton. Umpire, W. J. Badger.

THE football teams of the Crescent Athletic Club, of Brooklyn, and of the New York Athletic Club, met
on the Polo Grounds, November 3. The New Yorkers played a good game under discouraging
circumstances. From the beginning the Crescents had things their own way, although the wind was
against them and the sun shone in their faces. Their rush-line was better than that of their opponents.
Although the New York men made some brilliant individual plays, they were forced backwards steadily.
The game wound up with a score of 30 for the Crescents to 0 for the New York Athletic men. This was
the make-up of the teams:
ATHLETIC CLUB. CRESCENT.
W. Scott Rusher P. Lamarche.
H. H. Steers Rusher M. Mathews.
C. T. Schlesinger Rusher H. Lamarche.
James Carter Rusher W. Ford.
M. J. Austin Rusher C. Chapman.
Eugene Kelly, Jr. Rusher J. Verner.
W. Littauer Rusher Warren Smith.
W. B. Coster, Jr. Quarter-back Duncan Edwards.
Alex. E. Jordan Half-back J. Smith.
John P. Thornton Half-back H. Sheldon.
W. Lawson Full-back John Lamarche.

Umpire—George Goldie, Jr. Referee—W. R. Thompson.

A FOOTBALL match, under the Rugby rules, was played November 6, at Orange, N. J., between the
teams of the Orange Jr. and Clinton football clubs. The Clinton team won by a score of 4 to 0.

SEVERAL hundred college men braved the rainstorm, November 10, to witness the championship
game between the Harvard and Wesleyan elevens on Jarvis, Cambridge. The ground was wet and
slippery. The Harvard team as a whole showed marked improvement, and in the first half played with
great determination, scoring 32 points. In the second half, however, the men weakened. The game was
only two half-hours long, and the total score was: Harvard, 50 points; Wesleyan, 2. The following men
made up the elevens: Harvard—rushers, Cumnock, V. Harding, Carpenter, Cranston, Trafford, Davis,
Crosby; quarter-back, G. Harding; half-backs, Lee and Porter; full-back, Sears. Wesleyan—rushers,
Crane Pierce, Eaton, Gardner, Heath, Glenn, Faber; quarter-back, Eggleston; half-backs, Floy and
Slayback; full-back, Clark. Mr. Landon, Wesleyan, was referee, and W. H. Corbin, Yale, ’89, umpire.

PRINCETON and the University of Pennsylvania attempted to play a championship game in

Philadelphia, November 10, despite a heavy rain. As it was impossible to forfeit the game, a course of
action was agreed upon to the effect that play was to be started and Princeton be allowed to make a
touch-down. The game was then to be called, and because of a dispute awarded to Princeton by a
score of 4 to 0. The teams were: Princeton—rushers, Riggs, Cook, Tredinnick, George, Janeway, Cowan,
Bovaird; quarter-back, R. Hodge; half-backs, Black and Channing; back, Ames. University of
Pennsylvania—rushers, Van Loon, Cash, Wright, Meirs, Gray, Harris, Wagenhurst; quarter-back, Vail;
half-backs, Hulme and Valentine; full-back, Hill. Referee, Mr. Price; umpire, Mr. Corwin.

ABOUT 5,000 people witnessed the great game between Princeton and Harvard, which was played
November 17 on the University Grounds, Princeton. It was perfect football weather. The Harvard men
were bothered considerably by the mud which covered the field. Princeton being used to the grounds,
played a splendid though somewhat rough game. From the first it was seen that Harvard was
overmatched, the heavy rush-line of the orange and black withstanding every onslaught by the crimson.
In the first half Princeton secured three touch-downs, but failed in every instance to kick a goal. In the
second half, after thirty-five minutes of desperate playing, during which the ball traveled up and down
the field, Princeton secured a touch-down and kicked a goal. Harvard, a few minutes later, rushed the
ball down the field toward the home goal, and Davis made a touch-down from which a goal was kicked.
The result was: Princeton, 18 points; Harvard, 6. This is the team that appeared on the field:
Harvard—rushers, V. Harding, Davis, Trafford, Cranston, Carpenter, Woodman, Cumnock; quarter-
back, G. Harding; half-backs, Porter and Lee; full-back, Sears (captain).
Princeton—rushers, Riggs, Cook, Irvine, George, Janeway, Cowan (captain), Bovaird; quarter-back,
R. Hodge; half-backs, Mowry and Black; full-back, Ames. Mr. W. C. Camp, Yale, ’80, was referee, and Mr.
W. H. Corbin, captain Yale eleven, for the first half, and Mr. E. L. Richards, Yale, for the second half,
were the umpires.

ON the Yale field at New Haven the Yale eleven ran up what is thus far the largest score of the
season, in a championship game with Wesleyan, November 17. Although the latter eleven played an
unusually good game, it could not resist the excellent team and individual work on the part of the Yale
men. Gill and Stagg distinguished themselves, as did Heffelfinger and Wurtenberg. The men were
arranged as follows: Yale—rushers, Stagg, Hartwell, Woodruff, Newell, Heffelfinger, Gill, Wallace;
quarter-back, Wurtenberg; half-backs, McBride and McClung; full-back, Bull. Wesleyan—rushers, Floy,
Glenn, Heath, Gardner, Eaton, Johnson, Crane; quarter-back, Eggleston; half-backs, Hall and McDonald;
full-back, Slayback. Referee, Landon, of Wesleyan; umpire, H. E. Peabody, of Harvard. Score: Goals, 11-
65 points; touchdowns, 8-32 points; goal from field, 1-5 points; safety by Wesleyan, 2 points. Total, 105
points.

HARVARD defeated the University of Pennsylvania November 19, after a rough battle in mud and
water, on the University Grounds, at Philadelphia, Pa. Cumnock, Sears and Porter played a splendid
game for Harvard, and Wagenhurst, Hulme and Hill did good work for Pennsylvania. The score was 42
to 0 in favor of Harvard. The teams were: Harvard—rushers, Crosby, Davis, Longstreth, Cranston,
Trafford, Woodman, Cumnock; quarter-back, G. Harding; half-backs, Porter and V. Harding; full-back,
Sears. University of Pennsylvania—rushers, Wagenhurst, Sypher, Tunis, Meirs, Bowser, Cash, Ziegler;
quarter-back, Church; half-backs, Hulme and Colladay; full-back, Hill. Referee, R. N. Corwin, Yale, ’86;
umpire, L. Price, Princeton, ’87.

WHAT was undoubtedly the best game of the season was played on the Polo Grounds, November 24,
between Vale and Princeton, in the presence of about 15,000 spectators. The day was admirably suited
to football, and the slight east wind was not strong enough to materially aid either side. The teams
were composed as follows:

YALE.
 F. W. Wallace, ’89 Left end rusher Weight, 150
C. O. Gill, ’89 Left tackle “ 170
W. W. Heffelfinger, ’91 S. Left guard “ 192
W. H. Corbin, ’89, capt. Centre “ 185
G. W. Woodruff, ’89 Right guard “ 183
W. C. Rhodes, ’91 Right tackle “ 164
A. A. Stagg, T. S. Right end rusher “ 150
W. C. Wurtenberg, ’89 S. Quarter-back “ 138
W. P. Graves, ’91 Left half-back “ 154
S. L. McClung, ’92 Right half-back “ 152
W. S. Bull, P. G. Full-back “ 161

PRINCETON.
R. E. Speer, ’89 Left end rusher Weight, 166
H. W. Cowan, ’88 Left tackle “ 179
H. K. Janeway, ’90 Left guard “ 203
W. J. George, ’89 Centre “ 179
W. M. Irvine, ’88 Right guard “ 166
J. F. Cook, ’89 Right tackle “ 174
D. Bovaird, Jr., ’89 Right end rusher “ 158
R. M. Hodge, P. G. Quarter-back “ 134
R. H. Channing, Jr., ’90 Left half-back “ 141
J. Black, ’92 Right half-back “ 168
K. L. Ames, ’90 Full-back “ 150

Yale’s rush line averaged 170 4-7 pounds, and the whole team 163 6-11, while Princeton averaged
175 in the rush line and 164 9-11 pounds in the whole team.
Mr. W. A. Brooks, Jr., Harvard, was referee, and Mr. Fred Fisk, Harvard, umpire.
Play was begun at 2.22, Princeton having the ball and Yale the east goal. Princeton opened with the
V play, and at first gained ground, but a few of these attacks seemed to weaken their rush line and Yale
successfully opposed the human battering-rams. There followed next a great deal of open play, in which
Cowan, Black, Janeway and Ames distinguished themselves for Princeton, while Wallace, Gill, Corbin,
and McClung did admirable work for Yale. The kicking of Bull was superb, and his excellent judgment in
placing the ball aided Yale materially. Gradually the ball was forced into Princeton’s territory and several
long punts and drop-kicks by Bull from the field landed the ball back of Princeton’s line. At last Yale
secured the ball on the ten-yard line, it was passed to Bull, who succeeded in kicking a goal, being
enabled to do so by the splendid blocking of the rush line. Time, 35m.
From the kick-off the ball was again forced toward the Princeton goal, and when half time was called
the ball was on the five-yard line. Score at half time: 5 points to 0 in Yale’s favor.
Second half.—Yale had the ball and played against the wind. Princeton showed renewed strength,
and the play continued near the middle of the field. For twenty-five minutes neither side could gain any
great advantage, but after hard work on both sides Princeton was forced back. Wurtenberg was
disqualified, McClung taking his place at quarter, while Harvey was taken on as half-back. Good rushing
by their half-backs gained about forty yards for Princeton. Yale then secured the ball, and a kick sent it
well into Princeton’s territory. Ames kicked, and Harvey made one of the longest and most successful
runs of the day, passing nearly all the Princeton rushers. Strong rushes by Heffelfinger advanced the
ball twenty yards. Cowan was disqualified and Riggs substituted. The ball was near the Princeton line,
and attempts by Yale to force it over having failed, Bull was given another opportunity, and kicked a
second goal from the field. But a few moments remained for play, and, with the ball in the centre of the
field, time was called. Score at the end of the second half: 10 points for Yale; for Princeton, 0.
The most noticeable feature of the game was the open play of Yale. Princeton’s strong rush line,
while doing admirable work, was not able to take advantage of opportunities as quickly as should have
been the case. Yale was too quick, and her men were on the ball before the Princeton’s half-backs could
get started.
In winning this game Yale won the championship for 1888.

THE last game of the intercollegiate football series was played Thanksgiving Day, on the Polo
Grounds, between Wesleyan and the University of Pennsylvania. As both teams were evenly matched a
close game resulted. Walter Camp was referee, and Richard M. Hodge was umpire. The teams, as they
lined up at 2.30, were as follows: Pennsylvania—rushers, Wagenhurst, Sypher, Dewey, Savage, Bowser,
Cash, Ziegler; quarter-back, Church; half-backs, Hulme and Colladay; full-back, Hill. Wesleyan—rushers,
Floy, Glenn, Heath, Gardner, Eaton, Gibson, Crane; quarter-back, Opdyke; half-backs, Manchester and
McDonald; full-back, Slayback.
The first half was marked by a very fierce style of play, and numerous scrimmages resulted in more
or less injury to the players. After twenty-five minutes Ziegler succeeded in making a touch-down for
Pennsylvania, from which a goal was kicked. When time was called at the end of the first half no
additional points had been made, though Wesleyan had tried desperately to equal the score. This she
succeeded in doing in the second half. However, after that Pennsylvania rushed well, and the ball
seldom went out of Wesleyan’s territory, and at the end of the last forty-five minutes she had scored 12
points more, winning the game by 18 points to 6 for Wesleyan. Altogether it was one of the roughest
games played this year.

IN the New England Intercollegiate Football Association a series of interesting games has been
played as follows:
Oct. 27. At Boston—Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 48; Amherst, 0.
Nov. 7. At Amherst—Williams, 53; Amherst, 0.
Nov. 10. At Hanover, N. H.—Dartmouth, 30; Technology, 0.
Nov. 14. At Hanover, N. H.—Dartmouth, 36; Williams, 6.
Nov. 17. At Williamstown, Mass.—Williams, 42; Stevens Institute, 4.
Nov. 19. At Williamstown, Mass.—Stevens, 30; Dartmouth, 0.

K. L. AMES, ’90, the famous full-back, has been elected captain of the Princeton team for 1889.

THE Intercollegiate football record is as follows:

University
CLUBS. Yale. Princeton. Harvard. Wesleyan. Won.
of Penn.
Yale — 1 1 1 1 4
Princeton 0 — 1 1 1 3
Harvard 0 0 — 1 1 2
University of
Pennsylvania 0 0 0 — 1 1
Wesleyan 0 0 0 0 — 0
Lost 0 1 2 3 4 —

YALE, last fall, made the largest total score ever made by a Yale eleven—698 to 0.

THE three highest scores made this season on the football field were: November 3, Harvard vs.
Amherst, 102 to 0; same day, Princeton vs. Johns Hopkins, 104 to 0; November 17, Yale vs. Wesleyan,
105 to 0.

THE annual Cornell-Lehigh football game was played in Elmira, November 29, resulting in the defeat
of Cornell by a score of 4 to 0. The grounds never presented a worse appearance, and the mud was
fully five inches deep, with a pool of water covering one-half the area of the territory. The game was
called at three o’clock, and Lehigh won the ball. In ten minutes she had secured a touch-down, but
failed to kick a goal. Then Cornell played better and got the ball into Lehigh’s territory. At one time she
was within a few feet of the line, but by tremendous exertions Lehigh prevented Cornell from scoring,
and when time was called for the first half, the score was 4 to 0 in favor of Lehigh. In the second half
no scoring was done, though Cornell secured a touch-down, which was not allowed by the referee. The
game was thus won by Lehigh, 4 to 0, although this has been protested by Cornell, who claim that the
game should go to them, by a score of 8 to 4. Mr. Ray Tompkins, Yale, ’84, was referee, and H. M.
Morton, Lafayette, ’87, was umpire.

A. J. CUMNOCK, ’91, has been elected captain of the Harvard team for 1889.

WILLIAM C. RHODES, ’91, has been elected captain of the Yale team for 1889.

THE class games at Columbia College resulted as follows: November 30, the class of ’92 defeated ’91
by a score of 12 to 8. The same day, ’90 defeated ’89 by a score of 30 to 0. December 1, the deciding
game was played between ’92 and ’90. The juniors outplayed the Freshmen, and won by a score of 28
to 0. C. H. Mapes, of Columbia, was umpire, and Mr. W. Smith, of the Crescents, was referee.

THREE thousand persons, November 29, witnessed what was undoubtedly the greatest football event
that ever took place in the West. The game was between a team made up of Chicago and other college
men, most of whom had played in some one of the famous Yale, Harvard or Princeton teams, and an
eleven representing the present students at the Ann Arbor University of Michigan.
The game took place on the grounds of the Chicago Baseball Club. It was a victory for the Chicagos
by a score of 28 to 4. Michigan had the kick-off, and the game started with the teams in position as
follows:

MICHIGAN. POSITION. CHICAGO.

J. Van Inwegan Right end A. Farwell.
S. S. Bradley Right tackle H. Hallin.
W. E. Malley Right guard B. B. Lamb, Capt.
H. M. Prettyman Centre F. G. Peters.
R. W. Beach Left guard E. L. Burke.
R. E. Hagle Left tackle A. S. Bickham.
L. MacMillan Left end B. Lockwood.
E. L. Smith Quarter-back B. Hamlin.
E. W. McPherran Half-back W. Crawford.
J. E. Duffy, Capt. Half-back J. Waller.
W. D. Ball Goal J. Cowling.

THE Cambridge Latin and High School eleven has won the championship in the interscholastic
football series of games for the challenge cup, which was donated by a number of Harvard men to
encourage football playing in the preparatory schools of Boston and vicinity. The cup, which is a very
handsome one of solid silver, is between eight and nine inches high and about the same in diameter.
The body of the cup resembles in shape half a Rugby football. About the top of the cup is a band of
olive leaves in raised silver, and below this is another band on which is placed the name of the cup.
Upon the wide space below, which runs round the body of the cup, are morning-glories and leaves
raised in silver, the leaves being left blank for the inscriptions of the names of winning teams and
players from year to year. At some distance below this is an imitation of a ribbon in repoussé work,
which runs around the cup and twines about the handles, and on which are the names of the donors.
The cup rests on four lion-claws in heavy silver, and in each claw is a tiny football.

UNFORTUNATELY the Yale and Harvard elevens did not meet during the season. This was due to the
refusal of the Harvard faculty to allow the Harvard eleven to play Yale on the Polo Grounds on
Thanksgiving Day. Yale adhered to the strict letter of the constitution, which fixed the Polo Grounds as
the place where the championship game had to be played.

THE Harvard Freshmen defeated the Yale Freshmen, December 1, on Jarvis Field, Cambridge, Mass.,
in the presence of a large audience, by a score of 36 to 4. Lee, of Harvard, played a remarkable game,
as did Cranston, of the same eleven, and McClung and Heffelfinger for Yale.

LEHIGH is tied with the University of Pennsylvania in the race for the championship of Pennsylvania.
Both have won two games and lost one, but in playing against last year’s champion, Lafayette, Lehigh
won both games, while the University of Pennsylvania lost one of them. It would thus seem as if Lehigh
had the superior team and the better claim to the championship.

THE Advisory Committee of the Intercollegiate Football Association met at the Fifth Avenue Hotel,
Saturday evening, December 1. R. M. Hodge, of Princeton, presided. Yale was represented by W. C.
Camp, Wesleyan by H. H. Beatty, and the University of Pennsylvania by W. S. Harvey. Harvard had no
representative. Inasmuch as there was no protest entered as to the championship, it was awarded to
Yale without further action.
In considering the rules of the game the committee took occasion to define the rule with respect to
disqualifying a player for roughness and foul tackling. It was determined that the phrase “unnecessary
roughness” included jumping on a prostrate player with knees merely, and that the disqualifying of
Cowan and Wurtenberg was needless, because they were not breaking the rule as defined by the
committee. The next meeting will be in March, for the purpose of arranging a set of rules to be
presented to the convention of the Football Association, which will take place the following month.

ICE-YACHTING.

IN connection with Colonel Norton’s article on “Ice-yachts,” the following record of all the races sailed
for the challenge pennant is kindly furnished by Commodore Roosevelt, to whom the author is indebted
for much valuable information, and for the illustrations that accompany the article:
Regattas for Challenge Pennant of America, open to all comers:
1881, March 5, at New Hamburgh, N. Y., Poughkeepsie Ice-Yacht Club challenging New Hamburgh
Ice-Yacht Club. Won by the Phantom, N. H. I. Y. C. Course, 20 miles; time, 57m. 14s.
1883, February 6, at New Hamburgh, Poughkeepsie Ice-Yacht Club challenging New Hamburgh Ice-
Yacht Club. Won by the Avalanche, P. I. Y. C. Course, 20 miles; time, 57m.
1833, February 23, at Poughkeepsie, N. Y., North Shrewsbury Ice-Yacht Club challenging
Poughkeepsie Ice-Yacht Club. Won by the Jack Frost, P. I. Y. C. Course, 25 miles; time, 1h. 14m. 35s.
1884, February 9, at Poughkeepsie, N. Y., North Shrewsbury Ice-Yacht Club challenging
Poughkeepsie Ice-Yacht Club. Won by the Haze, P. I. Y. C. Course, 20 miles; time, 1h. 5m. 30s.
 1885, February 14, at Poughkeepsie, New Hamburgh Ice-Yacht Club challenging Poughkeepsie Ice-
Yacht Club. Won by the Haze, P. I. Y. C. Course, 20 miles; time, 1h. 1m. 15s.
1885, February 18, at New Hamburgh, N. Y., North Shrewsbury Ice-Yacht Club challenging
Poughkeepsie Ice-Yacht Club. Won by the Northern Light, P. I. Y. C. Course, 20 miles; time, 1h. 8m. 42s.
1887, February 14, at Poughkeepsie, Hudson River Ice-Yacht Club challenging Poughkeepsie Ice-
Yacht Club. Won by the Jack Frost, H. R. I. Y. C. Course, 16 miles; time, 43m. 40s.
1888, at Crum Elton, North Shrewsbury Ice-Yacht Club challenging Hudson River Ice-Yacht Club.
Won by the Icicle, H. R. I. Y. C. Course, 12 miles; time, 34m. 50s.

KENNEL.

AT the meeting of the Board of Governors of the New Jersey Kennel Club, held in Jersey City
recently, the Bench Show Committee reported progress. So far nothing has been decided as to the
building in which the show is to be held. It is probable, however, that the Oakland Rink will be selected.
It is centrally located, and is well known all over New Jersey and the Heights. Mr. Peshall expressed his
intention of handing in his resignation at the next meeting as delegate to the A. K. C. He is the oldest
delegate, and, believing in rotation, wants to make room for another member of the N. J. K. C. He is of
opinion that it would be for the good of the A. K. C. if delegates were elected to serve for a stipulated
period, not to exceed two years. This would bring new material into the management of the A. K. C.,
and would help to dispel the impression existing in the minds of many that the club is managed by a
clique.

A MEETING of the Connecticut State Kennel Club was held at Bridgeport, October 30, A. R. Kyle in the
chair. A number of applications for membership were received and acted upon; constitution and by-laws
were adopted, and the following executive committee appointed: John White (chairman), Bridgeport; E.
Sheffield Porter, New Haven; A. R. Kyle, South Norwalk; A. R. Crowell, Campville; Dr. Burk, South
Norwalk; Samuel Banks, Bridgeport; Sherman Hubbard, Bridgeport. Also the following bench show
committee: W. D. Peck, New Haven; A. R. Crowell, Campville; E. F. Way, Hartford; A. R. Kyle, South
Norwalk; Dr. Jas. E. Hair, Bridgeport. It was the most successful meeting the club has held, and from
the way the applications for membership are coming in it would seem that the dog-men in all parts of
the State were interested in making the club a thorough success.

MR. R. P. H. DURKEE, of Chicago, has purchased from Mr. Sidney W. Smith the St. Bernard dog Burns,
a well-known prize winner. Mr. Durkee has also purchased the prize-winning bitches Gloriana and
Miscabel, from Mr. J. F. Smith, and Chieftainess, V. H. C., at Brighton, from Mr. Edward Durrant. These
dogs were selected and bought for Mr. Durkee by Mr. H. L. Goodman, who went to Europe for the
purpose of selecting dogs for Mr. Durkee’s kennel.

A CORRESPONDENT of the French kennel journal Le Chenil recommends this method of measuring a
dog’s height: One of my friends, a veterinary surgeon, tells me of a method as simple and ingenious as
it is sure, to take a dog’s exact height at shoulder. Take hold of one of the forelegs of the animal, and
the dog, forced to support itself on the other leg, holds it out stiffly and does not bend it, as is usually
the case when it sees the preparations for measuring. With this precaution the height of a dog varies
scarcely an eighth of an inch, while without it the difference is often considerable.

LAWN TENNIS.
 AT Cornell University, Ithaca, N. Y., November 12, Pope and Wilkinson beat Jackson and Crouch in
the finals for the college tennis championship, in doubles, by a score of 6-2, 6-4, 5-7.

THE Brooklyn Hill Tennis Club finished its handicap tournament on the grounds, Nostrand Avenue and
Herkimer Street, Brooklyn, November 1. In the second round of the mixed doubles Miss Shreve and T.
W. T. Maxwell defeated Miss and Mr. Hotchkiss by 6-5, 5-6, 6-1. The final round was won by Miss Brush
and J. C. Tatum, who defeated Miss Shreve and her partner, 6-3, 6-4, 6-3.
First prize in the ladies’ singles was won by Miss Hanly. She beat Mrs. West in the final round after
an exciting contest, 4-6, 6-5, 6-2, 6-3. The final round, gentlemen’s singles, was not finished. Mr.
Raymond and Mr. W. Tomes played three sets, the score being in favor of the former, 6-1, 6-1, 5-7. The
winner will be decided by lot.

ROD AND GUN.

THE Salt Lake (Utah) Sportsman’s Club was incorporated under Utah laws, August 25, 1888.
President, M. B. Sowles; vice-president, Thos. J. Almy; secretary and treasurer, H. M. Miller; board of
directors, M. B. Sowles, H. M. Miller, Thos. J. Almy, Charles Read, Wm. M. Bradley, I. M. Barratt and
Phillip Klipple.

A GUN club has been organized at Lost Nation, Ia., under the name of the Lost Nation Gun Club. The
officers are: President, L. Scott; vice-president, M. Stevenson; secretary and treasurer, F. M. Frazier;
director, F. B. Nichols.

THE officers of the Commercial Rifle Club of New Orleans, La., are: President, Frank Dumas; vice-
president, Wm. Monrose; treasurer, Charles Barnes; secretary, Geo. C. Hanser; superintendent, Wm.
Marquetz.

OCTOBER 15, 1888, the Salt Lake (Utah) Gun Club was organized. President, Wm. M. Bradley; vice-
president, Thos. J. Stevens; secretary and treasurer, W. J. De Bruhl; board of directors, W. M. Bradley, T.
J. Stevens, W. J. De Bruhl, M. R. Evans, and W. F. Beer.

IN shooting for the Founder’s Cup at Harvard, November 1, Messrs. Post and Mackay tied for first
place, with a score of 12 out of 15. In shooting off Post won.

THE Fly Casters’ Association, of Albany, held a tournament, October 27, which proved very
successful. The judges were James H. Manning, Charles B. Andrews and W. W. Byington. There were
eleven prizes, which were awarded as follows:
Association class—Thomas W. Olcott, first prize, a Spalding split bamboo rod; W. D. Frothingham,
second, a Mills & Son standard split bamboo fly-rod; W. G. Paddock, third, an automatic reel; Howard
Paddock, fourth, a Bray fly-book; Dayton Ball, fifth, fifty yards metallic centre-enameled line; B. F.
Reese, sixth, two dozen trout flies; Stuart G. Spier, seventh, a trout basket. Amateur Second Class—
Chas. A. Gove, first, an L. Levison fly-book; H. A. Goffe, second, a lancewood fly-rod; John M. Quinby,
third, a gogebic reel; W. Story, fourth, pocket tackle-case.

THE ducking season began, in Pennsylvania, November 1. The lower Delaware and adjacent bays
and inlets are said to be swarming with ducks. Extensive preparations have been made in Philadelphia
by a club of well-known men, who call themselves “The Innocent Eight,” for an active ducking season.
Among the Innocents are: Messrs. Michael B. Andrews, Clarence B. Kugler, Joseph Wright and Colonel
William B. Mann. Members of the club have purchased a “rigging” at a cost of $2,000. It contains over a
thousand decoys, many sink-boxes, both double and single, and all the improved paraphernalia used in
ducking.

THE season for ducking opened, in Maryland, November 1. Back, Middle, Gunpowder and Bush rivers
are all first-class waters for duck shooting. The best duck shooting in the country is to be found on the
flats near the mouth of the Susquehanna River. On these flats grow the choicest celery, which,
combined with the shallowness of the water, makes the spot most attractive to the fowl. The delicacy of
the food imparts to the ducks a flavor that has given the Havre de Grace canvas-back a world-wide
reputation. The State has passed stringent laws governing the flats, and collects quite a revenue from
the boats engaged in shooting. A special police-force is maintained to enforce the laws.

ROWING.

HARVARD expects to have a rowing tank, similar to the Yale tank, shortly. The old gymnasium will
probably be used for the purpose. An effort is also being made to raise funds for a new steam-launch.
Harvard rowing men recognize that they must show by deeds that they deserve the support of the
college.
All the crews have left the river and are at work in the gymnasium. The university crew is rowing on
the machines and pulling chest-weights. The number of candidates is small, but it will be greatly
increased after the vacation. With the exception of the freshmen, the class-crews are not in strict
training. Eighty-nine played football during the fall for exercise; ’90 and ’91 are taking walks and pulling
chest-weights. The freshmen are rowing in the ’varsity room on the machines. They are obliged to be
through by five o’clock, and as they have nearly three crews at work, the lack of room is very apparent,
and interferes greatly with their work. Their average weight is at present nearly 156 pounds.

THE Cornell oarsmen are very ambitious to send out next June an eight-oared crew, which, it is
hoped, will beat Columbia, win the “Child’s Cup” for the third and last time, and, if possible, win against
Yale. The whole amount needed for the purpose is estimated at $2000; $500 for a new shell, and $1500
for crew and trainer. The Cornell Era recently began raising a fund for this object, and over half the
amount is already pledged, and the collections are coming in at the rate of $200 a week. The young
women connected with the university have subscribed $100. There is no doubt but that the full amount
will be raised. Courtney will train the crew.

BY reason of the expense, the class crews of Bowdoin have been given up.

THE famous old Atalanta Boat Club has now established winter quarters apart from the boat club,
and have settled down in an elegant establishment on Fifth Avenue. The building is arranged and
furnished so as to provide every facility for indoor amusement while the water is sealed in icy bonds.
The billiard-rooms and bowling-alleys are located in the lower part of the house, and the other
apartments are so arranged as to conduce to the comfort and enjoyment of the members.

“ROCK” KENT, one of the most promising scullers on the Harlem River, is, it is said, about to give up
rowing altogether. He is one of the prominent members of the Metropolitan Rowing Club, and his
withdrawal from that organization, if the report be true, will be a sad loss.
 THE Union Boat Club, of Boston, which has a membership list of 200 names, has elected the
following officers for 1889: President, Henry Parkman; vice-president, Edward B. Robins; captain, A. Van
Courtlandt Van Rensselaer; lieutenant, Warren F. Kellogg; treasurer, Edward D. Blake; secretary, William
R. Richards; directors, Arthur B. Ellis, Courtenay Guild, Thornton H. Simmons; election committee,
William Appleton, J. F. Bush, Robert Bacon, William S. Eaton, Jr., William S. Hall, James M. Olmstead,
Henry T. Spooner, Guy Wilkinson.

SKATING.

THE Lachine Skating Club held its second annual meeting recently and elected the following officers:
Mr. T. A. Dawes, re-elected honorary president; C. Thos. Danford, president; Albert Dawes, vice-
president, and Wm. A. Shackell re-elected secretary-treasurer. The following were selected for the
committee: A. P. Bastable, H. K. Danford, J. MacGowan, A. Noad, E. W. H. Phillip and A. Perry. Several
new members were elected.

THE annual meeting of the National Skating Association of England was held at the Bath Hotel,
Cambridge, Oct. 27, Mr. Neville Goodman in the chair.
The committee, in their report, congratulated the members on the position of the association.
Numerous attempts were made during the past season to bring off the championship race, but when all
preparations had been made the changes in the weather upset the arrangements and the meetings had
to be abandoned.... The committee were sanguine of being able to pay their way, but this could not be
done without gate proceeds. It was pointed out that scarcely any sporting pastime was now participated
in without a charge for admission being made, especially when valuable prizes were given. Owing to the
paucity of members it was impossible to hold race-meetings without relying upon a “gate” to meet the
heavy expenses. Under the present régime this rule would have to be adhered to, but should funds
allow, free meetings would be held....
Mr. H. G. Few, R. S. O., Willingham, Cambs, was re-elected treasurer, and Messrs. J. D. Digby and J.
Newton Digby were appointed joint honorable secretaries. Baron de Salis, of Holland, was elected an
honorary life member.
The chairman, in accordance with notice, brought forward the question of the definition of an
amateur; and proposed that in lieu of the present rule the following be adopted: “That an amateur is
one who has never competed in a skating contest for a money prize.” This gave rise to discussion, the
motion being opposed by the secretary, but it was carried.

SNOW-SHOEING.

THE following officers were elected by the Montreal Garrison Artillery Snow-Shoe Club: Hon.
presidents, Lieut.-Col. Turnbull and Lieut.-Col. Oswald; Hon. vice-presidents, Major Cole and Capt.
Levins; president, Capt. Lewis; vice-presidents, Lieuts. Crathern, Ogilvy and Foy; secretary-treasurer,
Staff-Sergeant Cooper; assistant secretary-treasurer, Gunner Wilson. Committee: Lieut. McFarlane,
Sergeant-Major Benton, Battery Sergeant-Major Murdock, Sergeant-Major Wilson, Sergeant McDonald,
Sergeants Drysdale, Bonet, Pingel, Gunner Cokers, Trumpeter Shaw, Corporal Laurency. Delegates to
Council Committee: Captain Lewis, Sergeant-Major Jones, Staff-Sergeant Cooper, Gunner Bremner.

SWIMMING.

J. NUTTALL, one of the foremost of swimmers in the English amateur ranks, has cast his lot with the
professionals, and, in his first race for the 1,000-yard professional championship, which took place at
Lambeth Baths, Westminster Bridge Road, London, October 19, he met J. J. Collier, ex-champion; J.
Finney, previous holder of the championship, and George Kistler, all first-class swimmers. The men
swam in a tank 40 yards long, and Nuttall took the lead directly after the dive, holding it to the finish.
Nuttall beat all previous records from the outset, as the following times will show:

*2 lengths 0m. 54s.

*4 lengths 1 55½
*6 lengths 3 00½
*8 lengths 4 08½
*10 lengths 5 17
*12 lengths 6 28½
*14 lengths 7 38¼
*16 lengths 8 48½
*18 lengths 10 00
*20 lengths 11 11
*22 lengths 12 25½
*24 lengths 13 40
*25 (1,000 yards) 14 17¼
* Record beaten from the start.

The previous best on record was by Finney, 14m. 43 3⁄4 s.

TOBOGGANING.

THE Essex County Toboggan Club recently elected the following Board of Governors for the season of
1888-’89: John Firth, F. W. Hall, E. P. Hamilton, Charles T. Minton, Clarence D. Newell, John H. Sprague,
Louis E. Chandler, Dr. F. A. Levy, Dr. G. B. Dowling, R. G. Hopper, Frank Lyman, D. H. Carstairs, Charles
Hendricks, N. B. Woodworth, and C. F. Whiting.

YACHTING.

THE schooner-yacht Brunhilde, Captain John J. Phelps, owner, started on her second voyage round
the globe November 1. Captain Phelps is accompanied by his wife. The crew consists of ten men before
the mast. The Brunhilde sailed direct for Bermuda. Captain Phelps has not yet determined how long he
proposes to remain away.

FROM England comes the news that steps have been taken by yachtsmen there as well as on this
side of the Atlantic to have a grand international race next May of sloop and cutter yachts in the forty,
fifty, and sixty foot classes. It is understood that the Seawanhaka-Corinthian, Eastern and other clubs
are arranging with the English clubs for the race, which is to be settled in American waters for prizes
independent of the America’s cup.

AS we go to press it seems probable that James Coates, Jr., the Scotchman who owns the Thistle,
will challenge for the America’s cup within thirty days.

THE report that another challenge for the America’s cup will shortly be issued from the other side of
the Atlantic is again on the rounds. A correspondent of the London Times in Queenstown, Ireland, has
heard that the Jamiesons, of Irish whiskey and Irex fame, have been quietly building a large steel sloop,
with the end in view of challenging for the America’s cup. Richardson, the designer of the Irex, is said to
be the designer of the new production. The author of the story has even learned the fact that the
intended challenger is to be named the Shamrock. Mr. Jamieson has more than once been reported to
have designs on the cup, and it is barely possible that a challenge may at some future day emanate
from the Royal Irish Yacht Club, of which he is a member.

THE winter quarters of the Newark, N. J., Yacht Club are at 740 Broad Street, Newark. The new
rooms are cosily fitted up, and members of the club and their friends love to linger in the parlors and
spin yarns of the water and about the men who go down to the sea in yachts.

THE Harlem Yacht Club a short time ago moved into its new quarters, the old Randall mansion on
East 121st Street. It was previously occupied by the Eastern Boulevard Club. The present officers of the
club are: Commodore, James T. Lalor; vice-commodore, McEvoy; secretary, T. J. Dempsey;
corresponding secretary, W. J. Parker; treasurer, H. M. Jones; measurer, T. P. Bates.

ANSWERS TO CORRESPONDENTS.

[This department of OUTING is devoted to answers to correspondents seeking information on subjects

appertaining to all sports.]

Scot, Boston.—For the game of lawn bowls you must have turf in the finest possible condition. The
dimensions of the ground should be about forty-two yards long, and, if possible, the same breadth.
There should be ditches at both ends, about twelve inches wide and three inches deep, with a bank
about eighteen inches above the level of the lawn, to stop the bowls. The reason why it is advisable to
have the ground square, is that one can then change the direction of play and so save the grass.

Chas. T., Baltimore.—Your horse is probably suffering from irregular teeth. What you describe is
called “quidding.” You should have a veterinary surgeon to see to his teeth, and if necessary rasp them
down. If it does not come from the teeth, he is probably suffering from catarrh, with sore throat, and
when he is swallowing water you will be able to notice a peculiar gulping effort. This, of course, would
need treatment.

Breeder, Buffalo, N. Y.—The New Forest ponies are no good. They have much of the blood of Marsk,
the sire of the famous English horse Eclipse, in their veins, but in spite of it they are about as ill-looking
animals as one can imagine, with most hideous heads and necks. They are, however, hardy and useful.
The best all-round specimens of the Shetland that we have ever seen, certainly in America, are the
family of them exhibited by Mr. Pierre Lorillard at the New York Horse-Show. They are of exactly the
right stamp for that class of pony, and the stallion, Montreal, was well described as having “the build of
a cart-horse and the carriage of a thoroughbred.”

Matador.—The sword is passed between the skull and the first cervical vertebra, in a perpendicular
direction only.

Fred, H. L., Brooklyn, N. Y.—The best method to render shoes impervious to snow is to apply castor-
oil. It must be applied twice, after the boots have been warmed at the fire. Of course, the oil must be
used again at intervals, when the leather shows signs of needing it. The best plan is to wash off all
blacking first, and apply the oil to the sole as well as the other portions of the shoe.

R. S. B., Broadway.—The length of the Cambridgeshire course, at Newmarket, England, is 1 mile and
240 yards.
 Gunner, Washington, D. C.—Strictly speaking, the correct plural is with the s; but that letter is very
commonly omitted. Indeed, among sportsmen, it may be said that “snipe” is invariably used in the
plural as well as the singular sense; but naturalists use the plural “snipes” as meaning the different
species of snipe. With woodcocks it is more usual to add the s, but many sportsmen omit it.

Canine, Hartford, Conn.—(1) Your best plan is to wash the ears out and brush in some green iodide
of mercury twice a week. (2) Puppies at the age of three months or so, often show crooked legs with
enlarged joints, but these generally come right later.

Athlete, Cambridge.—You can obtain just the kind of jewelry you require from Shreve, Crump & Low
Co., Washington Street, Boston. They also give special attention to designing and making prizes for
clubs.

C. A. S., New Haven, Conn.—Excellent shooting can be obtained at Barnegat, Delaware and
Chesapeake bays; for the last place Havre de Grace is the usual starting-point. At Crisfield, Md., near
the swamps of the Pocomoke, geese and different kinds of ducks are abundant. The trip, however, if
you procured boat, sink-box, etc., at the more popular places, would prove expensive. Good Ground,
Long Island, on the Great South Bay, is highly recommended, and, being off the usual line of travel,
should afford satisfactory shooting. We should hardly advise you to go farther north at this time of year;
and on the Maine coast the birds are fishy to the taste. You could, however, get some sport with the
seals—with a rifle, for they are too shy for a shotgun. At this time of year we would suggest Camden as
a starting-point, where you can obtain outfit and guides at a reasonable figure, while in the back
country you could get some woodcock and partridges. On the whole, our advice would be to try Long
Island or Barnegat Bay.

John R. S., Indianapolis.—Although trotting as a sport has not assumed any large dimensions in
England, some English stock is still imported to gain fresh blood. Mr. Fairfax, of Virginia, recently
purchased the stallion Matchless for 1,000 guineas from Mr. Brough, of Londesborough Wold, Yorkshire.
Trotting is, however, making some headway on the other side, and a gentleman is at present laying out
a half-mile track at Aintree, near Liverpool, where it is proposed to hold a meeting this year.

H. B. P., Quebec.—(1) The Northwestern Amateur Rowing Association has its headquarters at
Detroit, Michigan. It was organized in October, 1868, and is composed of some 47 clubs. (2) The laws in
regard to “water” read as follows:
(a) A boat’s own water is its straight course, parallel with those of the other competing boats, from
the station assigned to it at the start to the finish.
(b) Each boat shall keep its own water throughout the race, and any boat departing from its own
water will do so at its peril.
(c) The umpire shall be sole judge of a boat’s own water and proper course during the race.

1158 Springfield, Mass.—(1) Road-books are issued by Connecticut and Massachusetts. For former,
write to Weed Sewing Machine Company, Hartford, Conn.; for latter, to H. W. Hayes, 103 State Street,
Boston, Mass. (2) The States that publish road-books can make their own regulations as regards selling
them to persons not members of the League. All the information and statistics are furnished by
members to the compilers free, and the idea of not selling the book to outsiders is to retain the benefits
afforded by the organization for members only. It is thought by some that this will increase the
membership. New York State sells the road-book to outsiders for $1.50, and to League members for
$1.00.

Whist-Player, Yonkers.—The best thing we have seen in the line of card-tables, are those made by
Keeler & Co., Washington Street, Boston. The folding pattern is especially commendable.

Paterfamilias, Springfield, Mass.—You will find that the repeating air-gun made by H. H. Kiffe, 318
Fulton Street, Brooklyn, is the very thing for your boy.
 J. E. M., Lynchburg, Va.—Chapped heels arise from exposure to wet and cold, or from imperfect
drying of the legs after washing. You will find white lead or zinc ointment beneficial.
From a water-color painting by J. Carter Beard.

Engraved by H

A MOONLIGHT ENCOUNTER WITH RUSSIAN WOLVES.

⇒
LARGER IMAGE
 OUTING.
VOL. XIII. FEBRUARY, 1889. NO. 5.

BY WILL H. WHYTE.
 ARK to the sleigh-bells—how they charm the ear
With crystal music exquisitely clear!
Watch the light sleighs, how merrily they go
O’er firm new roads macadamized with snow!
The skies are blue, the sunbeams, as they play,
Eclipse the splendors of a summer day,
And rubies, sapphires, emeralds, diamonds blaze,
Beneath each horse’s footfall, with prismatic rays.

G. Murray.

WHEN old Winter, the king of the Arctic Circle, issues from his polar domain for his annual visit to
southern latitudes, accompanied by his stalwart henchman Jack Frost, he binds tight with icy chains the
great rivers and lakes, and even the mighty St. Lawrence bows to and acknowledges his power. Then
the country and roads lie deep beneath the snow-king’s mantle, and man, who cannot hibernate like the
bears, adopts a mode of locomotion different from those he uses in the long days of summer. The noisy
wheel he replaces with the silent runner.
In all northern countries, where the snow covers the ground to any depth, the inhabitants use some
kind of sleigh or sled to enable them to travel during the winter. In the Arctic zone the Laplanders and
Esquimaux traverse their ice-bound land in low but comfortable sledges drawn by reindeer or dogs.
Around the shores of Hudson’s Bay, and in sections north of Lake Superior, where the iron horse has not
yet made his appearance, the winter vehicle in use is the “traineau,” drawn by a team of dogs. In
Manitoba and the Canadian Northwest, until its annexation and settlement some years ago by the
Dominion, this was the sole means of communication in winter between many of the scattered
settlements; and even now, in the far north, the mails are so conveyed. In these days of high pressure,
time is an object, and few would care to spend fourteen days in a sleigh when fourteen hours by rail
would bring one to his destination. There are, however, yet living, old travelers who could many a tale
unfold of tragic adventure over frozen field and flood—some even thrilling enough to stir the blood of
the reader of sensational novels.
In those early days, when for four months in the year the sleigh afforded the only means of
transportation, it was not regarded as a sport or pastime. The highways followed the windings and
indentations of the lakes and rivers, and were frequently blocked with heavy snowdrifts. The ice made a
shorter and more level path, and was consequently preferred as soon as it was strong enough to bear
the weight of a horse and sleigh, so affording, during the colder months, a pleasant road. But toward
the spring of the year, when the returning power of the sun honey-combed the ice, it made a dangerous
track, and many a sleigh with its living freight has disappeared beneath the treacherous ice. Even
without such tragic incidents, excitement would often be afforded by the loss of horses and sleigh, and
a weary, perilsome walk to the nearest village or settlement. In those days no one thought of leaving
home without his rifle, for in wood and bush lurked the ravenous wolf, and, still more to be dreaded,
the Indian of those days. Happily this has all passed away, and the present generation travels by steam
in comfortable cars, and the traveler has no fear of being brained by a tomahawk or losing his scalp. His
sleigh-riding is limited to perhaps the next town or village, and usually combines pleasure with business.
In Dakota, Minnesota, and other northwestern States, and in Manitoba, during the months of
February and March, when that American product, the “blizzard,” is on the trail, sleighing at any
distance from civilization is somewhat perilous. We have a vivid recollection of a sleigh drive in the
province of Manitoba, when for twenty miles we never saw the horse that was drawing our sleigh. With
fearful velocity the blizzard overtook us, and in an instant the air was filled with a whirlwind of snow.
Covering our faces, we left our “shaginappi” pony to follow the trail as best he could, trusting that
somehow the sagacious animal would find his way to some house or settlement. After many weary
hours, when hope was almost expiring, benumbed and nearly exhausted, just as the shadows of night
were closing in around us, our steed suddenly drew up in front of a house, and the most gladsome sight
we ever beheld was the light in the window of that little shanty. A warm, comfortable room and
something to eat soon thawed us out, and after seeing that our four-footed friend was well housed, we
were soon sound asleep, fagged out with our tussle. Never since have we yearned for a similar
experience.
In lumbering, that great industry of Maine, Michigan, Wisconsin, and Canada, the sleigh and sled
plays a very important part. When frost makes the swamps firm and snow levels the ground, the
lumber-camp is in all its activity. The vast forest trees are cut and then easily drawn on sleds to the
nearest lake or river, whence in spring they are floated to market.
Ever since the days when the “lily flag” of the Bourbons floated over “La Nouvelle France,” ice-
trotting has been a Canadian winter pastime on the great St. Lawrence River, either at Quebec, Three
Rivers or Montreal. In fact, in any of the inland villages, wherever a stretch of ice can be found, may be
seen the French Canadian, seated on a sleigh after the style of a skeleton-sulky, no matter how cold or
stormy it may be. He is happy if he can show the good points of his trotter in a race with a neighbor
before an admiring audience of countrymen, and when not racing he will spend hours speeding his
horse over the glassy track. The Canadian horse is hardy for his size and weight, unsurpassed for pluck
and endurance, and usually possesses good action and temper. Many are descendants of Norman stock.
Ice-trotting has always been a favorite sport at Montreal, and many of the trotters of the present day
are descended from horses that have been used in this sport. Among those that made a name for
themselves on the ice forty years ago was the well-known St. Lawrence.
In Canada sleighing has attained the greatest pre-eminence as a pastime, and perhaps in the whole
Dominion it is nowhere so popular as in the ancient province of Quebec. Here the climate is absolutely
unsurpassed for the thorough enjoyment of outdoor sports. When winter once sets in a thaw rarely
occurs, with the exception of one in January, which seldom lasts longer than two or three days. Jack
Frost is the ruler of the weather. Consequently, though the air may be cold, it is clear and dry and
enjoyable, the roads hard and smooth, the runners glide easily and quietly, while the bells jingle merrily.
All who can afford it keep some kind of a sleigh and horse, while the livery-stables in the larger towns
do a thriving and profitable business. The country and city roads present a gay appearance. Every
variety of turn-out is there, from the home-made “cariole” and French-Canadian pony of the habitant, to
the handsome sleigh and team of the millionaire. What a revelation would a procession of all the styles
of sleigh that have been in vogue since the settlement of the province afford! Or even those of the
present century. There would be the little market-box, or “Berlin;” the ancient but still fashionable
“cariole,” on runners so low that a chance upset does not present much danger; the trotting-sulky; the
light but dashing cutter, a style more in vogue over the border than in Quebec, and dozens of
fashionable equipages mounted on single or double runners and furnished with a wealth of furs that
would make a Russian prince envious.
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